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125I. H. J a sa no ff

LANGUAGEANDGENDERIN THETAR IM BAS IN :THETOCHAR IAN1 SG . PRONOUN

I. T he p ro no un o f the firs t perso n sin gular in T ocharian is giv en byK ra use a nd T ho ma s (1960: 162) as Iollows.!

A Bnom. lobi. na , m., f iuk f. f ias (fi is)gen. i ii m . , n a f t i f. ii isuf f ixed -tli -fl

T his p arad ig m sh ow s th ree rem ark ab le an d p ro blem atic featu res: I) th echaracteristic in itial consonant is ii- o r n-, and not m - as in the o ther IEl an gu ag es ( cr. V e d. rna. m e , e tc .; G k . CE)pE,( l : lpol . e tc : L at . me , m i hi , etc.):2) the B nom . lob i. fo rm fU is cannot be reconciled w ith either of thecorresponding nom . / obI. fo rm s in A (naf, Huk) under the norm a!T cch arian so un d law s; an d 3) the opposition of gender seen in A n a " Hi(m a sc .) v s. H u le , n aft i ( Ie m .) is u np ar al le le d e ls ew h ere i n I nd o- Eu ro pe an .T hese an om alies m ak e a d etailed histo rical acco un t of th e attes ted fo rm sd iffic ult, e ve n th ou gh th eir u ltim ate c on ne ctio n w ith th e fa milia r P IE ego:m e p ron ou n can h ard ly b e do ub ted. In th e d iscu ssio n th at fo llo ws w e w illtake up each prob lem in turn , reserving for last w hat is surely the m ostp uz zlin g - th e c on tra st b etw ee n d istin ct m as cu lin e a nd fe min in e fo rm s.

2 . The source of tI- and n-. There is fairly w ide agreem ent thatthe in itial consonant of the 1 sg. pronoun is in som e w ay connected w ithth e "'-n - th at a pp ea rs in th e Ira nia n a nd B alto -S la vic g en itiv es Y Av . mana ,OP mana , o e s mene a nd L ith . man~ s (younger manu ) "m ei".2 A form ofth is ty pe m ust o nce h av e ex isted in T och arian as w ell, sin ce th e T ocharran2 sg . an d reflexiv e g enitiv es A tH i, ,iii, B ta ft, ,a il im ply p refo rm s " 'ten e

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12 6(o r =tu ne ) a nd " 'se ne , w hic h c ou ld o nly h av e b ee n c re ate d o n th e m od el o fa n in he rite d " 'm e ne . T he r ela tio ns hip o f " 'm e ne to th e a tte ste d g en . s g. A BH i is e vid en tly th e s am e a s th at o f " 'te ne (" 'tu ne ) a nd " 'se ne to A titi CT" 't(a)flai) an d fI n CT " ',(a)ftai). T h e e ty m olo gi ca l f in al d ip hth on g o f th ela tte r fo rm s p ro ba bly re pre se nts a s ec on da ry a dd ed c as e e nd in g, p erh ap sth e i-s te m g en . sg . i n "'-eis; uner t ended "'-ne is still p re se rv ed in B taft,,aft. Under the usua l assum ptions abou t Tocharian phono logy , arefashioned " 'm e ne is ( vel s il 1 1 . ) w o uld fir st h av e g iv en " 'm 'aHai , whence ,b y s yn co pe a nd s ub se qu en t c lu ste r r ed uc ti on , " 'm 'fHi i , " ' f ta i , a n d u lt im a t el yA B Hl O nc e e sta blish ed in th e g en itiv e, C T " ' f t - w ou ld have been in ap os itio n to s pr ea d to o th er fo rm s, s uc h a s th e e nc litic s I i < - f t a i (A -ili; c r. G k,JiO~) an d " '-fta (B -fi; cr . Gk, JiE), and the m ore obscu re an teceden ts o f Afiuk and B fiiis.

T his is fu nd am e nta lly th e e xp la na tio n o f ft- o ffe re d b y G . S ch m id t inh is s tudy o f the P IE personal p ronouns (1978: 28-9. 87-8),3 Its m ainw e ak ne ss is p ho no lo gic al: s in ce S C hm id t a ss um e s p ala ta liz atio n to h av ep re ce de d s yn cop e o f " 'a and syncope o f " 'a to h av e p re ce de d c lu ste rr ed uc tio n o f " 'm'ft- to "'ft-, he is unab le to exp la in the p resence o fu np ala ta liz ed n - in A n a , a nd n iU li. A s w e w ill s ee b elo w , th is p ro ble m isi ll u so r y f o r na f b ut re al e no ug h fo r nafti . a fo rm w hich m ust go back to anin no va te d fe min ine " a-ste m" g en itive o f th e ty pe " 'mane( js) , If a ll th efo rm s o f th e I s g, p ro no un in fa ct a cq uire d th eir in itia l c on so na nt fro m th eg en . s g. m a sc , "'ilai < "'m'ftiii < " 'mene( is ) , th en th e g en . sg , fe m. *ma fU I r E , lJlE Y E ) , and as " '-k , fused to the accusa tive of the personalp ro no un s, in G e rm a nic (cf. G o. m i k, lJu k, s ik ). T he w ord e qu atio n T oc h, BH as - G k. lJlE T E w Go. m ik is discussed and defended by Schm id t(1 978: 2 9-30, 55 fL ), w ho furthe r c au tiou sly com pa res the ac cu sa tive sV en . m eg o, A rm . is a nd H it. a mm uk , E arlie r, a s om ew ha t sim ila r a na ly siso f H a t w as p ro po se d b y W in te r (1 96 5: 2 03).6

5 . A na f is m ore p ro ble ma tic. N either the u npa lata liz ed n- n or the"re troflex " -, o f this form m atch es the co rre spon ding se gm ent of B iHH.T he lack o f agreem ent betw een A and B has been in terp re ted in vartousw ays, w ith som e sc hola rs p ersisting in efforts to rec on cile the tw o form sand o thers com paring na , w ith I pI. p ronouns of the type Ved. na~ andL at. no s. T he latte r a pp roac h, w hic h den ies a co nne ctio n be tw ee n na, a ndf i a s a lt og et he r, wH J b e d is cu ss ed f ir st .

The strategy of taking na , from a form m ean ing "we, us" is m orethan half a cen tury o ld. In its favor is the -" w hich under the norm al

12 9f oc ha ria n s ou nd c or re sp on de nc es c an o nly c on tin ue a n o rig in al p ala ta liz ed... , and the spec ifically m asculine gender of n a " which has beenattra ctively ex pla ined on the basis of an e arlier pJIJr ll i e ma j es ta t is ( c r .Petersen 1935: 204f.). Every thing e lse, how ever, a rgues against ade riva tion from th e I p I. T he a ctu al w ord fo r "w e" in T oc haria n is A n om .Io bL w a s, g en . W a Sa l'J 'l,B n om . lo bI . w e s, g en . w e si. W e S8 1'J 'l;h er e is n otrace of the PIE ob lique stem " ' n f i s - I n 6 s - I " 'Q s- , e xc ep t p er ha psin dire ctly in th e v oc alism o f w as, w es, w hic h h as s om etim es b ee n th ou gh tto re fle ct th e in flu en ce o f a v an is he d "'n os (c c. A d am s, p . 1 54 ). B e t ha t a s itm ay . n eith er " 'n os, "'n os , " 'n es o r o t< ne sc ou ld h av e y ie ld ed n a, d ire ctly :*rt6s and "'nes w ould h ave give n the w ro ng v oc alism , w hile "'nes w ou ldh av e led to a form w ith palata lize d "'fi-. T he fin al -, fo r " '-s, p re su ma blyd ue to a fo llo win g fro nt v ow el. is p uz zlin g a s w ell. e sp ec ia lly s in ce th ere isno final pala ta liza tion in w as, w es o r its 2 pI. counterpart A yas, Byes .S ch mid t. w ho a cc ep ts the 1 p I. orig in o f n a " a tte mp ts to d is po se o f th es ep ro ble m s b y s ug ge stin g th at " di e P aia ta lis ie ru ng d es A u sla uts ( bz w . d er enU rsachel und der V okal -a- k on nte n v on e in er B lia s e nts pre ch en de nForm U bern om m en w ord en sein " (p. 2 8). Few will fin d th is a n a de qu ateexplanation.

A n alterna tive approach w ou ld be to sta rt from a non-canonicalpreform "'~se, which cou ld then be further u sed to derive Go . uns andL uv. an za ? T he initial "'1}- of " ' I}se w ou ld first ha ve de ve lope d via =un-to " ' a n - i n T oc ha ri an : le ft u nd is tu rb ed , " 'a n- w o uld h av e g iv en C T " 'a !D - b yre gu la r s ou nd c ha ng e (c r. th e p riv ativ e p re fix A atnl-, B e ( n) - < "'I}-). Anin te rm ed ia te fo rm " 'u ns e, h ow ev er, w ou ld h av e b ee n in he re ntly u ns ta ble :the in flue nce of " 'no s a nd o the r full-g ra de form s w ou ld ha ve bee n a pt toinduce a "m orpholog ica l" m etathesis of " 'unse to " 'nuse, ju st as inG erm anic the influence of form s like Ger. Nase " 'nas-) led to a

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13 0m e ta th e sis o f " 'u n 1- ( " 't 's - ) t o " 'nu1- in O E ne su " no se ". P r e - T o ch , " ' nuse ,o f c o urs e, w o uld h av e g iv en A n a , direct ly .

6. T he re a re m a ny p os sib le w a ys to v ary th is s ce na rio , a ll in vo lv in gd iffe re nt m ix tu re s o f a na lo gy a nd sp ec ula tiv e re co nstru ctio n. N o m erem an ipu la tion o f aste risked fo rm s, how ever, can m ake up fo r thefundam en ta l defec t o f the I p I. theo ry - its ineff ic ien t andc ou nte rin tu itiv e s ep ara tio n o f th e n - o f n a , f rom the n - (fH of f i u l c , fHiS ,Ii i and nifi i. M o st re ce nt w rite rs h av e th ere fo re p re fe rre d to e mp ha siz eth e s im ila ritie s r ath er th an th e d if fe re nc es b etw ee n n a , and the o the rfo rm s. N early a ha lf c en tu ry ago Pedersen (1941 : t 35 ) assum ed ap re - T o c h , A " ' f i a " th e " ' H - o f w hic h w as s ub se qu en tly d is sim ila te d to n -u nd er th e in flu en ce o f th e fo llo win g p ala ta liz ed " '- ,. T his id ea is c ite da pp ro vin gly b y W in te r (I96 5: 2 03) a nd A da ms (1 988: 1 53), b ut n eith ers ch ola r is a ble to a cc ou nt s atis fa cto rily f or th e fin al s ib ila nt. A d am s s etsu p a p artic le =-s e, w hic h h e e vid en tly re ga rd s a s a k in d o f p ara lle l to th e" '-ge of B H a s ; in th e s am e v ein , V an W in de ke ns ( ib id .) o pe ra te s w ith a nat tached "'-s8m. T he se a re o bv io us ad f lOC c on stru ctio ns , th e o nly re ale ffe ct o f w h ic h is to re pla ce a n u ne xp la in ed m orp he me in T cc ha rla n A b yan equally un in te llig ib le sequ ence o f tw o (o r th ree) m orphem es ind ia le c ta l I nd o- Eu ro pe a n. P a rti cle e ty m o lo gi es o f t hi s k in d a re s ed uc tiv e ; i tis e as ie r to in ve nt u ltra sh or t e le m en ts o f a g iv en p ho no lo gic al s ha pe th anto g ro un d th em se cu re ly in c om pa ra tiv e d ata . In th e p re se nt c as e, th ere iss im ply no good ev idence fo r a P IE elem en t o f the fo rm -s + fr on t v ow t',(+ caasonant) th at w o uld h av e le nt its elf to a tta ch m en t to th e n om in ativ eo r accusa tive o f the 1 sg . p ronoun .S D e sp it e th e o bv io us p ho no lo g ic ald if fic ul ti es , th e re fo re , th e p os si bil it y s ho uld n ot b e e x clu de d II priori thatthe -~ o f n a ~ g oe s b ac k n ot to " '-se o r th e lik e, b ut to th e o ne P IE e nc liticth at d em o ns tr ab ly d id h av e th e re qu is ite m o rp ho sy nta ctlc p ro pe rtie s inth e p are nt la ng ua ge - *-ge itself.

131i7. T he a na ly sis th at w ill b e s ug ge ste d h ere is in e ffe ct a n e rte ns lo n

de d er se n 's d er iv at io n o f t he n - of n a , f rom a s e co n da r il y d e pa la ta li ze d*1 - . I p rop ose to go one s tep Iu rther tha n P edersen and derive the - , o fntf rom a s im i la r ly d e p a la ta li ze d " ' - s . T h e C o mm on T o cn ar la n a nc es to r o ftx Jth A oa f and B f ias w as in m y v iew " ' f ias. hom opho nous w ith the BfO rm: the s ub se qu en t p ho ne tic c ha ng e o f * f t a s to niis w as due no t tod is sim ila tio n, b ut to a p ro ce ss of s p or ad ic d e p a la ta li za ti on i n u n st re s se dw o rd s, c om p ara ble to th e d e p ala ta liz atio n s ee n, e .g . in P ol. bel "wi thout"{ pla in b -) f or r eg ul ar "'biol (o r *bi6z) < *biel (palatal ized "'b'-), o r O lr.& m al " as " (p la in -I) f or a rc ha ic a m ail (p ala ta liz ed " '- I' ), 3 p I. re I. a tawhich a r e" ( p la in -d-) f or t he o re ti ca ll y e x pe c te d " 'i te ( p al at al iz e d "'-d'-;cf T hu rn ey se n 1 94 6: 1 05 ). T ha t th e I s g. p ro no un w as o fte n u ns tre sse d inC om mon Toch aria n is itse lf hard ly in doub t, g iven the re ta inedF re m dv ok al o f B f l a s .T he k ey q ue stio n, o f c ou rs e, is w h eth er a s ec on da ry d e pa la ta liz atio nof p re-T ech . A ... w ou ld have y ie lded , ra ther than s (o r Ie or til. W e a re001 w eJ l- in fo rm ed abou t the ex ac t phonetic na tu re o f the T ocharians ro iJan ts . C erta in fac ts. how ever, a re dear. ~ w as h isto rica lly thep ala ta liz atio n p ro du ct o f * s: in T oc ha ria n A , th er efo re . it m u st e ith er s tillh av e b ee n a p a la ta li ze d Is' ] o r a d ev elo pm en t o f Is'), s uc h a s a p ala ta l (a ndr ed u nd a n tl y p a la ta li ze d ) f ri ca ti ve I~(')],a p al ata liz e d h u sh in g s ib ila nt [i'],n u n pa la ta liz ed h us hi ng s ib ila n t {s]. But, has a seconda ry o rig in asw e ll , w h ic h a rg ue s s tr on gl y a ga in st a p al at ali ze d o r " so ft " p r o nu nc ia ti on : i tis th e regu lar T ocharian A reflex o f C T "'s be fo re "'1, as e.s, in w a,t~ bo u se " b es id e B ost, or ,tim " tr ee " b es id e B starn. It i s i nc o n ce iv a b le t ha ttlre change o f " 's to , in th is env ironm en t co u ld have invo lved thea cqu isiu on o f a fe atu re o f p ala ta liz atio n; ra th er. th e o bv io us p ho ne ticin te rp re ta tio n o f th e "'5 to , ru le is tha t it conver t ed [sl to sim ple

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13 2(unpalatat lzed) liJ, in jus t the sam e w ay th at a sim ila r bu t m ore genera lr ul e c ha ng ed Is] to Ii] b efo re co nso nan ts in G erm an (cr. S tein , S pu r,S ch la ng e, e tc .) .S a S yn ch ro n ic all y, a t le as t, A na f w as p ro bab ly s im ply[ntil.

"Palatal" $, on the o ther hand , w as in all likelihood actuallyp alataliz ed . It is th e o nly s ib ilan t in eith er T och aria n la ng ua ge th at canre gu la rly sta nd b efo re e: th e c lu ste r Ie (w hence norm ally A S S) m ayre presen t e ith er th e p alatalizatio n p ro du ct o f o rig in al s t, as . e .g ., in Bpaseane, A paSSalf ' " bre asts" , o r an o ld er sequ en ce o f th e ty pe *-sac-.* - ,8C- or " '-Ia&- w ith syncopated Frem dvokal, as in 2 p i. A aras. Be rs ee r " yo u p ro du ce " < CT " 'alrfae- < *orsete~, o r B ascer "you l e ad "