Land Use Yeni

8/10/2019 Land Use Yeni

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Land Use And LandUse Problems InTurkey

Funda KAYMAKNee UYANIK


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Outline

The Definition of Land Use

Land Capability Classification

Land Use in The World

Land Use Policies And Applications In Turkey Main Determinants Of Land Use And Land Use

Problems

The Cost Of Land Degradation And The Economics

Results

Conclusion


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Introduction

Land use is the human modification ofnatural environment or wilderness into

built environment such as fields, pastures,

and settlements.

The significant effects of land use include

urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation,salinization, and desertification.


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Lands are so important for the industry and

urbanization like for the agriculture

The land use which is very important for

sustainable development should beactivated with the policies, planning orobligations by the states because of beinginsufficient and not renewable source andimpossibility of accelerate of land formationtime.


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Today, there are 22 institutions whichapply planning, applications and controlsand also 24 laws about these subjects. So, itcauses an authority distribution problem.

However, the reconstruction laws aboutshanty cause crooked urbanization and

then wrong land use.


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The effects of land degeneration could not be

measured exactly, but it is estimated thatlosses are huge amounts.

The wrong use of lands creates negativeeffects on extant flora and animal along withagriculture production.

On the other hand, the decreasing outputlands have a huge cost to reacquire because ofwrong use.


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The Land Use And Land CapabilityClassification

The land use includes the type of activity on a certain areathat is available for physical, economic and socialconditions of any region and defined characteristics.

In order to efficient land use , experts improved several

methods for efficient planning. Two of the most common the land usage methods which

applied international are Land Capability Classificationand Land Evaluation Principles which are determined byThe World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

In our country, Land Capability Classification method ismostly used.


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In Land CapabilityClassification Method, lands

are classified into 8 category. The first four category are

considered as suitable areasfor agricultural production.Other four category are notsuitable for agriculture and

must be used forurbanization and for otheractivities.

Land in Class 5 is generallylimited to the production of

perennial crops or otherspecially adapted crops.Productivity of these suitedcrops may be high.

Land Capability Class What they must be used for

Class Lands

Class Lands

Class Lands

Class Lands

Agricultural Production (best)

Agricultural Production (good-moderate)

Agricultural Production (moderate)

Agricultural Production (insufficient)

5. Class Lands Particular Class

6. and 7. Class Lands Forest, Pasture, Grassland, Brushwood

8. Class Lands Urbanization, Industry, Tourism andOther

Table 1. Land Capability Classification


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The Land Structure of Turkey

Turkey is the 36th in earth wideness in the worldwith 779,452 square meters area. But, if we look forproductivity, 35-40 % of Turkeys area is themountains which are not economic. Although the

forest areas are about 30%, 2/3 of them are themarquis, thickets etc.

30-35% of the lands in our country are available for

the agriculture but there has the erosion risk. The soilareas which are watered are limited and they aredelta plains mostly.


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In Turkey, because of the dry and half dry climate, a

lot of watering projects realized, but they were notcompleted, the enough information was not given tothe farmers, and not enough measures.

As a result the productive lands started to becomebarren. So, the barren lands increased. However,Mesopotamia plain which has the wide flatnessopened to be watered with completing of SoutheastAnatolian Project (GAP); but, there is getting barrenand saltinization risks.


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Land Capability

Class

Hectare %

1. Class Lands

2. Class Lands

3. Class Lands

4. Class Lands

5.012.537

6.758.702

7.574.330

7.201.016

6.5

8.8

9.7

9.5

Total Agriculture

Lands

26.546.585 34.6

5. Class Lands

6. Class Lands

7. Class Lands

165.547

10.238.533

36.288.553

0.2

13.3

47.4

Total Forest,

Pasture and

Grasslands

46.692.633 60.09

8. Class Lands 3.455.514 4.6

Total Lands 76.694.731 100.0

As it can see from the table,

Turkeys total land quantityis 26.546.585 ha in first fourclass according to the landcapability classification.This amount is 34,6 % of

total lands

Quantity of 5., 6. and 7.class lands are 60,9% oftotal lands and 8. class

lands are 3.455.513 ha,meanly 4,6 % of total lands.

Table 2. Land Capability Qualification of Turkey

Souce: Trkiye Ziraat Mhendislii Teknik Kongresi,1995.


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Table 3. Current Land Use in Turkey

Land Class Dry Agriculture Watery Agriculture Gardens Nut-Olive Total

1 3.155.146 1.413.256 176.264 33.333 4.778.299

2 4.876.280 835.791 187.972 86.823 5.986.866

3 5.438.715 476.222 204.989 109.507 6.229.433

4 4.062.580 233.081 172.414 135.054 4.603.129

5 13.340 3.980 143 - 17.463

6 3.377.458 34.290 201.714 235.037 3.848.499

7 1.683.515 4.260 115.041 442.398 2.245.214

8 - - - - -

Error term 6.111.176 ha (%23) 27.708.903

Source: TEMA Erozyonla Mcadele Seminer Notlar


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In Table 3, its shown the existing usage figures

of the lands.

According to table 3, we see that it is madeagriculture in the areas which should not be

made agriculture according to the land usageclassification.

On this table, the most important point is that

the standard deviation is too high. And thisshows the difficulties to measure.


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An Outlook of Land Use in the World

According to thedatas of UNCCD,70 % of 5,2 billionha agriculture areahas been

deteriorated andfor fighting landuse corruptions ina global scale, it isrequired that 10-

22,4 billion dollarsof investment mustbe done over 20years.


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Kyoto Protocol that is on the agenda is veryimportant for sustainable development and showsgiven importance by the world. The land use, landuse changing and forestry activities are put onKyoto Protocol in order to apply the carbon dioxidediscount emission contract of developed countries.

In this way, both planned and efficient land use anddecreasing the amount of carbon dioxide would beprovided.

Because land-use change, together with use of fossilfuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbondioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas


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Land Use Policies and Applications inTurkey

Today, there are lots of laws and institutions thatdetermine how lands will be used. For example in1982 Constitution, in Environmental Law, in Law ofAgricultural Reform, in Law of Municipalities andin Law of Reconstruction there are many provisionsabout usage of lands.

In planning processes, some complications occurabout which rule will be applied and whichinstitution is the top authority.


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Main Determinants of Land Use and LandUse Problems in Turkey

Main determinants of land use are naturalstructure, legal and institutional effects,demography, economical situations and

infrastructure investments.

Rapid increase in industrialization andincrease in population caused a requirement

of new housing places. Hence, this ended upwith unplanned and uncontrolledurbanization process and land use in cities.


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According to the end of 1987 registration of

Ministry of Industry and Trade, 62% of 17,999hectare that appropriated for organized andsmall industry is on the earths that available forI-IV. class agriculture

This situation shows insensitivity of theministries to this subject. Because, the

importance of agriculture and land usage are nottaken into consideration by this acts.


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Touristic areas have used planless and

improperly for attracting more tourist. Ownersof lands in these areas have been selling them toearn more money for non-agricultural use.

At the same time there are some problemsoriginated from planning deficiencies. Forexample, in Kuadas-Davutlar 24 hectare land

has opened to tourism with license


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On the other hand some public investments bygovernment have destroyed the productive lands.

Infrastructure, highways, railways, brick androofing-tile factory and such investments damage to

existing lands with high costs. At these investments,more importance is given to cost and so, the landstructure is not concerned.

Brick and roofing-tile factories demolish more than17.000.000 tones valuable alluvional lands and it isvery hard to regain them


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The Cost Of Land Degradation And The

Economic Results

The cost of land degradation is quite high and tocalculate this cost, it is necessary to estimate theprimary situation of the land, existing conditions

and the potential returns in the future. However, in Turkey, more importance is given to

short term returns rather than long term returns andlong term effect are not taken into consideration.

There are many factors that increase the cost ofregaining efficient lands such as destroyer effects toflora and fauna, the decrease in the value of land


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Effects of land degradation do not harm only

agricultural area, at the same time this affects thewhole environment.

Most significant effects of land use includeurban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation,saltinization and desertification. Land usechange is one of the sources of carbon dioxide

that is a dominant greenhouse gas.


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All of these are the examples of externality,because both government and the owners oflands take into consideration only short termreturns of them; but this will affect not onlyTurkeys economy but also next generation.

In order to achieve an optimum efficiency levelin land use, direct, indirect and cumulativeeffects must be calculated in the process of

planning.


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Conclusion And Policy Implications

In recent times, the concept of sustainabledevelopment has come into prominence somuch. However, in Turkey, it is concentrated

only economical and industrial developmentand the importance of environment does notset off. It is not thought that it will be facedwith high costly environmental problems inthe future.


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Some arrangements must be realized withcontinuity improvement framework to provide ahealthy environment for new generation.

Otherwise, buildings would increase on the areasthat should be made agriculture and use upagriculture lands. Thats why; it must not be

thought the costs of the present time and soplanning, arrangements and auditing must berealized to provide benefits in the future.

As a result

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