Landuse-Transport integration for reducing Air Pollution in Asian CitiesGeetam Tiwari

Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Program (TRIPP)

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)

New Delhi, India

Urbanization in Asian countries CHINA

‘Planned urbanization 1950-70 ‘permit holders’ vs floating

population, informal service sector small

1980-90 growth of informal economy, street shops etc.

INDIA

30-50% slum dwellers, ‘unauthorized’ self constructed dwellings, close to work

Urban Travel in Asia

Predominance of walking cycles and public transport

Paratransit systems of indigenously designed vehicles

Growth in cars and two wheelers

High growth rate of mvs and predominance of nmv trips coexist. Why?

Formal and informal sectors coexist. Formal is dependent on MVs trips, informal on NMVs.

Growth of formal sector is responsible for higher growth of informal sector.

Inclusive urbanization Symbiosis between formal and informal sectors841000 persons are employed

in organised sector, remaining in unorganised( 2002)

48% unorganised sector is dependent on “own business”-vendors etc.

50% women have daily wage jobs

Women are either domestic workers, self employed, or street vendors.

52% women walk to work

Women have longer work days than men

Planned landuse has lead to ~40,000 households relocation in 4 years

Site Number

No. of Househ

olds

Distance from

original site

1 8000 8 km

2 4000 7 km

3 5000 18 km

4 3000 10 km

5 2300 12 km

6 50 5 km

7 500 18 km

8 5500 23 km

9 4500 20 km

10 1000 15 km

11 4000 18 km

12 50 8 km

13 65 35 km

14 20 40 km

15 1200 25 km

Distance to main road after relocation

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Site NumbersD

ista

nce

(m

ts)

Original

Relocated

Distance to bus-stop after relocation

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Site Numbers

Dis

tan

ce (

mts

)

Original

Relocated

•Rehabilitation of slums results in converting nmv trips to mv trips

• avg. distance to main road before relocation< .5 km.

•avg. distance to main road after relocatio>2 kmn

•Avg. distance to bus stop 200 m before relocation

•Avg. distance to bus stop 1 km afterrelocation

•Minimum distance to bus stop before 10m, after 1km

Converting walking trips tp motorised trips- buses, RTVs, LCVs

Long cycling trips

Time poverty of women incfeases

Opportunity for “self employed” business reduces

Landuse policy can influence the following dimensions to influence urban air pollution (Gwilliam, Kojma. Johnson, 2004):

Density : policy that increases or maintains the population density

Structure :policies that favour the concentration of employment and retail activity

Diversity:traditional separation of landuses has become a net source of airpollution

Local Design: Cities can reduce pollution from short car trips by good design of local facilities for nonmotorized transport

These address the ‘formal’/’planned’ sector in cities.

30%-70% urban population remains outside this discussion.

Landuse –transport integration for ‘unplanned’ sector implies:

Density : High rise buildings vs small houses (12-18sqm)

Structure :Monocentric/polycentric vs street vendors

Diversity:mixed landuse vs informal markets Local Design: short car trips vs

walking/bicycling trips

Landuse-Transport integration for reducing Air Pollution in Asian Cities Integrating diverse socio economic

households in master plan Street designs and transport system to

ensure current and potential walking and bicycling trips

Lessons- indicators and methods from self organising cities.

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