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The Brain and The Language

It is divided into vertical halves that seem to be mirror images of one another. It looks much like a walnut with the two parts joined around the middle, except that there is little space between the two halves in the real brain.The general structure of the brain:

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1- A left hemisphere. .2- A right hemisphere

`Left and right hemispheres control .opposite sides of the bodyEach half of the brain is called a hemisphere.

Where one hemisphere is the controlling one, is called dominance.Most people prefer their right hand and right foot. This generally indicates that the left hemisphere dominates the right hemisphere and vice versa .

-The area in front of the ssure of Rolando is mainly involved in motor functioningthe study of speaking and writing -An area in the upper back part of the temporal lobe a major part in the comprehension of speech. Wernickes area

-In the upper part of the temporal lobe is the main area involved in auditory reception, - The lower back part of the frontal lobe is primarily involved in the encoding of speech Brocas area

-area towards the back of the frontal lobe, Exners centre, may be involved in the motor control of writing. -The Part of the left parietal region, close to Wernickes area, is involved with the control of manual signing .

Lateralization: Some functions occur in one hemisphere while other functions occur in the other hemisphere. This separation of functions is called lateralization .

Speech sounds are differentiated from other types of sounds including music, animal sounds, and noises. The two hemispheres specialize in processing these two types of sounds 1- Speech 2- Non-speech.Preference Sounds

True right-handers, speech sounds are mainly processed in the left hemisphere while music, noises, and animals sounds are mainly processed in the right hemisphere. *The opposite will be the case for some left-handers.

Listening behind the door:

_If you are a true or left-hander, you probably would have imagined turning your left ear forward.

_listening from left ear will be easier to understand from right one. Why?

:This is Because of the right ear hearing has a big bundle of beres to carry the sound impulse to the left hemisphere, the sound passes to the speech-processing centers in the left hemisphere. On the other hand, speech sound coming in the left ear has only a small number of beres with which to carry the sound directly to the speech-processing centers in the left hemisphere for language processing.

Right-handed persons with lateralization for language in the left hemisphere will perceive speech sounds more readily through the right ear than the left.

The Typical Language Functions In The Brain :

While the left hemisphere is involved in most language tasks recent evidence indicates that the right hemisphere too is involved in language processing., both hemispheres receive similar input and both attempt to process input),).

Understanding Discourse And Other Minds: There is increasing evidence from many scientists that the right hemisphere is critical for understanding discourse

Patients with right-hemisphere damage:They have impairments concerning narrative script, interpretation, integration of information or conceptualization of the unit as a whole, construction of new conceptual models, and inferences about another persons beliefs and intentions

The main language centers are: Brocas area: in the front part of the brain Wernickes area: towards the back of the brain

Broca's area:It is the motor area, and speech production area.a certain area of the cortex that is involved with the production of speech; that part of the cortex bears, its name is according to Pierre Paul Broca who is a French pathologist and neurosurgeon (18241880) who discovered , Brocas area.

Broca also noted that the speech area that controls the movement of the muscles of the articulators of speech: the tongue, lips, jaw, soft palate, vocal cords, etc. He posited that speech is formulated in Brocas area and then articulated via the motor area.Broca's area:

Wernicke area The auditory area, and speech understanding area an area near Broca's speech area, ,that erea was involved in the understanding of speech. it called Wernicke area according to Carl Wernicke who is a German neurologist (18481905) discovered Wernicke hypothesized that this area, later named Wernickes..area

According to Wernicke, on hearing a word, the sound of a word goes from the ear to the auditory area and then to Wernickes area. It is from Brocas area that the vocalization of speech would then be activated

Broca's Aphasia: the problem in this area which makes the patient faces difficulties of production speech. Wernicke's aphasia: the problem in this area which makes the patient faces difficulties of understanding speech.

Sarah Scott teenage stroke, Broca's Aphasia

Notes ..The order of speech The ability of speech The ability of writing

The End