LACRIMAL GLAND, TEAR FILM, AND DRY EYE ...3A978-1-4615...Library of Congress...
Transcript of LACRIMAL GLAND, TEAR FILM, AND DRY EYE ...3A978-1-4615...Library of Congress...
LACRIMAL GLAND, TEAR FILM, AND DRY EYE SYNDROMES 2 Basic Science and Clinical Relevance
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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LACRIMAL GLAND, TEAR FILM, AND DRY EYE SYNDROMES 2 Basic Science and Clinical Relevance
Edited by
David A. Sullivan Darlene A. Dartt The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
and
Michele A. Meneray Louisiana State University Medical Center New Orleans, Louisiana
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lacrimal gland, tear film, and dry eye syndromes 2 basic science and cllnical relevance / edited by David A. Sullivan, Darlene A. Dartt. and Mlchele A. Meneray.
p. cm. -- (Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 438. J
"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland. Tear Film. and Dry Eye Syndromes. held November 16-19. 1996. at the Southhampton Princess Resort. 8ermuda"--T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7445-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-5359-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5 1. Lacrimal apparatus--Physiology--Congresses. 2. Tears-
-Congresses. 3. Dry eye syndromes--Congresses. 1. Sullivan. David D. II. Dartt. Darlene A. III. Meneray. Michele A. IV. International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland. Tear Film. and Dry Eye Syndromes (2nd 1996 Southampton. Bermuda IslandsJ V. Series.
[DNLM, 1. Lacrimal Apparatus--congresses. 2. Tears--physiology-congresses. 3. Dry Eye Syndromes--congresses. Wl Ad559 v. 438 19981 QP188.T4L332 1998 612.8·47--dc21 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 98-17987
CIP
Proceedings ofthe Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes, held November 16 -19, 1996, at the Southampton Princess Resort, Bermuda
ISBN 978- 1-4613-7445-9
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998
10987654321
AII rights reserved
No part ofthis book may beTeproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written
permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
During the past two decades, a significant international research effort has been di
rected toward understanding the composition and regulation of the preocular tear film.
This effort has been motivated by the recognition that the tear film plays an essential role
in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting against microbial challenge,
and preserving visual acuity. In addition, research has been stimulated by the knowledge
that alteration or deficiency of the tear film, which occurs in countless individuals
throughout the world, may lead to desiccation of the ocular surface, ulceration and perfo
ration of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and, potentially, pro
nounced visual disability and blindness. To promote further progress in this field of vision research, the Second International
Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and
Clinical Relevance was held at the Southampton Princess Resort in Bermuda November
16-19, 1996. This conference was organized and directed by David A. Sullivan, Ph.D.,
codirected by Darlene A. Dartt, Ph.D., and Michele A. Meneray, Ph.D., and sponsored by
the Schepens Eye Research Institute (Boston, MA), an affiliate of Harvard Medical
School. The meeting was designed to assess critically the current knowledge and "state of
the art" research on the structure and function of lacrimal tissue, tears, and the ocular sur
face in both health and disease. The goal of this conference was to promote an interna
tional exchange of information that would be of value to basic scientists involved in eye
research, to physicians in the ophthalmological community, to pharmaceutical companies
with an interest in the treatment of lacrimal gland, tear film, or ocular surface disorders,
and to representatives of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Eye In
stitute. To help achieve this objective, over 230 scientists, physicians, and industry repre
sentatives from 21 countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Den
mark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Scotland, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, the United States, and Uruguay, registered as ac
tive participants in this conference. In addition, this volume, which contains summaries of
the conference's keynote, oral, and poster presentations, was created to provide an educa
tional foundation and scientific reference for research on the tear film and dry eye syn
dromes. The editors commend and thank Leona Greenhill for her excellent copy editing, as
well as Benjamin D. Sullivan for his outstanding book indexing and superlative technical
advice. In addition, the editors would like to thank the following individuals for their or-
vi Preface
ganizational, advisory, administrative, technical, and/or editorial help: members of the Organization and Program Committee, including Drs. Anthony J. Bron, Robert I. Fox, Aize Kijlstra, Peter Laibson, Michael A. Lemp, Austin K. Mircheff, J. Daniel Nelson, Stephen C. Pflugfelder, Bernard Rossignol, John M. Tiffany, Kazuo Tsubota, John L. Ubels, Benjamin Walcott, and Steven E. Wilson; members of the International Advisory Committee, including Mark Abelson, Roger W. Heuerman, B. Britt Bromberg, Barbara Caffery, P. Noel Dilly, Marshall Doane, Claes H. Dohlman, Peter C. Donshik, Henry F. Edelhauser, R. Linsy Farris, Gary N. Foulks, Philip Fox, Mitchell H. Friedlaender, Roderick J. Fullard, Anne-Marie Gachon, Jeffrey Gilbard, Ilene K. Gipson, Martin J. Gobbels, Jack Greiner, Jean-Pierre Guillon, Brien Holden, Frank J. Holly, Brett Jessee, Renee Kaswan, Donald R. Korb, Gordon W. Laurie, Donald L. MacKeen, Rolf Marquardt, William D. Mathers, Mitchell D. McCartney, James P. McCulley, Charles McMonnies, Paul C. Montgomery, Juan Murube del Castillo, Sudi Patel, Jan Ulrik Prause, AI Reaves, Miguel Refojo, Brenda L. Reis, Maurizio Rolando, Hans-Walter Roth, Robert A. Sack, Ichiro Saito, Elcio H. Sato, Oliver D. Schein, Michael E. Stem, Norman Talal, Alan Tomlinson, O.P. van Bijsterveld, N.J. van Haeringen, Dwight Warren, Graeme Wilson, and Koji Yamamoto, and Ms. Sue Dauphin and Jean S. Kahan; and individuals in Acton, MA, Southampton Parish, Bermuda, Boston, MA, Littleton·, MA, Louisville, KY, New York, NY, and Research Triangle Park, NC, including Lawrence Bair, Alan Bergl, Tony Best, Gail Burke, Mary Gallagher, Marie Groome, Robin Hodges, Marcia M. Jumblatt, PhD, Kevin J. Klein, Kathleen Krenzer, OD, PhD, Margie Leak, Catherine Louis, Karen Madeiros, Margaret Rocco, Eduardo M. Rocha, MD, James W. Putney, PhD, Lilia Aikawa da Silveira, Amy G. Sullivan, Rose M. Sullivan, and Driss Zoukhri, PhD.
David A. Sullivan
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The editors sincerely thank the following companies and foundations, whose generous financial contributions significantly offset the educational expenses and publication costs associated with the Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance.
Allergan, Inc. Tear Products Division, Irvine, CA, USA
Allergan, Inc. New Products Marketing Division, Irvine, CA, USA
Alcon Ophthalmic Marketing Division, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX, USA
CIBA Vision Ophthalmics Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Duluth, GA, USA
Alcon Ophthalmic Research & Development Division, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX, USA
Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Research and Development Division, Osaka, Japan
Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Research and Development Division, Tokyo, Japan
Pfizer Inc. Consumer Health Care Division, New York, NY, USA
Vistakon Materials Research & Development Division, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Bausch & Lomb Global Clinical Research Division, Rochester, NY, USA
vii
viii
Bausch & Lomb Pharmaceutical Division, Tampa, FL, USA
Alcon Foundation Fort Worth, TX, USA
Eagle Vision Memphis, TN, USA
Advanced Instruments, Inc. Business Development Division, Norwood, MA, USA
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Acknowledgments
The editors express their grateful appreciation to L. Alexandra Wickham, whose ex
ceptional administrative, technical, and editorial assistance wa_s truly invaluable in making
the Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syn
dromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance, as well as these proceedings, a reality.
CONTENTS
Conference Address
1. A Clinician Looks at the Tearfilm J. Daniel Nelson
Lacrimal Gland: Cellular and Molecular Biology
2. Influence of Gender, Sex Steroid Hormones, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis on the Structure and Function of the Lacrimal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
David A. Sullivan, L. Alexandra Wickham, Eduardo M. Rocha, Robin S. Kelleher, Lilia Aikawa da Silveira, and Ikuko Toda
3. Androgen-Regulated Transcription in the Epithelium of the Rat Lacrimal Gland 43 F. Claessens, H. Vanaken, I. Vercaeren, G. Verrijdt, A. Haelens,
E. Schoenmakers, P. Alen, A. Devos, B. Peeters, G. Verhoeven, W. Rombauts, and W. Heyns
4. Gene Cloning ofBM180, a Lacrimal Gland Enriched Basement Membrane Protein with a Role in Stimulated Secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Anil C. Asrani, Angela J. Lumsden, Rajesh Kumar, and Gordon W. Laurie
5. Sensory Denervation Leads to Deregulated Protein Synthesis in the Lacrimal Gland....................................................... 55
Doan H. Nguyen, Roger W. Beuerman, Michele A. Meneray, and Dmitri Maitchouk
6. Acinar Cell Basal-Lateral Membrane-Endomembrane Traffic May Mediate Interactions with Both T Cells and B Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Austin K. Mircheff, Tao Yang, Jian Zhang, Hongtao Zeng, J. Peter Gierow, Dwight W. Warren, and Richard L. Wood
7. Tissue Expression of Tear Lipocalin in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Catherine Ressot, Herve Lassagne, Jean-Louis Kemeny, and
Anne-Marie Francoise Gachon
lx
X Contents
8. The Exorbital Lacrimal Glands of the Rat Are Tensed in Situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Mortimer Lorber
9. Aberrant Lacrimal Gland Development in an Anophthalmic Mutant Strain of Rat 81 PrabirK. De
10. Hormonal Influences on Syrian Hamster Lacrimal Gland: Marked Repression of a Major 20 kDa Secretory Protein by Estrogens, Androgens, and Thyroid Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Prabir K. De and Velvizhi Ranganathan
11. Androgen Support of Lacrimal Gland Function in the Female Rabbit Dwight W. Warren, Ana Maria Azzarolo, Zuo Ming Huang,
Barbara W. Platter, Renee L. Kaswan, Elizabeth Gentschein, Frank L. Stanczyk, Laren Becker, and Austin K. Mircheff
89
12. Identification and Hormonal Control of Sex Steroid Receptors in the Eye . . . . . . 95 L. Alexandra Wickham, Eduardo M. Rocha, Jianping Gao,
Kathleen L. Krenzer, Lilia Aikawa da Silveira, Ikuko Toda, and David A. Sullivan
13. Dinucleotide Repeat Polymorphism Near the Tear Lipocalin Gene Eric Lacazette, Gilles Pitiot, Jacques Mallet, and
Anne-Marie Francoise Gachon
101
14. Studies of Ligand Binding and CD Analysis with apo- and bolo-Tear Lipocalins 105 Ben J. Glasgow, Adil R. Abduragimov, Taleh N. Yusifov, and
Oktai K. Gasymov
Lacrimal Gland and Ocular Surface: Signal Transduction, Membrane Traffic, and Fluid and Protein Secretion
15. Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by Cholinergic and a.1-Adrenergic Agonists in the Lacrimal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Darlene A. Dartt, Robin R. Hodges, and Driss Zoukhri
16. Calcium Signalling in Lacrimal Acinar Cells............................. 123 James W. Putney, Jr., Yi Huang, and Gary St. J. Bird
17. Voltage- and Ca2+ -Dependent Chloride Current Activated by Hyposmotic and Hyperosmotic Stress in Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Acinar Cells . . . . . . . . . 129
George H. Herok, Thomas J. Millar, Philip J. Anderton, and Donald K. Martin
18. G Protein Coupling of Receptor Activation to Lacrimal Secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Michele A. Meneray and Tammy Y. Fields
19. Microtubules and Intracellular Traffic of Secretory Proteins in Rat Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Philippe Robin, Marie-Noelle Raymond, and Bernard Rossignol
Contents xi
20. Effects ofNeuropeptides on Serotonin Release and Protein and Peroxidase Secretion in the Isolated Rat Lacrimal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Jaipaul Singh, Keith A. Sharkey, Robert W. Lea, and Ruth M. Williams
21. Analysis of Phosphodiesterase Isoenzymes in the Ocular Glands of the Rabbit.. 153 Thomas J. Millar and Harry Koutavas
22. Immunohistochemistry and Secretory Effects of Leucine Enkephalin in the Isolated Pig Lacrimal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Jaipaul Singh, Peter K. Djali, and Ernest Adeghate
23. Interaction between Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the Isolated Rat Lacrimal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Jaipaul Singh, Ruth M. Williams, Robert W. Lea, and Ernest Adeghate
24. Identification and Cellular Localization of the Components of the VIP Signaling Pathway in the Lacrimal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Robin R. Hodges, Driss Zoukhri, Jessica P. Lightman, and Darlene A. Dartt
25. Kinesin Activation Drives the Retrieval of Secretory Membranes following Secretion in Rabbit Lacrimal Acinar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
S. F. Hamm-Alvarez, S. R. da Costa, M. Sonee, D. W. Warren, and A. K. Mircheff
26. Protein Kinase C lsoforms Differentially Control Lacrimal Gland Functions 181 Driss Zoukhri, Robin R. Hodges, Christian Sergheraert, and Darlene A. Dartt
27. Role of Protein Kinases in Regulation of Apical Secretion and Basal-Lateral Membrane Recycling Traffic in Reconstituted Rabbit Lacrimal Gland Acini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
J. Peter Gierow and Austin K. Mircheff
28. Brefeldin A Detoxification in Rat Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Philippe Robin, Bernard Rossignol, and Marie-Noelle Raymond
29. Identification and Characterization ofG Proteins in the Mammalian Lacrimal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Michele A. Meneray and D. Jean Bennett
30. Inward-Rectifying Potassium Channels in the Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Gland 205 George H. Herok, Thomas J. Millar, Philip J. Anderton, and Donald K. Martin
31. Electrophysiological Evidence for Reduced Water Flow from Lacrimal Gland Acinar Epithelium ofNZB/NFW F1 Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Peter R. Brink, Elizabeth Peterson, Kathrin Banach, and Benjamin Walcott
Mucins: Origin, Biochemistry, and Regulation
32. Cellular Origin ofMucins of the Ocular Surface Tear Film Ilene K. Gipson and Tsutomu Inatomi
221
xii Contents
33. Soluble Mucin and the Physical Properties of Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 John M. Tiffany, Jyotin C. Pandit, and Anthony J. Bron
34. Characterization and Origin of Major High-Molecular-Weight Tear Sialoglycoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Robert A. Sack, Bruce Bogart, Sonal Sathe, Ann Beaton, and George Lew
35. Detection and Quantification of Conjunctival Mucins James E. Jumblatt and Marcia M. Jumblatt
36. Mucous Contribution to Rat Tear-Film Thickness Measured with a
239
Microelectrode Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7 Philip Anderton and Sophia Tragoulias
3 7. Structural Analysis of Secreted Ocular Mucins in Canine Dry Eye Stephen D. Carrington, Sally J. Hicks, Anthony P. Corfield,
Renee L. Kaswan, Nicki Packer, Shirley Bolis, and Carol A. Morris
253
38. Corneal Epithelial Tight Junctions and the Localization of Surface Mucin 265 Henry F. Edelhauser, David E. Rudnick, and Ramzy G. Azar
39. Breakup and Dewetting of the Corneal Mucus Layer: An Update Ashutosh Sharma
Meibomian Gland and Tear Film Lipids: Structure, Function, and Control
40. The Meibomian Glands and Tear Film Lipids: Structure, Function,
273
and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Anthony J. Bron and John M. Tiffany
41. Tear Film Interferometry as a Diagnostic Tool for Evaluating Normal and Dry-Eye Tear Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Marshall G. Doane and M. Estella Lee
42. Human and Rabbit Lipid Layer and Interference Pattern Observations Donald R. Korb, Jack V. Greiner, Thomas Glonek, Amy Whalen,
Stacey L. Hearn, Jan E. Esway, and Charles D. Leahy
305
43. Abnormal Lipid Layers: Observation, Differential Diagnosis, and Classification 309 Jean-Pierre Guillon
44. Association of Tear Lipid Layer Interference Patterns with Superficial Punctate Keratopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Aoi Komuro, Norihiko Yokoi, Yoko Takehisa, and Shigeru Kinoshita
45. Meibomian Secretions in Chronic Blepharitis James P. McCulley and Ward E. Shine
319
Contents xfii
46. Androgen Regulation of the Meibomian Gland........................... 327 David A. Sullivan, Eduardo M. Rocha, M. David Ullman,
Kathleen L. Krenzer, Jianping Gao, Ikuko Toda, M. Reza Dana, Dorothy Bazzinotti, Lilia Aikawa da Silveira, and L. Alexandra Wickham
47. Delivery of Meibomian Oil Using the Clinical Meibometer® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 John M. Tiffany, Anthony J. Bron, Federico Mossa, and Shabtay Dikstein
48. Volume ofthe Human and Rabbit Meibomian Gland System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Jack V. Greiner, Thomas Glonek, Donald R. Korb, Amy C. Whalen,
Eric Hebert, Stacey L. Hearn, Jan E. Esway, and Charles D. Leahy
49. Effect of Meibomian Gland Occlusion on Tear Film Lipid Layer Thickness . . . . 345 Jack V. Greiner, Thomas Glonek, Donald R. Korb, Stacey L. Hearn,
Amy C. Whalen, Jan E. Esway, and Charles D. Leahy
Tear Film Stability, Evaporation, and Biophysics
50. Meibomian Gland Lipids, Evaporation, and Tear Film Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 William D. Mathers and James A. Lane
51. Surface-Chemical Pathways of the Tear Film Breakup: Does Corneal Mucus Have a Role? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Ashutosh Sharma
52. The Biophysical Role in Tear Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Alan Tomlinson, Jennifer P. Craig, and Gerald E. Lowther
53. Longitudinal Analysis ofPrecomeal Tear Film Rupture Patterns Etty Bitton and John V. Lovasik
54. The Role of Tear Proteins in Tear Film Stability in the Dry Eye Patient and in
381
the Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Ronald D. Schoenwald, Sangeeta Vidvauns, Dale Eric Wurster, and
Charles F. Barfknecht
55. Relationship between Pre-Ocular Tear Film Structure and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Michel Guillon, Cecile Maissa, and Elaine Styles
56. Association ofPrecomeal and Preconjunctival Tear Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Yoko Takehisa, Norihiko Yokoi, Aoi Komuro, and Shigeru Kinoshita
57. Age and.Gender Effects on the Normal Tear Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Jennifer P. Craig and Alan Tomlinson
58. The Kinetics of Lid Motion and Its Effects on the Tear Film A. Berke and S. Mueller
417
59. Hydrodynamics of Meniscus-Induced Thinning of the Tear Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Ashutosh Sharma, Sanjay Tiwari, Rajesh Khanna, and John M. Tiffany
xiv
60. Computer-Assisted Calculation of Exposed Area of the Human Eye John M. Tiffany, Bryan S. Todd, and Mark R. Baker
Cytokines, Growth Factors, Proto-Oncogenes, and Apoptosis
Contents
433
61. Cytokines: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 James T. Rosenbaum, Beatriz Brito, Young Boc Han, Jongmoon Park, and
Stephen R. Planck
62. Gender- and Androgen-Related Impact on the Expression of Proto-Oncogenes and Apoptotic Factors in Lacrimal and Salivary Glands of Mouse Models of Sjogren's Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Ikuko Toda, L. Alexandra Wickham, Eduardo M. Rocha, Lilia Aikawa da Silveira, and David A. Sullivan
63. Apoptosis in the Lacrimal Gland and Conjunctiva of Dry Eye Dogs Jianping Gao, Tammy A. Gelber-Schwalb, John V. Addeo, and
Michael E. Stem
453
64. Cytokines and Tear Function in Ocular Surface Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Keith Barton, Alexandra Nava, Dagoberto C. Monroy, and
Stephen C. Pflugfelder
65. Chemokine Prpduction in Conjunctival Epithelial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Kazumi Fukagawa, Kazuo Tsubota, Shigeto Simmura, Hirohisa Saito,
Hiroshi Tachimoto, Akira Akasawa, and Yoshihisa Oguchi
66. Molecular Basis and Role of Differential Cytokine Production in T Helper Cell Subsets in Immunologic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Andrea Keane-Myers, Vincenzo Casolaro, and Santa Jeremy Ono
67. Presence and Testosterone Influence on the Levels of Anti- and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Lacrimal Tissues of a Mouse Model of Sjogren's Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Eduardo M. Rocha, L. Alexandra Wickham, Zhiyan Huang, Ikuko Toda, Jianping Gao, Lilia Aikawa da Silveira, and David A. Sullivan
68. Infiltrating Lymphocyte Populations and Cytokine Production in the Salivary and Lacrimal Glands of AutoimmUhe NOD Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Christopher P. Robinson, Janet Cornelius, Denise I. Bounous, Hideo Yamamoto, Michael G. Humphreys-Beher, and Ammon B. Peck
69. Do Cytokines Have a Role in the Regulation of Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cell Ion Transport and Protein Secretion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
R. William Lambert
70. The Rat Exorbital Lacrimal Gland as a Site of Synthesis ofEGF-like Growth Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Herve Marechal, Helene Jammes, Bernard Rossignol, and Philippe Mauduit
Contents xv
71. The Distribution ofFGF-2 and TGF-13 within the Lacrimal Gland of Rabbits . . . 511 Joel Schechter, Dwight W. Warren, and Richard L. Wood
72. Tear Fluid Changes after Photorefractive Keratectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Minna Vesaluoma and Timo Tervo
73. Time Course of Apoptosis in Lacrimal Gland after Rabbit Ovariectomy . . . . . . . 523 Ana Maria Azzarolo, Richard L. Wood, Austin K. Mircheff, Eric Olsen,
Zuo Ming Huang, Ramin Zolfagari, and Dwight W. Warren
74. Co-Expression ofBCL-2 and CD44S in Basal Layers of Human Ocular Surface Epithelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Andrew J. W. Huang, Cheng-Hui Li, You-Wei Chen, and Lilly Y. W. Bourguignon
75. Alterations of Ocular Surface Gene Expression in Sjogren's Syndrome . . . . . . . 533 David T. Jones, Dagoberto Monroy, Zhongua Ji, and Stephen C. Pflugfelder
76. Growth Factor Interaction with Contact Lenses: Evidence for and Possible Effects of Storage of Basic FGF in Contact Lenses: Preliminary Results . . 537
G.-B. van Setten and N. Zengin
Intlammation and Immunity
77. Neural, Endocrine, and Immune System Interactions: Relevance for Health and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Jan A. Moynihan, Barbara Kruszewska, Gary J. Brenner, and Nicholas Cohen
78. Inductive Sites for Rat Tear IgA Antibody Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Deanne M. Ridley Lathers, Randall F. Gill, Nancy L O'Sullivan, and
Paul C. Montgomery
79. Anatomy of Mammalian Conjunctival Lymphoepithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 James Chodosh, Robert E. Nordquist, and Ronald C. Kennedy
80. Binding of a Cytopathic or an Invasive Strain of P. aeruginosa to Cytoskeletal, Basement Membrane, or Matrix Proteins of Wounded Cornea Is Similar and Does Not Rely on Interaction with Actin Filaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Linda D. Hazlett and Sharon Masinick
81. Secretory IgAResponses on the Human Ocular Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Aize Kijlstra
82. A Method to Study Induction of Autoimmunity in Vitro: Co-Culture of Lacrimal Cells and Autologous Immune System Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Harvey R. Kaslow, Zhijun Guo, Dwight W. Warren, Richard L. Wood, and Austin K. Mircheff
83. Rat Lacrimal Glands Contain Activated and Resting Mature T Cells, Recent Thymic Emigrants, and Possibly Extrathymic Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Nancy L. O'Sullivan, Cheryl A. Skandera, and Paul C. Montgomery
xvi Contents
84. Immunohistochemical Examination of Lacrimal Gland Tissue from Patients with Ocular Sarcoidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Janine A. Smith, Chi-Chao Chan, Charles E. Egwuagu, and Scott M. Whitcup
85. Immunoglobulin Levels in the Tears of Patients with Corneal Grafts and Transplant Rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Andras Berta and Zsolt Lampe
Tear Film Components and Influence on the Ocular Surface
86. Tear Fluid Influence on the Ocular Surface Stephen C. Pflugfelder
611
87. Effects ofLacrimal Gland Removal on Squirrel Monkey Cornea............. 619 Dmitri Y. Maitchouk, Roger W. Beuerman, Ray J. Varnell, and
Lia Pedroza-Schmidt
88. Lacrimal Gland Growth Factors and Receptors: Lacrimal Fibroblastic Cells Are a Source of Tear HGF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
S. E. Wilson, Q. Li, R. R. Mohan, T. Tervo, M. Vesaluoma, G. L. Bennett, R. Schwall, K. Tabor, J. Kim, S. Hargrave, and K. H. Cuevas
89. Clusterin May Be Essential for Maintaining Ocular Surface Epithelium as a Non-Keratinizing Epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Kohji Nishida, Satoshi Kawasaki, and Shigeru Kinoshita
90. Effects of Chronic Hypertonic Stress on Regulatory Volume Increase and Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter Expression in Cultured Corneal Epithelial Cells 637
Victor N. Bildin, Hua Yang, Jorge Fischbarg, and PeterS. Reinach
91. A Unified Theory of the Role of the Ocular Surface in Dry Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Michael E. Stem, Roger W. Beuerman, Robert I. Fox, Jianping Gao,
Austin K. Mircheff, and Stephen C. Pflugfelder
92. Human Tear Film Components Bind Pseudomonas aeruginosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 Nancy A. McNamara and Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig
93. Small-Volume Analysis ofRabbit Tears and Effects of a Corneal Wound on Tear Protein Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Ray J. Varnell, Dmitri Y. Maitchouk, Roger W. Beuerman, James E. Carlton, and Anthony Haag
94. 31-27 kDa Caseinolytic Protease in Human Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 Miki Sakata, Ann R. Beaton, Sonal Sathe, and Robert A. Sack
95. Tear Protein Levels following Punctal Plugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 E. Ian Pearce, Alan Tomlinson, Jennifer P. Craig, and Gerald E. Lowther
96. Characterization of Cells Shed from the Ocular Surface in Normal Eyes . . . . . . . 675 Carolyn G. Begley, Jie Zhou, and Graeme Wilson
Contents xvii
97. Healing Effect ofSodium-Sucrose-Octasulfate and EGF on Epithelial Corneal Abrasions in Rabbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Sven Johansen, Steffen Heegaard, Kirsten Bjerrum, and Jan Ulrik Prause
98. A Novel Approach to Resolve Cellular Volume Responses to an Anisotonic Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Pavel lserovich, Peter S. Reinach, Hua Yang, and Jorge Fischbarg
Artificial Tears and Contact Lenses: Impact on the Tear Film and Ocular Surface
99. Classification of Artificial Tears: 1: Composition and Properties J. Murube, A. Paterson, and E. Murube
693
100. Classification of Artificial Tears: ll: Additives and Commercial Formulas 705 J. Murube, A. Murube, and Chen Zhuo
10 l. The Ocular Surface, the Tear Film, and the Wettability of Contact Lenses . . . . . . 717 Carol A. Morris, Brien A. Holden, Eric Papas, Hans J. Guesser,
Shirley Bolis, Philip Anderton, and Fiona Carney
102. Conjunctival Permeability and Ultrastructure: Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride and Artificial Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
John L. Ubels, Eric M. Woo, William J. Watts, LisaK. Smith, Uko Zylstra, Jonnell Beaird, and Mitchell D. McCartney
103. Preservative Effect on Epithelial Barrier Function Measured with a Novel Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Jerry R. Paugh, Alan Sasai, and Abhay Joshi
104. Video Biomicroscopy of the Tear Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 7 P. Noel Dilly, Michel Guillon, and Lucia McGrogan
105. Patient-Dependent and Material-Dependent Factors in Contact Lens Deposition Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Brian J. Tighe, Lyndon Jones, Kathryn Evans, and Valerie Franklin
106. Effectiveness ofBion Tears, Cellufresh, Aquasite, and Refresh Plus for Moderate to Severe Dry Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Peter C. Donshik, J. Daniel Nelson, Mark Abelson, James P. McCulley, Cliff Beasley, and Robert A. Laibovitz
107. Ocular Residence Time ofCarboxymethylcellulose Solutions Jerry R. Paugh, Ronald C. Chatelier, and Joseph W. Huff
108. Vitronectin Adsorption in Contact Lens Surfaces during Wear: Locus and
761
Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Brian J. Tighe, Valerie Franklin, Christopher Graham, Aisling Mann, and
Michel Guillon
xviil Contents
109. Effect of Tears and Tear Residues on Worn Etafilcon and Polymacon Disposable Contact Lenses on the Adhesion of Pseudomonas aernginosa . . . . . . . . . . 775
Miguel F. Refojo, Fee-Lai Leong, and Marta Portoles
110. Hyaluronan in Dry Eye and Contact Lens Wearers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Monica Berry, William K. Pastis, Roger B. Ellingham, Louise Frost,
Anthony P. Corfield, and David L. Easty
Classification, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Epidemiology of Dry Eye Syndromes
111. Epidemiology and Classification ofDry Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 Michael A. Lemp
112. CANDEES: The Canadian Dry Eye Epidemiology Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 Barbara E. Caffery, Doris Richter, Trefford Simpson, Desmond Fonn,
Michael Doughty, and Keith Gordon
113. Sensitivity and Specificity of a Screening Questionnaire for Dry Eye . . . . . . . . . 807 NealL. Oden, David E. Lilienfeld, Michael A. Lemp, J. Daniel Nelson, and
Fred Ederer
114. Use of a Questionnaire for the Diagnosis of Tear Film-Related Ocular Surface Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Maurizio Rolando, Angelo Macri, Trillo Carlandrea, and Giovanni Calabria
115. Importance of Conjunctival Epithelial Evaluation in the Diagnostic Differentiation of Dry Eye from Drug-Induced Epithelial Keratopathy 827
Norihiko Yokoi and Shigeru Kinoshita
116. The Size of Corneal Epithelial Cells Collected by Contact Lens Cytology from Dry Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Graeme Wilson and John Laurent
117. Optimum Dry Eye Classification Using Questionnaire Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 Charles McMonnies, Arthur Ho, and Denis Wakefield
118. Diagnostic Value of Tear Film Abnormalities in a New Syndrome Affecting the Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Janos Feher
119. Low-Tech Detection of Tear Film-Related Diseases ofthe Ocular Surface 845 Maurizio Rolando, Salvatore Alongi, Angelo Macri, Marco Schenone, and
Giovanni Calabria
120. Using LIPCOF (Lid-Parallel Conjunctival Fold) for Assessing the Degree of Dry Eye, It Is Essential to Observe the Exact Position of That Specific Fold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Frank Schirra, Helmut Hob, Christina Kienecker, and Klaus W. Ruprecht
Contents xix
121. Use of the Tearscope Plus and Attachments in the Routine Examination of the Marginal Dry Eye Contact Lens Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Jean-Pierre Guillon
122. Evaluation of Schirmer Tests by Two Types ofTear Clearance Tests . . . . . . . . . . 869 Masafumi Ono, Yukiko Yagi, Eiki Goto, Hao-Yung Yang, and Kazuo Tsubota
123. Fluorescein Dye Concentration as a Factor in Tear Film Fluorescence . . . . . . . . 875 Victor M. Finnemore, Donald R. Korb, Jack V. Greiner, Thomas Glonek, and
John P. Herman
124. A New Method for Measuring Human Basic Tear Fluid Osmolality Pierre L. Emond and Christopher J. Corbett
879
125. Micropachometric Quantification of Tear Assessment Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 Hans W. Roth and Rolf Marquardt
126. Use ofCornea1 Thickness Changes to Compare the Efficacy of Conventional Eye Drops with Supracutaneous Treatment of Dry Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Hans W. Roth
Pathogenesis of Dry Eye Syndromes
127. Sjogren's Syndrome: Pathogenesis and New Approaches to Therapy Robert I. Fox
128. Reflex Tearing in Dry Eye Not Associated with Sjogren's Syndrome Kazuo Tsubota
129. Cytokine mRNAExpression in Labial Salivary Glands and Cytokine Secretion
891
903
in Parotid Saliva in Sjogren's Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 Philip C. Fox, Margaret M. Grisius, Debra K. Bermudez, and Di Sun
130. Age-Related Decrease in Innervation Density of the Lacrimal Gland in Mouse Models of Sjogren's Syndrome................................... 917
Benjamin Walcott, Nidia Claros, Alpa Patel, and Peter R. Brink
131. Aberrant Expression and Potential Function for Parotid Secretory Protein (PSP) in the NOD (Non-Obese Diabetic) Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
Christopher P. Robinson, Denise I. Bounous, Connie E. Alford, Ammon B. Peck, and Michael G. Humphreys-Beher
132. Survey of Canine Tear Deficiency in Veterinary Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 Renee Kaswan, Christopher Pappas, Jr., Keith Wall, and Susan G. Hirsh
133. Lacrimation and Salivation Are Not Related to Lymphocytic Infiltration in Lacrimal and Salivary Glands in MRL 1pr/lpr Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
Hiromi Fujita, Tsutomu Fujihara, Tsutomu Takeuchi, Ichiro Saito, and Kazuo Tsubota
XX Contents
134. The Sjogren Syndrome and Tear Function Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 0. Paul van Bijsterveld
Management and Therapy of Dry Eye Syndromes
135. Cytokines May Prove Useful in the Treatment ofSjogrens Syndrome (SS) Dry Eye......................................................... 953
Norman Talal, Toru Nakabayashi, John J. Letterio, Liping Kong, Andrew G. Geiser, and Howard Dang
136. The Now and Future Therapy of the Non-Sjogren's Dry Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959 GaryN. Foulks
13 7. Dry Eye Treatment with Eye Drops that Stimulate Mucin Production . . . . . . . . . 965 Takashi Hamano
138. A Dose-Ranging Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion in Patients with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
Joseph Tauber, for the Cyclosporine Study Group
139. Oral Pilocarpine for Symptomatic Relief of Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes in Patients with Sjogrens Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
A. S. Papas, M. M. Fernandez, R. A. Castano, S. C. Gallagher, M. Trivedi, and R. C. Shrotriya
140. Oral Pilocarpine for Symptomatic ReliefofKeratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Patients with Sjogren's Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
J.D. Nelson, M. Friedlaender, R. P. Yeatts, R. Yee, M. McDermott, S. Orlin, S. C. Gallagher, R. C. Shrotriya, and the MGI PHARMA Sjogren's Syndrome Study Group
141. Supracutaneous Treatment of Dry Eye Patients with Calcium Carbonate 985 Donald L. MacKeen, Hans Walter Roth, Marshall G. Doane, and
Patricia D. MacKeen
142. Preclinical Safety Studies ofCyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 0. Ange1ov, A. Wiese, Y. Yuan, J. Andersen, A. Acheampong, and B. Brar
143. Conjunctival Impression Cytology from Dogs with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Pre- and Post-Treatment with Topical Cyclosporine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Denise I. Bounous, Kathleen L. Krenzer, Renee L. Kaswan, and Susan G. Hirsh
144. Cyclosporine Distribution into the Conjunctiva, Cornea, Lacrimal Gland, and Systemic Blood following Topical Dosing of Cyclosporine to Rabbit, Dog, and Human Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
Andrew Acheampong, Martha Shackleton, Steve Lam, Patrick Rudewicz, and Diane Tang-Liu
Contents xxi
145. Estrogen Therapy in Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005 Jinus Akramian, Andreas Wedrich, Johannes Nepp, and Michael Sator
146. Dry Eye Treatment with Acupuncture: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Masked Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
J. Nepp, A. Wedrich, J. Akramian, A. Derbolav, C. Mudrich, E. Ries, and J. Schauersberger
14 7. Puncta! Occlusion for the Treatment of Dry Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017 Mitchell H. Friedlaender and Robert I. Fox
148. Keratoprosthesis in Pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021 Claes H. Dohlman and Hisao Terada
149. Portable Device for Programmable, Automatic, or On-Demand Delivery of Artificial Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
Vo Van Toi and P. A. Grounauer
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Index ................................................................. 1037
The editors dedicate this book to Drs. Anthony J. Bron, Claes H. Dohlman, Anne-Marie F. Gachon, Michael A. Lemp, Bernard Rossignol, and John M. Tiffany for their pioneering efforts and outstanding achievements in basic and clinical research on the lacrimal gland, tear film, and/or dry eye syndromes.