Lake Bogoria National Reserve - Panda€¦ · Integrated Management Plan (2007-2012 Lake Bogoria...

Lake Bogoria National ReserveWorld Ramsar Site (No.1057)

Integrated Management Plan 2007 – 2012

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Integrated Management Plan (2007-2012

Lake Bogoria National ReserveWorld Ramsar Site (No.1057)

Integrated Management Plan 2007 – 2012

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Lake Bogor�a Nat�onal Reserve

Published June 2007

This plan was published with support from WWF Eastern Africa Regional Programme Office (WWF-EARPO.

WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by:

• conserving the world’s biological diversity • ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable • promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption

Cover photos: (top) WWF-EARPO / Catherine MGENDI, (bottom) WWF-EARPO / Fabian MUSILA

© text and graphics: 2007 County Council of Baringo, County Council of Koibatek and WWF-EARPO All rights reserved

The material and geographic designations in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of County Council of Baringo, County Council of Koibatek and WWF concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries.

Editing and Design: Kimunya Mugo

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ContentsForeword....................................................................................................................................v

Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................viExecutivesummary.................................................................................................................viiListofabbreviations...............................................................................................................viiiIntroductionandbackground.................................................................................................1 1.1Introduction................................................................................................................................1 1.2GeneralobjectivesofLakeBogoriaIntegratedManagementPlan...........................................1 1.3PurposeoftheLakeBogoriaNationalReserve.........................................................................2

LakeBogoriaNationalReserveanditscatchment.................................................................3 2.1Introduction............................................................................................................................... 3 2.2Conservationstatus................................................................................................................... 5 2.3Physicalenvironment................................................................................................................ 5 2.4Floraandfauna..........................................................................................................................8 2.5Environmentalandsocio-economicsituationintheplanarea..................................................9 2.6LakeBogoriacatchmentlinkages............................................................................................10

Naturalresourcesandzonationinplanarea.........................................................................11 3.1Criteriaforresourcecategorization.........................................................................................11 3.2Zonationoftheplanarea.........................................................................................................11 3.3 Justification for the recommended intensity of use................................................................. 12

Managementgoal,objectivesandinterventionstrategies....................................................13 4.1Goal,ObjectivesandStrategies...............................................................................................13

Managementprescriptionsandprogrammes.......................................................................15 5.1Introduction..............................................................................................................................15 5.2Landcover................................................................................................................................15 5.3Livestockandagriculture.........................................................................................................16 5.4Waterresources........................................................................................................................17 5.5Landtenureandlandusedynamics.........................................................................................17 5.6 Human–wildlife conflict.......................................................................................................... 18

LakeBogoriaNationalReserveinfrastructureinventoryandmanagement.....................19 6.1Infrastructureandfacilitiesinventory......................................................................................19 6.2Accommodation.......................................................................................................................19 6.3.NationalReservemanagement...............................................................................................20 6.4Reserveinfrastructuremaintenanceandmanagement............................................................ 22

Implementationstrategy,institutionalframeworkandstakeholderinvolvement............23 7.1Introduction............................................................................................................................. 23 7.2Implementationstrategy..........................................................................................................23 7.3FactorsguidingdevelopmentofinstitutionalframeworkfortheIMP................................... 23 7.4Possiblerolesandresponsibilitiesofthemajorstakeholders................................................. 24 7.5ThePlanimplementationstructure......................................................................................... 25 7.6OperationalizationoftheCommittee...................................................................................... 26 7.7Risksandassumptions.............................................................................................................26

Monitoringandevaluation,activitiesandbudget................................................................27 8.1Monitoringandevaluation...................................................................................................... 27 8.2Scheduledactivitiesandoutputs............................................................................................. 27

Appendices...............................................................................................................................37 Appendix1:TreesandshrubsofLakeBogoriaNationalReserveanditsenvirons.....................37 Appendix2.LakeBogoriaNationalReservechecklistofmammals............................................38 Appendix3.LakeBogoriaNationalReservechecklistofbirds................................................... 39 Appendix4:InstitutionalLinkages...............................................................................................41 Appendix5:InstitutionalFrameworkAndCollaboration.............................................................42 Appendix6:LawssupportingIntegratedManagementPlanning(IMP)...................................... 45 Appendix7:ParticipationindevelopmentofIntegratedManagementPlan.................................47

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ApprovalManagement plans as vehicles for Rural Development has gained more acceptances in the recent years. This is even more crucial in the area of Natural Resource Management, a very high percentage of conflicts among and within communities is linked in one way or another to resource access and control. Water ranks the top while the rest such as Land, Fuel wood, pasture, salt licks, herbal medicines etc. follow in an order determined by the location.

This country has recently witnessed these conflicts of unprecedented magnitude leading to loss of life and property. This plan has attempted to put in place an adaptive mechanism through which best practices in resource use can be achieved from a multi-sectoral and a wide constituency approach. The Local Authority Service Delivery Plan (LASDAP) underpins the consultative process through which this plan was developed.

It is noted that this is one of pioneering initiative by Local authorities and hence shall provide a learning ground to the rest.

WWF has proven a true partner as they have overseen this painstaking process right from the word go to this moment when its implementation is just about to begin.

The Ministry of Local Government approved this Integrated Management Plan for implementation at its sitting of 25 October and 11 November 2005 as a strategic management plan for the Lake Bogoria National Reserve.

Chairman, Baringo County Council Chairman, Koibatek County CouncilLake Bogoria Joint Management Committee Lake Bogoria Joint Management Committee

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ForewordThe Management of Lake Bogoria National Reserve produced this Integrated Management Plan with theassistance of WWF’s (formerly World Wide Fund for Nature), Lake Bogoria Community Based WetlandProject.Thisdocumenthasbeentailoredtomeetnotonlythenationalstatutoryrequirementsforprotectedareamanagementbutalsotheappropriateregionalandinternationallawsandconventions.Itstronglybuildsitsbasisonaparticipatoryandnegotiatedapproachtoissues,processesanddecisionswhiletakingintoaccountthewidescopeofstakeholders.LakeBogoriaisKenya’sthirdRamsarSiteandthe1,097thintheworldunderpinningthewiseuseconcept.Ittookaboutfiveyearsofpainstakingmultidisciplinaryandconsultativeprocessinvolvingasmanystakeholdersasthetimeandresourcescouldallow.

ThisPlancomesata timewhenthreeveryimportant lawsrelatingtonaturalresourcemanagementinKenyahavebeenenacted:TheNationalEnvironmentManagementandCoordinationAct(1999),TheWaterAct(2002)andTheForestryAct2005.Allthesestatuteslayaverystrongemphasisonanintegratedapproachtoresourcemanagementwiththelocalcommunitiesplayingasignificantrole.

ToalargeextentthisplandemonstratesanacceptancebythelocalauthoritiesresponsibleforthemanagementofLakeBogoriaNationalReserveofaparadigmshiftinnaturalresourcesmanagementasprovidedforbytheabovelistedlegislation.ThetwolocalauthoritiesofBaringoandKoibatekCountyCouncilshaveacceptedtonegotiatethemanagementofthereservewiththelocalcommunitiesandsharerevenuewiththem.However,theyalsorecognisetheneedtoworkwithotherpartnersresponsiblefornaturalresourcemanagementatthenationallevel.ItisinviewofthisthattheKenyaWildlifeService(KWS)asthechiefcustodianofthecountry’swildliferesourcesshallcontinuetobeanimportantpartnertogivethenecessarysupportiveandadvisoryservicesandguidelinestoallprotectedareasirrespectiveoflandstatus.ThelocalDistrictCouncilswillalsoworkwithotherrelevantnational/regionalgovernmentinstitutionsincludingtheWaterResourcesManagementAuthority(RiftValleyRegion)andtheNationalForestServiceamongstothers.

Dr. Kwame Koranteng,Regional Representative, WWF Eastern Africa Regional Programme Office

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AcknowledgementsThe Joint management of Lake Bogoria National Reserve acknowledges WWF for contributing financial and technical support towards the consultation process in the preparation of this Integrated Management Plan (IMP).

Special thanks go to the following people who were members of the Planning Team and worked tirelessly to prepare this IMP: William Kimosop, Maushe Kidundo, Musila Fabian, Musa Cheruiyot, Michael Kangogo, Kunga Ngeche, Sirma Chepkonga, Daniel Koros, Joel Meto and Sally Kibos. Special thanks also go to Mohamed Awer, Nina Bhola and the late Tom Kabii who made invaluable contribution to the plan and provided oversight of the whole planning process and is greatly appreciated.

Special appreciation also goes to Hellen Gardiner, Julie Thomas, Mark Wright, Richard Barnwell, William Pratesi, Dr. Sam Kanyamibwa, Robert Ndetei, Dr. J M Githaiga, Dr. Kwame Koranteng, George Wamukoya, Kimunya Mugo, Dr. Taye Teferi, Anderson Koyo and David Harper.

The Joint Management of Lake Bogoria appreciates the contributions of all her staff, partners, and stakeholders, local community members who were involved in one way or the other in preparation of this plan.

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Executive summaryLake Bogoria National Reserve is an important conservation area in Kenya holding regionally and nationally endangered species. The reserve has unique physiographic features and geothermal manifestations due to its geological history. The combination of landforms, biodiversity content, availability of water and forage makes this site important at community, national and global levels. It was designated as a national reserve in 1974 and in 2001 it was listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar convention. Revenue from tourism, related activities and other natural resources in the reserve can play an important role in the socioeconomic development of the area.

The National reserve is at risk from environmental degradation arising from unsustainable resource exploitation and ecologically negative catchment-wide processes. The root causes of these problems are poverty, poor land use, overstocking and unsustainable farming systems. These socioeconomic circumstances of the populace and the environmental impacts are threatening Lake Bogoria National Reserve and its wider catchment. The prevailing situation has prompted WWF (EARPO) in partnership with the two reserve managing county councils and the local communities to initiate the development of this Integrated Management Plan (IMP). This IMP will be a template for sustainable conservation of Lake Bogoria National Reserve, and will involve the local community and enhance attainment of sustainable livelihoods.

This management plan takes into consideration the natural resources in LBNR, their economic potential and identifies conservation threats from catchment wide processes. The integrated approach to conservation will promote sustainable livelihoods, create new socioeconomic opportunities, harnesses existing ones and safeguard the conservation of the National reserve and its environs.

The IMP plan areas landscape, vegetation, climate, geology and biodiversity are closely inter linked. The socioeconomic activities in the area are to a large extent dependent on the natural resources especially pastures and water that sustain the pastoral economic backbone. Over exploitation of this resources are the main drivers of environmental degradation which in turn has set in motion vicious cycles leading to further degradation and high incidence of poverty in the local population. The linkage between the various ecological components, socioeconomic activities, and effects of catchment wide processes is also explained. The linkages justify the need to extend the plan area’s boundaries beyond the National reserve, in order to minimize the impacts of catchment wide processes. The IMP proposes management strategies that take into account the natural ecological linkages, conservation objectives and needs in designated zones and highlights targeted research to guide reserve management and overall conservation of the plan area while ensuring sustainable livelihoods.

The planning process involved stakeholders to ensure wide participation and ownership of this management plan. The integrated management plan identifies issues that need urgent consideration, proposes mitigations strategies, and identifies appropriate stakeholders and their roles. The IMP has a time frame of five years in which to achieve the immediate objectives. A log frame for executing the IMP components, means of verification, stakeholder responsibilities and approximate costs is included. The IMP also has inbuilt mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating its implementation. This management plan is an adjustable blueprint upon which programmes can be based. It provides a framework for different stakeholders to identify areas where their intervention is needed and their linkages with other stakeholders.

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List of abbreviationsWWFWorldWideFundforNatureKWSKenyaWildlifeServiceLBNRLakeBogoriaNationalReserveLBIMPLakeBogoriaIntegratedManagementCBOCommunityBasedOrganizationWCKWildlifeClubsofKenyaKATOKenyaAssociationforTourOperatorsEUEuropeanUnionEMCAEnvironmentalManagementandCoordinationActGoKGovernmentofKenyaKARIKenyaAgriculturalResearchInstituteMENRMinistryofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesNEMANationalEnvironmentalManagementAuthorityMoLMinistryofLandsFDForestDepartmentMOEMinistryofEducationUONUniversityOfNairobiMUMoiUniversityLALocalAuthoritiesMLFMinistryofLivestockandFisheriesMAMinistryofAgricultureNGONonGovernmentalOrganizationMRDMinistryofRuralDevelopment

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Integrated Management Plan (2007-2012)

Introduction and background

1.1 IntroductionLakeBogoriaanditscatchmentarerichinnaturalresourcesthatincludelandforms,forests,wildlife,wetlandsandpastures.InthecatchmenttherearemoistuplandforestsaroundSubukiathatarethemajorsourcesofsurfaceinflowsintothelakeandarerichinforestproductsandbiodiversity.Thewidercatchmenthasmultipleland-usetypesthathaveundergonemajorchangesinthelast100years.Themoistuppercatchmentareachangedfromforeststolarge-scalecommercialfarmsandranches,whichwerelatersub-dividedintosmall-scaleholdings.Thelowercatchmentwasundernomadiclivestockproduction,whichhaschangedovertimetoarelativelysedentarymodeoflivestockproduction.Livestocknumbersinthisareahaveincreasedovertimeandarerestrictedtoasmallerrangecomparedtothepastherdingsystem.Theselandusechangesandahighhumanpopulationgrowthhasexertedenormouspressureontheenvironmentandnaturalresources.Consequently,thesedevelopmentshavedisrupted ecological processes andhavenegatively impacted the environment.These impacts aremanifestedby severe soil erosion, mass wasting, high silt loads in runoff, agro-chemical pollution, land degradation,deforestation, land fragmentationandencroachment intosensitivehabitats.Therehasbeen increasedpovertyamongst the local community members. The environmental problems have been compounded by the recentexcisionanddegazettementofforestsforhumansettlement.

1.1.1 PreviousmanagementplansandconservationinitiativesintheareaThefirstformalconservationinitiativearoundthelakewasgazettementin1970oftheLakeBogoriaNationalReserve(LBNR)underthewildlifeActbytheWildlifeConservationandManagementDepartment(WCMD).ThemanagementofthereservewaslatertransferredtotheBaringoCountyCouncil.Inthe1990’s,newdistrictswerecreatedandthereservewasputunderthejointadministrationofBaringoandthenewlycreatedKoibatekcountycouncils.ThepartsoftheuppercatchmentwereprotectedundertheforestAct.VariousActsandpoliciesregulatedlandmanagementanduseoutsidetheformallyprotectedareas.

The local community around Lake Bogoria National Reserve had practised effective traditional methods ofenvironmental conservation. Land, water and pasture were communally owned, with strict regulations thatcontrolleddryandwetseasongrazingaccess.Therehavebeenchangesovertimeinlandtenuresystemfromcommunal,trustlandtoindividualownership.

Poverty,environmentaldegradationandfrequentseverefoodshortagesdidprompttheneedforinterventions.StakeholdersintheplanareaincludingWWF,thelocalcommunityandcommunity-basedorganizations(CBO’s)haveinitiatedsustainableconservationpracticesandparticipatedintheplanningprocessforthismanagementplan.

1.1.2 ScopeoftheplanThe core conservation area of the IMP is LBNR. The Reserve has undergone ecological changes emanatingfrommanagementsystemsinplaceandhumanactivities.Theadverseeffectsoriginatenotonlyfromwithinthereservebutalsotheimmediateenvirons.Therearealsootherexternalprocessesthatarelinkedtocatchmentwideecologicalandsocioeconomicfactors.

Thiscatchment-integratedmanagementplanaimsataddressingconservationissueinLBNRthroughanecosystem-basedapproach.AlthoughthefocusisLBNR,theplanaddressesissuesinfluencingecologicalprocessesinthereserve,thecatchmentareacriticalforwaterinflows,wildlifedispersalareasandmigrationcorridors.Someoftheseprocessesemanatefromsocialfactorsanddepletionofresourcesinthecommunityareasprecipitatingpressureonthereserveasagrazingareaforlivestockandasourceofothernaturalresourcestothelocalcommunities.The plan has inbuilt mechanisms for stakeholder involvement, highlights environmental and socioeconomicdevelopmentissuesandsuggestsmanagementinterventions,byidentifyingactivities,resourcesandinter-agencynetworking.Theplan recommends formationofa stakeholder implementationcommittee,with thenecessarytechnicalskillstooverseeandcoordinatethesuggestedactivities.TheplanproposestonetworkstakeholdersandmobiliseresourcestoLakeBogoriacatchmentandprovidesaframeworktoenhancelivelihoods.

1.2 General objectives of Lake Bogoria Integrated Management PlanThesuccessof thisplan is inter-linkedwith thecommunitysocioeconomicstatus improvement,maintenanceof environmental health integrity, and to ensure livelihoods support and continuity of ecological processes.Toachieve this, thecommunities in the loweranduppercatchmenthave toplaymajor role in the integratedmanagementplan(IMP).

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TheIMPhasthefollowinggeneralobjectives:Initiatecommunitysocio-economicdevelopmentthatensuresustainablelivelihoods,reducespressureontheenvironmentandnaturalresources,andarrestsencroachmentonthebiodiversityinthereserve.Developstrategiestomitigateenvironmentaldegradationandrestoredegradedareasintheplanareawhileprovidingviablealternatives.Encourageformationofcommunity-basedmanagementsystemsfornaturalresourcessuchaswaterresourceusersassociations,toguidetheuseandmanagementofwater,whichisacriticalandlimitingresourceinthearea.Supportthereservemanagementcapacitytomanageandmonitorthenaturalresourcesinthereserve.

1.3 Purpose of the Lake Bogoria National ReserveTraditionallyLakeBogoriaNationalReservemanagementhasrevolvedaroundwildlifemanagement.ThisIMPhasredesignedandexpandedtheconservationtoalsoinclude:

Protectionandconservationofthegeneticandbiologicaldiversityofspeciesassemblages,theintegrityoftheabioticresourcesandinteractionstoensurecontinuedecosystemprocesses;Thelocalcommunityandthereservemanagementparticipationinplanning,developmentandmanagementoftheplanarea;Promotionofcommunityenvironmentaleducationanddisseminationofinformationonconservationandsustainableuseofresources.

This expansionof the IMPscope is important to ensure the reserve isbuffered fromnegativeprocesses thatemanatefromitsenvirons.Thisisthroughtherecognitionoftheimmediateenvironsascrucialinprovidingabufferzonethatabsorbsimpactsbeforetheyaffectthereserve.

1.3.1PlanningprocessParticipatoryandstrategicplanningprocesshasbeenused in thedevelopmentof this IMP.ThisprocesswasinitiatedinMay2003andinvolvedconsultationswhereconsensuswasobtainedonvariousaspects.

Theplanningguidelinesusedinformulatingthismanagementplanincluded:TheRamsarConventiononWetlandsofinternationalimportance,TheKenyaWildlifeService(KWS)andtheWildlifeAct,LocalGovernmentActEnvironmentalManagementandCoordinationAct(EMCA)AgricultureActLivestockActForestActTheconsultativemeetingsandinteractiveworkshopsthatprecededtheformulationofthisplanWaterAct2002

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Lake Bogoria National Reserve and its catchment

2.1 IntroductionTheplanareaencompassesLBNR,itsimmediateenvironsandthecatchmentofLakeBogoria.TheLakeisthedeepestalkalinelakeintheKenyawithnumerousalkalinehotspringsthatcontributesignificantinflowsintothelake.TheReservecomprisesofthelakeandtheterrestrialportionwithvariousvegetationtypesdependingonsoiltypesandterrain.Amongstthesevegetationtypesaregrasslands,thicketsandwoodlands.ThewoodlandsformanimportanthabitatfortheendangeredGreaterKudu(Tragelaphus strepsciseros)andothermammals.TheReserveisrichinbiodiversityandthelakeisanimportantstopoverpointforthenorthernavianmigrants.Theareahashighrevenuepotentialintermsoftourism,socio-economicandculturalactivities.ItislocatedincloseproximitytobothcentralandnortherntouristcircuitsinKenya.

The immediate environs of the plan area have a low human population density and currently offer limitedeconomic opportunities, which are largely, restricted small-scale irrigation, livestock and bee keeping. Theupperpart of the catchment aroundSubukiahashigh agricultural potentialwith intense cultivation andhighhumanpopulationdensities.Thehumanactivitiesinthecatchmentandthelakeenvironshaveadverselyaffectedsustainableconservationandmanagementintheplanarea.

2.1.1LocationLakeBogoriaNationalReserve,liesbetween36°4′and36°7′Eastand0°20′Northandabout10kmNorthoftheequatorinBaringoandKoibatekDistrictsofRiftValleyprovinceKenya(Fig.1).Ithasanaltitudebetween970matthelaketo1650metersonSirachoescarpment.TheReserveliesclosetotheeasternwalloftheGreatRiftValleyandhasitsheadquartersatLoboiGate.

Figure 1: The location of Lake Bogoria in the East African Rift Valley

Lake BaringoLake Bogoria

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Figure 2: Lake Bogoria National Reserve, drainage system.

2.1.2LegalstatusLake Bogoria National Reserve was gazetted as wildlife protected area, vide legal notice number 270 of01/11/1970;andisfoundinboundaryplan216/26delineatingatotalareaof107km2.

2.1.3RoadAccessTherearethreeaccessroadstothereservethroughthreegatesatLoboi,MajiMotoandEmsos.ThemainaccessisalongtheNakuru-MarigatroadwherethreeKilometresbeforeMarigattown,isajunctiontotherighttowardsLBNR.TheLoboiGatewhichalsoservesasthereserveheadquartersis20kmfromthisjunction.AnearthroadthatbranchesofftotherightnearMogotioShoppingCentre,36KmfromNakurutownleadstotheothertwogates.

Waseges River

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Emsos Gate Outpost

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2.1.4 AccessbyairTheReservecanbeaccessedbyair throughairstrips inLakeBaringoand thenby road through theMarigatjunction.However,anon-gazettedandunclassifiedairstrip thatcanbeusedby lightaircraft is locatedat theNorthernpartofthereserveneartheLoboigate.

2.2 Conservation status LakeBogoriawasdeclaredanationalreserveduetoitsrichinbiodiversity,sceneryandhydrologicalfeaturesin1970andwasmadeaRamsarsiteofinternationalimportancein2001.Itusedtobeanimportantcommunaldryseasongrazingareaforthelocalcommunities,andhasimportantsacredandculturalsites.

Twolocalauthorities,BaringoandKoibatekCountyCouncils,currentlyjointlymanageLBNR.WWF(EARPO)is supporting the reservemanagement throughconservation activities aimedat enhancing sustainablenaturalresourceconservation,socio-economicdevelopmentandenvironmentaleducation.

2.3 Physical environment2.3.1Physiography,GeologyandsoilsLakeBogoriaanditscatchmentaregeologicalproductsofpasttectoniceventsoffaulting,warping,andvolcaniceruptions associated with the formation of the Rift Valley. The area has geologic manifestations of ongoingvolcanicprocessesintheformoffumaroles,hotspringsandgeyserswithinthelake,alongthelakeshoresandvariouspointsinthesurroundingareas.Thelakeislocatedalongoneofthemajorblock-definingfaultsintheRiftValley,theSolai-Subukiafaultblock,whichincludestheSolai,IguamitiandSouthArabelfaultscarps.LakeBogoriaispartiallyseparatedfromthismainfaultblockbytheKisanana-Chemasa-EmsosfaultthatmergesintoLakeBogoriafaultalongtheEmsosfaultstructureatSirkenHill.Thesefaultlinesarealignedinthenorth-southdirectionwithSandaidepositionpansinfillingalargeportionofthegrabennorthofthelakeandstretchingtoLakeBaringo.

Theplanareaischaracterisedbyvolcanicrocksandsedimentsoverlyingmetamorphicsubstrata,whichbelongtothePleistoceneandMiocenegeologicaleras.Theareaishighlyfaultedandfissuredwiththemajorriversflowingnorthalongthefault-lines.ClosetotheLakeanditssurroundingsarestratifieddeltaicsiltsandsalinedeposits.ThewesternsectionoftheLakecomprisesofanalciticphonolitesandporphyritictrachytes.TheEasternsectionbeyondthedeltaicsiltscomprisesofsedimentarydeposits,volcanicsoils,screesandalluvium.PorphyriticolivinebasaltsarealsofoundalongtheeasternfaultsboundingLakeBogoria.

LakeBogoriadrainagebasinhasthreemajorsoil types;claysoil,clayloamandsilt loam.Soil textureisnotvariableandmostsoilsarecategorizedasloamywithexceptionsofclayloamsrestrictedtoriverineareas.Theriverinesoilsarecomplexwithvariedtexturesdependingonthedrainageconditionsandarecomposedoferodedvolcanicsedimentsandalluvialdeposits.Theyconsistofdiversetypesofgranulomites,conglomerates,siltsandgravels.

Claysoilsarefoundontheupperpartofthecatchment,lowlands.ThemiddlepartisdominatedbyclayloamwhileasmallportionatthemouthofriverWasegestoLakeBogoriawasidentifiedassiltloam.

Figure 3: A cross section of the lake Baringo-Bogoria half-graben (after Renult and Tiercelin, 1994)

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ThesoilsaroundthelakehavehighapHrangingfrom6.8to9.0,withhighsodiumbicarbonatelevelsrangingfrom0.5to9.92meql-1.Thesalinityandsodicityareattributedtotheparentrockmaterial.Highlyalkalinesoilsarefoundalongtheshorelinefringes,butthoseclosetopermanentwatersourceshaveintermediatevalues,whilesoilsintheridgesandscarpshavethelowestpHvalues.

Soilnutrientavailabilityindicesarehighindicatinghighfertilitylevelswithmeanphosphorousconcentrationsof80ppmintheriverinesoils.Kaolinitesconstitute70–80%ofsiltwhileillionitesareinter-stratifiedwiththerest10–20%.Potassium,magnesiumandmanganeseconcentrationsaregenerallylow.Calciumconcentrationsarehighandexhibitwidevariationbetween10.37and37.26meql-1.Thespatialdistributionsofthesoilsareshownbelow.

2.3.2ClimateandrainfallTheclimateintheplanareaisaridtosemiaridregimesexceptinthemoisthighlandsaroundSubukia.TheclimaticconditionsarestronglyinfluencedbytheITCZ(InterTropicalConvergenceZone)andtherearetwodistinctwetanddryseasons.Withinthereserveandadjacentareas,theclimaticconditionsareharshwithtemperaturesattheLakerangingfrom180C-390Cwithadailymeanof250C.Meanannualprecipitationvariesfrom500-1000mmandfallsintwoseasonsApril-MayandOctober-November(figure5).Thephysiographiclocationofthereserveinagrabenplacesitintherainshadowofthesurroundingfaultscarpsandhighlands.Thecombinationofweathervariablesandphysiographiclocationgivethelakebasinahot,semiaridclimate.

LakeBogoriaand its surroundingsarecategorizedunderagro-ecological climaticzoneE.Rainfall reliabilityislow(Mwangi,1992),anddailysunshinehoursaverage10makingtheareahotformostoftheyear(WWF,2003annualreport).ThereisamarkedhotspellfromJanuarytoMarchwhentemperaturesinexcessof340Careexperienced.ColdspellsoccurinthemonthsofJulyandAugust.

Figure 4: Distribution of soil types in the Lake Bogoria catchment and its immediate environs.

El Nino and La Nina events are interpreted from analyses of the 25-year record from the Lake Bogoria National Reserve weather station. The deviation of the average annual rainfall from the 25-year mean reveals 5-7 year cycles of inter-annular variability in precipitation (Figure 6).

Lake Bogoria

Clay

Clay loam

Silt loam

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Figure 5: Average monthly rainfall for the period 1977-2001 (LaVigne and Ashley, 2002).

Figure 6: Departures of annual total rainfall (mm) from the 25-year mean. 1977-1979, 1988-1990 and 1997-1998 El Nino years; 1984-1986 La Nina years (LaVigne & Ashley, 2002).

2.3.3HydrologyLakeBogoriaareahasatrellisdrainagepatternandriversflownorthwardsalongfaultlines.Thelake’scatchmentis 930km2drainedby riverSandai-Waseges,which flowsnorthwards towardsLakeBaringobut deviates tothesouthatSandai todrain intoLakeBogoria.TheriverflowisseasonalandoccasionallydriesupbetweenJanuaryandMarch.Inthelongrainyseason,theriverbringsinlargevolumesofsilt,erodedfromthedegradedrangelands.RiverLoboi thatdrains intoLakeBaringodiverts itscourse in thewetseason todrain intoLakeBogoriaduetocloggingofitschannelbysediments.Thishasturnedouttobeanormalflowpatternduringthewetseason,greatlyincreasingtheamountofsurfaceinflowsandsiltloadsintoLakeBogoria.Theplanareahasseveraldrywadisthatarecharacterizedbyflashfloodflowsinthewetseason.InthesouthRiverEmsosandafewperennialspringsdischargefreshwaterintothelake.Thelakelevelfluctuatesbetween11and14meterswith precipitation but does not exhibit extreme surface area variations compared to other shallow rift valleylakes.Itstroughbasinmorphometryprecludemajorsurfaceareavariations,whiledischargefromallthespringscounterbalanceevaporativelossesconsiderably(Tiercellinetal,1987).

AstudycarriedouttodeterminethewaterbudgetforLakeBogoriaquantifiedinflowsandoutflowstothelake.Theinflowsinclude,riverflows,directrainfallintothelakeandflowfromspringsintothelakeof31,24.29and28.38millioncubicmetersrespectively.Theoutflowsaremainlythroughdirectevaporationfromthelake

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surface,domesticandlivestockabstractionsat75,0.7and1.2millioncubicmetersrespectively.Totalinflowsare83.67millioncubicmeterswhiletotaloutflowsare70.65millioncubicmetersresultinginadifferenceof13.02millioncubicmeters,whichisaccountedforbyabstractionsforirrigationupstream(OnyandoandMusila,2004).

Theriversandriverineecosystemsinthisaridandsemi-aridplanareaarecriticalhabitatsandproviderefugeforwildlife.Theriverineecosystemshavedistinctecologicalcharacteristicsthatallowthemtosupportwildlife,invertebratesandplantspeciesthatcannotthriveinthearidareas.Theriversystemisavitalresourcetothelocalcommunityprovidingwateranddryseasongrazingandirrigatedagriculture.

Lake BogoriaLakeBogoriaischaracterisedbysteepshorelineandhasatroughbasinmorphometrycomprisingofthreesemi-distinctbutinterconnectedbasinsconsistingof;thenorthern,centralandsouthernbasins.Thesouthernbasin,arelictvolcaniccrateristhedeepestpart(14m),joinedtotherestofthelakebyanarrowisthmus.TheLakehasahighalkalinitywithpHrangingbetween9.8-10.6,alkalinitybetween480-800meql-1andanelectricalconductivityof45,000-85,000μScm-1.Phosphoruslevelsareextremelyhighandoccurintheformoforthophosphates.Totalphosphateandnitrogenconcentrationsof3.5mgl-1and32mgl-1,respectively,havebeenmeasuredinthelake.

The open water is dominated by phytoplankton species such as Spirulina platensis, Microcystis flos-aquae, Anabaenopsis arnoldii andbacteriaextremophiles.The shorelinevegetation is characterisedbyplant speciessuchasCyperus laevigatus,Sporoblus spicatus and Cynodon dactylon amongothers.

Hot Springs, Geysers and springsThehotspringshavehigh temperaturesandarehighlymineralizedandaresourcedfromshallowaquifers incontactwithlavaintrusions.Theyhaveanestimateddischargeof900lsec-1(28.38Mm3)tothelake.Thespringsare found in threemain clusters,Loburu,Chemurkeu andMwanasis-Kibwu-Losaramat areas (Renaultet al.,1987).ThehotspringattheLoburuandChemurkeuhaveashallowaquiferwithtemperaturesofabout1000C,while thesouthernMwanasis-Kibwu-Losaramathotspringshaveadeeper lyingaquiferwith temperaturesofabout1700C(Cioniet al.,1992).All thespringsarealkalinewithapHabove8.0.Therearenumerousothersmallerhotsprings,geysersandfumarolesintheplanarea.

Other wetlands and SwampsSeveralswampsoccurintheplanareaandtheydifferinsize,waterchemistry,biotaandhydrology.TheLoboiswampisthelargestandconstitutesakeyecosystemcomponentintheplanareaasawaterreservoirforlivestock,agriculturalanddomesticsupply.SwampsalongSandai/WasegesRiverplayanimportantroleinnutrientremoval,agro-chemicalretentionandsedimentsfiltration.Therearealsoothernumeroussmallmarshesfedbyfaultrelatedsprings.Thewetlandsespeciallythoseoutsidethereserveareimportanttothelocalcommunitiesforwaterandfoodproduction.Theswampsarealsorichinbirdlife.

2.4 Flora and fauna2.4.1FloraWithin the reserve, biodiversity inventories have identified approximately 210 plant species belonging to 53plantfamiliesinthereserveandneighbouringwetlands.Amongstthese,are38speciesofGraminaeand15ofAcanthaceae. Thesespeciesaredistributedinsixbroadvegetationtypes(Mwangi,1992).Theseare;riverineforests,woodedbushland,bushedthicket,bushland,bushedgrasslandandswamps.Thesearefurtherdescribedinto tenvegetation communities on thebasis of dominance.Dominant grasses include;Dominant grasses include;Sporobolus ioclados, Dactyolectenium aegyptium, Chlonis virgata and Digitaria velutina.Shrubsinclude;Grewia tenax, G. bicolor, Acalypha fruticosa and Acacia mellifora.The most dominant tree species isThemostdominanttreespeciesisAcacia tortilis.OthercommunitytypesincludemixturesofBalanites aegyptica, Combretum spp., Ficus spp., andTerminalia sppEvergreenandsemideciduousbushlandcoverlargeareasalongstreamvalleyandotherinhospitableareas.

Thedistributionofthevegetationtypesstronglycorrelatestocombinationsoftopography,soiltypes,elevation,drainagesystemsandsoilmoisturecontent(Appendix1).

In the upper parts of the catchment, mountane forests are found around Subukia, Olrara Bel, Mchongoi andMarmanetareas.TheseareasarethecatchmentforRiverSandai/Waseges.Thereareotherriverineforestsalongriverscourses,seasonalwaterflowchannelsandfreshwatersprings.

OutsideLBNRandtheforestareasthevegetationcomprisesofgrasslands,bushlands,shrublands,scrublandsandwoodlands.Thesevegetationtypesareassociatedwithunconsolidatedsoils,rockoutcropsandriverineplainsinthearidpartsoftheplanarea.Thesearethecommunityareas,whicharecommunallygrazed.

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2.4.2FaunaWildlifeTheareaisrichinwildlifespeciescharacteristicbyahighdiversityatlowdensities.AnimalsfoundintheplanareaincludetheGreaterKuduandothersshowninAppendixII.Thereareseveralreptilesthatincludemonitorlizard,lizards,tortoise,crocodilesandvariousspeciesofsnakes.

Bird lifeOver373speciesofbirdshavebeenrecordedintheplanarea(Appendix3)includingover50migratoryspecies,makingitoneoftherichestbirdlifeareas(IBA)inKenya.ThezoogeographicallocationofthereservebetweentheEthiopianandtheMasaizoo-regionscontributestotheareashighspeciesdiversity

The lake holds huge congregations of lesser flamingo that feed on the high production of blue-green algaedominated by Spirulina platensis. The lake shore configuration and fresh water points provide favourableenvironmentfortheseassemblagesandattimesmorethan1.5millionflamingoscanbecounted.LakeBogoriasometimessupportsthehighestpopulationofgreaterflamingosintheriftvalleyalkalinelakes.

2.5 Environmental and socio-economic situation in the plan areaThe deteriorating environmental conditions in the plan area threaten sustainable livelihoods, environmentalintegrityand thecontinuationofnaturalecologicalprocesses.Negativeenvironmental impactsareemanatingfromdemographicchanges,inappropriatelandusetypesandtrends,poorgovernanceandpolicyfailureandhighpovertyprevalence.Highlivestockdensitiesofpoorstockqualityhaveacceleratedenvironmentaldegradationinthissemiaridarea.Thesefactorshaveputtheeverdiminishingnaturalresourcebaseunderpressurefromtheirmultiple interactions thataremanifested throughdeforestation,siltation,erosion,eutrophication,species loss,habitatdegradation,lossofpastureandincreaseinpoverty.Thesituationhasbeencompoundedbybreakdownofindigenousenvironmentalmanagementandresourceusesystems.TherecentclimaticvariabilityintheEastAfricanRegionhasaggravatedenvironmentalproblemsinthisecologicallyfragilesemiaridarea.Thesefactorsandprocesseshaveerodedthenatural resourcebase, jeopardizing thecontinuedsustainableconservationandutilizationoftheplanarea.

Theplanareahasundergonesevereenvironmentaldegradationfromtheinterplayofseveralfactorsandprocessesinanecologicallyfragileregion.ThisIMPaimsatreversingtheenvironmentaldegradationtoachievesustainableconservationandsecurelivelihoodsofthelocalpeople.Althoughtheyarecloselyinterlinked,environmentalissuescanbroadlycategorizedasthosethatpredominateoutsidethenationalreserveandultimatelyaffectthenationalreserveandissueswithin thereserve itself.ThestrategiesdevelopedformitigationandmanagementinterventioninthesetwoareasmusthavesynergyifthegoalsandobjectivesofthisIMParetobeachieved.

2.5.1IssuesinthecatchmentThereserveenvironsandLakeBogoriacatchmenthaveseveralseriousenvironmentalissuesthatcascadeintothe Reserve through socio-economic, hydrological and proximity linkages. Outside the reserve, some of theenvironmentalmanagementissuesrevolvearound:

Human – resource conflict. WaterqualityandquantityDeforestationandencroachment.Changes in ground cover affecting underground water recharge and sustenance of river flow regimes.Poorfarmingmethods.Landtenuresystem.Humandemographictrends.EnvironmentalliteracyHumansettlementpatterns

Theinterventionsadoptedfortheseissueswillbeco-ordinatedasanintegratedapproachbythevariousagenciessuch as the Local Authorities of Koibatek and Baringo County Councils, Government departments, NGO’s,CBO’s,communitiesandindividualswhoarealreadyactiveinpartsoftheplanareashouldadoptthisIMPasaframeworktoharmoniseenvironmentalmanagement.

2.5.2IssuesinLakeBogoriaNationalReserveThereservewasacommunitygrazingareabefore1970swhenitwasmadeawildlifeconservationarea.Livestockgrazinghas,however,continuedwithinthereserve,resultingincompetitionforpastures,diseasestransmissionandotherformsofhumanwildlifeconflict.Adverseenvironmentalimpactswithinthereservecanbecategorizedasthosearisingfromestablishmentofthereserveandthosefromhumanactivitieswithinit.

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Ecological issues emanating from park management practicesVegetationdynamicsleadingtospeciessuccessionandinvaderspeciesestablishmentintheabsenceofhabitatmanagement.Poorwildlifemanagementduetolackofcomprehensivedataonwildlifepopulationdynamicsandtrends.Negativeimpactsoflivestockgrazinginthereserve.Effects of catchment wide processes on water quality on wildlife, especially flamingo mortalities.

Human induced issues

Impactsofinfrastructuredevelopment.Environmentaldestructionbytouristactivities.Watersourceanddrainagealterationthroughcementpondconstructionaroundspringsandacrossstreams.Highconcentrationoftourisminfragilehabitats.Localizederosionfocialonglivestocktrails.

2.5.3HydrologicalissuesfromcatchmentwideprocessesThesearelargelydrivenbyprocesseswithinthelargercatchmentandinvolve:

Declining and highly variable inflows into the lake due to deforestation and abstraction of surface and groundwater.Siltationduetoextensiveerosionandpollutionbyagro-chemicals.

2.6 Lake Bogoria catchment linkagesLakeBogoriaislinkedtoitscatchmentthroughecological,hydrologicalandsocio-economicfunctionsasshowninFigure7.MostoftheselinkagesareintertwinedandhavecumulativeimpactsontheLakeandthereserve.Lossofvegetationcoverbyovergrazingleadstosoilerosion,siltationofsteamsandwetlands,andlanddegradation.Thiscreatesaviciouscyclethatleadstomoreenvironmentaldegradationandsetinmotionotherprocessesthatmagnifytheinitialimpacts.

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Figure 7 Linkages of ecological and socio-economic issues and processes in the plan area

Catchment processes

•Deforestation•Degradation and erosion•Human and livestock population increase•Land sue•Socioeconomic changes

Consequences

• Unsusta�nable l�vel�hoods• Loss of b�od�vers�ty• Poverty prevalence• Unsusta�nable env�ronmental conservat�on

Effects

• Hydrolog�cal d�srupt�ons• Decl�ne �n water qual�ty and quant�ty• Loss of pasture• Increased l�vestock numbers• Land degradat�on• Invader plant spec�es• Decl�ne �n natural resources• Encroachment �nto LBNR

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Natural resources and zonation in plan areaTheresilienceofnaturalecosystemsandtheirresourcestohumanimpactscanbeusedasguidelinestozonationdependingontheintensityofuse.Importantnaturalresourcesintheplanareaincludebiodiversity,landscapeaesthetics, geological formations and hydrological systems. The natural resources found in the plan area arean importantbase forsocio-economicdevelopmentand livelihoodsupport.Theoptimumharnessingof theseresources through zonation has high spin-off effects that can enhance economic opportunities and improvedconservation,andsustainablelivelihoodsforthelocalcommunity.

3.1 Criteria for resource categorizationNaturalresourceintheplanareacanbecategorisedonthebasis:

Geologicalformationandscenicfeatures,Biodiversity,culturalandecologicalattributes,Importanceofhabitatforsurvivalofthreatenedandendangeredspecies,Susceptibilityofhabitatssuchasbreeding,roostingandfeedingsitestohumanactivitiesimpactsStatusofpopulationsofthreatened,endangeredandrarespecies.

Thenaturalresourceintheplanareacanfurthergroupedbasedonuseintocategorieslistedbelow.

3.1.1Naturalresourcesfortourism

LakeBogoria,wetlands,geysersandhotspringsFloraMammalianwildlifespeciesBirdlifeArchaeologicalandcontemporaryhistoricsitesLandscape

3.1.2.Naturalresourcesofculturalandsocio-economicimportance

Vegetation,Sand,stonesandmurramPasturesFreshwatersourcesSaltlickandtrona(Magadisoda)Honey,wildfruitsandvegetables

3.2 Zonation of the plan area Theplanareacanbedividedintoseveralzonesdependingonecologicalattributes,typesofuse,conservationstatusandneeds.

3.2.1AquaticzonesThesecompriseofthe:

LakeBogoriaSwampsMarshesGeysersSpringsRivers

3.2.2.TerrestrialzonesTheterrestrialzonesintheplanarecategorizedaccordingtovegetationtypes,topography,conservationstatusandlandusesystem.

Protected areaThiscanbecategorizedintothefollowinghabitats;

GrasslandsScrublandRiverinewoodlandsWoodlands

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Community areaThiscanbecategorizedinto;

FarmlandlandsGrazingareasUrbancentresandhumansettlements

3.3 Justification for the recommended intensity of useThereservehasahighdiversityofhabitatssomeofwhichcanbeconsideredasecologicallyfragile,orcontainrarespeciesofplantsandanimals.Humanactivitiesinthesehabitatscanbedisastrousoraltertheirattributes.Theeffectsofsuchactivitiesonahabitatdependonresiliencetoperturbationsandtheintensityofthedisturbance.Disturbance below resilience thresholds has low impacts and such habitats normally return to their originalconditionafterashorttime,whereaslessresilientonestakealongtime.However,unstablesystemsmayneverreturntotheiroriginalconditiononcedestroyed.Itisimportant,therefore,todeterminethestabilityanddegreeofresilienceofthevarioushabitatspriortosubjectingthemtothevariouscategoriesofuseintensity.Otherhabitatscanbeexcludedfromuseduetospecialfunctionlikebeingbreeding,roostingorfeedingsites.Exclusionofusemaybetemporaryorpermanent.Specialfeedingareasrequirepermanentexclusion,whileseasonallywaterlogged(flooded)areasmaybeclosedduringthewetseasononly.Otherareasarefunctionallydesignedandmodifiedtoaccommodateveryheavyintensitiesofusesuchasreserveadministrativeheadquarters,picnicandcampssites.Secondarynaturalvegetationandagriculturallandcanbemanipulatedtoallowaheavyintensityofuse.

Outsidethereserve,topographyisanimportantfactorindeterminingwhetherornottoputcertainlandundercultivation.Beyondacertaindegreeofslope,landshouldnotbecultivatedduetothehighriskofacceleratederosion.InLBNRanditsenvironsecologicalattributes,sensitivityandongoingusehavebeenusedtodelineatezonesforlow,medium,highandveryhighintensityofuse.TheseareshowninTable2and3.ThedesignatedzonesareshowninFigure8

Table 2: Zonation in Lake Bogoria National Reserve and recommended intensity of use

Zone Habitat type Location Recommended intensity of use

1 a) Frag�le hab�tatsMarshes, spr�ngs, lake shores, open lake, river mouths, breeding sites, hot spring fields

Loburu, R. Sanda� mouth, Emsos, F�g tree, Lake shore, Lobo� swamp, HQ Marshes, Mawe Moto, Steep scarps

No

b) Hab�tats for rare spec�es (breed�ng terrestr�al s�tes)

HQ marshes, shorel�ne, r�ver�ne hab�tats, Habitats known to be specific sites utilized by these spec�es

No

2 Cl�max Forest Vegetat�on F�g tree woodland and other r�ver�ne vegetat�on zones in the reserve

Low

� Reserve adm�n�strat�on and v�s�tor fac�l�t�es Offices, staff quarters, all camp/picnic sites, Hot spr�ngs

H�gh

Table 3: Zonation of habitat types and recommended use intensity outside the reserve

Zone Habitat type Location Recommended intensity of use

1 Frag�le hab�tats H�ghland forests, steep slopes, h�lls, r�ver sources, r�ver valleys, wetlands

Low

2 Settlements, cult�vated and rangelands lands Small & large scale farms H�gh and very h�gh

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Management goal, objectives and intervention strategies

4.1 Goal, Objectives and Strategies4.1.1GoalThegoalofthisIMPistoconserveLBNRforsustainabledevelopmentinaccordancewithNationalpolicies,CBD(Rioconvention),CMS(Bonnconvention),Ramsarprincipalsandriverbasinmanagementconcepts.

4.1.2ObjectivesToachievetheoverallgoaloftheIMP,asetofshortandlong-termobjectiveshasbeenidentified.Theattainmentoftheshorttermwillfacilitateandcreateanenablingenvironmentforachievingthelong-termobjectives.

Short-termobjectivesConserveandmanagetheenvironmentalservicesandvaluesofLakeBogoriacatchmentforsustainabledevelopment.Provide a basis for diversification of tourism, benefit sharing and poverty alleviation by instituting sustainablelandusepractices,environmentalconservationandnaturalresourcemanagement.SecuresupportofnationalandinternationalinstitutionsintheconservationanddevelopmentofLakeBogoriacatchment.Promoteintegration,collaborationandstakeholders’participationinenvironmentalconservation.

Long-termobjectives:Promotecommunitysocio-economicdevelopment.Minimizethreatsandconstraintsthathindersustainableconservationanddevelopmentintheplanarea.Promoteenvironmentaleducationandawarenessforeffectivestakeholders’participation.Strengthen management oriented scientific research and monitoring in Lake Bogoria National Reserve and itscatchment.Minimize human – resource conflicts, threats and enhance compatible land-use practices.

4.1.3StrategiesToachievetheaboveobjectives,theIMPproposestheimplementationofthefollowingstrategies:-

Undertakecompilationandanalysisofdataonkeybiodiversityresources,habitatsandtheecologyofkeyspeciesintheplanarea.Strengthenparkmanagementandadministrationthroughcapacitybuilding.Instituteandsupportenvironmentallyfriendlylandusepracticesandcommunitywildlifeconservationundertakings.Inliaisonwiththelocalcommunity,NGO’sandinternationalbodiestoenhanceenvironmentalconservationandmanagementthroughstrengtheningmulti-disciplinaryparticipationinconservation.Providereliableinformationanddataforconservationandmanagementpurposes.Diversifytourismactivitiesandattractionareas.Incollaborationwithlocalcommunity,Governmentdepartments,CBOsandNGOsinvestinsustainableenvironmentallyfriendlypovertyalleviationprogrammes.Maintainsecurityforwildlifeandvisitorsinthereserve.

Theachievementofthelong-termmanagementobjectivesforLakeBogoriaandcatchmentdependsonanumberofinteractingfactorslinkedtohumanactivities.

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Figure 8: Recommended zones for different activities within LBNR. The exact location of Lake Bogoria within its catchment is illustrated at the top right-hand corner. (Note: Catchment land use zonation is subject to stakeholder consensus and recommendations)

SWSW

GR

PR

PR

WLDLakeBogoria

Emsos Gate Outpost

Nyalilpuch Outpost

WLD

SN

Lookout Post

Airstrip

Loboi Outpost Gate

Maji Moto Outlook Post

KEY:SN Sanctuary

SW Swamp

GR Grazing area

WLD Wilderness

PR Natural preservation area

Roads and tracks

Greater Kudu migration corridor

Camp site

View point

Salt lick

Dam

Ritual site

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Management prescriptions and programmes

5.1 IntroductionThemanagementprescriptionsandinterventionprogrammespresentedinthisIMPrequiretheparticipationofvariousstakeholdersinordertoattaintheoverallgoalofsustainableconservationandmanagementofnaturalresources.Thiswillcatalysesocio-economicdevelopmentinthearea.Themanagementplanaimsformeaningfulandeffectiveinvolvementofkeystakeholders,especiallythelocalcommunityintheexecutionofdevelopmentandmanagementprogrammesintheplanarea.

5.2 Land coverThelandcoverhasbeenextensivelymodifiedthroughvariouslandusesystemstomeethumanneeds,precipitatingsevereadverseenvironmentalimpacts,withfarreachingecologicalandsocio-economicramifications.

5.2.1ForestsTherehasbeenextensivedeforestationintheuplandforestswithconsequencesondownstreamecosystemsandwateravailability.Themaindriversforforestcoverlossare:-

ExcisionsinOrabelandMarmamentforests.Logginginbahati,Muchongoi.WidespreadcharcoalburningwithinthecatchmentespeciallyNyalilpuch,OlkokweandMugurin.CultivationinriparianareasinSubukia,IgwamitiandLoboi.Encroachmentintogazettedforests,riverineforestsandotherfragilemicrohabitats.

Theimpactsofforestcoverlossare:IncreasedseasonalityofWasegesRiverLossofswampsandwetlandsthatdependonuppercatchmentrechargeSiltationdownstreamatSandaiandLoboiLossofbiodiversityFloodinganddisplacementofsettlementsinthelowlandsIncreasedstreamvelocityleadingtogullyformationanddrainageofKesuboswamps

5.1.2CommunalgrazingareasLivestockdensitiesincreasedbeyondthelandscarryingcapacityleadingtoovergrazingandchangeingrazingpatterns.Thecumulativeeffectofovergrazing,localisedandsustainedpressureonforageinthelowercatchmentandtheenvironsofthereserve.Theseandthechanginglifestylestendingtowardsincreasedsedentarizationhasledto:

SoilerosionwithsheetandgullyformationLossofsoilfertilitySparsevegetationcoverwithtopsoilexposureReducedforageavailabilityIncreaseininvaderplantspeciesIntensification of dust stormsFlash floodingIncreasedpovertyprevalenceIncreasedpressureonfragilemicrohabitatsEncroachmentintoswampsPrevalenceofanimaldiseasesHuman – wildlife conflict

Overalltheconsequencesofhumaninducedchangesinlandcoverintheplanareaare:IntensivesoilerosionatMugurin,KisananaleadingtosiltationofRiverLoboi.LossofbiodiversityoutsideandwithinthereserveExtensivelanddegradationintheentireplanarea.DeteriorationandlossofwatercatchmentvalueinMuchongoiandBahatiforests.Loss of ecological value due to loss of water, disruption of nutrients recycling, seasonal flooding and loss of other water bodies as manifested by unusual flooding during the long rains.Lossofculturalandaestheticvalues.

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5.2.3Landcoverconservationchallenges:Thefollowingarethechallengesintheconservationoflandcovertypesintheplanarea:

Maintenanceofviablelandcovertypes,whilepressureforlandandoverstockingcontinues.Protectionandrehabilitationofdegradedareas,whichwillsoonafterbeconsideredasdesirablegrazingareas.Lack of skilled personnel and financial resources to rehabilitate degraded areas.Diversification of livelihood options in a socioeconomic environment characterized by high poverty levels.

5.2.4InterventiontoconservetheplanarealandcovertypesThefollowinginterventionswillbeundertakentoconservethelandcover:

Educatecommunityonbetterlandhusbandry,soilandwaterconservation.Trainandmobilizecommunitiesthroughextensionprogramstomanagelandcover.Rehabilitateandprotectdegradedareas.Improvelivestockqualityandcreatelinkstolivestockmarketstomanagestockingrates.Exploreandpromotealternativesourcesoflivelihood(gamefarming).Demarcateandacquiretitledeedsfortheforestland.EnhancecapacitywithinGovernmentdepartmenttodealwithlandcoverloss.Supportimplementationofpolices,lawsandindigenousmanagementsystems.

5.3 Livestock and agriculture Demographicchangeshasledtochangesinlifestyleinfluencinglandusepatterns,whereagriculturalactivitiesandpastoralismarepractisedinfragilehabitats.Thishasbeenaggravatedbytheshifttoindividuallandholding,reducedcommunalgrazingandchangesinsettlementpatterns.

5.3.1Issuesonlivestock,agricultureandsettlementLossofpasture,Prolongedgrazinginthereserve.LossofdryseasonpastureinswampsandwetlandsLocalizedextinctionofpasturespeciesthroughseedbankdepletionLocalizeddegradationthroughgullyformationandexposureofbedrock,Siltationofwaterchannelsandswamps,Pronouncedstreamseasonality,Pollutionofwaterbodiesbyagrochemicals,domesticwaste,Farmingonsteepslopesleadingtosoilerosion.Drainageofwetlands.Waterabstraction

Theinterplayofthesefactorshassetinmotionaviciouscycleleadingtoescalatingpovertylevelsandunsustainablelivelihoods.Challengesinaddressingissuesrevolvingaroundagricultureandlivestockare:

A cultural system that glorifies high livestock numbers rather than quality.Institutionalizingappropriatelandhusbandrypracticesinapopulacewherelandtillingisarecentlyacquiredpractice.Instillingasenseofindividualownershipoflandwhereownershipwaspreviouslycommunal.

5.3.2MitigatingmeasuresThe following measures will be undertaken to mitigate the impacts of livestock, agriculture and humansettlement.

Agriculture:Undertakeeducationandawareness,sensitisationandappropriateactiononriverbank,steepslopefarming.Advocateintegratedpestmanagementandwiseuseofagro-chemicals.Introducedripirrigationandregulatecommunityirrigationschemes.Conduct a cost-benefit Analysis of crops grown in the area.Initiatebestagriculturalpracticesandonfarmforestry.

Overgrazing:Educatecommunityonappropriatestockingrates.Initiateincentivesforappropriatestockingrates.Undertakereseedingprogramme.

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Regulatedryseasongrazingandcontrolgrazinginsteepslopes.Improvelivestockbreedsandestablishcommunitybasedgrazingcommittees.Discouragegrazinginthereserve.

Thefollowingincentivesarenecessarytoattaintheaboveobjectives:Assistinthemarketingoffarmproduce.Assistinon-farmandpostharvestmanagementandpestcontrol.Diversifyincome-generatingprojectssuchasbeekeeping,Aloe-veracultivationandsmallstockrearing.

5.4 Water resourcesTheplanareaislargelywaterdeficitandthesituationhasbeenaggravatedbyhumanactivitiesthathavedisruptedthehydrologicalregimes,andaffectedwaterqualityandquantity.Cultivationalongriverbanksandclearingofforestsintheupperpartsofthecatchmenthasaffectedwaterpercolation,springsandriverflowregimes.ThereisaseverewatershortageespeciallyinthedrymonthsbetweenDecemberandMarch.

5.4.1IssuesandchallengesWateravailabilityintheplanareaisconstrainedby:

Dwindlingwaterresources.DeforestationinMarmanet,OlaraBel,MuchongoiandWestMauForests.Decliningwaterquality.Conflicts on water rights and use.

5.4.2.MitigationstrategiesThefollowingstrategieswillbeemployedtomanagewaterresourcesintheplanarea:

ImplementthewaterAct,throughformationofawaterapportionmentboardandwaterusersassociationtoresolve conflicts.Undertakeriverinevegetationrehabilitationandriverbankprotection.EncouragealternativewaterharvestingtechnologiesAdopt water efficient irrigation technologies

5.4.3ChallengeRegulatingwaterresourcesutilizationinanareawherealargeproportionofthepopulationdoesnothaveaccesstosafedrinkingwater.

5.5 Land tenure and land use dynamicsLandtenureandlandusesystemsin theplanareahaveundergoneextensivechanges inhistoricalandrecenttimes.Thelandhaschangedfromnomadicpastoralism,tocommunalsedentarygrazingandcurrentlyindividualholding.

Thishasledto:Catchmentdestructionresultingindryingupofriversandencroachmentofriparianareas.Deforestation.Subdivisionoflandleadingtounsustainablelivelihood.

5.5.1.ChallengesInaddressingissueonlandownershipthefollowingchallengesneedtobemet:

Culturalchangetocopewithemergingissuesrelatingtoland.Goodwillinimplementationofrelevantlegislationthatsafeguardtheenvironmentsuchasriverbank,wetlandandspringprotection.

5.5.2StrategiesThefollowingstrategieswillbeemployedtomanageimpactsemanatingfromlandownershipandmanagementproblems:

StreamlinevariousActsandpoliciesrelatingtolanduseandownership.Intensifyeducationandawarenesscampaignsamongthevariousstakeholdersonappropriatelandusesandpractices

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5.6 Human–wildlife conflictIn the plan area, the human –wildlife conflict has increased due to grazing in the reserve, settlement in wildlife dispersal areas and destruction of crops and property by wildlife. The conflicts have intensified with time due to poormanagementofnaturalresourcesoutsideprotectedareaanditisstronglycorrelatedwithincreasedpoverty.Thisisintheformof:

LivestockpredationSubsistencepoachingCropdestruction

5.6.1InterventionMinimisehuman-wildlifeinteractionsandattendtoPACMinimise human activities in the official gazetted and protected areasDiversify and increase benefits to community accrued from tourism and conservation Establishlandusepracticescompatiblewithwildlifeorbiodiversityconservation

5.6.2StrategiesThe following strategies will be applied to address human wildlife conflict.

Community Education and awareness on conflict coping methods, and sensitisation on range management techniques,DevelopCompensationfordeath,injuryorlossofpropertyduetowildlifeinformofincentiveslikecommunitieslivingadjacenttotheprotectedareabeprovidedwithaccesstowaterresourceswithinthereserve and other conservation benefits,Undertakingenvironmentaleducationandawarenessprogrammethattargetsfarmers,schoolchildrenandteachers,adultlearnersandtheruralurbancommunity

Inadditiontotheenvironmentaleducationandawarenessprogrammetargetingthelocalcommunity,thereservemanagementwillundertakethefollowingactivities:

Developandimplementenvironmentaleducationprogrammedirectlylinkedtoissuesinthereserve.In collaboration with WWF, complete development of the resource and information centres within thereserve.PublishaguidebookontheNationalReserve.

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Lake Bogoria National Reserve infrastructure inventory and managementThissectiondealsspecificallywithLBNRissuesandtheneedtofocusthereservemanagementtorealiseitsconservationandmanagementobjectives.Infrastructureinventoryinthereservehasbeendoneandprescriptionofmanagementmeasurenecessaryforitsmanagementdocumented.

6.1 Infrastructure and facilities inventory6.1.1AdministrationandstaffaccommodationTheReserveHeadOfficeislocatedatLoboiandconsistsofanofficeblock,staffhouseswith2seniorstaffunitsand8juniorstaffunits.AtMajiMotooutpost,thereare2staffhousingunits,whereasatEmsosthereare4semipermanentsinglehousingunits.Inadditiontotheseisasinglegeneral-purposehouseatNyalilpuchviewpoint.Officespaceandstaffhousinginplaceisinadequate.

Anewgatewasconstructedaspartof the reserveboundary realignment,which iscurrentlydisused.All thereserveentrygatesareradioconnected.

6.1.2LakeBogoriaDrylandEnvironmentalEducationCentre.ThisEducationCentreequippedandsuppliedwitheducationmaterialsandakitchenunit,islocatednexttoLoboiGate.Itisusedinpromotingsustainableuseofnaturalresourcesthroughawarenesscreationamongthelocalcommunity,schoolsandvisitorstotheReserve.Itoffersthefollowingservices:

LecturesonLakeBogoriaecosystemtovisitors,schoolsandothergroups.Videoandslideshows.EnvironmentallessonsandTrainingonenvironmentalthemessuchasconservationofwildlife,wetlands,soilandwaterconservation,LakeBogoriaecosystem,agroforestry,amongothers.

6.1.3CurioshopsThere are several curio shops along the main road leading to the reserve, offering locally made handcrafts,papyrusmatsandotherartefacts.TheseincludeChelabaWomenGroupcurioshoplocatedoppositeLakeBogoriaHotel,

6.1.4CulturalCentersThereare twoculturalcenters,depictingTugenandEndoroiscommunitycultures.TheTugenculturalcenterdisplaystraditionalhomesteadsbuiltinTugenarchitecturaldesign,oldstoolsusedbyelders,andaviewpointandisabout15KmfromtheReservealongMarigat–Loboiroad.TheviewpointoffersapanoramicviewoftheareaincludingtheKiborgochSwamp.Traditionaldancesanddishesareviableatthecentreonrequest.TheEndoroisCommunityCulturalCentre is locatednear theReserveheadofficeandsimilarlyhas traditionalartifactsandresidenttraditionaldancers’troupes.

6.2 Accommodation Twocategoriesofaccommodationareavailable,inthereserveandoutsidethereserve.

6.2.1AccommodationinthereserveTherearethreecampsitesinsidetheReserve:

Acaciacampsite-about6KmbeyondtheHotSprings;RiversidecampsiteandFigtreecampsiteandTheLakeBogoriaDrylandEnvironmentalEducationCentrecampsite

6.2.2AccommodationoutsidethereserveHotelsLakeBogoriaHotel:Thisisa3starhotelwithprivatecottagesandseminarfacilities.Thehotelhasanaturalhealthspaandanormalcold-waterswimmingpool.

PapyrusInnandZakayo’sHotel:ThesearelowbudgetoutfitslocatedneartheReserveheadquartersandofferaccommodationandmeals.

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CampsitesTherearethreecampsoutsidetheReserve;

LoboiRivercampandpicnicsitenexttoLoboiRiverBridge,NETBONcampingsitenearMajiMotogateand,Emsoscommunitycamp.

6.3 National Reserve managementProcessesand impactsarising fromwithin the reserve, its immediateenvironsand thewidercatchmenthavenegatively affected the reserve, minimizing its significance as a wetland of international importance and astopoverformigratorybirds.The impactswithin thereservearedue to thereserve themanagementregimes,livestockgrazingandtourismactivities.

6.3.1InvasiveplantspeciesLackofmanagementinterventionsinthereservehasleadtoproliferationofinvasivespecies.Invasivespeciesmanagementrequireshabitatmanagementlikemechanicalremoval.Invasivespeciesareaseriousthreatinthereserve,especiallyaroundthemaingate,Wasegesriverinlet,SouthofLoburuhotspringsandMaweMoto.

Theimpactsofinvaderplantspeciesare:ReductionofforageforanimalsChangesinhabitatstructure,qualityandutilizationbyanimalsReductioninoverallbiodiversityPooranimalconditionduetotoxinsanddiseasesInfluence on animal species composition, distribution, home range sizes, recruitment and survival

6.3.2.SustainableconservationandmanagementrequirementsThenationalreservehasawidediversityofwildherbivoresindirectcompetitionwithlivestockgrazedinthereserve. This has resulted into confinement of wild herbivores to certain areas. The localization of these herbivores hasresultedinovergrazing,invaderspeciesincreaseandhighincidencesoflivestock-gamediseasetransmission.Forsustainablemanagementofthewildherbivoresthemanagementwill:

Identifykeyhabitatsfor:GrazersBrowsersMixedfeeders

IdentifythereservespeciesequilibriumManage habitats for specific wildlife species while retaining key biodiversity features of the reserve.Establishecosystemmanagementmonitoringprogrammes.

6.3.3ManagementactionsRehabilitatethegrasslandsatSandaiRivermoutharea,areasouthofLoburuspringsandMaweMotoarea.Stoplivestockgrazinginthereserve.RemoveandcontrolspreadofinvaderspeciesthroughmechanicalremovalorburningbetweenreserveheadquartersandNorthernshoreline.Determinereserveproductivity

6.3.4TourismThelong-termtourismobjectiveintheplanareaistodiversifytourismtoincreasetherevenuebaseandenhancetourismproductswhileminimizingenvironmentalimpactsoftourismthroughdiversificationofactivities.

Tourism management issuesVisitorstoLBNRconcentratearoundthehotspringsandfigtreeareas.Thiscreatesdisproportionatepressurearoundthesefragilesites.Therangeofvisitoractivitiesislowduetolackdiversificationandpoormarketingofotherpossibleactivitieswithinthereserve.LinkingthereservetoLakeBaringoandotherpotentialareasaroundMarigatandthecatchmentcanrelievethepressure.

Thequalityof serviceandproductofferedby the reserveand thehotels areadequate;but there is aneed topromoteother tourismattractions in theplanarea.Thecurrentvisitoraccommodationfacilitiesareadequate,howeverthecampsitesshouldberelocatedandrehabilitated.

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Tourism zoningWithinthereserve,someofthemostimportanttouristattractionsarelocatedinsensitivehabitatssusceptibletodegradationbyuncontrolledtouristactivities.Sensitiveareasincludethehotsprings,rivermouthsandsectionsofthelakeshoreline.Thereservewillzonedtoreducepressureonsensitivehabitatsasearlierdescribed.

Diversification of tourist activities Toencourageextendedstayandrepeatvisits,thefollowingactionswillbeundertaken:

Undertakeaninventoryofotherpotentialsitesfortourismandmarketthem.Developandmarkettheculturalsiteswithinthecatchment.Improvecurioshopsandtheirproductrange.Introducehikingandsafariwalksinthereserve.Relocateandrehabilitatethecampsiteattheeducationcentre.

6.3.5ResearchandmonitoringTheecologyoftheplanareasiseasilyimpactedbyextraneousfactorsespeciallythoseofanthropogenicorigin.Understandingtheecologicallinkagesintheplanareaisvitalinmakinginformedandjudiciousmanagementdecisions.Managementorientedresearchprogrammesshouldbe initiated toprovidegreaterunderstandingofresource interactions and to help managers respond appropriately to changes that may occur. Collaborativeresearchwithinthecatchmentwillbeencouragedtofacilitateinteractionsamongmanagers,researchersandthecommunity.Thefollowingprogrammeswillbeundertaken.

Ecological/environmental monitoring Thiswill includeenvironmentalattributes,ecologicalandsocioeconomic trends togeneratedata foranearlywarning system; and provide information to guide managers. Socioeconomic indicators to be monitoredinclude:

Catchmentlanduse,Projecteddevelopmentactivities,Livestockstockingrates,ExpansionofareasunderagricultureandLandcovertrends.

Theecologicalmonitoringprogrammeswillinclude:

PhysicalparametersMeteorology:Meteorologicalvariablescurrentlybeingmonitoredare rainfall, temperature, relativehumidity,evaporationandwindspeed.Morecommunitymanagedrainfallstationsshouldbeestablishedinthecatchment.

Lakelevelandriverflow:Thelakeandriverstaffgaugeswillberegularlyreadtocollectdata.

WaterqualitymonitoringAcollaborativeeffortwillbeputinplacetomaintaintheongoingwaterqualitymonitoringanddevelopawaterqualitydatabase.

Ecologicalmonitoring

AnimalcensusQuarterlyanimalcountswillbeundertakenonaregularbasistogenerateinformationonpopulationdynamicsandtrendsformanagementpurposes.Thiswillprovideinformationonhabitatutilizationpatterns,distributionandaidinsecuritypatrolsandmanagementofhuman-wildlifeconflict.

Waterfowlcounts.Thecurrentbiannualwaterfowlcountswillcontinueandinadditionemphasiswillbewet/drytransitionperiods.

HabitatmonitoringVegetationmonitoringtransectsandenclosuresare tobeestablishedandmonitored.Avegetation-monitoringprogrammewillbedevelopedinyearoneandcarriedduringdryandwetperiods.

FlamingoMortalitiesEpisodesoflesserflamingomortalitieshavebecomefrequentintheRiftValleyalkalinelakesandhavebeenattributedtoseveralfactors.Thelesserflamingohealthstatuswillbemonitoredandusedasabio-indicatoroftheecosystemhealth.Thismonitoringwillalsoincludephytoplanktondensities,waterqualityandquantity,physical,chemicalandbiologicalparameters.

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AmonitoringprogrammewillbedevelopedtocovertheRiftValleylakesinKenyaandLakeNatron.Thefactors,tobemonitoredare:

WaterqualityandquantityPhytoplanktondynamicsAlgaltoxins:microcystin-LRandanatoxin-AHeavymetalsandpesticidesconcentrationsinwater,sediments,algaeandwaterfowl.FlamingomovementsFlamingohealthandinfectiousdiseases

6.4 Reserve infrastructure maintenance and management6.4.1Buildings

Thereservebuildingswillbemaintainedandrehabilitatedtosuithumanhabitationstandards.EducationCentreAccommodationfacilitiesdormitories,ablutionblocks,kitchenanddinninghallwillbeconstructedtocaterforgroupsfromfar.

6.4.2RoadsTheexistingpermanentroadnetworkwillberegularlymaintainedduringtheplanperiod.TheCountyCouncilsofBaringoandKoibatekwillensurethisroadisprioritisedandincludedinthedevelopmentplansfortheDistricts.

6.4.3AirstripThecurrentnon-registeredairstripwillbegazettedandmaintained.

6.4.4CampsitesandPicnicsitesThesewillbemaintainedthroughouttheplanperiod.

6.4.5WatersupplyToaugmentwatersupplytostaffhouses,theclinicandtheneighbouringschools,thecollapsedpipelinetoLakeBogoriaHotelwillberehabilitatedandwaterKiosksprovidedforthelocalcommunity.Likewisethefreshwatersourceateachcampsitewillberehabilitated.

6.4.6VehiclesThereservehasnoreliabletransport,especiallyforfieldoperationsandgeneraltransport.Thecurrentreservefleetwillbemaintainedandadditionalvehiclespurchasedtoaddressthecurrenttransportshortage.

6.4.7CommunicationTheparkhasadequatetelephone,e-mailandradiocommunicationfacilities.

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Implementation strategy, institutional framework and stakeholder involvement

7.1 IntroductionThis chapter identifies key stakeholders anddescribes the framework for their involvement in the IntegratedManagement Plan (IMP) implementation and provides for linkages, legal framework and responsibilities ofthestakeholders.Thiswillbe inconformity toEnvironmentalCoordinationandManagementAct2000.ThisActprovidesa strategy for stakeholdercollaboration inenvironmentalmanagement throughestablishmentofenvironmentfocusedmanagementcommittee.Collaborativeparticipationprovidesforownership,commitment,resourcemobilizationandcollaborationwithdevelopmentpartnersandotherconservationagencies.

7.2 Implementation strategyTheimplementationstrategyofthishasthefollowingelements:-

InvolvementandcollaborationofstakeholdersintheimplementationoftheIMPanddevelopmentofproposalstoimplementtheIMP.ActiveconsultationandcollaborationamongststakeholdersAdaptivemanagementapproachintheIMPimplementationManagement programmes based on sound scientific findings.

The IMP implementation strategy is based on the ecosystem/catchment approach, collaboration and policymaking.

7.2.1Ecosystem/catchmentapproachThe currentLBNR management system is adhoc, sectoral and fails to consider the reserve as an integratedsystemwithseveralinterdependentcomponents.TheIMPimplementationwillbeguidedbytheecosystembasedapproach toenvironmentalmanagement,whichcalls for theplanarea tobemanagedasoneecologicalunit.Thereisneedtorecognizetheinter-linkagesbetweenthereserveanditsenvironsasenvironmentalissuesareinterlinkedandoftencrosscutting;andadoptacollaborativeapproachtoensureharmonizationandintegrationofconservationanddevelopmenteffortstorealizetheobjectivesofthisIMP.

7.2.2CollaborationImplementing this IMPwill involveestablishingcollaborationand linkagesamongst thevariousstakeholderstoensureconsensus in implementationandformulationofappropriatemitigationmeasures.This isnecessaryasthevariousissuesandchallengestheplanareaareintricate,crosscuttingandmultifacetedaffectingvariousstakeholdersandecosystemcomponentsindifferentways.Integratedapproachtonaturalresourcemanagementisonlysuccessfulifthereis:

Inter-agencylinkagestomanagement,Coordinatedinterdisciplinaryteamstoaddresschallenges,Inter-sectoralteamstoaddressimplementationstrategies,andStakeholderparticipationandsupporttoensuresuccess.

7.2.3PolicymakingStakeholders’ participation in the implementation of environmental decisions will help achieve communityempowermentandenhancepublictrust.Toaccomplishthiscoreobjective,thisIMPencouragesallstakeholderstoaccepteachotheraspartnersindecision-makingandpolicymakingprocess.Subscriptiontothisperspectiveinshapingandreachingdecisionswillgreatlybeguidedbyinstitutionalisingtheconsensus-buildingprocess.

7.3 Factors guiding development of institutional framework for the IMPDevelopinginstitutionalframeworktoimplementthisIMPwillbeguidedbythefollowingprinciples:

The conservation and sustainable use of natural resources in the plan area is influenced by social, cultural, economicandpoliticalfactorsthatmustbeconsideredexhaustively.Taking cognizance of existing linkages, policies and institutional frameworks that are influencing the conservationandmanagementoftheplanarea.Theneedtostrikeanoptimalbalancebetweenenvironmentalconservationandhumanlivelihoods.The need for multi-disciplinary and inter-sectoral teams to address conservation and socioeconomicdevelopmentissuesintheplanarea.

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7.4 Possible roles and responsibilities of the major stakeholders in the successful implementation of this IMP

7.4.1BaringoandKoibatekcountycouncilsThe twocountycouncilshaveauthority tomanage the reserveasprovided for in theWildlifeAct.Theyareresponsible forconservationofbiodiversityandnatural resourcesespeciallywithin theNationalReserveandhaveto:

EnsureecologicalintegrityofthereservethroughproperplanningandmanagementCoordinateandplayakeyroleinsupportingtheIMPimplementationSupportinitiativesoftheotherstakeholdersintheplanareaDevelop a way of incorporating research findings into management of the reserveEstablish strong network and take initiative in establishing collaboration with other stakeholders andgovernmentdepartmentsespeciallytowritejointproposalsforthesuccessfulimplementationofthisIMPPromoteresponsibletourismasanincome-generatingprojectintheplanarea.Promote scientific driven decisions.Havecontroloverdevelopmentsintheurbancentreswithinthecatchment.Developandputinplacedisasterresponsemechanisms

7.4.2ForestDepartmentTheforestdepartmentisresponsibleforconservationanddevelopmentofforestresourcesasstipulatedintheforestAct.InrespecttothisIMP,theforestdepartmentwillberesponsiblefor:

GuidingrehabilitationandconservationofcatchmentforestareasInitiatingandpromotingonfarmforestryControlling forest excision, fires and encroachment Interpretationoftheforestmasterplananditsimplement.EnforcingandpolicingconservationofthegazettedforestsasstipulatedintheforestAct.SecuringtitledeedsofforestlandsandownershipdocumentsUndertakingforestrelatededucation,awarenessandextensionservicesDevelopingintegratedforestmanagementplans.Providingaleadinforestresearch,monitoringandconservation.Developandputinplacedisasterresponsemechanisms.

7.4.3.MinistryofWaterandIrrigationThiswillberesponsibleforconservationofwaterresourcesasstipulatedintheAct,andwillensuretheWRMAisactiveto:

Ensureprotectionofriverbanks.Undertakeeducationandawarenessonwaterconservation.Monitorandenforcewaterqualitystandards.Apportionwaterresourcesthroughpermitsandlicenses.Gazettewatercatchmentareaswithinthebasin.EstablishandgazetteWaterUserAssociations.Interpretthewatermasterplantoallstakeholderswithinthecatchment.Maintainhydrologicaldataandactascustodiansofinformationanddatabaserelatedtowaterconservation.

7.3.4DistrictEnvironmentalCommitteeThiscommitteeisresponsibleforpropermanagementofenvironmentinthedistrictasstipulatedinEMCA.Theresponsibilitiesofthiscommitteewillbeto:

EnsureandsupporttheIMPimplementation.EnsuregazettementoftheplanimplementationcommitteeandprovideitslinktoNEMA.MobilizeresourcestoimplementtheIMPProvidelinkagesbetweengovernmentsectorsandotherstakeholdersActasanexecutiveorgantoensurealldevelopmentprojectsareenvironmentalfriendly

7.4.5DistrictDevelopmentCommitteeEnsureenvironmentalstandardsareadheredtoindevelopmentproject.Addresspovertyreductionissues.Coordinatedevelopmentprogrammesintheregion.

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7.4.6LocalprovincialadministrationEnforceenvironmentalregulationsontheground.ProvideanenablingenvironmentforIMPimplementation.

7.4.7NationalMuseumofKenyaDevelop,maintainculturalheritageandmonumentswithinthecatchmentareaCoordinate research and monitoring of flora and fauna especially that of water bird, invertebrates and plants.

7.4.8Non-governmentalorganizations.SupportintheimplementationofconservationanddevelopmentactivitiesCollaboratewiththecommitteesinoperationalisingtheplanEncourageformationofCommunityBasedOrganizationsMobilizeresourcestosupportimplementationoftheplan

7.4.9Community-basedorganizationsProvidenetworksandlinkagesbetweentheimplementationcommitteeandthegrassrootsMobilizecommunitysupportandparticipationMobilizeResourcesandundertakeeducationandawarenessParticipatorydevelopmentandimplementationofActionplans

7.4.10AgricultureDepartmentCoordinateagro-basedactivitiestocontrolsoilerosion,pollutionandsiltation.Provide relevant officers to be co-opted within the committeeIntegrate research findings into applied agriculturePromotegoodfarmingpractices

7.4.11InstitutionsofhigherlearningCollaboratewithotherstakeholderstodevelopproposalsforfundingUndertakeresearchactivitiesincollaborationwithstakeholders.IdentifyplantspeciesthatarepotentiallyharmfultotheenvironmentAssistinmonitoringoftrendsinthecatchment.Providetechnicalsupporttothecommittee.Undertake Training as resource persons and enhance capacity building for specific stakeholders.

7.4.12KenyaWildlifeServiceKenyaWildlifeServicewillprovidetechnicaladviceinaccordancetothewildlifeAct,throughtheLakeBogoriaJointManagementCommitteeofthismanagementplan.

7.5 The Plan implementation structureToimplementthisplanitisproposedthatanimplementationcommitteebeconstituted.ThiscommitteewillbecalledIMPImplementationCommitteeandwillbetheexecutivebodymandatedwiththeimplementationoftheManagementPlanasshowninFigure9.

7.5.1IMPSteeringcommitteeCommitteewillbecomposedofthefollowingstakeholders:

SeniorWardenLakeBogoriaNationalReserveTechnicalexpertfromKWS–DistrictWardenWWFEARPOrepresentativeClerkBaringoCountyCouncilClerkKoibatekCountyCouncilTreasurerBaringoCountyCouncilTreasurerKoibatekCountyCouncilProvincial officer - NEMATwoexpertsfrominstitutionsofhigherlearningwithknowledgeoftheplanarea(when need arise)

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7.5.2TermsofReferenceoftheSteeringcommitteeAs a starting point, the following is proposed as TOR that can be refined by the Committee.

Develop a framework defining its operationsInterpretthemanagementplanforpurposesofimplementationCo-ordinatetheimplementationofthemanagementplan.Co-ordinationofresearchMobilizeresourcesfortheplanimplementationEvaluatetheprogressofactivitieswithintheplanareas.Incollaborationwithotherstakeholders,developacodeofconduct,regulationguidelinesorby-lawsoftheforum.Identifyconstraintsintheprocessesofplanimplementation.Produceannualworkplansbasedonthemanagementplan.Recommendreviewofthemanagementplan.

7.6 Operationalization of the CommitteeStakeholderswillbemobilizedandholdmeetingtoconstitutetheplanimplementationcommittee.ThecommitteewillbefacilitatedtodevelopitstermsofreferenceandimplementationprogrammeThecommitteewilldevelopafundingproposalforimplementationoftheplan.

7.7 Risks and assumptionsStakeholdersremaincommittedandwillingtoparticipateintheplanimplementationAdequate resources (financial, human and equipment) will be mobilized to support plan implementation ThetwoCountyCouncilswillingnesstofacilitatetheinitialoperationalizationoftheplaninconjunctionwithotherstakeholdersWWFEARPOwillsupportthemanagementplanimplementationPoliticalgoodwillandstabilityprevailsInter-institutionalcoordinationandharmonyexists

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Monitoring and evaluation, activities and budget

8.1 Monitoring and evaluationMonitoringandevaluationwillbecontinuousthroughouttheplanperiod.Toguideevaluation,alog-frameworkwillbeinstitutionalized.Themonitoringcomponentwillinclude:

Evaluatingtheextentofacceptanceofthemanagementplanamongthestakeholdersandimplementers.Evaluatingtheimplementationofactivitiesbyevaluatingprogressreports,workprogrammesandworkplans,stakeholderinvolvementandparticipation.Monitorandevaluatetheimpactofmanagementprescriptions.Monitorbudgetallocations,expenditureandaccountingprocedures.MonitorandevaluatetheenvironmentalstatusoftheLakeanditscatchmentthroughuseofecological,socialandeconomicindicators.Monitorandevaluatetheresponsivenesstotheeducationandawarenessinitiatives.Monitorandevaluatetheextentofsecurityactivitiesinthereserve.

TheresponsibilityofmonitoringandevaluationlieswiththeplanimplementationcommitteeandthetwoCountyCouncilsmonitoringandevaluationunit.

8.2 Scheduled activities and outputsThisplanidentifiesactivitiesforthefirstfiveyearsandafterthisperiodactivitieswillbedrawnforsubsequentperiodsdependingonlevelofimplementationofactivitiesinthefirstfiveyears.

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Figure 9: The Proposed Management Plan Implementation Structure. (The structure is not hierarchical. The implementing committee can form other ad hoc committees as need arise)

District Development Committee

IMP Steering Committee

Government Lead Agencies NGOs and CBOs

Development PartnersDistrict Environment Committee

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