Landof the

Pharaohs

About 31 B.C. two mighty kings met in battle. One king wore a white crown and ruled over a long

stretch of the Nile River in Upper Egypt. The otherking had a red crown and controlled a large area in

Lower Egypt. The outcome of the Battle was of enormousimportance. Whoever won it controlled the biggest

Kingdom in the world

Nile

First Pharaoh

To show his victory Meneswore a double crown. The crown represented the joining of Upper and Lower Egypt.

What does this Illustration show???

Who won this battle??

Upper EgyptKing Menes (MEE nees)or Narmer

King Menes Unified Upper and Lower Egypt

Unification – is the joining of separate parts into one.

Menes became the first pharaoh of Egypt

Pharaoh – (FAY roh) the titles used by the rulers of Ancient Egypt

Did the Egyptians worship the Pharaoh? Yes and he was considered a God

The Pharaoh owned everything in Egypt and this put him at the center of the economy.

Economy – the way its people managemoney and resources for the productionof goods and services.

What was Egypt’s economy based on?

agriculture

Who was the undisputed head of Egypt???

hint The pharaoh

Government under the pharaoh

After unification the most powerful local leadersbecame governors for the local government

These governors reported to the pharaoh’s headquarters in Memphis

Memphis was Egypt’s capital city.

These governors were responsible for collectingTaxes and serving as judges

Key word or idea• Pharaoh

________• economy

Notes- abbreviated (main idea)• Menes-first pharaoh – unified Upper & Lower

Egypt 31 B.C.• Supreme government ruler (assigned governors of areas- collected taxes

served as judges)• Memphis- capital city______________________________________• Way people manage money and resources• Based on agriculture

Key word or idea• Social classes

_____________

Notes- abbreviated (main idea)• Pharaoh, • priests & nobles/ scribes• traders artisans, shopkeepers/ and scribes• Farmers & herders• Unskilled laborers• Slaves

Who kept the records for the pharaoh??

The scribe

Scribes traveled throughout Egypt keeping records of great and small details.

Only boys became scribes and they began their study around the age of 10. They chanted passages aloud to improve reading skills. Then they spent hours writing out lessons and stories over and over.

If their attention wandered, they ran the risk of being beaten.

The after life

Sun god

Main god

The pharaoh not only was a political leader but also had great religious powers as well.

Egyptians believed that the Pharaohwas a child of the sun god Ra.

Description: Ra was the almost universally-worshipped king of the gods and all-father of creation; the main god. A sun god, he was said to command the chariot that rode across the sky during the day. A king, he was the patron of the pharaoh. Ra is the most central god of the Egyptian pantheon.

Religious beliefs

There will be resurrection after death

Judgment in the afterlife is based on the lives peoplelived on earth

If you led a good life you would receiveeternal happiness

If you led a bad life you would receive eternal punishment

The divine presence is everywhere

We think Egyptians believed in the afterlife because they buried their food and treasures with the dead bodies and they built tombs for their pharaohs.

• Religion

_________

• Pharaoh- Son of Ra- all power• Eternal life- resurrection- put treasure & food in

tomb- built tombs (pyramids)• Judgment based on their lives on earth good- eternal rewards bad- eternal punishment

• divine presence is everywhere

Osiris

In power, he was second only to his father, Ra, and was the leader of the gods on earth. He was the husband of Isis.

After Osiris was killed, Isis, resurrected him with the Ritual of Life, which was later given to the Egyptians so that they could give eternal life to all their dead.

In the underworld, Osiris sits on a great throne, where he is praised by the souls of the just. All those who pass the tests of the underworld become worthy to enter The Blessed Land, that part of the underworld that is like the land of the living, but without sorrow or pain.

Osiris & Isis

What were the pyramids made of? Limestone blocks

      

The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.

How much did each block weigh?

Over 2 million blocks in the Great Pyramid

PyramidsPyramidsPyramidsPyramids

Over 5,000 pounds

Pyramids of Egypt

Why were the pyramids built?To serve as tombs for pharaohs

Step Pyramid

Bent Pyramid

• Constructed in Egypt during the reign of King Snefru

• Constructed in two stages. • Gets its name from the bent form

Bent Pyramid

• Constructed of small, almost brick-sized stones

• Stones laid in vertical courses and inward-leaning to create the sloped sides.

• Gets name from the unusual shape

Bent Pyramid

Giza Plateau

• Each side of each Pyramid lines up precisely east-west or north-south

•

Giza plateauz; Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and

Menkaure

General construction

Pyramid complex at Giza

• The sphinx guards the pyramids• A temple is found on a harbor at

the edge of the Nile Valley.• From the temple, the king’s body

was first brought by boat.• A long, covered causeway connects

all three pyramids to the temple • Pyramid is found to the west of the

temple.

Khufu’s Pyramid

• Khufu ruled for about 23 years• Each block weighed 5,000 pounds-- had

to be transported over 1/2 mile• Only Pyramid with passages inside and

underneath• Once finished, the workers had to seal it

and leave through the escape shaft

Look on page 83 in textbook

Pyramid of Khufu

GREAT PYRAMID

• 480.6 ft tall• Taller than a 40 story building• Covers area greater than 10 football fields

Khufu’s solar barque• 1,224 separate components:• cedarwood planking • 12 oars--10 along sides, 2

large at the stern• ropes of halfa grass• wooden dowels and battens• copper staples• 144-feet-long• Timbers are 95 percent

original

Pyramid of Khafre

Pyramid of Khafre • Second to his father

Khufu's Pyramid in size

• 695 feet on a side at the base

• 450 feet high (originally 473 feet).

• Built on higher ground at a steeper angle (about 53°)

• Appears taller

Pyramids of Egypt

Pharaoh’s tomb• Believed it was

necessary to preserve a body to allow the soul to survive

• Pyramids used as the final resting places for their monarchs

• pyramids

_________

• Built as tombs• many different shapes and sizes• Each side lines up precisely east-west or north-

south• Giza plateau; 1.Pyramid of Khufu-ruled about 23 years * over 2 million blocks- each 5,000 pounds (transported over ½ mile) *Only Pyramid with passages inside and underneath * Sealed-left through escape shaft 2. Khafre-Second in size 695 feet (side),

450 feet high (originally 473 feet).

Built on higher ground at a steeper angle (about 53°)

Appears taller 3. Sphinx- guards the pyramids 4. temple- pyramids to the west of the temple

Pyramids of Giza

Great Sphinx-Nemoy 10:32

Pyramids-looted

Tombs & mummies

Hatshepsut• Wife of a pharaoh- became pharaoh after

her husband’s death• Expanded Egyptian trade. • Took caravans of scribes, soldiers, artists

across the Red Sea. *took jewelry, papyrus and bronze weapons * traded for gold, perfume, ivory, leopard skins, apes• KNOWLEDGE!!!

Achievements of Ancient EgyptWarfare• Chariots• Shields• Spears• Formation

Medicine• Doctors- priests• Cure illnesses• Stitch cuts• Set broken bones• Amputate limbs• Measure the heart (too

quickly or too slowly)• Chamomile• Moldy bread- on cuts

(penicillin mold- Fleming 1928)

• Mathematics-building pyramids & temples

• Astronomy- five of our planets (stars that knew no rest)

• Eclipses of sun and moon (meetings of sun and moon)

• Calendar • Scale

Achievements of Ancient EgyptMath & Science

Hieroglyphics found in pyramids

• Hieroglyphs, literally means “language of the gods”

• Used by priests to write down prayers, magical texts

Life after death

• Texts related to life after death and worshipping the gods were found in tombs

Book of the Dead

Weighing the heart against a feather--

good deeds

Anubis-god of mummification

Thoth--god of wisdom

Horus=god of the sky

Osiris-God of the dead

• Weighing the heart

Writing of the gods

• Pharaoh’s autobiographies

• hieroglyphic guides of the afterworld

• written on tomb walls and the insides of coffins.

Map of the afterlife

• Believed that these texts helped guide the dead through the afterlife.

A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal) that has been preserved after death.Mummies are made naturally or by embalming, which is any process that people use to help preserve a dead body.

The ancient Egyptians believed that mummifying a person's body after death was essential to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife.

Preserving the bodies of dead royalty is called mummification.

The actual process of embalming as practiced in ancient Egypt was governed by definite religious ritual.

The art of Egyptian mummification consisted of many steps. First, the body was washed and ritually purified.

The next step was to remove the deceased person's inner

organs

Mummification Tools• Mummification tools:

• Brain hooks

• Oil jar

• Funnel

• Embalmer's knife

Mummification in ancient Egypt was a very long and expensive process. From start to finish, it took about 70 days to embalm a body. Since the Egyptians believed that mummification was essential for passage to the afterlife, people were mummified and buried as well as they could possibly afford.

Were the pharaoh the only Egyptians mummified?

No

Anyone that could afford to could be mummified

The Process?!?!?!?!?!?

A slit was cut into the left side of the body so that the embalmers could remove the intestines, the liver, the stomach and the lungs.

The organs were then individually wrapped using long strips of linen and placed in canopic jars.

the human-headed god looks after the liver.

the baboon-headed god looks after the lungs.

the jackal-headed god looks after the stomach

the falcon-headed god

looks after the intestines.

After the removal of the inner organs, the body cavity was stuffed with natron.

The brain was then removed through the nose using long hooks. Since the ancient Egyptians considered the brain unimportant, it was probably thrown away

Once the mummy was finally prepared, it was time for the funeral.

The mummy and its canopic jars were transported by sled from the embalming tent to the tomb. People were hired to demonstrate their grief by crying and throwing dust on their hair. At the site of the tomb, religious ceremonies were held to prepare the dead for the afterlife. In particular, the Opening of the Mouth ceremony was believed to allow the mummy to see, hear, eat and drink in the spirit world.

What is this?? hieroglyphs

What are hieroglyphics? Individual pictures-signs, about 800 in all,that stood for objects and sounds

Why?They needed a written language so that records could be kept

Hieroglyphics are the number one reason we know so muchabout the lives of Egyptians

The Rosetta Stone

When was the Rosetta Stone made? The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C..

Who found the Rosetta Stone? The Rosetta Stone was found by French soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Egypt

What does the Rosetta Stone say? The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a group of priests in Egypt to honor the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things that the pharaoh has done that are good for the priests and the people of Egypt.

What is the Rosetta Stone? The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it

The Rosetta Stone was the key that unlocked the mysteries of Egyptian hieroglyphics.

papyrus

The Mummification

Process

The first mummies were just dried out in the desert. The ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural 'mummies'.

Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them from wild animals in the desert.

.

Steps

1. Announcement of Death 2. Embalming the Body 3. Removal of Brain 4. Removal of Internal organs 5. Drying Out Process 6. Wrapping of the Body7. Charms, amulets placed on body 8. Final Procession

Step 1Announcement of Death This first step was to let the

people know that someone had died. A messenger was sent out to the streets to announce the death. This allowed people to

get themselves ready for mourning period and ceremony.

Materials Used in Mummification

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankincense

Step 2Embalming the Body

The second step was taking the body to be embalmed. The embalmers were

located in special tents or buildings. These buildings were called

embalming workshops, and were maintained by teams of priests.

Oftentimes during the embalming, the priests would have to step outside to

get away from the horrible smell.

Step 3Removal of Brain

The first part of the body to be removed was the brain. Egyptians did not know the purpose of the brain, so they thought it was a waste of space. To

extract the brain, a hook was inserted through the nose. The embalmers pulled out as much as they could, then put it in water to dissolve. Some people think the water was then thrown out, but others think it was taken with the mummy to the

burial chamber.

Step 4Removal of Internal Organs

Next to be removed were the internal organs: the liver, the lungs, the stomach, and the intestines. A

small slit was made on the left side of the abdomen, then the embalmers reached in and pulled out the

organs. Each of the organs were individually mummified, then stored in little coffins called

canopic jars. There were four canopic jars, one for each of the organs. These jars were protected by

the four sons of Horus.

Imset protected the liver.He had the head of a human.

Ha'py watched over the lungs.

He had the head of a baboon.

Duamutef looked after the stomach.He had the head of a jackal.

Qebehsenuef looked over the intestines. He had the head of a falcon.

Once the internal organs were removed, the inside of the body was washed out with palm oil, lotions, and preserving fluids.

Next the body was stuffed with linen, straw, or other packing material to keep the general shape of the person.

Sometimes the embalmers were careless and either stuffed too much or too little. This caused the mummy to look puffy or disfigured.

Step 5 Drying Out Process

The body was placed on a slab and covered with either nacron or natron salt. The slab was tilted so

that the water would run off into a basin. This removed moisture and prevented rotting. The body was taken outside and let dry for about forty days.

After the body was completely dried out, the wrapping of the body began.

These are the mummified remains of a pharaoh named Ramses II.

Step 6 Wrapping of the Body

Wrapping the body was a painstaking process. It was anointed with oils, and a gold piece with the Eye of Horus was placed over the slit in the abdomen.

The Eye of Horus

Hundreds of yards of linen were used to wrap the body. Each toe and finger was wrapped separately.

Charms, amulets, and inscribed pieces of papyrus were placed between each layer of bandage. Egyptians believed that these charms had magical properties that would protect the body.

The Eye of Horus, the symbol of protection, was used often. The wrapping process would be stopped once in a while so that the priests could say prayers and write on the linen. A final shroud was placed on the mummy to keep all the wrappings together. Mummia was added to the shroud to "glue" it all together. (That's where the word "mummy" comes from.)

Sometimes false eyes were inserted and make-up applied. Then a painted portrait mask was placed over the mummy's head so that dead person's soul (Ka) could recognize its owner. The mummy was then placed into a painted, decorated coffin.

Journey to the Underworld

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

The dead travel on the “Solar Barque.”

Step 7Final Procession

The last step of mummification was the final procession, where the family and friends of the deceased walked through the town on their way to the burial place. Mourners were paid to cry so that the gods of the other world would see that the person was well loved. The more people who cried, the more he was loved, and the better chance he had of going to the after world. Before the mummy was taken inside the tomb, a ceremony called "Opening of the Mouth" took place.

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

The Opening of the Mouth was performed by priests outside the burial chamber.

Opening of the Mouth

The family of the mummy recited spells while priests used special instruments to touch different parts of the mummy's face. The Egyptians believed that the mummy could not eat, see, hear, or move in the afterlife if the ceremony did not take place. After the Opening of the Mouth ceremony, the dead would be able to eat, breathe, see, hear, etc. in the afterlife.

The mummy was then laid in the burial chamber along with his belongings, the canopic jars, and the Book of the Dead. The Book of the Dead was not actually a book, but a collection of over 200 magic spells written on papyrus. This book contained instructions on how to achieve eternal life. Then the tomb was sealed.

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Weighing of the Heart

The most important task came after death. This was called "The Weighing of the Heart." Egyptians believed that the most powerful part of a person was his heart. The heart was never removed from the body - it was considered the center of the being.

In this ceremony, the gods of the underworld judged the mummy's heart, or how well he behaved during his natural life. Maat, the goddess of truth, brought out her scale; on one side was the mummy's heart, and on the other was the Feather of Truth.

Anubis, the god of the underworld, made the final judgment, and Thoth, the scribe god, recorded it. If the heart balanced the feather, the soul of the mummy was granted immortality. If the heart was heavier than the feather (if the sins outweighed the virtues), the soul was doomed to a horrible fate. The heart was thrown to a monster called Ammit, or Devourer of the Dead.

The Final Judgement

Anubis Horus Osiris

The heart of the dead is weighed against the feather. If the heart is not weighed down with sin and lighter

than the feather, the dead person can go on.

Judgment Day

Egyptian Mummies

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.Queen Tiye,

wife of Amenhotep II

1210-1200 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

A Tomb is Found in

1923

Burial Chamber

Walls made of gilded wood and inlaid blue porcelain and painted with funerary scenes.

The Coffin of a PharaohWooden coffin, human shaped, 7 feet 4 inches long.Third coffin made entirely of goldA royal Egyptian mummy had been found untouched.

THE CURSE“They who enter this sacred tomb shall swift

be visited by the wings of death.”

Lord Carnarvon died 7 weeks after entering the burial chamber giving rise to the theory of the "Curse" of King Tut.

1. The process of mummification was not very elaborate in the beginning. How did the ancient Egyptians mummify bodies at first?

2. Describe the seven steps in the processes of mummification.1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

3. What does the ceremony called the Opening of the Mouth do for the dead body?

4. Describe the role of the heart and the feather in the ceremony called the Weighing of the Heart.

5. Do you believe in the curse of King Tut?

AncientEgypt

PowerPoint- Ancient Egypt

Video- MysteriesOf Egypt

Video- DiscoveryEducation

Textbook: Jacobs, H. H. Prentice Hall- History of Our World. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2008. Print.