Landscape Architectural Construction II

àÍ¡ÊÒÃ¤ÓÊÍ¹ÇÔªÒ 2504-331

¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ÀÙÁÔÊ¶Ò»ÑµÂ¡ÃÃÁ 2Landscape Architectural Construction II: Contour / Grading

¼ÙéÊÍ¹ :ÍÒ¨ÒÃÂì ÍÃÔÂÒ ÍÃØ³Ô¹·ì<[email protected]>http://pioneer.chula.ac.th/~aariya

ÇÔªÒºÃÃÂÒÂ áÅÐ» ÔºÑµÔ¡ÒÃ 3 Ë¹èÇÂ¡Ôµ»ÃÐ¨ÓÀÒ¤µé¹ »Õ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ 2541ÇÑ¹¾Ø àÇÅÒ 10.00 -12.00 ¹. (ºÃÃÂÒÂ) ËéÍ§ 221ÇÑ¹¾Ø àÇÅÒ 13:00 - 16:00 ¹. (» ÔºÑµÔ¡ÒÃ) ËéÍ§ Studio LA. ÀÒ¤

ÇÔªÒÀÙÁ

ÔÊ¶Ò»Ñµ

Â¡ÃÃÁ

¤³ÐÊ

¶Ò»ÑµÂ

¡ÃÃÁ

ÈÒÊµÃ

ì ØÌ

ÒÅ§¡Ã

³ìÁËÒÇ

Ô·ÂÒÅÑÂ

Ë¹éÒ 1 LA. CONSTRUCTION II

¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ·Õè ÐºÑ¹·Ö¡ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ã¹ 3 ÁÔµÔ ãËé»ÃÒ¡®Å§ã¹á¼è¹áº¹ÃÒº ã¹ÅÑ¡É³Ð2 ÁÔµÔ à¾×èÍ»ÃÐâÂª¹ìã¹¡ÒÃ¹ÓÀÒ¾ 2 ÁÔµÔ¹Õéä»ãªéã¹§Ò¹µèÒ§æ Ñ§¨Ðä é¡ÅèÒÇµèÍä»

àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº ¤×ÍàÊé¹·ÕèÅÒ¡àª×èÍÁâÂ§ Ø µèÒ§æ ·ÕèÁÕÃÐ Ñºà ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ã¹¼Ñ§Ë¹Öè§æContour map ¤×Í á¼¹¼Ñ§·Õè»ÃÒ¡®àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºËÅÒÂæ àÊé¹ áµèÅÐàÊé¹ÅÒ¡àª×èÍÁâÂ§ Ø µèÒ§æ ·ÕèÁÕÃÐ Ñºà ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ã¹ºÃÔàÇ³¹Ñé¹

â´Â·ÕèÃÐºØ¤ÇÒÁµèÒ§ÃÐ ÑºªÑé¹ (Contour interval) äÇé·ÕèÊèÇ¹ã´ÊèÇ¹Ë¹Öè§¢Í§¼Ñ§¹Ñé¹æ éÇÂ

¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº1. ¡ÓË¹´¤ÇÒÁµèÒ§ÃÐ ÑºªÑé¹·Õè Ðãªé ¤ÇÒÁµèÒ§ÃÐ ÑºªÑé¹ (Contour interval) ¤×Í¤ÇÒÁµèÒ§¢Í§ÃÐ Ñº¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºáµèÅÐàÊé¹2. ¨Ò¡ Transit survey grid ËÒµÓáË¹è§·ÕèµÃ§µÒÁ Contour interval áµèÅÐÃÐ Ñº3. ÅÒ¡àª×èÍÁ Ø ·ÕèÁÕµÑÇàÅ¢ÃÐ Ñºà ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹à¢éÒ éÇÂ¡Ñ¹ â´ÂãªéàÊé¹»ÃÐ4. à¢ÕÂ¹µÑÇàÅ¢ºÍ¡ÃÐ Ñºº¹àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºº¹ éÒ¹ÊÙ§¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº5. ÃÐºØ Contour interval ·ÕèãªéÅ§ã¹¼Ñ§

¤ÓÂèÍ·Õèãªéã¹ Contour map 50 Contour elevation

Existing contourProposed contour

59.2 + Spot elevationT.C. 25.1 Top of curbB.C. 24.6 Bottom of curb (include spot elevation)T.W. 25.0 Top of wall (include spot elevation)B.W. 1.2 Bottom of wall (include spot elevation) ... Swale (direction of drainage)I.E. Invert elevation (include spot elevation)H.P. High point (include spot elevation)L.P. Low point (include spot elevation)T.S. Top of steps (include spot elevation)B.S. Bottom of steps (include spot elevation)C.I. Contour intervalP.L. Property lineR.O.W. Right of wayD.I. Drain inlet (need R.E. and I.E.)S.D. Storm drain (need R.E. and I.E.)M.H. Manhole (need R.E. and I.E.)R.E. Rim elevationC.B. Catch basin (need R.E. and I.E.)A.D. Area drain

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212341234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123412345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212341234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234


áººáÊ´§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºà ÔÁ (Existing Contour) áÅÐàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·Õè»ÃÑºáÅéÇ (Proposed Contour)


¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹ ì¢Í§ÃÐ Ñº áÅÐ ÊÀÒ¾¾×é¹·Õè (Landform) ÊÒÁÒÃ¶áÊ´§ä é 2 áºº ËÃ×Í ãªé·Ñé§áºº¼ÊÁ¡Ñ¹ ¤×Í áºº¡ÓË¹´à»ç¹ Ø ÃÐ Ñº (SpotLevels, Spot Elevations) áÅÐáººà»ç¹àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº (Contours)

Ø ÃÐ Ñº (Spot Levels, Spot Elevations)- ¤×Í¤ÇÒÁÊÙ§¢Í§ Ø æË¹Öè§ áÊ´§à»ç¹Ë¹èÇÂàÁµÃ, à«¹µÔàÁµÃ, ÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ â´Âà·ÕÂº¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÊÙ§ÍéÒ§ÍÔ§ã´æ àªè¹ Ã·¡. (ÃÐ Ñº¹éÓ·ÐàÅ»Ò¹¡ÅÒ§,Mean Sea Level), ÃÐ ÑºÍéÒ§ÍÔ§¢Í§¾×é¹·Õèâ¤Ã§¡ÒÃ¹Ñé¹æ «Öè§ÍÒ¨ãªéÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹¡ÑºÊ¶Ò»¹Ô¡ ÇÔÈÇ¡Ãâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ (ÃÐ Ñº¾×é¹ÍÒ¤ÒÃ, FE <FinishedElevation>) ËÃ×ÍÇÔÈÇ¡ÃÊØ¢ÒÀÔºÒÅ (Reduced Levels, RL) â´Â·ÑèÇä»ÁÑ¡¹ÔÂÁÃÐºØ Ø ÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹·È¹ÔÂÁ 3 µÓáË¹è§ àªè¹ +48.356 Á.- ¨ Ø´ÃÐ´ Ñº¨Ðãª éã¹¡Ã³ÕÃÐº ØÃÐ´ Ñº¢Í§¨ Ø´ã´¨ Ø´Ë¹Ö è§ã¹áºº¡èÍÊÃ éÒ§· Õ èµ éÍ§¡ÒÃ¤ÇÒÁÅÐàÍ ÕÂ´Ê Ù§, ÃÒÂ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ÃÐ´ Ñº,ºÍ¡µÓáË¹è§áÅÐÃÐ Ñº¢Í§ Ø ÊÙ§ ËÃ×ÍµèÓÊØ ¢Í§¾×é¹·Õè

àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº (Contours) 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234561234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345612345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234561234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456

- ¤×ÍàÊé¹·ÕèÅÒ¡âÂ§¨Ø´·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒÃÐ´Ñºà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ã¹áºº¼Ñ§ (Plan) ¼Ñ§·Õè¡ÓË¹´àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº ·Ñé§àÊé¹à´ÔÁ áÅÐàÊé¹·ÕèÍÍ¡áºº»ÃÑºÃÐ´ÑºáÅéÇ·ÓãËé·ÃÒº¶Ö§ Ø ·Õè ÐÁÕ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕèÂ¹¤èÒÃÐ Ñº¨Ò¡ÃÐ Ñº¾×é¹à ÔÁ ·ÓãËéÊÒÁÒÃ¶¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¾×é¹·Õè·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº áÅÐ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºä´éàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐµéÍ§à»ç¹¤èÒà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹ËÃ×ÍÅ´Å§ã¹ÍÑµÃÒ¤§·Õè·Ñé§¼Ñ§ «Öè§àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Contour Interval àÊé¹´ÃÃª¹Õ·Õèáºè§ Contour Interval à»ç¹ªèÇ§æÅÐà·èÒæ¡Ñ¹àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Index ã¹¡Ã³Õ·ÕèäÁèÊÒÁÒÃ¶à¢ÕÂ¹·Ø¡àÊé¹ä é àªè¹ã¹ºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÊÙ§ÁÒ¡ ÊÒÁÒÃ¶à¢ÕÂ¹à©¾ÒÐàÊé¹ Index ¹Õéä é

- ¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹µÑÇàÅ¢ÃÐ Ñº¡Ó¡ÑºàÊé¹ Contour ¤ÇÃãªéÇÔ Õ¡ÒÃã´ÇÔ Õ¡ÒÃË¹Öè§¤§·ÕèàËÁ×Í¹¡Ñ¹·Ñé§áºº ÇÔ Õ¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹µÑÇàÅ¢ÁÕ 3 áºº¤×Í� à¢ÕÂ¹àË¹×ÍàÊé¹ ÇÔ Õ¹Õéà»ç¹·Õè¹ÔÂÁÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ� à¢ÕÂ¹º¹àÊé¹ â´ÂàÇé¹ÃÐÂÐãËéÍèÒ¹µÑÇàÅ¢ä éâ´Â§èÒÂ� à¢ÕÂ¹º¹àÊé¹ â´ÂÁÕ·ÔÈ·Ò§àËÁ×Í¹¡ÑºÇèÒ¡ÓÅÑ§à Ô¹¢Öé¹à¢Ò â´ÂËÑ¹·ÔÈ·Ò§µÑÇË¹Ñ§Ê×ÍãËéàÅ¢ÁÒ¡ÍÂÙèº¹àÊÁÍÇÔ¸Õ¹ÕéäÁè¹ÔÂÁáÅÐ·ÓãËéÍèÒ¹áººÅÓºÒ¡

¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÃÙ»·Ã§¢Í§á¼è¹ Ô¹ÇÔ Õ·ÕèÊÓ¤ÑÍÕ¡ÇÔ ÕË¹Öè§¤×Í ¡ÒÃáÊ´§â´Â ÃÙ»µÑ (Cross -section, Profiles) à¹×èÍ§¨Ò¡¡ÒÃáÊ´§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº â´Â¼Ñ§Contour Line ¹Ñé¹áÊ´§à©¾ÒÐÃÐÂÐã¹á¹ÇÃÒºµÒÁÁÒµÃÒÊèÇ¹¢Í§¼Ñ§ ÊèÇ¹¤èÒÃÐ Ñº¹Ñé¹µéÍ§ÍèÒ¹·ÕèàÊé¹ Contour ËÃ×Í Ù Ò¡ Ø ÃÐ Ñº·Õè¡ÓË¹´¢Öé¹à©¾ÒÐã¹ºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕàÊé¹ Contour ¼èÒ¹ËÃ×ÍºÃÔàÇ³·Õè¡ÓË¹´ Ø ÃÐ Ñº «Öè§ºÒ§µÓáË¹è§µéÍ§¡ÒÃÃÒÂàÍÕÂ´ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ àªè¹ÅÑ¡É³Ð¢Í§ÂÍ´à¢ÒËÃ ×ÍË ØºàËÇÇ èÒÁ ÕÅ Ñ¡É³ÐÁ¹ËÃ ×ÍáËÅÁ äÁ èÊÒÁÒÃ¶¡ÓË¹´ä´ éâ´ÂàÊ é¹ Contour ËÃ ×Í¨ Ø´ÃÐ´ Ñºà¾ ÕÂ§ÍÂ èÒ§à´ ÕÂÇáÅÐã¹§Ò¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñº ¨Ö§ÁÑ¡¹ÔÂÁãªéÃ Ù»µÑ´à»ç¹µÑÇªèÇÂã¹¡ÒÃºÍ¡ÅÑ¡É³ÐÃÙ»·Ã§¢Í§á¼è¹´Ô¹·Õ èàÊ¹Í»ÃÑº»ÃØ§¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹ÃÙ»µÑ ÂÑ§ªèÇÂã¹¡ÒÃËÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³§Ò¹ Ô¹µÑ /¶Áà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§ Õ â´Â Ù Ò¡¾×é¹·Õè¢Í§ÃÙ»àËÅÕèÂÁ ·ÕèÍÂÙèÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºà ÔÁ (àÊé¹»ÃÐ)áÅÐàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèàÊ¹ÍãËÁè (àÊé¹·Öº)

ËÁÒÂàËµØ : ·Ò§´éÒ¹ÇÔÈÇ¡ÃÃÁâÂ¸Ò (Civil Engineering) ÁÑ¡à¢ÕÂ¹ÃÙ»µÑ´·ÕèÊÒÁÒÃ¶áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÅÑ¡É³Ð/·ÔÈ·Ò§¡ÒÃÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÍÂèÒ§ªÑ´à¨¹ä´éâ´Â¡ÓË¹´ÁÒµÃÒÊèÇ¹·Ò§ÃÒº áÅÐ·Ò§µÑé§¤¹ÅÐÁÒµÃÒÊèÇ¹¡Ñ¹ áµèÍÒ¨·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃËÅ§áÅÐÊÑºÊ¹ä´é ¨Ö§¤ÇÃ¡ÓË¹´ÁÒµÃÒÊèÇ¹·Ñé§ 2á¡¹ãËéªÑ´à¨¹àÊÁÍ

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345


áººáÊ´§¡ÒÃÃÐºØ¤èÒÃÐ Ñºã¹¼Ñ§ áÅÐÃÙ»µÑ


¡ÒÃ¨ÓÅÍ§ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È¨Ò¡¼Ñ§ÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹ ËØè¹¨ÓÅÍ§ áÅÐÃÙ»µÑ

¡ÒÃ¨ÓÅÍ§ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È¨Ò¡¼Ñ§ÃÐ Ñº 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012

ÇÔ¸Õá»Å¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂ¨Ò¡¼Ñ§ÃÐ´Ñº ãËéàËç¹ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·ÈªÑ´à¨¹¢Öé¹ à¾×èÍãªéã¹¡ÒÃ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³ÒàÃ×èÍ§¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹, ÁØÁÁÍ§ ¡ÒÃâÍºÅéÍÁ·ÕèÇèÒ§ÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Óä é 2 ÇÔ Õ¤×Í

1. ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§ÃÙ»µÑ´â´Â¡ÒÃâÂ§¨Ø´µÑ´º¹àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº (Project intersection) ÇÔ¸Õ¹Õé¨ÐÁÍ§àËç¹ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·Èà»ç¹¨Ø´æã¹ºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèµÑ´ÃÙ»µÑ´¹Ñé¹

2. ÇÔ Õ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§ËØè¹¨ÓÅÍ§áººá¡¹¡ÅÇ§ (Hollow core model) ÇÔ Õ¹Õé·ÓãËéàËç¹ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·Èâ´ÂÃÇÁ


µÓáË¹è§µèÒ§æ ·Õè ÐµéÍ§ãªé ÃÐ Ñº Ø (Spot Elevation)1. ¾×é¹ªÑé¹ÅèÒ§¢Í§ÍÒ¤ÒÃ2. ·Ø¡æ ÁØÁ¢Í§ÍÒ¤ÒÃ á·è¹Ë¹éÒ»ÃÐµÙ·Ò§à¢éÒ ËÃ×ÍªÒ¹¾Ñ¡3. ÁØÁ¢Í§ÅÒ¹¨Í´Ã¶ à©ÅÕÂ§ ËÃ×Í ¼ÔÇ´Ò´á¢ç§Í×è¹æ4. ÁØÁªÒ¹¾Ñ¡ºÑ¹ä´ÍÑ¹º¹ áÅÐ°Ò¹¢Í§¢Ñé¹ºÑ¹ä´¢Ñé¹ÊØ ·éÒÂ5. ÂÍ´ áÅÐ°Ò¹¡Óá¾§ ¢Íº (Curb)6. ÂÍ´¢Í§¡éÍ¹ËÔ¹ áÅÐ°Ò¹¢Í§µé¹äÁéãËè7. ½Òº¹ áÅÐ»Ò¡·èÍÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ (Invert elevation) ¢Í§ºèÍ¾Ñ¡ ºèÍ Ñ¡¹éÓ ÃÙÃÑº¹éÓ

»ÃÐâÂª¹ì¢Í§ Contour map1. ·ÓãËéÃÙéÅÑ¡É³Ð¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔº¹¾×é¹¼ÔÇ2. ·ÓãËéÃÙéµÓáË¹è§·ÕèÁÕ¢éÍ¨Ó¡Ñ ã¹¡ÒÃÇÒ§¼Ñ§ â´Â¡ÒÃãªé Contour map ·Ó¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹3. ãªéà»ç¹á¼¹¼Ñ§¾×é¹°Ò¹ã¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº»ÃÑºÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È (Landform) áÅÐ·Ó¼Ñ§»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÊÔè§·Õè ÐºÍ¡¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹¤×Í ÃÐÂÐÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºÊÙµÃ ·Õèãªéã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ¤×Í G = D x 100 «Öè§ÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªéÊÁ¡ÒÃ¹Õéã¹¡ÒÃËÒ¤èÒµÑÇá»ÃáµèÅÐµÑÇä é

LD = ÃÐÂÐµèÒ§¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÙ§¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº (Vertical depth)L = ÃÐÂÐËèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºã¹¼Ñ§ (Horizontal length)G = ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ (Gradient) ÁÕË¹èÇÂà»ç¹ %

áÅÐ¨Ò¡ÊÙµÃà ÕÂÇ¡ÒÃ¹ÕéÂÑ§ãªéã¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹à¾×èÍãªéã¹¡ÒÃ·Ó Slope Analysis «Öè§¨Ð¡ÅèÒÇ¶Ö§µèÍä»

ÅÑ¡É³Ð¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº1. ·Ø¡æ Ø º¹àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºà ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹ ÁÕ Spot elevation à·èÒ¡Ñ¹2. àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐºÃÃ¨º¡Ñ¹à»ç¹Ç§àÊÁÍ «Öè§¡ÒÃºÃÃ¨ºÍÒ¨»ÃÒ¡®ã¹¢Íºà¢µ¢Í§¼Ñ§ ËÃ×Í¹Í¡¢Íºà¢µ¢Í§¼Ñ§¡çä é3. àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº·ÕèºÃÃ¨ºàËç¹à»ç¹Ç§ã¹¢Íºà¢µ¢Í§¼Ñ§¨Ðà»ç¹ÂÍ´à¢Ò ËÃ×Í¡é¹àËÇÍÂèÒ§ã´ÍÂèÒ§Ë¹Öè§ ã¹Ç§ºÃÃ¨º ¨Ð»ÃÒ¡®ÃÐ´ÑºÃÐºØäÇé´éÇÂËÃ×Íã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õèà»ç¹·ÕèµèÓã¹ÅÑ¡É³Ð¢Í§¡é¹ºèÍ ¡é¹àËÇ ÍÒ¨ãªéµÑÇÍÑ¡ÉÃ D (Depression) ¡Ó¡ÑºäÇé ËÃ×ÍãªéàÊé¹¢Õ ÊÑé¹æ ·Ò§ éÒ¹µèÓ¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº4. â´Â»¡µÔàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐäÁèÁÕ¡ÒÃµÑ ¡Ñ¹ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¨Ðà»ç¹Ë¹éÒ¼ÒÂ×è¹ªÐâ§¡ÍÍ¡ÁÒ ËÃ×Íà»ç¹ÊÐ¾Ò¹ËÔ¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ5. àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèËèÒ§à·èÒæ ¡Ñ¹ ºè§ºÍ¡¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹·ÕèÊÁèÓàÊÁÍâ´ÂµÅÍ´6. ÊÓËÃÑºÅÒ´à¢Òáºº¹Ù¹¢Öé¹ àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐäÅè Ò¡ÃÐ ÑºµèÓ¢Öé¹ÊÙèÃÐ ÑºÊÙ§ â´ÂàÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºÊÙ§æ ¨ÐËèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒàÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºµèÓæ7. ÊÓËÃÑºÅÒ´à¢ÒáººàÇéÒÅ§ àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐäÅè Ò¡ÃÐ ÑºµèÓ¢Öé¹ÊÙèÃÐ ÑºÊÙ§ â´ÂàÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºµèÓæ ¨ÐËèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÃÐ ÑºÊÙ§æ8. ËØºà¢ÒÍèÒ¹ä é Ò¡àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèäÅèªÕé¢Öé¹ä»·Ò§àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºÊÙ§¢Öé¹ä»9. àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèªÔ µÔ ¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡ áÊ´§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÁÒ¡

Length

DepthGradient

%

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234561234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345612345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234561234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456


10. àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèËèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡ áÊ´§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´·ÕèÅÒ´ÁÒ¡

11. àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐäÁèáµ¡áÂ¡ÍÍ¡¨Ò¡¡Ñ¹ ã¹¡Ã³Õ·ÕèàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ÍÂÙèã¡Åé¡Ñ¹ ËÁÒÂ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒà»ç¹á¹ÇÊÙ§ ËÃ×Íá¹ÇµèÓ ¶éÒµÑÇàÅ¢ÍÂÙè¢éÒ§à ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹áÊ´§ÇèÒà»ç¹á¹ÇÊÙ§ ¶éÒµÑÇàÅ¢ÍÂÙè¤¹ÅÐ¢éÒ§¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº áÊ´§ÇèÒà»ç¹á¹ÇµèÓ

àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèÍÂÙèªÔ ¡Ñ¹áÊ´§ÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ÁÒ¡àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèËèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹¹éÍÂ (ÃÒº)

à¹Ô¹ (Hill) ÐáÊ´§ÅÑ¡É³ÐàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹Ç§ ÅéÍÁàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ÊÙèã¨¡ÅÒ§Ç§ËÅØÁ,àËÇ (Depress) ÐáÊ´§ÅÑ¡É³ÐàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹Ç§ ÅéÍÁàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·Õè¹éÍÂÅ§ÊÙèã¨¡ÅÒ§Ç§


Uniform slope ÐÁÕÃÐÂÐËèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºáµèàÊé¹à·èÒ¡Ñ¹

Concave slope ¨ÐÁÕàÊé¹ÃÐ ÑººÃÔàÇ³ÂÍ´¶ÕèáÅÐ¡ÇéÒ§¢Öé¹ã¹ªèÇ§â¤¹

Convex slope ÐÁÕàÊé¹ÃÐ ÑººÃÔàÇ³ÂÍ´ËèÒ§áÅÐ¶Õè¢Öé¹ã¹ªèÇ§â¤¹


Glen or Dale ËØºà¢Òá¤ºæ ·ÕèÁÕ¢Íº¢éÒ§à»ç¹ Concave slope

Ravine ËØºà¢ÒàÅç¡æ ¢Íºà»ç¹ Slope ªÑ¹ ·Õè°Ò¹à»ç¹·ÕèÃÒº ÁÑ¡ÁÕ·Ò§¹éÓ¼èÒ¹


Flood plain ¾×é¹·ÕèÃÒº¡ÇéÒ§

Hog back á¹ÇÊÑ¹à¢ÒÂÒÇ à¡Ô ¨Ò¡ Concave slope ·Ñé§ 2 ¢éÒ§


Knoll à¹Ô¹à¢Ò ÃÙ»ä¢è à¡Ô ¨Ò¡ Convex slope

Knob à¢Ò à¡Ô ¨Ò¡ Concave slope ÁÕÂÍ´¡ÅÁ


Camel back ridge à¡Ô ¨Ò¡à¹Ô¹áºº Knoll 2 à¹Ô¹ ·ÕèÁÕ¢¹Ò´ã¡Åéà¤ÕÂ§¡Ñ¹ ºÃÔàÇ³ÊÑ¹à¢Ò

Butte ÁÕÂÍ´áº¹ÃÒº éÒ¹¢éÒ§à»ç¹¼ÒªÑ¹ ÁÑ¡à¡Ô ¨Ò¡ËÔ¹ÍÑ¤¹Õ ·Õèâ´¹¡Ñ à«ÒÐ


Bay & Promontory ºÃÔàÇ³ÍèÒÇ ËÃ×ÍáËÅÁ·ÕèàÇéÒ ËÃ×ÍÂ×è¹ÍÍ¡ä»

Meadow ·Øè§ËÃ×Íà¹Ô¹ËéÒ


áÊ´§ ÃÙ»áºº¢Ñé¹ºÑ¹ä´ «Öè§ ÙàËÁ×Í¹àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐËÒÂä»·Õè¡Óá¾§¢ÍººÑ¹ä´ áµè ÃÔ§æáÅéÇÂÑ§¤§äÅè¼èÒ¹ä» ºÃÔàÇ³ÅÙ¡µÑé§¢Í§ºÑ¹ä´( ÙÃÙ» Perspective»ÃÐ¡Íº)

Swale ·Ò§ÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓà»Ô


Fan , Alluvial fan ºÃÔàÇ³¾×é¹·ÕèÃÒº Ô¹´Í¹»Ò¡áÁè¹éÓ

Toe àªÔ§à¢Ò

Saddle äËÅèà¢Ò


µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº¨Ò¡¼Ñ§ÃÑ§ÇÑ´ÍÂèÒ§§èÒÂæâ¨·Âì §ÅÒ¡àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·Ø¡æ 1.00 Á. â´ÂÁÕ Index ·Ø¡æ 5.00 Á. â¨·Âìä éÅÒ¡àÊé¹·Õè50.00 äÇéáÅéÇ

¢Ñé¹·Õè 1·Ó¤ÇÒÁà¢ éÒã¨¡ Ñº¤ÇÒÁµéÍ§¡ÒÃ¢Í§â¨·Â ì ËÃ ×Íâ¤Ã§¡ÒÃÇ èÒµ éÍ§¡ÒÃ¼Ñ§·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÐàÍÕÂ´/ËÂÒº¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº¢¹Ò´äË¹

¢Ñé¹·Õè 2¡ÓË¹´µÓáË¹è§¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº (¨Ò¡¢éÍ 1) àªè¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§µÒÃÒ§ 50.50 ¡Ñº 52.00ÁÕµÓáË¹è§¢Í§ 51.00 ÍÂÙè, ÃÐËÇèÒ§ 49.75 ¡Ñº 53.25 ÁÕµÓáË¹è§¢Í§ 50.00,51.00, 52.00, 53.00 ÍÂÙè à»ç¹µé¹

¢Ñé¹·Õè 3ÅÒ¡âÂ§ Ø ·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒÃÐ Ñºà·èÒ¡Ñ¹

ËÁÒÂàËµØ : ¤ÇÃÁÕ¡ÒÃÅ§¾×é¹·Õè ÃÔ§ã¹ Ø ·ÕèÁÕ»ÑËÒ áÅÐà¾×èÍ¡ÒÃà¡çºÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕÂ´àªè¹·Ò§¹éÓ, ¡éÍ¹ËÔ¹, Ë¹éÒ¼Ò ÏÅÏ

¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨Ò¡¼Ñ§ÃÑ§ÇÑ 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123451234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234512345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345

â´Â·ÑèÇä»¡ÒÃà·¤¹Ô¤ÃÑ§ÇÑ ã¹»Ñ ØºÑ¹ÊÒÁÒÃ¶ÃÑ§ÇÑ ¤èÒÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹ Ø ÃÐ ÑºÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÐàÍÕÂ´ÊÙ§ áÅÐÊÒÁÒÃ¶¡ÓË¹´ Ø ä éÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ äÁèÁÕ¢Íºà¢µ¨Ó¡ÑáÅÐ¤èÒÃÐ´ÑºàËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹ÊÒÁÒÃ¶á»Å§à»ç¹àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñºä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ áÅÐÅÒ¡âÂ§â´Âà¤Ã×èÍ§¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì ·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´µèÓÁÒ¡áµèËÒ¡¡ÅéÍ§ÊÓÃÇ¨ÃÑ§ÇÑ´ÃØè¹à¡èÒ ·Õè¼Ù éÊÓÃÇ¨ÃÑ§ÇÑ´¹ÔÂÁãªé¡ÒÃÊÓÃÇ¨à»ç¹ÃÐººµÒÃÒ§ áÅÐà¢ÕÂ¹¤èÒÃÐ´ÑºµÒÁµÓáË¹è§µÑ´¡Ñ¹¢Í§µÒÃÒ§à¾× èÍãËé§èÒÂµèÍ¡ÒÃ¡ÓË¹´µÓáË¹è§ ¡ÒÃá»Å§¤èÒÃÐ´Ñºà»ç¹àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº µéÍ§ãªé¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÐÁÒ³¡ÒÃ áÅÐÅÒ¡âÂ§àÊé¹´éÇÂÁ×Í«Öè§µéÍ§ÍÒÈÑÂ¤ÇÒÁàªÕèÂÇªÒáÅÐ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéàÃ×èÍ§àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº áÅÐÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§ÊÙ§


¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ (slope Analysis)ã¹§Ò¹¡ÒÃÇ Ô à¤ÃÒÐË ìÊÀÒ¾¾× é¹· Õ è à¾ × èÍàµÃ ÕÂÁ¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áººÇÒ§¼ Ñ§¾ × é¹· Õ è¢¹Ò´ãËè ¼ Ñ§ÃÐ´ Ñº¶ Ù¡¹ÓÁÒá»Å

áÅÐãªéã¹¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È â´Â·ÑèÇä»·ÕèÁÑ¡¨ÐãªéáÅÐ¾ºàËç¹ÍÂÙèàÊÁÍä éá¡è Slope Analysis Technique áÅÐ ElevationAnalysis Technique ã¹·Õè¹Õé¡ÒÃá»Å¼Ñ§ÃÐ Ñºâ´Âãªé Elevation Analysis Technique ¹Ñé¹à»ç¹à¾ÕÂ§ÇÔ Õ·ÓãËé¡ÒÃÍèÒ¹¼Ñ§ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèÁÕà¾ÕÂ§àÊé¹§èÒÂ¢Öé¹â´Â¡ÒÃãÊèÃÐ¹Òº¢Í§ÊÕÅ§ä»ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ªÑé¹¤ÇÒÁÊÙ§ â´Â¡ÓË¹´ãªéÊÕµÒÁÁÒµÃ°Ò¹ËÃ×ÍµÒÁ¤ÇÒÁàËÁÒÐÊÁ â´Â·ÑèÇä»ÁÑ¡¨ÐäÅè¨Ò¡ÊÕà¢ÕÂÇà»ç¹·ÕèÃÒºÅØèÁã¡Åé Ã·¡. ÊÙèÊÕá´§ËÃ×ÍÊÕ¹éÓµÒÅ á·¹¤ÇÒÁÊÙ§¢Í§ÀÙà¢Ò áÅÐãªéÊÕ¹éÓà§Ô¹á·¹áËÅè§¹éÓà»ç¹µé¹ áµè¡ÒÃá»Å Slope AnalysisTechnique à»ç¹ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ·ÕèµéÍ§ãªé¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ áÅÐ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐàÁÔ¹ËÒºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ «Ö è§ÁÑ¡áºè§à»ç¹¢Ñ é¹æ (Category)µÒÁ¤ÇÒÁµéÍ§¡ÒÃ¢Í§áµèÅÐ»ÃÐàÀ·â¤Ã§¡ÒÃ àªè¹ áºè§à»ç¹ 4 ÃÐ Ñº ä éá¡è

·ÕèÃÒº (¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ ¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ 5%) - ÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªé¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ä´é´Õ·ÕèÅÒ´ªÑ¹¹éÍÂ (¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ 5-10%) - ÊÒÁÒÃ¶¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ÍÒ¤ÒÃä´é áµèäÁèàËÁÒÐ¡ÑºÊ¹ÒÁ¡ÕÌÒ·ÕèÅÒ´ªÑ¹»Ò¹¡ÅÒ§ (¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ 10-25 %) - ÊÒÁÒÃ¶¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ÍÒ¤ÒÃºÒ§»ÃÐàÀ·ä´éà·èÒ¹Ñé¹·ÕèÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÁÒ¡ (¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ 25%) - µéÍ§¡ÒÃà·¤¹Ô¤¾ÔàÈÉã¹¡ÒÃ¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ à¾×èÍá¡é»ÑËÒ

«Öè§àÁ×èÍàÃÒ¡ÓË¹´ÅÓ Ñº¢Ñé¹ (àªè¹ ·Ñé§ 4 ¢Ñé¹¢éÒ§µé¹) áÅéÇ àÃÒ¨ÐµéÍ§·Ó¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ËÒªèÇ§ÃÐÂÐ L ·Õèà¡Ô ¢Öé¹à¹×èÍ§¨Ò¡¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹·Õè¡ÓË¹´¹Ñé¹â´Â¡ÒÃãªéÊÙµÃ D = GL áÅéÇËÒ¤èÒ¢Í§ L ·Õè G µèÒ§æ µÒÁ¢Ñé¹ (Category) ·Õèáºè§äÇé â´ÂÁÕ D = ¤èÒÃÐÂÐËèÒ§(á¹ÇµÑé§) , Contour Interval¢Í§¼Ñ§·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËËì àªè¹ ÊÁÁØµÔãËé Contour Interval = 5 m.

G = <5%L = 5 / 0.05 > 100G = 5-10% L = 5 / 0.1 = 50G = 10-25% L = 5 / 0.25 = 20G = >25% L < 20¨Ò¡ËÅÑ¡¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§·ÕèÇèÒàÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº·ÕèªÔ´µÔ´¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡áÊ´§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÁÒ¡ àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº·ÕèËèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡ áÊ´§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´·ÕèÅÒ´ÁÒ¡

áÅÐ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ àÁ×èÍàÃÒÇÑ´¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº 2 àÊé¹ (·ÕèÁÕ Contour Interval = 5.00 Á.) áÅéÇä´é ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ 100 Á.á»ÅÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ 5% ¶éÒÇÑ ÃÐÂÐä éÃÐËÇèÒ§ 50-100 Á. á»ÅÇèÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ 5-10 %, ÃÐËÇèÒ§ 20-50 Á. á»ÅÇèÒ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ 10-25%áÅÐ¶éÒÇÑ ä é¹éÍÂÇèÒ 20 Á. á»ÅÇèÒ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ 25% à»ç¹µé¹

¡ÒÃà¢ÕÂ¹¼Ñ§ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹â¨·Âì ¨Ò¡¼Ñ§ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèÊÓÃÇ¨ áÅÐ Plot àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº (¨Ò¡Ë¹éÒ 13) ãËéËÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ Ø A B, ÅÒ¡àÊé¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº 2 àÊé¹ã´æ·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ 5 % , ÃÐºÒÂÊÕºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹¡ÇèÒ 20%1 ËÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ Ø A BÇÑ ÃÐÂÐ¨Ò¡ A ä»ËÒ B = 35 Á. = LD = 51-52D = GL1 = G x 35G = 1/35 = 2.86%

2. ÅÒ¡àÊé¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº 2 àÊé¹ã´æ ·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ 5 %G = 5% = 0.05D = 1D = GL1 = 0.05 x LL = 1/0.05 = 20.00 Á.áÅéÇÅÒ¡àÊé¹ã´æ ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº 2 àÊé¹·ÕèÁÕÃÐ ÑºµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ 1.00 Á. ãËéÂÒÇ 20.00 Á.

12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012


3. ÃÐºÒÂÊÕºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹¡ÇèÒ 20%G = 20% = 0.20D = 1D = GL1 = 0.2 x LL = 1/0.2 = 5.00áÅéÇµÕàÊé¹áÊ´§¢Íºà¢µ¢Í§ºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕÃÐÂÐàÊé¹µÑé§©Ò¡ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº 2 àÊé¹ ·ÕèäÁèà¡Ô¹ 5.00 Á.

¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìËÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ã¹¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ã¹¢¹Ò´µèÒ§æ ãËé·ÓµÒÁ¢Ñé¹µÍ¹·Õè 3 à¾×èÍËÒÃÐÂÐ (L) ã¹¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹µèÒ§æ (G) ·Õèâ¨·ÂìËÃ×Í¤ÇÒÁµéÍ§¡ÒÃ¢Í§â¤Ã§¡ÒÃ¡ÓË¹´

A

B


¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012312345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901231234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123

¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñºà»ç¹¡ÒÃà»ÅÕ èÂ¹á»Å§ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·Èà´ÔÁ ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàËÁÒÐÊÁµèÍ¡ÒÃãªé¾× é¹·Õ è ËÃ×Íà¾× èÍ¤ÇÒÁÊÇÂ§ÒÁ¹Ñºà» ç¹§Ò¹· Õ èÊÓ¤ Ñ·Õ èÊ Ø´Ê èÇ¹Ë¹Ö è§ã¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áººÀÙÁ Ô· ÑÈ¹ ì µÅÍ´¨¹¡ÒÃÇÒ§¼ Ñ§ºÃ Ô àÇ³ â´Â¡ÒÃ»Ã ÑºÃÐ´ Ñº¹ Ñ é¹æ¨ÐµéÍ§¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§¡®à¡³±ì·Ò§¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔºÒ§»ÃÐ¡ÒÃ àªè¹ÁØÁÍÂÙèµÑÇ¢Í§´Ô¹ (Repose angle) ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶ ã¹¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓÍÍ¡¨Ò¡¾×é¹·Õè¡ÒÃäÁèÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁ¡ÃÐ·º¡ÃÐà·×Í¹ã¹ éÒ¹äÁè ÕµèÍ¾×é¹·Õè¢éÒ§à¤ÕÂ§ à»ç¹µé¹

ã¹¢ºÇ¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áººÊÓËÃÑº¾×é¹·Õè·ÕèÁÕÃÙ»ÃèÒ§ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·ÈÊÙ§æ µèÓæ ¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¨ÐµéÍ§àÃÔèÁµÑé§áµè¡ÒÃÇÒ§á¹Ç¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô ã¹¢Ñé¹áÃ¡æÁÔãªèÇÒ§¼Ñ§àÊÃç¨àÃÕÂºÃéÍÂáÅéÇ¨Ö§àÃÔ èÁ·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñº â´Â¼ÙéÍÍ¡áººÍÒ¤ÒÃ¨Ð¾ÂÒÂÒÁÃº¡Ç¹ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·Èà´ÔÁ ãËé¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ´áÅÐãª é»ÃÐâÂª¹ ì¨Ò¡ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁ Ô»ÃÐà·Èà´ ÔÁãË éÁÒ¡· Õ èÊ Ø´ à¾ × èÍãË éä´ é§Ò¹· Õ èÁ Õ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÁ¡Å×¹¡ ÑºÊÀÒ¾áÇ´ÅéÍÁáÅÐà»ç¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÐËÂÑ´§º»ÃÐÁÒ³ã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´ÑºÍÕ¡´éÇÂ

¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§ÈÑ¾·ìà·¤¹Ô¤·ÕèãªéàÊÁÍã¹§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñº 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234

ÍÑµÃÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ (Gradient) ä éá¡è ÃéÍÂÅÐ¢Í§ÊèÇ¹Â¡ ËÃ×ÍÊèÇ¹Å´¢Í§ÃÐ Ñº µèÍ ÃÐÂÐ 100 àÁµÃ àªè¹ ÍÑµÃÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ 4%ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´·ÕèÂ¡ÊÙ§¢Öé¹ 4 àÁµÃ ã¹ÃÐÂÐ·Ò§¹Í¹ 100 àÁµÃ

ÃÐÂÐÂ¡ËÅÑ§àµèÒ (Crown) ä éá¡è ÃÐÂÐ¢Í§ÃÐ Ñºã¹ÊèÇ¹¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¶¹¹ ËÃ×Í·Ò§à·éÒ à¾×èÍ»éÍ§¡Ñ¹¹éÓ¢Ñ§¤ÇÒÁàÍÕÂ§ (Cross slope or Pitch) ä éá¡è¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´·Õè·Ó¢Öé¹º¹¼ÔÇ´Ò´ (Pave area) à¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ ÍÒ¨ºÍ¡à»ç¹à»ÍÃìà«ç¹µì

ËÃ×ÍàÅ¢àµçÁ¡çä´é¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´¢Ñé¹ (Wash) ä éá¡è ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´·Õè·Ó¢Öé¹º¹¢Ñé¹ºÑ¹ä´ à¾×èÍ»éÍ§¡Ñ¹¹éÓ¢Ñ§ ÊèÇ¹ÁÒ¡ºÍ¡à»ç¹ à«¹µÔàÁµÃ µèÍ àÁµÃ ËÃ×Í

à»ÍÃìà«ç¹µì¤ÇÒÁÊÍº (Batter) ä éá¡è »ÃÔÁÒ³¤ÇÒÁÊÍº¢Í§¾×é¹¼ÔÇ·Ò§µÑé§¨Ò¡àÊé¹ Ôè§ àªè¹ ¡Óá¾§¡Ñ¹ Ô¹ ãªéºÍ¡à»ç¹ à«¹µÔàÁµÃ µèÍ àÁµÃ ËÃ×Í

à»ÍÃìà«ç¹µì¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ (Slope) ä éá¡è ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹¢Í§ÃÐÂÐ·Ò§¹Í¹ µèÍ ÃÐÂÐ·Ò§µÑé§¢Í§à¹Ô¹ àªè¹ 3 : 1¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ÁÒ¡ÊØ (Maximum slope) ä éá¡è ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ ¢Í§à¹Ô¹ ·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁµÒÁÊÀÒ¾¢Í§ÇÑÊ ØËÔ¹µÑ¹ 1/4 : 1ËÔ¹ËÅÇÁ (àªè¹ËÔ¹¼Ø) 1/2 : 1¡ÃÇ´ 1 1/2 : 1Ô¹á¹è¹á¢ç§ 1 1/2 : 1

´Ô¹ÍèÍ¹ 2 : 1à¹Ô¹µÑ ËéÒ ( éÇÂà¤Ã×èÍ§) 3 : 1


¤ÇÒÁÁØè§ËÁÒÂ¢Í§¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123

1. à¾×èÍÊÃéÒ§¾×é¹·ÕèãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ¡Ñº¡Ô ¡ÃÃÁ·Õè Ðà¡Ô ¢Öé¹ àªè¹ ÍÒ¤ÒÃ ¡ÒÃÊÑ¨Ã ¡ÒÃàÅè¹¡ÕÌÒ ÏÅÏ2. à¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓÍÍ¡¨Ò¡¾×é¹·Õè áÅÐ»éÍ§¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃàÊÕÂËÒÂ·Õè Ðà¡Ô ¢Öé¹¨Ò¡·ÔÈ·Ò§¡ÒÃäËÅ¢Í§¹éÓº¹¼ÔÇ Ô¹3. à¾×èÍá¡éä¢ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È·ÕèÍÒ¨¨Ðà¡Ô ÍÑ¹µÃÒÂµèÍ¡Ô ¡ÃÃÁ·Õè ÐÁÕ¢Öé¹4. à¾×èÍ¡Ñ¹àÊÕÂ§ ¡Ñ¹ÅÁ ËÃ×ÍºÑ§¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹5. à¾×èÍà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡¢Í§ Ô¹ à¾×èÍ¡ÒÃ»ÅÙ¡µé¹äÁéãËè ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õè Ô¹ªÑé¹ÅèÒ§ÁÕ»ÑËÒµèÍ¡ÒÃ»ÅÙ¡µé¹äÁé6. à¾×èÍà¹é¹ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È ËÃ×Íà¾×èÍ¡ÒÃà¹é¹àÊé¹·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã7. à¾×èÍ¤ÇÒÁÊÇÂ§ÒÁ¢Í§ºÃÔàÇ³

¢éÍ¤ÇÃ¤Ó¹Ö§ã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567

1. µéÍ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÁ¡Å×¹¡ÑºÊÀÒ¾áÇ´ÅéÍÁâ´ÂÃÍº2. µéÍ§ÁÕ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¶Ö§¢éÍ¨Ó¡Ñ µèÒ§æ ¢Í§¾×é¹·Õè àªè¹ ¡®ËÁÒÂ ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔÍÒ¡ÒÈà©¾ÒÐ·Õè ÊÒ¸ÒÃ³Ù»âÀ¤µèÒ§æ ·Õè»ÃÒ¡®ã¹¾×é¹·Õè ·Ñé§ãµé Ô¹áÅÐº¹ Ô¹ ·ÔÈ·Ò§¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓº¹¼ÔÇ Ô¹¢Í§ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·Èà ÔÁ ¾×ª¾Ñ¹ Øìà ÔÁ ÏÅÏ3. µéÍ§¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁµéÍ§¡ÒÃ éÒ¹¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´¢Í§¡Ô ¡ÃÃÁµèÒ§æ4. ¾ÂÒÂÒÁÊÁ ØÅÂì¡ÒÃµÑ Ô¹ÍÍ¡ áÅÐ¡ÒÃ¶Á Ô¹ ãËéä é Õ·ÕèÊØ5. ¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÊÐ´Ç¡ã¹¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¡ÒÃ¡èÍÊÃéÒ§¨ÃÔ§

¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ ÑºÁÕËÅÒÂá§èËÅÒÂ»ÑËÒ áµè·Ñé§ËÁ´àÁ×èÍÊÃØ»áÅéÇ ¨Ðáºè§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ 2 »ÃÐàÀ· ¤×Í1. Ð»ÃÑºÃÐ ÑºÍÂèÒ§äÃ (How to grade) ä éá¡è¤ÇÒÁªÓ¹ÔªÓ¹Òã¹¡ÃÃÁÇÔ Õã¹ "¡ÒÃàÅè¹" (Manipulation) ¡Ñº ÃÙ»·Ã§¢Í§á¼è¹ Ô¹

â´Â¡ÒÃÍÒÈÑÂàÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñºà»ç¹à¤Ã×èÍ§áÊ´§¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áººÃÙ»·Ã§¢Í§à¹Ô¹2. ÍÂèÒ§äÃ Ö§äÁè¤ÇÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº (How not to grade) ä éá¡è ¤ÇÒÁªÓ¹ÔªÓ¹Ò ÍÑ¹à¡Ô ¨Ò¡ »ÃÐÊ¾¡ÒÃ³ì·Õè·ÓãËéÃÙé¶Ö§¢éÍ¨Ó¡Ñ µèÒ§æ

à¾×èÍãËé¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹ä»ÍÂèÒ§¶Ù¡µéÍ§ ¢éÍ¨Ó¡Ñ àËÅèÒ¹Õéä éá¡è ª¹Ô ¢Í§ Ô¹ »ÑËÒ¢Í§à¤Ã×èÍ§ Ñ¡Ã¡Å »ÑËÒ¤èÒ¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ ·Ò§àÅ×Í¡áººµèÒ§æã¹¡ÒÃá¡é»ÑËÒ·Ò§¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº ÊØ¹·ÃÕÂÀÒ¾ µÅÍ´¨¹¢éÍ¾Ô ÒÃ³Ò éÒ¹¹ÔàÇÈ¹ìÇÔ·ÂÒ

áÊ´§¡ÒÃãªé¡Óá¾§¡Ñ¹ Ô¹ (Headwall &wingwall) áÅÐ·èÍÅÍ´ (Culvert)

áÊ´§¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº¾×é¹·Õè â´Â¡ÒÃãªé Concave , Convex Slopeà¾×èÍãËé Ø ËÑ¡ Ø µèÍ¢Í§ Slope Á¹¢Öé¹


ÇÑµ¶Ø»ÃÐÊ§¤ìã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¾×é¹·Õè1. à¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ (Surface Drainage)

2. à¾× èÍÊÃéÒ§à¹Ô¹´Ô¹ (Berm) ÊÓËÃÑº¡Ñ¹àÊÕÂ§ ,ÅÁËÃ×Íà¾×èÍà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡¢Í§ªÑé¹ Ô¹»ÅÙ¡ ã¹·Õè·ÕèÁÕÃÐ Ñº¹éÓãµé Ô¹ÊÙ§

3. à¾×èÍ»ÃÑºãËéà¡Ô ¾×é¹·ÕèÃÒº¾ÍÊÓËÃÑº Ê¹ÒÁ¡ÕÌÒ, ÅÒ¹ËÃ×Í¾×é¹·Õèâ´ÂÃÍºÍÒ¤ÒÃ

4. à¾×èÍ»ÃÑº»ÃØ§ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·ÈºÒ§»ÃÐàÀ· àªè¹¼ÒªÑ¹ãËéÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªé»ÃÐâÂª¹ìä é áÅÐÊÇÂ§ÒÁ


5. à¾×èÍà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒÊ¹ã¨ãËé¡ÑººÃÔàÇ³

6. à¾×èÍà»Ô ÁØÁÁÍ§ÊÙèÇÔÇ·Õè¹èÒÊ¹ã¨

7. à¾×èÍºÑ§ÁØÁÁÍ§·ÕèäÁè¹èÒ Ù

8. à¾ × èÍ¤ÇÒÁàËÁÒÐÊÁ ã¹¡ÒÃ¨ Ñ´ÇÒ§ÍÒ¤ÒÃ,ÊÔè§¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ºÒ§»ÃÐàÀ·

9. à¾×èÍà¹é¹ ËÃ×Í¤Çº¤ØÁ·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã


ÊÕèËÅÑ¡ãËèã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456781234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567812345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678

1. ¡ÒÃµÑ´ (Cutting) ä´ éá¡ è¡ÒÃá¡éä¢ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁ Ô»ÃÐà·È â´Â¢Ø´´Ô¹à´ ÔÁÍÍ¡ä» ãËéÃÐ´ÑºµÒÁ·Õ èµ éÍ§¡ÒÃ ã¹¡Ã³Õàª è¹¹Õ éÃÐ Ñº¢Í§ÊÔè§¡èÍÊÃéÒ§¨Ð»ÃÐÁÒ³à·èÒ¡ÑºÃÐ Ñº¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèÍÂÙè éÒ¹ÅèÒ§¢Í§ÊÔè§¡èÍÊÃéÒ§¹Ñé¹æ ¢éÍä éà»ÃÕÂºÊÓ¤Ñ¢Í§·ÕèÃÒº ·Õèä é Ò¡¡ÒÃµÑ äËÅèà¹Ô¹¤×Í¤ÇÒÁÁÑè¹¤§á¢ç§áÃ§¢Í§¾×é¹·Õè Ô¹·ÕèÍÂÙèÁÒ¹Ò¹ÂèÍÁÂÖ µÑÇ áÅÐÍÑ á¹è¹â´ÂáÃ§¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ áÅÐã¹ºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹·Õè Ð¶Áä é©Ð¹ Ñ é¹¡ÒÃµ Ñ´¨ Ö§à» ç¹Ç Ô¸ Õ à´ ÕÂÇ· Õ è´ Õ· Õ èÊ Ø´ à¾ÃÒÐà¹ Ô¹µ Ñ´·Óä´ éª Ñ¹¡Ç èÒà¹ Ô¹¶Á « Ö è §¡ Ô¹à¹ × éÍ· Õ èÁÒ¡¡Ç èÒáÅÐ¡ÒÃµÑ´Â Ñ§Á ÕâÍ¡ÒÊà¡ Ô´¡ÒÃ¡ Ñ´à«ÒÐËÃ ×Í¾Ñ§·ÅÒÂä´é¹ éÍÂ¡Ç èÒ¡ÒÃ¶ÁÍÕ¡´ éÇÂ áµèÁ Õ¢ éÍàÊ ÕÂ¤ ×Í ¡ÒÃ¡Ó¨ Ñ´´ Ô¹· Õ è¢ Ø´¢ Ö é¹ÁÒ«Öè§ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§¡ÒÃ¢¹ä»·Ôé§ºÃÔàÇ³Í×è¹ «Öè§¨ÐµéÍ§àÊÕÂ¤èÒàªèÒÃ¶ºÃÃ·Ø¡ àÊÕÂ¤èÒºÃÔàÇ³·Õè Ð¹Ó Ô¹ä»·Ôé§ â´Âà©¾ÒÐºÃÔàÇ³·Õèà»ç¹ªØÁª¹Ë¹Òá¹è¹¤èÒ¢¹ Ô¹·Ôé§¨Ðá¾§¢Öé¹ËÅÒÂà·èÒ áÅÐËÒ¡ÁÕ·Õè·Ôé§¡çÁÑ¡¨Ðà»ç¹ºÃÔàÇ³Ë¹Í§¹éÓ ËÃ×Í¤ÅÍ§ «Öè§ÁÕ¤Ø³¤èÒ·Ò§¹ÔàÇÈ¹ìÇÔ·ÂÒÍÑ¹äÁè¤ÇÃ·ÓÅÒÂÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§

2. ¡ÒÃ¶Á (Filling) ä´éá¡è¡ÒÃá¡éä¢ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È â´Â¡ÒÃ¶Á´Ô¹ãËéä´éÃÐ´ÑºµÒÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ ã¹¡Ã³Õàªè¹¹ÕéÃÐ´Ñº¢Í§ÊÔè§¡èÍÊÃéÒ§¨Ð»ÃÐÁÒ³à· èÒ¡ ÑºÃÐ´ Ñº· Õ èÍÂ Ù è´ éÒ¹º¹¢Í§Ê Ô è§¡ èÍÊÃ éÒ§¹ Ñ é¹æ ¢ éÍä´ é à»Ã ÕÂºÊÓ¤ Ñ¢Í§¡ÒÃ»Ã ÑºÃÐ´ Ñº â´Â¡ÒÃ¶Á¡ç¤ ×Í·ÓãËéãª é»ÃÐâÂª¹ì¨Ò¡¾× é¹·Õ è· Õ è äÁ èÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãª é»ÃÐâÂª¹ìä´ é àª è¹·Õ èµ èÓ¹ éÓ¢ Ñ§ ËÃ ×ÍÂ¡ÃÐ´ÑººÃÔàÇ³ãËé¶ Ö§ÃÐ´Ñº·Õ è¡ÓË¹´ àª è¹¡ÒÃ¶Á·ÕèºÃÔàÇ³à©ÅÕÂ§ãËé¾Í Õ¡ÑºÍÒ¤ÒÃ ËÃ×Í»ÃÑº¾×é¹·ÕèÊÙ§æ µèÓæ ãËéàÃÕÂºàÊÁÍ¡Ñ¹ ÊèÇ¹¢éÍàÊÕÂà»ÃÕÂº¡ç¤×Í ¨ÐµéÍ§ËÒáËÅè§ Ô¹¨Ò¡·ÕèÍ×è¹ÁÒ¶Á« Ö è§¡ çá¾§àª è¹¡ Ñ¹ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õ éºÃ Ô àÇ³·Õ è¶ÁãËÁèÂ Ñ§äÁ èÁ Ñ è¹¤§¾ÍÊÓËÃ Ñº¡ÒÃ¡ èÍÊÃ éÒ§ ¨Ðµ éÍ§Á Õ¡ÒÃº´Í Ñ´à» ç¹¾ Ô àÈÉ°Ò¹ÃÒ¡· Õ è·Óã¹ºÃ Ô àÇ³¹Õ é¨Ðµ éÍ§¢ Ø´ãË éÅ Ö¡¶ Ö§´ Ô¹à´ ÔÁàÊÁÍ ¡ÒÃº´Í Ñ´Â Ñ§Á Õ» ÑËÒÊÓËÃ Ñº ¡ÒÃ»Å Ù¡µ é¹äÁ éÍ Õ¡´ éÇÂºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÃÒº·Õè·Óâ´ÂÇÔ Õ¶Á¨Ðà¡Ô ¡ÒÃ¡Ñ à«ÒÐ áÅÐ¾Ñ§·ÅÒÂä éÁÒ¡ à¾ÃÒÐÍ³Ù¢Í§ Ô¹·Õè¶ÁãËÁèÂÑ§äÁèá¹è¹

¡ÒÃá¡éä¢ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È â´Â¡ÒÃ¢Ø Ô¹à ÔÁÍÍ¡ä» ãËéä éÃÐ ÑºµÒÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ

¡ÒÃá¡éä¢ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È â´Â¡ÒÃ¶Á Ô¹ ãËéä éÃÐ ÑºµÒÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ


3. ¡ÒÃµÑ áÅÐ¡ÒÃ¶Á Ô¹ (Cutting and Fill) ä éá¡è ¡ÒÃá¡éä¢ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È â´Â¡ÒÃµÑ Ô¹ÍÍ¡ÊèÇ¹Ë¹Öè§ áÅÐ¶Á Ô¹à¢éÒÊèÇ¹Ë¹Öè§ãËéä éÃÐ ÑºµÒÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ ã¹¡Ã³Õ¹ÕéÃÐ ÑºÊÔè§¡èÍÊÃéÒ§¨Ð»ÃÐÁÒ³à·èÒ¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·Õè¼èÒ¹¡ÅÒ§ ÊÔè§¡èÍÊÃéÒ§¹Ñé¹æ ÇÔ Õ¹Õéà»ç¹ÇÔ Õ·Õè¹ÔÂÁãªéÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐÁÒ³¤ÇÒÁÊÁ´ØÅÂì¢Í§´Ô¹·Õ è¶Ù¡µÑ´ áÅÐ¶Á¨ÐªèÇÂÅ´ ËÃ×ÍµÑ´¤èÒãªé¨èÒÂã¹¡ÒÃ¢¹´Ô¹ä»·Ô é§ Ë×ÍËÒ´Ô¹ÁÒ¶Á ¡ÒÃµÑ´áÅÐ¶ÁÁÕ»ÃÐâÂª¹ìÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ã¹ºÃÔàÇ³·Õè¡ÇéÒ§ áÅÐ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´äÁèÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä» â´Â¡ÒÃãªé´Ô¹ÊèÇ¹·Õè¢Ø´ÍÍ¡ä»ãªéã¹¡ÒÃ¨Ñ´ÀÙÁÔ·ÑÈ¹ì ·Õè¨Í´Ã¶ËÃ×ÍºÃÔàÇ³ãªéÊÍÂÍ×è¹æ ·ÕèäÁèÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ àªè¹Ê¹ÒÁ¡ÕÌÒËÁÒÂàËµ Ø - äÁ èÇ èÒ¨Ðãª é¡ÃÃÁÇ Ô¸ Õã¹¡ÒÃµ Ñ´ áÅÐ¶ÁÍÂèÒ§äÃ¡ çµÒÁ ¡ çÂÒ¡ÍÂ èÒ§Â Ô è §· Õ è¨Ð¶Ò¡àÍÒ´ Ô¹¼ ÔÇ (Top soil)«Öè§à»ç¹ Ô¹·ÕèÍØ Á éÇÂÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂÇÑµ¶ØÍÍ¡ä»¡Í§à¡çºäÇéµèÒ§ËÒ¡ à¾×èÍ¨Ðä é¹ÓÁÒãªéã¹¡ÒÃ»ÅÙ¡µé¹äÁé áÅÐ»éÍ§¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃ¡Ñ à«ÒÐã¹ÀÒÂËÅÑ§

4. ¡ÒÃãªé¡Óá¾§¡Ñ¹ Ô¹ (Retaining Wall) ãªéËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃà ÕÂÇ¡Ñº 3 ÇÔ Õ¢éÒ§µé¹ áµèá·¹·Õè ÐµéÍ§äÅèÃÐ Ñº¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´¢Í§ Ô¹ ·Õè¶Ù¡Ãº¡Ç¹µéÍ§ãªé¡Óá¾§¡Ñ¹´Ô¹á·¹

¡ÒÃãªé¡Óá¾§¡Ñ¹ Ô¹ (Retaining Wall)

¡ÒÃá¡éä¢ÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È â´Â¡ÒÃµÑ Ô¹ÍÍ¡ÊèÇ¹Ë¹Öè§ áÅÐ¶Á Ô¹ÊèÇ¹Ë¹Öè§ ãËéä éÃÐ ÑºµÒÁ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ


¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºà¾×èÍà»ç¹·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã (Grading for Circulation) 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212

ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ- ¤¹áÅÐÂÒ¹¾ÒË¹Ð¨Ðà¤Å×èÍ¹ä»ä é 2 ·ÔÈ·Ò§ ¤×Í ·Ò§á¹Ç¹Í¹ áÅÐá¹Ç Ôè§ àÃÒà¤Å×èÍ¹ä»·Ò§¹Í¹ ¡çà¾ÃÒÐàÃÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃ¨Ðä»ÂÑ§·Õèã´·ÕèË¹Öè§áÅÐ·Ò§´Ôè§¡çà¾ÃÒÐàÃÒ¨Óà»ç¹¨ÐµéÍ§¢éÒÁÊÔè§ã´ÊÔè§Ë¹Öè§- ¹ Õ è¤ ×Í· Õ èÁÒ¢Í§ËÅ Ñ¡¡ÒÃàº × éÍ§µ é¹Í Ñ¹áÃ¡·Õ èÇ è Ò àÊ é¹·Ò§Ê Ñ¨Ã¢Í§µ éÍ§ãË éÃÒºÁÒ¡·Õ èÊ Ø´à· èÒ· Õ è¨Ðà» ç¹ä»ä´ éà¾ÃÒÐâ´Â·ÑèÇä»áÅéÇ·Ò§·ÕèªÑ¹¨Ð¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁàË¹×èÍÂÅéÒãËéá¡è·Ñ é§¤¹ áÅÐ¾ÒË¹Ð ¶éÒ¤Ô´ÇèÒ·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ãà»ç¹·ÕèÃÒº·ÕèÂ×´ÂÒÇÍÍ¡ä»àÃÒ¡çÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªéÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃµÑ´ ¡ÒÃ¶Á áÅÐ¡ÒÃµÑ´-¡ÒÃ¶Á ä´é´Ñ§·Õè¡ÅèÒÇÁÒáÅéÇ áµè¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§áÅéÇ ·Ò§ÊÑ¨ÃäÁèä´éÊÃéÒ§º¹·ÕèÃÒºàÊÁÍä»Ñ§¹Ñé¹ Ö§µéÍ§ËÒÇÔ Õ¢Öé¹ËÃ×ÍÅ§à¹Ô¹ «Öè§ÁÕÍÂÙè 2 ÇÔ Õ¤×Í

1. Ñº·Ò§ÊÑ¨ÃÃÒºãËéÅÒ´¢Öé¹Å§àÅç¡¹éÍÂµÒÁ·Ò§ÂÒÇ2. à Ô¹·Ò§ÃÒºä»ÃÐÂÐË¹Öè§ áÅéÇ¢Öé¹·Ò§ Ôè§à»ç¹ÃÐÂÐÊÑé¹æ â´ÂÍÒÈÑÂ·Ò§ÅÒ´·ÕèªÑ¹ (Ramp) ËÃ×ÍºÑ¹ä´

ÁÕÇÔ ÕËÅÑ¡æ ã¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã¤×Í1. ¢¹Ò¹¡ ÑºàÊ é¹ÃÐ´ Ñº ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ã Ô§äÁ è¢¹Ò¹·Õ à´ ÕÂÇ áµ è à¡ ×Íº¢¹Ò¹ â´Â¡ÒÃàÍ ÕÂ§¢ Ö é¹àÅ ç¡¹ éÍÂà¾ × èÍäµ èÃÐ´ Ñº

àÊé¹·Ò§áºº¹Õé Ðà»ç¹àÊé¹·ÕèÍÍ¡¨ÐÃÒº áµè ÐµéÍ§·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹§Ò¹ãËè à¾×èÍãËé·Ò§¡ÇéÒ§¾Í·Õè ÐÊÑ¨Ãä é2. µÑé§©Ò¡¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº áºº¹Õéà¡×ÍºäÁèµéÍ§·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ ÑºàÅÂ áÅÐ·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã¨ÐªÑ¹ÁÒ¡¨Ò¡ 2 ÇÔ¸Õ¢éÒ§µé¹¹Õé¨Ð¾ºÇèÒ ¶éÒàÃÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§¢éÒÁà¹Ô¹ËÃ×ÍÀÙà¢ÒãËéÃÇ´àÃçÇ·ÕèÊØ´ áÅÐÊÑé¹·ÕèÊØ´ ¡ç¤ÇÃàÅ×Í¡ÇÔ¸ÕáººµÑé§©Ò¡

áµè¶éÒµéÍ§¡ÒÃà Ô¹·Ò§ÊºÒÂæ ¢Öé¹ËÃ×ÍÅ§à¹Ô¹ËÃ×ÍÀÙà¢Ò ¡ç¤ÇÃàÅ×Í¡ÇÔ Õ¢¹Ò¹ áµèââÂ»¡µÔáÅéÇ ¡ÃÃÁÇÔ Õã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã¨ÐÍÂÙèÃÐËÇèÒ§2 ÇÔ Õ¹Õé â´Â¶¹¹ËÃ×Í·Ò§à·éÒ¨ÐÅÒ´¢Öé¹Å§ÍÂèÒ§¾ÍàËÁÒÐ à¾×èÍãËéà Ô¹·Ò§ä éÃÇ´àÃçÇ·ÕèÊØ áÅÐàË¹×èÍÂ¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ ¡ÒÃ¹ÓÇÔ Õ 2 ÇÔ Õ¹ÕéÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹àÃÒ¨Ðä é·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁ ÊÓËÃÑº¤¹ËÃ×ÍÂÒ¹¾ÒË¹Ðª¹Ô µèÒ§æ

¡ÒÃãªéÇÔ Õ¼ÊÁÃÐËÇèÒ§áºº¢¹Ò¹,áººµÑé§©Ò¡ : ¤×Í¡ÒÃãªéÇÔ Õ·Ó·Ò§ÅÒ´à©ÕÂ§ ¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº â´Âãªé Slopeã¹ÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁ ·Õè ÐÊÑ¨Ãä é

¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áººá¹Ç·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã áººµÑ é§©Ò¡ ¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã¨ÐªÑ¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áººá¹ÇÊÑ¨Ã áºº¢¹Ò¹/à¡×Íº¢¹Ò¹ ¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã¨ÐÃÒº áµè¨ÐµéÍ§»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñºà¢µ·Ò§ãËé¡ÇéÒ§¾Í·Õè ÐãªéÊÑ¨Ãä é


¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºà¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÊÑ¨Ã (Grading for Circulation)- ·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã ¤ÇÃ¨ÐÃÒº·ÕèÊØ à·èÒ·Õè Ðà»ç¹ä»ä éÇÔ Õ·Õè 1 ¡ÒÃÊÑ¨Ã·Ò§ÃÒºãËéÅÒ´¢Öé¹/Å§ àÅç¡¹éÍÂµÒÁ·Ò§ÂÒÇÇÔ Õ·Õè 2 ÃÒºà»ç¹ÃÐÂÐË¹Öè§ áÅéÇ¢Öé¹·Ò§ Ôè§à»ç¹ÃÐÂÐ â´ÂãªéºÑ¹ä´ ËÃ×Í·Ò§ÅÒ´ (Ramp)

ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃãªé·Ò§ÅÒ´¼ÊÁ¡ÑººÑ¹ä´à»ç¹ Ø æ


¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºã¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº¶¹¹

1. à¾×èÍà»Ô /»Ô ºÑ§ÁØÁÁÍ§ (Vista) à»Ô ÁØÁÁÍ§·Õè Õ »Ô ÁØÁÁÍ§·ÕèäÁè¹èÒ Ù

2. à¾×èÍãËéÊÒÁÒÃ¶»ÅÙ¡¾×ª¢éÒ§·Ò§ä é 3. à¾×èÍãËé¡ÅÁ¡Å×¹¡ÑºÊÀÒ¾ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·È

ÃÙ»µÑáÊ´§¡ÒÃµÑ Ô¹ éÒ¹äËÅè·Ò§¢Í§¶¹¹

ÃÙ»µÑáÊ´§¡ÒÃ¶Á Ô¹ éÒ¹äËÅè·Ò§¢Í§¶¹¹


¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¶¹¹·Õèà¡×Íº¢¹Ò¹¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº â´ÂÇÔ Õ¶Á

¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¶¹¹·Õèà¡×Íº¢¹Ò¹¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº â´Â¡ÒÃµÑ


¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¶¹¹·Õèà¡×Íº¢¹Ò¹¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº â´Â¡ÒÃµÑ áÅÐ¶Á


·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¼èÒ¹·ÕèÃÒºÁÕÇÔ Õ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº·ÕèäÁèÂÒ¡¹Ñ¡ à¾ÕÂ§áµè·Ó¾×é¹¼ÔÇ¶¹¹ãËéÊÁèÓàÊÁÍ áÅÐ·ÓãËéÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓä éÊÐ´Ç¡1. ¡ÒÃ·Ó¾×é¹¼ÔÇ¶¹¹ãËéÊÁèÓàÊÁÍ ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§¡ÒÃ·Ó¼ÔÇ¢Í§¾×é¹·Õè«Öè§ÅØèÁæ ´Í¹æ ãËéÃÒºàÃÕÂº â´Â¡ÒÃÇÒ§ÃÐÂÐàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº ãËéËèÒ§à·èÒæ

¡Ñ¹ ÊÓËÃÑº·Ò§à´Ô¹à·éÒÍÒ¨·ÓãËéÊÙ§æ µèÓæä´é áÅÐ¤¹à´Ô¹ÍÒ¨ªÍº áµèÊÓËÃÑº¶¹¹áÅéÇäÁèàËÁÒÐ à¾ÃÒÐÃ¶µéÍ§ªÅÍ¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇáÅÐÍÒ¨à¡Ô´ÍÑ¹µÃÒÂä´é

2. ¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓã¹¶¹¹·ÕèÍÂÙèã¹ÃÐ´ÑºÃÒº ¨Óà»ç¹µéÍ§ÊÃéÒ§¨Ø´ÊÙ§ËÃ×Í¨Ø´µèÓà·ÕÂÁ¢Öé¹ à¾×èÍãËé¹éÓÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓä»ä´é ã¹¡ÒÃ¹ÕéÍÒ¨áÊ´§ä éâ´Â¡ÒÃÅÒ¡àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº ãªéÃÐ Ñº Ø (Spot elevation) ËÃ×ÍãªéÃÙ»µÑ ¢ÇÒ§ËÃ×ÍÃÙ»µÑ µÒÁÂÒÇáÊ´§ä é

¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´ÑºÊÓËÃÑº·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ããªé¡ÃÃÁÇÔ¸Õà´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹¡Ñº¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§·ÕèÃÒº ¡ÅèÒÇ¤×ÍàÊé¹ÃÐ´ÑºãËÁè ¨ÐáÂ¡ÍÍ¡¨Ò¡àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñºà´ÔÁ ³¨Ø´à»Å Õ èÂ¹· Õ èµ éÍ§¡ÒÃ áÅÐ¨ÐÇ¡ä»ËÒàÊ é¹à´ ÔÁ· Õ èµ èÓ¡Ç èÒ¶ éÒà» ç¹¡ÒÃ¶Á áÅÐàÊ é¹ÃÐ´ Ñºà´ ÔÁ· Õ èÊ Ù§¡Ç èÒ ¶ éÒà» ç¹¡ÒÃµ Ñ´àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºãËÁè ÐµéÍ§ä»ºÃÃ¨º¡ÑºàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñºà ÔÁÍÕ¡ àÁ×èÍàÊÃç ÊÔé¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº

ÇÔ¸ Õ»Ã ÑºÃÐ´Ñºà¾× èÍ¡ÒÃÊÑ¨Ã·Ò§´Ô è§ â´Â¡ÒÃ¤èÍÂæ äµè¢ Ö é¹ä»µÒÁ·Ò§ÅÒ´ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ ËÃ×Íäµè¢ Ö é¹¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§ª Ñ¹àËÅèÒ¹Õ é¡ ç¤×ÍËÅÑ¡¾× é¹°Ò¹¢Í§ÃÐºº¡ÒÃÊÑ¨Ã «Ö è§¨ÐäÁèÁÕ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕ èÂ¹á»Å§ä»¨Ò¡¹Õ é ´Ñ§¹Ñ é¹¡ÒÃàÃÕÂ¹ÃÙ é¡ÃÃÁÇÔ¸Õã¹¡ÒÃ "àÅè¹" ¡ÑºÁÑ¹Ö§à»ç¹ÊÔè§ÊÓ¤Ñã¹¡ÒÃ·Õè Ðä éÁÒ«Öè§àÊé¹·Ò§·Õè Õ·ÕèÊØ ã¹¡ÒÃ¹ÕéÊÔè§à¾ÔèÁàµÔÁ·Õè Óà»ç¹¨ÐµéÍ§·ÃÒº¡èÍ¹¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¡ç¤×Í

- ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ÊÙ§ÊØ ·Õè·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã¹Ñé¹¨Ðà»ç¹ä»ä é àªè¹ 4 % ËÃ× 8 %- ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§¢Í§àÊé¹·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã¹Ñé¹

¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´àÍÕÂ§¢Í§àÊé¹·Ò§ ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñºª¹Ô ¢Í§ÂÒ¹¾ÒË¹Ð·Õè Ðãªé àªè¹Ã¶Â¹µì¹Ñè§ ¨ÐáÅè¹ä é Õ·ÕèÊØ ã¹¤ÇÒÁàÍÕÂ§ÅÒ´äÁèà¡Ô¹ 10 %¤¹à Ô¹ä éÊÐ´Ç¡ã¹ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ ã¹¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ 3 - 5 % áµèã¹ÃÐÂÐÊÑé¹ÍÒ¨à»ç¹ 12 - 15 % ËÃ×ÍáÁéáµè 30 % â´Â»¡µÔáÅéÇË¹èÇÂ§Ò¹¢Í§ÃÑ°¨Ðà»ç¹¼Ùé¡ÓË¹´ÍÑµÃÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ÊÙ§ÊØ àËÅèÒ¹ÕéäÇé àªè¹ ¡ÓË¹´¤ÇÒÁàÍÕÂ§ÅÒ´ÊÙ§ÊØ ¢Í§¶¹¹ áÅÐ¡ÓË¹´¤ÇÒÁàÍÕÂ§ÅÒ´ÊÙ§ÊØ ¢Í§·Ò§ÅÒ´ à»ç¹µé¹

ÊèÇ¹¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§¢Í§·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã ¢Ö é¹ÍÂÙ è¡Ñº»Ñ¨¨ÑÂËÅÒÂ»ÃÐ¡ÒÃ àªè¹ ¢¹Ò´·Õ è´Ô¹à´ÔÁ·Õ èËÒä´é ,¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇ¢Í§¡ÒÃÊÑ¨Ã,»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§¡ÒÃ¨ÃÒ¨Ã ,¤ÇÒÁ»ÅÍ´ÀÑÂ µÅÍ´¨¹»Ñ ÑÂ·Ò§ éÒ¹·ÑÈ¹ÀÒ¾ áÅÐ¹ÔàÇÈ¹ìÇÔ·ÂÒ ã¹ºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÁÒ¡ ËÃ×ÍºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÊÇÂ§ÒÁ¤ÇÃ·Ó¶¹¹ãËéá¤ºà·èÒ·Õè Ð·Óä é à¾ÃÒÐ¶¹¹á¤º¨ÐÅ´¡ÒÃµÑ ËÃ×Í¶ÁÅ§ä éÁÒ¡ à»ç¹¡ÒÃÅ´¡ÒÃ·ÓÅÒÂÊÔè§áÇ´ÅéÍÁ·ÕèÊÇÂ§ÒÁ ËÃ×ÍºÍººÒ§

â´Â»¡µÔ¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡àÊé¹·Ò§¤ÇÃËÅÕ¡àÅÕ èÂ§ºÃÔàÇ³·Õ èª Ñ¹ àª è¹ ¤ÇÃÇÒ§á¹Ç¶¹¹ä»·Ò§áÍè§à¢Ò ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒº¹à¢Ò·Õ èª Ñ¹ËÃ×ÍÇÒ§ä»µÒÁÃÔÁáÁè¹éÓ¨Ð Õ¡ÇèÒÇÒ§¢Öé¹ä»º¹äËÅèà¢Ò ¡ÒÃÇÒ§á¹Ç¶¹¹·Õè»ÃÐËÂÑ ¤ÇÃÇÒ§ä»µÒÁ°Ò¹¢Í§äËÅèà¢Ò

¢éÍ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò»Ñ¨¨ÑÂ¢Í§ºÃÔàÇ³ã¹§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñº ¡ÒÃà¢éÒã¨¡ÃÃÁÇÔ Õ·Ò§¡ÅÈÒÊµÃì ã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºà»ç¹áµèà¾ÕÂ§ ÊÔè§¢Ñé¹µé¹ã¹§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¢Ñé¹µèÍä»ã¹§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº¡ç¤×Í ¢éÍÍØ»ÊÃÃ¤ (Constraints) ã¹§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº áÅÐÇÔ Õ¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº «Öè§à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁàËÁÒÐÊÁã¹á§èµèÒ§æÃÇÁ·Ñé§¤ÇÒÁÊÇÂ§ÒÁ éÇÂ ã¹¢Ñé¹¹Õé¤ÇÃàÃÕÂ¹ÃÙé¢éÍÍØ»ÊÃÃ¤¡èÍ¹

¢éÍÍØ»ÊÃÃ¤áÃ¡·Õè¨ÐµéÍ§¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¡Ñº¡ÒÃ¨Ñ´·Ó¼Ñ§»ÃÑºÃÐ´ÑºÁÕ´Ñ§¹Õé1. ¾Ô¨ÒÃ³Ò¾×ª¾Ñ¹¸Øìà´ÔÁ (µé¹äÁéÂ×¹µé¹ áÅÐµé¹äÁé¾ØèÁ) ÇèÒÍÑ¹äË¹¨ÐµéÍ§à¡çºÃÑ¡ÉÒäÇé ÍÑ¹äË¹¨ÐµéÍ§¢Ø´ÂéÒÂ ËÃ×Íâ¤è¹·Ôé§

â´Â¡ÒÃ»ÃÐàÁÔ¹¤èÒã¹á§è¢Í§ÊÀÒ¾ (ÃÙ»·Ã§ ¢¹Ò´ ¤ÇÒÁÊÁºÙÃ³ì áÅÐâÃ¤) »ÃÐâÂª¹ì ÃÒ¤Ò¤èÒ»ÅÙ¡·´á·¹ ¼Å¢Í§µÓáË¹è§µé¹äÁé·ÕèÁÕµèÍ¼Ñ§ãËÁèâ´Â»¡µÔáÅéÇàÃÒ¨Ð»ÃÐàÁÔ¹¤èÒ»ÅÙ¡·´á·¹ «Öè§¨Ðá¾§ÁÒ¡ ¶éÒ¨ÐãËéä éµé¹äÁé Ñ§ÊÀÒ¾à ÔÁ Ñ§¹Ñé¹ Ö§¤ÇÃà¡çºÃÑ¡ÉÒµé¹äÁéà ÔÁäÇéãËéÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´à·èÒ·Õè¨ÐÁÒ¡ä´é

2. ÃÐ ÑºÊÓàÃç ¾×é¹ªÑé¹ÅèÒ§¢Í§ÍÒ¤ÒÃà ÔÁ ÃÐ Ñº¹Õéà»ç¹µÑÇ¤§·Õè à»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§äÁèä é Ñ§¹Ñé¹ÃÐ ÑºãËÁè·Õè Ð·Ó¢Öé¹ ÐµéÍ§à¢éÒ¡Ñ¹ä é¡ÑºÃÐ Ñºà ÔÁáÅÐà¾×èÍ»éÍ§¡Ñ¹¹éÓ·èÇÁÍÒ¤ÒÃà´ÔÁ

3. ÃÐ´ÑºÊÓàÃç¨¢Í§¶¹¹à´ÔÁ àªè¹à´ÕÂÇ¡ÑºÃÐ´Ñº¢Í§¾×é¹ÍÒ¤ÒÃà´ÔÁ à»ÅÕ èÂ¹á»Å§äÁèä´é â´Âà©¾ÒÐ¶¹¹ÊÒ¸ÒÃ³Ð¨Ðà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§â´Âà¡Íª¹äÁèä´é

4. ÃÙ»·Ã§à ÔÁ¢Í§á¼è¹ Ô¹ ¨Ðà»ÅÕèÂ¹á»Å§ÃÙ»·Ã§¢Í§á¼è¹ Ô¹ «Öè§à»ç¹¢Í§à ÔÁä é ÁÒ¡¹éÍÂà¾ÕÂ§ã´¹Ñé¹ ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡ÑºÇÔ ÒÃ³Ò³àªè¹ÃÙ»·Ã§à ÔÁÊÇÂ§ÒÁ ÁÕ¤Ø³¤èÒ¨ÐµéÍ§à¡çºÃÑ¡ÉÒäÇé ËÃ×ÍªÑ¹à¡Ô¹ä»·Õè Ð»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñºä é ËÃ×Íà¡Ô ¡ÒÃ¾Ñ§·ÅÒÂ

5. ºÃÔàÇ³·Õ è´ Ô¹¢éÒ§à¤ÕÂ§ à¹× èÍ§¨Ò¡ã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñº ÍÒ¨¨ÐµéÍ§¡ÃÐ·Óä»¨¹ªÔ´à¢µ·Õ è´ Ô¹ ´Ô¹·Õ è à¡ Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¶ÁÍÒ¨äËÅ·ÅÒÂÅ§ä»ã¹ºÃÔàÇ³¢éÒ§à¤ÕÂ§·ÕèµèÓ¡ÇèÒ áÅÐ·ÕèÊÓ¤Ñ·ÕèÊØ ¨ÐµéÍ§äÁè»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº ãËé¹éÓã¹ºÃÔàÇ³ÃÐºÒÂ·Ôé§ä» ºÃÔàÇ³·Õè Ô¹¢Í§¤¹Í×è¹


6. ÊÒ¸ÒÃ³Ù»âÀ¤à´ÔÁ ÊÒ¸ÒÃ³Ù»âÀ¤à´ÔÁ·Ñé§º¹´Ô¹ áÅÐãµé´Ô¹ äÁè¤ÇÃä»áµÐµéÍ§ à¾ÃÒÐ¨Ð·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂËÒÂËÃ×ÍµéÍ§ãªé§º»ÃÐÁÒ³ãËéÊÔé¹à»Å×Í§ä»â´ÂäÁèÊÁ¤ÇÃ

7. »Ñ¨¨ÑÂ·Ò§¸Ã³ÕÇÔ·ÂÒ »Ñ¨¨ÑÂ·Ò§¸Ã³ÕÇÔ·ÂÒ·Ñé§º¹º¡ áÅÐãµé´Ô¹ àªè¹ ËÔ¹â¼Åè (Rock outcrops) ¹éÓãµé´Ô¹ºÃÔàÇ³·Õèá©Ðª¹Ô ¢Í§ Ô¹·ÕèÂÒ¡ã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº àËÅèÒ¹Õé¤ÇÃËÅÕ¡àÅÕèÂ§ àÇé¹áµè Ð¾Ô ÒÃ³Ò¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ä»ä é·Ò§à·¤¹Ô¤áÅéÇ

8. ÃÐººÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓà´ÔÁ àªè¹·Ò§¹éÓ áÍè§¹éÓ ºÖ§ ÊÃÐ ÏÅÏ ¤ÇÃ»ÅèÍÂãËéà»ç¹ä»µÒÁ¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔà´ÔÁãËéÁÒ¡·Õ èÊ Ø´¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´ÑºãËÁè¨ÐµéÍ§ãËé¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓÊÍ´¤ÅéÍ§ ¡ÑºÊÀÒ¾à´ÔÁ¢Í§¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔãËéÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´

áÊ´§¡ÒÃãªéºÑ¹ä´ áÅÐ·Ò§ÅÒ´â´ÂãªéÍÑµÃÒÊèÇ¹·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁ

áÊ´§¡ÒÃãªé¡Óá¾§¡Ñ¹ Ô¹ áÅÐ¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓºÃÔàÇ³µé¹äÁéãËè

áÊ´§¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ ÑººÃÔàÇ³µé¹äÁéãËè¤ÇÃÃÑ¡ÉÒÃÐ Ñº Ô¹à ÔÁäÇéãËéÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ


¡Ã³Õ·Õèà»ç¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº à¾×èÍ·ÓÅÒ¹à»Ô âÅè§ 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

ã¹¡Ã³Õ·ÓÅÒ¹à»Ô âÅè§ àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº¨ÐÅÒ¡¼èÒ¹ÅÒ¹¹Ñé¹æ éÇÂ áÅÐÅÒ¹¹Ñé¹àÍ§ ¡ç Óà»ç¹µéÍ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´à¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ éÇÂ- à¡³±ì¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´àÍÕÂ§ÊÓËÃÑºÅÒ¹à»Ô áººµèÒ§æ

ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ äÁèà¡Ô¹ (%) ¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ äÁèà¡Ô¹ (%)¶¹¹ 8 0.5ÅÒ¹¨Í´Ã¶ 5 0.5ÅÒ¹ºÃÔ¡ÒÃ 5 0.5·Ò§à´Ô¹ÊÓ¤Ñà¢éÒÊÙèÍÒ¤ÒÃ 4 1ÅÒ¹Ë¹éÒ·Ò§à¢éÒÍÒ¤ÒÃ 2 1·Ò§à Ô¹à·éÒÊÓ¤Ñ 8 1·Ò§ÅÒ´ 10 1Ê¹ÒÁËéÒ¹Ñè§¾Ñ¡¼èÍ¹ 3 2·Ò§ÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ (Swale) 10 2à¹Ô¹ËéÒµÑ éÇÂà¤Ã×èÍ§ 30

¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´àÍÕÂ§¢Í§¶¹¹ ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´àÍÕÂ§¢Í§¶¹¹·Õè¡ÅèÒÇ¢éÒ§µé¹ à»ç¹ÍÑµÃÒ·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁÊÐ´Ç¡á¡è¡ÒÃÊÑ¨Ã »ÃÐËÂÑ áÅÐ»ÅÍ´ÀÑÂáµèâ´Â¢Õ ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶¢Í§ÂÒ¹Â¹µÃì â´Â·ÑèÇä»áÅéÇ ÊÒÁÒÃ¶äµè¢Öé¹à¹Ô¹·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ÊÁèÓàÊÁÍ 17 % â´Âãªéà¡ÕÂÃìµèÓ Ñ§¹Ñé¹¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ 17 %ÍÒ¨¹ÓÁÒãªéä´éà©¾ÒÐºÃÔàÇ³·Õè¨Óà»ç¹ àªè¹ ·Ò§ÅÒ´¢Öé¹ÊÐ¾Ò¹ ËÃ×Í¢Öé¹-Å§·Õè¨Í´Ã¶ ·Ò§à¢éÒÍÍ¡·Ò§ËÅÇ§ áÅÐ¶¹¹ÂèÍÂºÒ§µÍ¹ÊèÇ¹·Ò§ËÅÇ§·Õèãªéà»ç¹à Ô¹·Ò§ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ äÁèÊÁ¤ÇÃÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä» à¾ÃÒÐ¨Ð·ÓãËéÊÔé¹à»Å×Í§ áÅÐà¡Ô ÍÑ¹µÃÒÂ (»¡µÔ 4 - 8 % max.)

ÍÂèÒ§äÃ¡ç´Õ ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´àÍÕÂ§·Õ èÊ Ù§¡ÇèÒ·Õ è¡ÇèÒÁÒáÅéÇ ¡çÂÑ§ÁÕãªéÍÂÙ è à¾ÃÒÐà»ç¹¶¹¹à¡èÒ ËÃ×ÍÍÂÙ èã¹ÀÙÁÔ»ÃÐà·ÈÀÙà¢Ò¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÊÓÃÇ¨ã¹ÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò¾ºÇèÒ ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ÊÙ§ÊØ ¢Í§¶¹¹·Õèà»ç¹ÍÂÙèÁÕ Ñ§¹Õé

·Ò§ËÅÇ§ 9 - 12 %¶¹¹ÂèÍÂã¹àÁ×Í§ 30 - 32 %

¡ÒÃ¡Ñ à«ÒÐ¡Ñ ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´àÍÕÂ§ â´Â·ÑèÇä» Ô¹¨Ð¶Ù¡¹éÓ¡Ñ à«ÒÐ¡ÃèÍ¹ä é àÁ×èÍ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´àÍÕÂ§à¡Ô¹¡ÇèÒ 2 % ¢Öé¹ä» áµè¶éÒà»ç¹ Ô¹ÃèÇ¹«ØÂà¾ÕÂ§áµè 1 % ¢Öé¹ä» ¡çà¡Ô ¡ÒÃ¡Ñ à«ÒÐä éáÅéÇ ©Ð¹Ñé¹ Ö§¤ÇÃ»éÍ§¡Ñ¹â´ÂÇÔ ÕÍ×è¹æ àªè¹ »ÅÙ¡¾×ª¤ÅØÁ Ô¹ àªè¹ ËéÒ ËÃ×Í ¾×ª¤ÅØÁ Ô¹ºÒ§ª¹Ô,´Ò´ éÇÂÇÑÊ Øá¢ç§ àªè¹ ËÔ¹ ¤Í¹¡ÃÕµ ËÃ×Í¡ÃØ éÇÂµÒ¢èÒÂ ÏÅÏ

¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567

ÊÙµÃ·Õèãªé D = G x LàÁ×èÍ D = ¤ÇÒÁµèÒ§ÃÐ Ñº¢Í§ Ø 2 Ø

G = ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´à»ç¹à»ÍÃìà«ç¹µì(G = 0.05 ÊÓËÃÑº¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ 5 % à»ç¹µé¹)

L = ÃÐÂÐµÒÁÃÐ¹ÒºÃÒº¢Í§¨Ø´·Ñé§ÊÍ§(¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ 10 % ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§ L = 100 Ë¹èÇÂ D = 10 Ë¹èÇÂ)

¹Í¡àË¹×Í¨Ò¡à¡³±ì¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´·ÕèÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹ ì¡Ñº¡Ô ¡ÃÃÁ¡ÒÃãªéÊÍÂ Ñ§·Õèä é¡ÅèÒÇã¹Ë¹èÇÂ·ÕèáÅéÇ ÂÑ§ÁÕà¡³±ì·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº ÃÍºâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§Ñ§¹Õé

Side slope ·ÕèÁÕ¾ÒË¹ÐÊÑ¨Ã ÊÙ§ÊØ´ 10 % µèÓÊØ´ 0.5 % »¡µÔ 1-3 %Back slope ·ÕèÁÕ¾ÒË¹ÐÊÑ¨Ã ÊÙ§ÊØ´ 15 % µèÓÊØ´ 0.5 % »¡µÔ 1-5 %Side slope ·ÕèäÁèÁÕ¾ÒË¹ÐÊÑ¨Ã ÊÙ§ÊØ´ 15 % µèÓÊØ´ 0.5 % »¡µÔ 1-10 %Back slope ·ÕèäÁèÁÕ¾ÒË¹ÐÊÑ¨Ã ÊÙ§ÊØ´ 20 % µèÓÊØ´ 0.5 % »¡µÔ 1-10 %


¡ÃÃÁÇÔ¸Õã¹¡ÒÃ¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñº 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567

¡ÃÃÁÇÔ Õã¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº ÁÕËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ¾×é¹°Ò¹ Ñ§¹Õé1. ¡ÓË¹´µÓáË¹è§ áÅÐ¢¹Ò´¢Í§ºÃÔàÇ³·Õè Ð·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº2. ¾Ô ÒÃ³Ò ÙÇèÒ¨ÐãªéÇÔ ÕµÑ ¶Á ËÃ×ÍµÑ áÅÐ¶Á3. ¡ÓË¹´ÃÐ Ñº¢Í§ºÃÔàÇ³·Õè Ð»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº (Finish grade) ãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ¡ÑºÇÔ ÕµÒÁ¢éÍ 24. ¡ÓË¹´¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´¢Í§à¹Ô¹·Õè Ðà¡Ô ¢Öé¹ãËÁè

¡ÒÃ¡ÓË¹´ÃÐ Ñº¾×é¹ÅÒ´ºÃÔàÇ³ãËÁè ÍÒ¨¡ÓË¹´·ÕèÃÐ Ñºã´¡çä é áµè·Ò§·Õè Õ¤ÇÃãªéµÑÇàÅ¢¡Öè§ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÅ¢¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº àªè¹ 7.5,18.5 ã¹¡Ã³Õ·ÕèàÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ 1 àÁµÃ ËÃ×Í 27.25, 28.75 ã¹¡Ã³Õ·ÕèàÊé¹ÃÐ ÑºµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ 0.50 àÁµÃ à»ç¹µé¹ ·Ñé§¹Õéà¾×èÍ¤ÇÒÁÊÐ´Ç¡áÅÐ§èÒÂã¹àÃ×èÍ§¢Í§µÓáË¹è§àÊé¹ÃÐ´ÑºãËÁè

¡ÒÃ¡ÓË¹´¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´¢Í§äËÅèà¹Ô¹ãËÁè ¤ÇÒÁàÍÕÂ§ÅÒ´¢Í§äËÅèà¹Ô¹·Õ è¨Ðà¡Ô´¢Ö é¹ãËÁè¹Ñ é¹ ¨Ð¡ÓË¹´ãËéà»ç¹à·èÒäÃ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¤Ø³ÀÒ¾¡ÒÃÂÖ´µÑÇ¢Í§´Ô¹

ÅÒ´ºÃÃ¨º (Meeting grade) à»ç¹ÀÒÉÒà©¾ÒÐ·Õèãªéã¹§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñº ËÁÒÂ¶Ö§¨Ø´·Õè¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´¢Í§à¹Ô¹ãËÁèÊÔ é¹ÊØ´Å§â´Â·ÑèÇä»áÅéÇã¹§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº àÃÒÁÑ¡¨Ð¾ÂÒÂÒÁÅ´¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºãËé¹éÍÂ·ÕèÊØ â´Â¾ÂÒÂÒÁãËéà¡Ô ÅÒ´ºÃÃ¨º â´ÂàÃçÇ·ÕèÊØ


àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑººÃÔàÇ³àÊé¹¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§¶¹¹ ªÕéà¢éÒËÒ Ø µèÓÊØ (Low- point)

àÊé¹ÃÐ ÑººÃÔàÇ³àÊé¹¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§¶¹¹ ªÕéÍÍ¡¨Ò¡ Ø ÊÙ§ÊØ(High - point)

áÊ´§¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº â´ÂÃÍºÍÒ¤ÒÃ- ÃÐÂÐ¨Ò¡ÍÒ¤ÒÃ¶Ö§ Ø ¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§¢Í§ Swale äÁèµèÓ¡ÇèÒ 3.00 Á.- ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡¢Í§ Swale / ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§¢Í§ Swale ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº»ÃÔÁÒ³¹éÓ- ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ ¤ÇÃ¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§·Ò§ÊÑ¨Ã éÇÂ


ÃÙ»áºº¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ1. Drainage Ditch : ÅÖ¡ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ 60 «Á.áÅÐÁÕ¢Íº¢éÒ§¤èÍ¹¢éÒ§ªÑ¹2. Drainage Swale : ¨Ðµ×é¹ áÅÐÁÑ¡¨Ð¡ÇéÒ§ÁÕ¢Íº Slope áºº Parabola


¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓáºº¼×¹ â´Â Slope ·Ò§à ÕÂÇ ÁÑ¡¨Ðà»ç¹µÒÁ·Ò§ÂÒÇ (Longitude)

¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓáºº¼×¹ â´Â Slope ·Ñé§ 2 ·ÔÈ·Ò§ (Cross - section & Longitude)


¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓáººËØº,à¹Ô¹ (Valley)ËÁÒÂàËµØ : ÐÊÑ§à¡µä éÇèÒ Ø µèÓÊØ ¢Í§ËØº ÐªÕéä»·Ò§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèÊÙ§


¡ÒÃãªé¢Íº¤Ñ¹ËÔ¹ áÅÐÃÒ§¹éÓ à¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ¶¹¹ - àÊé¹ Contour ¨Ðà»ç¹ÃÙ» W â´ÂÁÕ Ø »ÅÒÂáËÅÁµÃ§¡ÅÒ§¢Í§W ¤×Íá¹Ç¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§¶¹¹ ªÕéä»·Ò§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèµèÓ

¡ÒÃãªé¤Ù¹éÓ¢éÒ§·Ò§ ÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ 2 ¢éÒ§ ¡ÒÃãªé¤Ù¹éÓ ÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ¢éÒ§à ÕÂÇàªè¹ã¹¡Ã³ÕµÑ ¶¹¹ºÃÔàÇ³äËÅèà¢Ò


áÊ´§ ÃÒ§¹éÓÃÍº Slab ¢Í§ÍÒ¤ÒÃ,ÅÒ¹

áÊ´§ ·Ò§ÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ ºÃÔàÇ³·èÍÅÍ´ (Culvert) ºÃÔàÇ³ Ø µÑ ¡Ñ¹¢Í§¶¹¹ áÅÐ·Ò§ÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ


¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456712345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345671234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567

� Clear ¾×é¹·Õè� ä¶à¡çº Top Soil� ¡ÒÃ´Ñ¡¹éÓ ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃ¡èÍÊÃéÒ§� »Ñ¡¼Ñ§ -----> Rough Grading (¡ÒÃ¶Áà»ç¹ªÑé¹æ ªÑé¹ÅÐ 0.20-0.30 Á. áÅéÇº´ÍÑ ·ÕèÅÐªÑé¹ )� »Ñ¡¼Ñ§ -----> ÇÒ§ÊÔè§¡èÍÊÃéÒ§� ÇÒ§ÃÐººÊÒ¸ÒÃ³Ù»âÀ¤� Finish Grade (ãËéä éµÒÁáººÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕÂ´) éÇÂ Ô¹ Top Soil

ã¹ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕÂ´¢Í§¡ÒÃ¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ºÒ§ÊèÇ¹ÁÕ¡ÒÃÃÐºØÃÒÂ¡ÒÃ¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹»ÃÑºÃÐ´Ñºà¾ÔèÁàµÔÁ¹Í¡àË¹×Í¨Ò¡¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¢éÒ§µé¹ àªè¹¡ÒÃ·Ó¡Óá¾§¡Ñ¹´Ô¹¡ÒÃ·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº¾×é¹·Õèà¾×èÍà¾ÔèÁ¡ÒÃÃÑº¹éÓË¹Ñ¡¢Í§´Ô¹ â´Â¡ÒÃãªéá¼è¹ãÂÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËìËÃ×ÍÇÑÊ´ØµèÒ§æ à¾×èÍãËéÅ´¡ÒÃ©Õ¡áÂ¡¢Í§à¹Ô¹´Ô¹·Õè¶ÁãËÁè·Õèà¡Ô ¨Ò¡¹éÓË¹Ñ¡¢Í§ Ô¹àÍ§ áÅÐ¹éÓË¹Ñ¡·ÕèÃÑº¢éÒ§º¹ àªè¹ ¾×é¹»ÃÐàÀ· Slab on ground, ¾ÒË¹Ð, ¤¹ , ÏÅÏ ËÃ×Íã¹¡Ã³Õ·ÕèÁÕÃÐººÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓãµé Ô¹ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº»ÃØ§¤Ø³ÀÒ¾´Ô¹ ´éÇÂ¡ÒÃÇÒ§ÃÐºº·èÍ·ÕèµéÍ§¡ÒÃ á¹Ç¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹¢Í§·èÍãµé´Ô¹àËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹ ÂèÍÁµéÍ§ÁÕ¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁ¡ÒÃã¹ÊèÇ¹¹Ñé¹æáÂ¡ÍÍ¡ÁÒ à»ç¹ªÑé¹æ ä»


µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901

ÅÒ¹â¨·Âì §·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº¾×é¹·ÕèÅÒ¹ ¢¹Ò´ 30.00 Á.x 30.00 Á.ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ÊÁèÓàÊÁÍ à»ç¹ 1:50 ã¹á¹Ç AB ä»CD ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹¢Í§´Ô¹µÑ´áÅÐ¶Á 1:5 (µÒÁÃÙ»µÑ´)â´Â¡ÓË¹´ãËé¢Íº AB ÁÕ¤ èÒÃÐ´Ñº 23.50 Á.áÅÐãËéËÒ¤èÒÃÐ Ñº·Õè CD

ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó1. â¨·ÂìãËé¤èÒ AB = 23.50 Á.¨ÐµéÍ§ËÒµÓáË¹è§·ÕèàÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº ·Õè 23.00 Á. ¼èÒ¹D = GL23.50-23.00 = 1/50 x LL = 0.50 x 50

= 25ÇÑ ÃÐÂÐ¨Ò¡ AB ä» CD à»ç¹ÃÐÂÐ 25.00 Á.ÅÒ¡àÊé¹¢¹Ò¹¡Ñº AB à»ç¹àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·Õè 23.00 Á.

2. ËÒ¤èÒÃÐ´Ñº·Õè CD â´ÂD = GL

= 1/50 x (30.00-25.00)= 1/50 x 5= 0.10

¤èÒÃÐ´Ñº·Õè CD = 23.00 - 0.10= 22.90

3. ËÒá¹ÇàÊé¹·Õè 24.00 Á. àË¹×Íá¹Ç AB â´Âãªé¤èÒSlope ¢Í§´Ô¹µÑ´ - ´Ô¹¶Á = 1:5D = GL24.00-23.50 = 1/5 x LL = 0.50 x 5

= 2.50ÅÒ¡àÊ é¹ 24.00 àË¹ ×Íá¹Ç AB = 2.50 Á.áÅéÇãªéÇ§àÇÕÂ¹ÃÑÈÁÕ 2.50 Á. ÁÕ A,B à»ç¹ Ø ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§ÅÒ¡ÊèÇ¹â¤é§¢Í§Ç§¡ÅÁ à¾×èÍ¡ÓË¹´á¹ÇàÊé¹ 24.00 Á.

4. ËÒÃÐÂÐ 1:5 ·Õè¨Ø´·ÕèàÊé¹ 23.00 Á. ¼èÒ¹ÇèÒàÊé¹ 24.00Á. ¨ÐÍÂÙè·Õèã´à¾ÃÒÐ D = 1, L = 5, à¾ÃÒÐ©Ð¹Ñé¹ ã¹·Õè¹Õé L = 5 éÇÂÖ§ãªéÇ§àÇÕÂ¹ÃÑÈÁÕ 5.00 Á. ¡ÓË¹´µÓáË¹è§¢Í§á¹ÇàÊé¹

24.00 (µÒÁÀÒ¾) ¡ÒÃËÒá¹Ç¢Í§àÊé¹ 22.00 Á. ·Õèãµéá¹ÇCD ãªéÇÔ Õà ÕÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃËÒàÊé¹ 24.00 Á. àË¹×Íá¹Ç AB


5. »ÃÑº·Ø¡æ àÊé¹·ÕèÁÕ¼Å¡ÃÐ·º â´ÂãËé¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹¢Í§´Ô¹µÑ´ áÅÐ´Ô¹¶Á = 1:5 µÒÁÀÒ¾


ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó1. â¨·ÂìãËéÃÐÂÐá¹Ç¤Ù¹éÓËèÒ§¨Ò¡á¹Ç ¢ÍºÅÒ¹ =5.00 Á. à»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂãËéÅÒ¡àÊ é¹Ã èÒ§á¹Ç¤Ù¹ éÓÃÍºæ ÅÒ¹ ABCD¡èÍ¹à»ç¹ÃÐÂÐ 5.00 Á.

2. áµè·Õè AB ÁÕÃÐ´Ñº 25.20 Á. â¨·ÂìãËé¤èÒ¢Í§´Ô¹µÑ´áÅÐ¶Á 1:5 ¨ÐµéÍ§ËÒ¤èÒÃÐ´Ñº·Õè¨Ø´ HP¢Í§¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓD = GL

= 1/5 x 5= 1.00

¤èÒÃÐ Ñº·Õè HP = 25.20-1.00= 24.20 Á.

3. ·Õè ¨Ø´ A, B ÁÕ¤èÒÃÐ´Ñº 25.20 Á. â¨·ÂìãËé¤èÒ¢Í§´Ô¹µÑ´áÅÐ¶Á 1:5 ¨ÐËÒá¹Ç¢Í§àÊé¹ 25.00 Á.áÅÐ 24.00 Á.D 25.00 = GL25.20 - 25.00 = 1/5 x L25.00L25.00 = 0.20 x 5

= 1.00àÊé¹ 25.00 Á. ËèÒ¨Ò¡¢ÍºÅÒ¹ 1.00 Á.D 24.00 = GL25.20 - 24.00 = 1/5 x L24.00L24.00 = 1.20 x 5

= 6.00àÊé¹ 24.00 Á. ËèÒ¨Ò¡¢ÍºÅÒ¹ 6.00 Á.(ËÃ×Í¤Ô ã¹ã¨ 1:5, ¡ç ÐËèÒ§¨Ò¡àÊé¹ 25.00 Á. ä»5.00 Á. «Öè§¡ç¤×ÍµÓáË¹è§à ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹)áÅéÇÅÒ¡àÊé¹ 25.00 áÅÐ 24.00 µÒÁÃÙ»

¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓà»Ôâ¨·Âì ¨§·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº¾× é¹·Õ èÅÒ¹ ¢¹Ò´ 30.00 Á.x 30.00Á.áÅÐ¤ ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ â´ÂãË éÅÒ¹ÁÕÃÐ´ Ñºà· èÒ¡ Ñ¹ ¤ ×Í 25.20Á.¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹¢Í§´Ô¹µÑ´ áÅÐ¶Á 1:5 ã¹·Ø¡æºÃÔàÇ³ (µÒÁÃÙ»µÑ´)ÃÐÂÐ¨Ò¡¢ÍºÅÒ¹¶Ö§¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§ ¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓà»Ô´ÍÂèÒ§¹éÍÂ 5.00Á.ÁÕµÓáË¹è§ Ø ÊÙ§ÊØ ¢Í§ÃÐ Ñº¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ·Õè HP «Öè§ËèÒ§¨Ò¡¢ÍºÅÒ¹5.00 Á. (µÒÁÀÒ¾) ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ µÒÁá¹Ç¤Ù = 1:50


4. ËÒá¹Ç¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ ¨Ò¡¨Ø´ HP ÇèÒàÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº·Õè 24.00Á., 23.00 Á., 22.00Á.,... ÍÂÙ è·Õ èã´àÁ× èÍ Slope¢Í§¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ = 1:50D 24.00 = GL24.20 - 24.00 = 1/50 x L24.00L24.00 = 0.20 x 50

= 10.00àÊé¹ 24.00 Á. ËèÒ§¨Ò¡ HP 10.00 Á.¡ÓË¹´á¹Ç¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹ éÓ àÍ ÕÂ§ÍÍ¡¨Ò¡àÊ é¹Ã èÒ§á¹Ç¤Ùà´ÔÁà¾×èÍãËéä´é Slope µÒÁâ¨·Âì â´Âãªé HPà»ç¹¨Ø´ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§ ÃÑÈÁÕ 10.00 Á. ÅÒ¡ÊèÇ¹â¤é§¢Í§Ç§¡ÅÁãËéµÑ á¹ÇàÊé¹ 24.00 Á. ¨Ò¡¢éÍ 3 µÒÁÀÒ¾

5. ¨Ò¡ÁØÁÅÒ¹ ·Õè¨Ø´ A,B ÅÒ¡àÊé¹ÃèÒ§·ÓÁØÁ 45íà¾ × è ÍËÒ¤ è Ò ÃÐ´ Ñº· Õ è ¨ Ø ´Ë Ñ¡ÈÍ¡¢Í§¤ Ù ÃÐºÒÂ¹ é ÓËÒ¤èÒÃÐ´ÑºµÒÁá¹ÇàÊé¹ÃèÒ§¹Õ é·Õ è¨Ø´ËÑ¡ÈÍ¡ (¤èÒ LÇÑ´¨Ò¡áººä´é 22.50 Á.)D = GL

= 1/50 x 22.50= 0.45

¤èÒÃÐ Ñº·Õè Ø ËÑ¡ÈÍ¡¤×Í 24.20 - 0.45 = 23.75 Á.

6. ¡ÓË¹´¤èÒÃÐ´Ñºá¹Ç¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§¤ÙÃÐºÒÂ¹éÓ¨Ø´Í×è¹µèÍä» ¨Ò¡ºÃÔàÇ³ÁØÁËÑ¡ÈÍ¡ÇèÒ¨ÐÁÕÃÐ´Ñºà·èÒäÃ â´ÂÁÕ Slope = 1:50 áÅÐ»ÃÑº GradeµÒÁÀÒ¾


¶¹¹áÅÐ·Ò§à·éÒâ¨·Âì §·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑº¾×é¹·Õè¶¹¹áÅÐ·Ò§à·éÒ â´ÂãËé¶¹¹¡ÇéÒ§ 7.00 Á. ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹á¹ÇÂÒÇäÁèà¡Ô¹ 8% ÁÕ Slope ËÅÑ§àµèÒ (Crown) 2%, CrossSlope Ê¹ÒÁËéÒ 2% ·Ò§à·éÒÁÕ Slope Å§ËÒËéÒ 1% ¢Íº¤Ñ¹·Ò§à·éÒÊÙ§ 0.15 Á.ÇÔ¸Õ·Ó1. ·Õè¨Ø´¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§»Ò¡·Ò§áÂ¡à¢éÒ ÁÕ¤èÒÃÐ´Ñºà´ÔÁ 1.50 Á. ¤èÒÃÐ´Ñº·Õè¨Ø´¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§¶¹¹µÑ´¡ÑºàÊé¹ 0.30 Á. ÅÍ§àªç¤¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ÇèÒà·èÒäÃ / à¡Ô¹ 8% ËÃ×ÍäÁèâ´ÂÇÑ ÃÐÂÐ L ¨Ò¡ ÃÐÂÐËèÒ§¢Í§ 2 Ø Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇä é 56.00 Á.

D = GL1.50 - 0.30 = G x 56G = 1.20 / 56

= 0.0214ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÒ´ªÑ¹ = 2.14 %

(äÁèà¡Ô¹ 8%)

2. ËÒµÓáË¹è§·ÕèàÊé¹ 1.20 Á., 0.90 Á., 0.60 Á.¼èÒ¹ àÁ×èÍàÃÒ¡ÓË¹´¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹ = 2.14 %¨Ò¡¢éÍ 1

D = GL1.50-1.20 = 0.0214 x LL = 0.3/0.0214

= 14.02¡ÓË¹´ Ø ·ÕèàÊé¹ 1.20Á., 0.90 Á., 0.60 Á.¼èÒ¹ µÒÁá¹ÇàÊé¹¡Öè§¡ÅÒ§¶¹¹ ä é·Ø¡æÃÐÂÐ14.02 Á.

3. ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§ Slope ËÅÑ§àµèÒ·Õè¨Ø´·ÕèàÊé¹ 1.20¼ èÒ¹¨Ò¡¢ éÍ 2 « Ö è §¨ÐàË ç¹ä´ éÇ è ÒàÊé¹¡Ö è§¡ÅÒ§¶¹¹áºè§¶¹¹·ÕèÁÕ ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§7.00Á. ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ 2 ÊèÇ¹ áµèÅÐÊèÇ¹¡ÇéÒ§ 3.50Á. àÃÒ¨Ð¤Ó¹Ç³à¾ÕÂ§´éÒ¹à´ÕÂÇ

ËÒ¤èÒÃÐ´Ñº·Õ èá¹Ç Crown Slope ·Õ è¨Ø´ÂÍ´¢Í§ËÅÑ§àµèÒ ·Õè 1.20Á.D = GL

= 0.02 x 3.50= 0.07

¤èÒÃÐ Ñº·Õè°Ò¹ËÅÑ§àµèÒ = 1.20 - 0.07= 1.13 Á.


4. Slope µÒÁá¹ÇÂÒÇ¢Í§¶¹¹ 2.14 %¢Íº¤Ñ¹·Ò§à·éÒÊÙ§ 0.15 Á. ¨ÐËÒµÓáË¹è§ ·ÕèàÊé¹1.20 Á. ¼èÒ¹

4.1 ËÒá¹Ç¢Í§àÊé¹ 1.20 Á. ·Õè°Ò¹ Crown Slope¢Í§¶¹¹D = GL1.20 - 1.13 (¨Ò¡¢éÍ 3) = 0.0214 x LL = 0.07/0.0214

= 3.27µÓáË¹è§¢Í§àÊé¹ÃÐ´Ñº·Õè 1.20 Á. ·Õè¢Íº¶¹¹à¨Í¡Ñº·Ò§à·éÒ ¨ÐÍÂÙèËèÒ§¨Ò¡á¹Ç Crown SlopeÅ§ÁÒ·Ò§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·ÕèÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ (àÊé¹ 1.50 Á.) 3.27Á.

4.2 ·Õè Ø à ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹¹Õé·Ò§à·éÒÁÕ¢Íºá¹Ç ·Ò§µÑé§¢Öé¹ä»0.15 Á. ¨ÐËÒá¹ÇµÓáË¹è§ ·Õèá·é ÃÔ§ ¢Í§àÊé¹1.20 Á.D = GL0.15 = 0.0214 x LL = 0.15/0.0214

= 7.01µÓáË¹è§¢Í§àÊé¹ 1.20 Á. ¨ÐÇÔ è§¢Ö é¹ÁÒµÒÁàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº·Õè¹éÍÂ¡ÇèÒ (àÊé¹0.90 Á.) à»ç¹ÃÐÂÐ 7.01Á.

5. ¡ÒÃËÒá¹ÇàÊé¹ 1.20 Á. º¹ Cross Slopeº¹ËéÒ « Ö è §Á Õ¤ èÒ¤ÇÒÁª Ñ¹µÒÁâ¨·Â ì 2%â´ÂÇÑ´¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§¢Í§á¹ÇËéÒ¨Ò¡¼Ñ§

6. ¡ÒÃËÒá¹ÇàÊé¹ 1.20 Á. º¹ Cross Slopeº¹·Ò§à·éÒ «Ö è§ÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁªÑ¹µÒÁâ¨·Âì 1%â´Â·Ò§à·éÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§ 2.00 Á.

·Ñé§ 2 ¢éÍãªéÇÔ Õà ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹¡Ñº¡ÒÃËÒ¤èÒ Crown Slope¢Í§¶¹¹ (¤ÃÖè§à ÕÂÇ) µÒÁ¢éÍ 3, 4.1

áÅéÇ·Ó¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºàÊé¹µèÒ§æ µÒÁÃÙ»


¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ Ô¹µÑ áÅÐ Ô¹¶Á 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789

ã¹¡ÒÃ»Ã ÑºÃÐ´ÑºËÒ¡»Ã ÔÁÒ³´Ô¹µÑ´ áÅÐ´Ô¹¶Á ÁÕ»Ã ÔÁÒ³ã¡Åéà¤ ÕÂ§¡ Ñ¹áÅ éÇ ¨Ðà» ç¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÐËÂÑ´§º»ÃÐÁÒ³áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÐ´Ç¡ã¹¡ÒÃ¡èÍÊÃéÒ§ Ñ§¹Ñé¹¡ÒÃ»ÃÔÁÒ³ Ô¹µÑ áÅÐ Ô¹¶Á Ö§µéÍ§ÁÕ¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³¤ÃèÒÇæ ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃÍÍ¡áºº «Öè§ÁÕËÅÒÂÇÔ Õ Ñ§µèÍä»¹Õé( ÙÀÒ¤¼¹Ç¡ ·éÒÂº·)

1. Spot Levels2. Grid3. Average End Method4. Contoursâ´Â¡ÒÃÇÑ ¾×é¹·Õè ·Õè Ð¹ÓÁÒ x ¤ÇÒÁÊÙ§ ã¹ÊÙµÃ¡ÒÃËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ ÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Óä éâ´Â1. Simple Measurement â´Â¡ÒÃãªéÊÙµÃËÒ¾×é¹·Õè¢Í§ ÊÒÁàËÅÕèÂÁ, ÊÕèàËÅÕèÂÁ à»ç¹µé¹2. Graph Overlay3. Planimeter (à¤Ã×èÍ§Á×ÍÇÑ ¾×é¹·Õè)4. Area Command (ACAD Programme) àÁ×èÍà¢ÕÂ¹áººâ´Â¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì ÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªé¤ÓÊÑè§ Area ã¹¡ÒÃËÒ¾×é¹·Õèä é

ÇÔ Õ·Õèãªéä éÊÐ´Ç¡·ÕèÊØ ¤×Í ÇÔ Õ Contours (¤Ó¹Ç³¨Ò¡ ¡ÒÃËÒ¾×é¹·Õèã¹á»Å¹) áÅÐÇÔ Õ Average End Area Method(«Öè§¤Ó¹Ç³ä é Ò¡ÃÙ»µÑ ·Ø¡æÃÐÂÐ¤§·Õè ¨Ò¡¼Ñ§¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ Ñº)

ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ·Õèãªéà»ç¹ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃã¹¡ÒÃËÒ»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÃÙ»»ÃÔ«ÖÁ ¢Í§ ÇÔ Õ Average End Method ¤×Í

»ÃÔÁÒµÃ·Õèä´é = X(A+B) + X(B+C)2 2

= X(A+B + B+C)2 2

X ¤×Í ÃÐÂÐËèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹µÑ Section (ã¹¡Ã³Õ·Õèà·èÒ¡Ñ¹ ÊÁèÓàÊÁÍ)

¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ ÇÔ Õ Contours1. ÃÐºÒÂÊÕáÂ¡ÃÐËÇèÒ§ Ô¹µÑ áÅÐ Ô¹¶Áã¹á»Å¹2. ÃÐºÒÂÊÕáÂ¡ÊèÇ¹ÇèÒà»ç¹µÑ ËÃ×Í¶Á¢Í§áµèàÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº3. ·Ó¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³ â´Â¡ÒÃãªéÊÙµÃ

ÊÙµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ (¢Í§ Ô¹µÑ , ËÃ×Í¶Á) = Interval x (¾×é¹·ÕèªÔé¹·Õè 1 + ¾×é¹·ÕèªÔé¹·Õè 2 + ¾×é¹·ÕèªÔé¹·Õè 3...)

«Öè§ËÒ¡¨ÐãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéÍ§ÊÙ§ ¤ÇÃËÑ¡¾×é¹·ÕèºÃÔàÇ³°Ò¹ áÅÐÂÍ´¢Í§à¹Ô¹ÍÍ¡ 1 ã¹ 6 â´ÂãªéÊÙµÃ Ñ§µèÍä»¹Õé

ÊÙµÃ »ÃÔÁÒµÃ (¢Í§ Ô¹µÑ , ËÃ×Í¶Á) = Interval x (5 ¾×é¹·ÕèÂÍ´à¹Ô¹ + ¾×é¹·Õè 2 + ... + 5 ¾×é¹·Õè°Ò¹à¹Ô¹) 6 6

â´Â»¡µÔáÅéÇ»ÃÔÁÒ³´Ô¹µÑ´ ¤ÇÃà¡Ô¹»ÃÔÁÒ³´Ô¹¶Á»ÃÐÁÒ³ 10 % ¶×ÍÇèÒà»ç¹»ÃÔÁÒ³·ÕèÊÁ´ØÅÂì à¹× èÍ§¨Ò¡ÁÑ¡ÁÕ¡ÒÃÊÙàÊÕÂ´Ô¹ã¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹ éÇÂ àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ¤èÒ Bulking Factor «Öè§ÁÕ¤èÒáµ¡µèÒ§¡Ñ¹ä»µÒÁ»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§ Ô¹µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡ÒÃ¤Ó¹Ç³»ÃÔÁÒ³ Ô¹ÇÔ ÕµèÒ§æ ( Ù Ò¡ÀÒ¤¼¹Ç¡)


ÍØ»¡Ã³ìÇÑ ¾×é¹·Õè (Planimeter) áºº Manual ÍèÒ¹¤èÒâ´Âà¿×Í§áÅÐÊá¡Å Vernier«Öè§ã¹»Ñ ØºÑ¹ÁÕÍØ»¡Ã³ìÃÐºº Digital «Öè§ÁÕ¤èÒ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéÍ§ÊÙ§¡ÇèÒãªéáÅéÇ


Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍÍéÒ§ÍÔ§ã¹àÃ×èÍ§àÊé¹ÃÐ Ñº áÅÐ¡ÒÃ»ÃÑºÃÐ ÑºLandphair, Harlow C. Landscape Architecture Construction.

Elsevier North Holland, Inc. Newyork, 1979Untermann, Richard K. Grade Easy.

Landscape Architecture Foundation, Inc. Virginia, 1973Williams, George Grading : A workbook of Manual Land Grading Techniques

Landscape Construction Note Handout (712 - Landscape Design) Revised Edition, Universityof Canberra, Australia

Untermann, Richard K. Principles and Practices of Grading, Drainage and Road Alignment : An Ecologic ApproachA Reston Book, Prentice-hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

ÃÈ. à´ªÒ ºØ¤éÓ àÍ¡ÊÒÃ¤ÓÊÍ¹ÇÔªÒ Site Planning ¡ÒÃÇÒ§¼Ñ§ºÃÔàÇ³¤³ÐÊ¶Ò»ÑµÂ¡ÃÃÁÈÒÊµÃì ØÌÒÅ§¡Ã³ìÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂ

Landscape Architectural Construction II

Documents

Transcript of Landscape Architectural Construction II