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Landowner Tree Selection for Forest Improvement
Peter J. SmallidgeCornell University
State Extension Forester
www.ForestConnect.info
2” in 10 years
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What I Hope You Learn Today
Specifically:– How your objectives
relate to tree selection
– Factors to consider when selecting trees to cut and leave
– Strategies to remove unwanted trees
Overall: how to grow healthy trees that make you feel good about your forest.
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Why Grow Healthy Trees
Accomplish goals soonerand with greater control
• Timber production
• Wildlife habitat
• Wildlife foods
• Aesthetics
• Water quality
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The outputs related to health require adequate tree growth. Sunlight typically limits tree growth. Cutting releases desired (uncut) trees from competition for sunlight.
What makes for healthy trees?
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One example of good growth following thinningSugar maple: 2” radial increment, 4” diameter, 10 years
Crown closure in a spruce
plantation.
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Does an action support your objective?
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How to Pick Winners and Losers
You’re making an investment of time, money, and sunlight. Pick your investments carefully.
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Pick Winners and Losers Based On….
• Owner objectives for favored species (soils)
• Healthy crowns
• Crown class
• Species mix for soil
• Vigor and defect
• Spacing
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The tree crown is the production factory.Don’t invest in a weak factory.
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Favor forCrop Trees
Avoid asCrop Trees
From Nyland, 1996. p. 355
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Know your soil type and the tree species that grow well on those soils. Favor trees suited for the soil. You can’t squeeze blood from turnip.
http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/http://www.gmushrooms.com/Greenwood/Guide.htm
Sandy loam, good organic matter. Sugar maple, red oak, beech, white pine.
Sand, low organic matter, very well drained. White pine, red pine.
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Maple borer
Fusarium Nectria
Eutypella
Reduce defective trees. They have slower growth, provide inoculum, and are more likely to break during a storm.
Weak Crotch
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Try to adjust spacing for equitable distance among retained trees. Not always possible.
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Safe operations depend on your skill level and available equipment. Most people aren’t as good as they think they are.
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A garden approach to forest management.
Crop Tree Managementhttp://na.fs.fed.us/stewardship
Thin around the crowns of the most desired trees.
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1 2
34
FTG = Free to Grow = 0
What makes a good crop tree?
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1 2
34
FTG = 4 = Optimum Growth
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1 2
34
FTG = 3 = OK for Adjacent Crop Trees
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High Intensity Crop Tree Release
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Low Intensity Crop Tree Release
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What to Expect from Correct Thinning – general trends
Positive effects• Best growth response with
– High site quality
– Trees 50 to 85 years
– Healthy residual trees
• 30 to 50% growth (cords, board feet, etc.) increase• Improved quality of stems• Reduced mortality • Improved live crown ratio (start with young trees)• Diameter response in 2 to 5 years, varies by species• Diameter doesn’t predict response potential (Leak)• Response depends on intensity of cut
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What to Expect from Correct Thinning – general trends
Cautions• Increase in epicormics by 30% (Marquis
1969), but little effect on butt log quality (Smith et al 1994)
• No effect on height growth
• No effect on release of low canopy trees
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Directional Felling
• …”you decide the direction a tree falls.”
• Game of Logging for Landowners
• Don’t “chase the tree”
• Directional Felling Advantages
– Reduce hung trees
– Safely and quickly release hung trees
– Position log for extraction
– Reduce risk of personal injury
– Increased productivity
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Should you girdle ?
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Flame Weeding (research)-Will kill trees- Is USDA organic approved- Some logistical advantages- Economics are unknown
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Herbicide Treatments for Thinning
• Cut-stump treatment [Misc. publications at www.ForestConnect.info ]
• Basal bark treatment
• Foliar treatment
• http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/UH174.pdf
– google psu uh174, #2 on list
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Leave the losers to avoid damage to residual trees
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So, should you thin?
• You should thin if– Closed canopy and
irregular crowns– Dead lower
branches– No understory– Disease and defect– Slow radial growth
• You should not thin if– Shallow roots and
thin soils– You see daylight
Contact a NYS DEC forester for a FREE visit to evaluate stocking (number of trees per acre). Flag trees and have a DEC forester discuss your selection with you. DEC foresters will mark an acre to illustrate correct tree selection, or, will assess your marking with constructive ideas.
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For More Information
• www.ForestConnect.info
• NYS DEC, public service forester http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4972.html
• Consulting or industrial forester http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/5230.html
• Master Forest Owner volunteer (CCE) www.CornellMFO.info
• http://na.fs.fed.us/stewardship (crop tree management)