Land of “la violencia”
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Traditional Political Parties, 19th and early-20th centuries
Conservative Party
Principles?
Supporters?
Liberal Party
Principles?
Supporters?
Initiation of “la violencia”
Liberal Party hegemony, 1853-1884 1853 Liberal Constitution Factionalization of Liberals (golgatas and
draconianos) 1863 adoption of new Constitution – established
Confederacy and opened door for department-level bloodshed and political conflict
Conservative dominance, political reform, more violence
Conservative political dominance and reforms, 1884-1899
1884 Constitution 1899 War of a Thousand Days (Panama breaks
away)
“la violencia,” 1948-1958• Underlying causes
• “El Bogotazo,” February 1948
• Character of political conflict and violence
•
Period of National Front
Power-sharing agreement• 1958-1974, formal agreement
--President alternated between Conservatives and Liberals--Cabinet parity--legislature equally divided
• 1974-early-1990s, informal agreement
Consequences of National Front
Political Conflict, 1960s-present
Major Actors:
• Guerrilla organizations
FARC, ELN, EPL, M-19
• Colombian military
• Paramilitary organizations
• Drug lords/narcotraficantes
• U.S. government
M-19
Movimiento Abril 19
(April 19 Movement)
• Now the M-19/AD Party
Carlos Pizarro, former head of M-19 guerrilla org. (on left)
FARC
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia
Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces
• Largest guerrilla organization in Colombia
• Controls large areas of Colombia
• Financing: kidnapping, “taxes” on coca growers and the wealthy
ELN
Ejército de Liberación Nacional
Army of National Liberation• Smaller group• Target energy pipelines and
infrastructure
EPL
Ejército Popular de LiberaciónPopular Liberation Army• Smaller than FARC or ELN• Negotiated peace with government
in 1991
Colombian Military
• Historical U.S.-Colombian Military Relationship
• War on Drugs
• Current Relationship with U.S.
Paramilitary Groups
• Historical Background
• Association with drug trafficking
• MAS
• AUC
• Involvement in political killings
• Relationship with Colombian military
Narcotraficantes
U.S. Government
Plan Colombia
• designed by Colombian President Pastrana to curb drug trafficking and civil disorder
• supported by U.S. government financially, militarily and morally
Goals of Plan Colombia
Colombia’s goal:
• Gain control over country by eliminating guerillas
U.S. goal:
• Reduce trafficking in illegal drugs
Methods of Plan Colombia
2000-2001 $1.2 b. U.S. counter-narcotics aid to Colombia, 80% for military equipment and training
2002 $731 m. Andean Counter-drug Initiative, 65% for military equipment and training