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7/28/2019 Labs Research
1/17
CBC
The complete blood count (CBC) is often used as a broad screening test to determine an individual's general health
status. It can be used to:
Screen for a wide range of conditions and diseases
Help diagnose various conditions, such asanemia,infection,inflammation,bleeding disorderorleukemia, to
name just a few
Monitor the condition and/or effectiveness of treatment after a diagnosis is established
Monitor treatment that is known to affect blood cells, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy
A CBC is a panel of tests that evaluates the three types of cells that circulate in the blood and includes the following:
Evaluation of white blood cells, the cells that are part of the body's defense system against infections and
cancer and also play a role inallergiesand inflammation:
o White blood cell (WBC) countis a count of the total number of white blood cells in a person's sample of
blood.
o White blood cell differentialmay or may not be included as part of the panel of tests. It identifies and
counts the number of the various types of white blood cells present. The five types
includeneutrophils,lymphocytes,monocytes,eosinophils, andbasophils.
Evaluation of red blood cells, the cells that transport oxygen throughout the body:
o Red blood cell (RBC) countis a count of the actual number of red blood cells in a person's sample of
blood.
o Hemoglobinmeasures the amount of the oxygen-carrying protein in the blood.
o Hematocritmeasures the percentage of a person's blood that consists of red blood cells.
o Red blood cell indices are calculations that provide information on the physical characteristics of the
RBCs:
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of RBCs.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying
hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a calculation of the average percentage of
hemoglobin inside a red cell.
Red cell distribution width (RDW), which may be included in a CBC, is a calculation of the variation in
the size of RBCs.
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/bleeding-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/bleeding-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/bleeding-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/leukemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/leukemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/leukemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/allergies/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/allergies/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/allergies/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/differential/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/differential/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/lymphocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/lymphocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rbc/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/lymphocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophil/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/differential/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/allergies/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/leukemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/bleeding-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/ -
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o The CBC may also includereticulocyte count, which is a measurement of the absolute count or
percentage of young red blood cells in blood.
Evaluation of platelets, cell fragments that are vital for normal blood clotting:
o Theplatelet countis the number of platelets in a person's sample of blood.
o Mean platelet volume (MPV) may be reported with a CBC. It is a calculation of the average size of
platelets.
o Platelet distribution width (PDW) may also be reported with a CBC. It is a measurement of the variation of
platelet size.
When is it ordered?
The CBC is a very common test. Many people have a CBC performed when they have a routine health examination.
If a person is healthy and has results that are within normal limits, then he or she may not require another CBC until
their health status changes or until their doctor feels that it is necessary.
A CBC may be ordered when a person has any number ofsignsandsymptomsthat may be related to disorders that
affect blood cells. When an individual has fatigue or weakness or has aninfection,inflammation, bruising, or
bleeding, a doctor may order a CBC to help diagnose the cause and/or determine its severity.
When a person has been diagnosed with a disease known to affect blood cells, a CBC will often be ordered on a
regular basis to monitor their condition. Likewise, if someone is receiving treatment for a blood-related disorder, then
a CBC may be performed frequently to determine if the treatment is effective.
Some therapies, such as chemotherapy, can affectbone marrowproduction of cells. Some medications can
decreaseWBC countsoverall. A CBC may be ordered on a regular basis to monitor these drug treatments.
What does the test result mean?
A doctor typically evaluates and interprets results from the components of the CBC together. Depending on the
purpose of the test, a number of additional or follow-up tests may be ordered for further investigation.
The following tables briefly and generally explain what the result for each component of the CBC may mean.
WBC evaluation
RBC evaluation
Platelet evaluation
Components of the CBCWBC Evaluation
TEST FULL NAME
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW
COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
WBC White Blood Cell Count Known as leukopenia Known as leukocytosis
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/sign/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/sign/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/sign/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/symptom/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/symptom/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/symptom/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#wbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#wbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#rbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#rbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#plthttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#plthttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#plthttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#rbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/tab/test#wbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/symptom/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/sign/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/ -
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TEST FULL NAME
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW
COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
Bone marrow disordersor
damage
Autoimmune conditions Severe infections (sepsis)
Lymphomaor other
cancer that spread to
thebone marrow
Diseases of immune
system (e.g.,HIV)
Infection, most
commonlybacterialorviral
Inflammation Leukemia,myeloproliferative
disorders
Allergies,asthma
Tissue death (trauma, burns,heart
attack)
Intense exercise or severe stress
DiffWhite Blood Cell Differential
(Not always performed; may
be done as part of or in follow
up to CBC)
Neu,
PMN,
polys
Absoluteneutrophilcount, %
neutrophils
Known as neutropenia
Severe, overwhelming
infection (sepsis)
Autoimmune disorders
Reaction to drugs,
chemotherapy
Immunodeficiency
Myelodysplasia
Bone marrow damage
(e.g., chemotherapy,
radiation therapy)
Cancer that spreads to
the bone marrow
Known as neutrophilia
Acutebacterial infections
Inflammation
Tissue death (necrosis) caused by
trauma, heart attack, burns
Physiological (stress, rigorous
exercise)
Certain leukemias (e.g., chronic
myeloid leukemia)
Lymph Absolutelymphocytecount, %
lymphocytes
Known as lymphocytopenia
Autoimmune disorders
Known as lymphocytosis
Acute viral infections (e.g.,chicken
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/bone-marrow-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/bone-marrow-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/autoimmune/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/autoimmune/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/sepsis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/sepsis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/sepsis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lymphoma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lymphoma/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hiv/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hiv/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hiv/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bacterium/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bacterium/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bacterium/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/virus/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/virus/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/virus/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/leukemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/leukemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/myelopro-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/myelopro-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/myelopro-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/myelopro-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/allergies/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/allergies/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/asthma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/asthma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/asthma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/heart-attack/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/heart-attack/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/heart-attack/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/heart-attack/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/differential/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/differential/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophilhttp://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophilhttp://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophilhttp://labtestsonline.org/glossary/acute/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/acute/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/lymphocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/lymphocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/lymphocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/chickenpox/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/chickenpox/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/chickenpox/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/glossary/lymphocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/acute/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/neutrophilhttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/differential/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/heart-attack/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/heart-attack/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/asthma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/allergies/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/myelopro-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/myelopro-disorders/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/leukemia/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/inflammation/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/virus/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bacterium/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/infection/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hiv/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/bone-marrow/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lymphoma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/sepsis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/autoimmune/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/bone-marrow-disorders/ -
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TEST FULL NAME
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW
COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
(e.g.,lupus,rheumatoid
arthritis)
Infections (e.g., HIV,viralhepatitis, typhoid
fever,influenza)
Bone marrow damage
(e.g., chemotherapy,
radiation therapy)
Corticosteroids
pox,cytomegalovirus
(CMV),Epstein-Barr virus
(EBV),herpes,rubella) Certain bacterial infections
(e.g.,pertussis (whooping
cough),tuberculosis (TB))
Toxoplasmosis
Chronicinflammatory disorder (e.g.,
ulcerative colitis)
Lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma
Stress (acute)
Mono Absolutemonocytecount, %
monocytes
Usually, one low count is not
medically significant.
Repeated low counts can
indicate:
Bone marrow damage or
failure
Hairy cell leukemia
Chronic infections (e.g.,
tuberculosis,fungal infection)
Infection within the heart (bacterial
endocarditis)
Collagen vascular diseases (e.g.,
lupus,scleroderma, rheumatoid
arthritis,vasculitis)
Monocytic or myelomonocytic
leukemia (acute or chronic)
Eos Absoluteeosinophilcount, %
eosinophils
Numbers are normally low in
the blood. One or an
occasional low number is
usually not medically significant
Asthma, allergies such as hay fever
Drug reactions
Parasiticinfections
Inflammatory disorders (celiac
disease,inflammatory bowel
disease)
Some cancers, leukemias or
lymphomas
Baso Absolutebasophilcount, %
basophils
As with eosinophils, numbers
are normally low in the blood;
Rare allergic reactions (hives, food
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lupus/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lupus/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/rheumatoid/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/rheumatoid/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/rheumatoid/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/rheumatoid/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hep/start/3http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hep/start/3http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hep/start/3http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hep/start/3http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/influenza/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/influenza/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/influenza/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/chickenpox/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/chickenpox/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cmv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cmv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cmv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cmv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ebv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ebv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ebv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ebv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/herpes/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/herpes/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/herpes/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rubella/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rubella/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rubella/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/pertussis/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/pertussis/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/pertussis/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/tuberculosis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/tuberculosis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/tuberculosis/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/chronic/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/chronic/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/fungal/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/fungal/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/fungal/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/scleroderma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/scleroderma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/scleroderma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/vasculitis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/vasculitis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/vasculitis/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/parasite/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/parasite/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/celiac/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/celiac/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/celiac/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/celiac/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/inflammatory-bowel/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/inflammatory-bowel/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/inflammatory-bowel/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/inflammatory-bowel/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/basophil/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/inflammatory-bowel/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/inflammatory-bowel/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/celiac/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/celiac/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/parasite/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/eosinophil/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/vasculitis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/scleroderma/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/fungal/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/monocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/chronic/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/tuberculosis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/pertussis/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/pertussis/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rubella/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/herpes/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ebv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ebv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cmv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cmv/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/chickenpox/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/influenza/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hep/start/3http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/hep/start/3http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/rheumatoid/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/rheumatoid/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lupus/ 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TEST FULL NAME
EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A LOW
COUNT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF A HIGH COUNT
usually not medically significant allergy)
Inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis,
ulcerative colitis)
Some leukemias
Expand TableRBC Evaluation
TEST FULL NAME EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF LOW RESULT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF HIGH RESULT
RBC Red Blood Cell
Count
Known asanemia
Acute or chronic bleeding
RBC destruction (e.g.,hemolytic
anemia, etc.)
Nutritional deficiency (e.g., iron
deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate
deficiency)
Bone marrow disorders or
damage
Chronic inflammatory disease
Kidney failure
Known aspolycythemia
Dehydration
Lung (pulmonary) disease
Kidney or other tumor that
produces excess erythropoietin
Smoking
Genetic causes (altered oxygen
sensing, abnormality in hemoglobin
oxygen release)
Polycythemia vera
a rare disease
Hb Hemoglobin Usually mirrors RBC results, provides
added information
Usually mirrors RBC results
Hct Hematocrit Usually mirrors RBC results Usually mirrors RBC results; most
common cause is dehydration
RBC indices
MCV Mean
Corpuscular
Volume
Indicates RBCs are smaller than
normal (microcytic); caused byiron
deficiency anemiaorthalassemias, for
example.
Indicates RBCs are larger than normal
(macrocytic), for example inanemia
caused by vitamin B12 or folate
deficiency
MCH Mean Mirrors MCV results; small red cells Mirrors MCV results; macrocytic RBCs
http://labtestsonline.org/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rbchttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/4http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/4http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/4http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/4http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/polycythemia/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/polycythemia/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/polycythemia/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/dehydration/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/dehydration/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lung-diseases/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lung-diseases/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/1http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/1http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/1http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/1http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/thalassemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/thalassemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/thalassemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/2http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/thalassemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/1http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/1http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hematocrit/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/lung-diseases/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/dehydration/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/polycythemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/4http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/start/4http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/anemia/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/rbchttp://labtestsonline.org/ -
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TEST FULL NAME EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF LOW RESULT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF HIGH RESULT
Corpuscular
Hemoglobin
would have a lower value. are large so tend to have a higher MCH.
MCHC MeanCorpuscular
Hemoglobin
Concentration
May be low when MCV is low;decreased MCHC values
(hypochromia) are seen in conditions
such as iron deficiency anemia and
thalassemia.
Increased MCHC values (hyperchromia)are seen in conditions where the
hemoglobin is more concentrated inside
the red cells, such as autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, in burn patients, and
hereditary spherocytosis, a rare
congenital disorder.
RDW (Not
always
reported)
RBC Distribution
Width
Low value indicates uniformity in size
of RBCs
Indicates mixed population of small and
large RBCs; immature RBCs tend to be
larger. For example, in iron deficiency
anemia or pernicious anemia, there is
high variation (anisocytosis) in RBC size
(along with variation in shape
poikilocytosis), causing an increase in
the RDW.
Reticulocyte
Count(Not
always done)
Reticulocytes
(absolute count
or %)
In the setting of anemia, a low
reticulocyte count indicates a condition
is affecting the production of red blood
cells, such as bone marrow disorder or
damage, or a nutritional deficiency
(iron, B12 or folate)
In the setting of anemia, a high
reticulocyte count generally indicates
peripheral cause, such as bleeding
orhemolysis, or response to treatment
(e.g., iron supplementation for iron
deficiency anemia)
Expand TablePlatelet Evaluation
TEST FULL NAME EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF LOW RESULT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF HIGH RESULT
Plt Platelet
Count
Known as thrombocytopenia:
Viral infection
(mononucleosis,measles, hepatitis)
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Platelet autoantibody
Drugs (acetaminophen, quinidine,
Know as thrombocytosis:
Cancer (lung,
gastrointestinal,breast,ovarian,
lymphoma)
Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory
bowel disease, lupus
Iron deficiency anemia
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/hemolysis/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/hemolysis/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/hemolysis/http://labtestsonline.org/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelethttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelethttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/mono/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/mono/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/mono/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/measles/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/measles/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/measles/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/breast/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/breast/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/breast/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/ovarian/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/ovarian/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/ovarian/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/ovarian/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/breast/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/measles/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/mono/tab/samplehttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelethttp://labtestsonline.org/http://labtestsonline.org/glossary/hemolysis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/reticulocyte/ -
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TEST FULL NAME EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF LOW RESULT EXAMPLES OF CAUSES OF HIGH RESULT
sulfa drugs)
Cirrhosis
Autoimmune disorders
Sepsis
Leukemia, lymphoma
Myelodysplasia
Chemo or radiation therapy
Hemolytic anemia
Myeloproliferative disorder (e.g.,
essential thrombocythemia)
MPV(Not
always
reported)
Mean
Platelet
Volume
Indicates average size of platelets is small;
older platelets are generally smaller than
younger ones and a low MPV may mean
that a condition is affecting the production
of platelets by the bone marrow.
Indicates a high number of larger, younger
platelets in the blood; this may be due to
the bone marrow producing and releasing
platelets rapidly into circulation.
PDW(Not
always
reported)
Platelet
Distribution
Width
Indicates uniformity in size of platelets Indicates increased variation in the size of
the platelets, which may mean that a
condition is present that is affecting
platelets
Albumin 3.2 - 5 g/dl
Alkaline phosphatase
(Adults: 25-60)33 - 131 IU/L
Adults > 61 yo: 51 - 153 IU/L
Ammonia 20 - 70 mcg/dl
Bilirubin, direct 0 - 0.3 mg/dl
Bilirubin, total 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dl
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/cirrhosis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/cirrhosis/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/tab/faqhttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/tab/faqhttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/tab/faqhttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/tab/faqhttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/tab/faqhttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/tab/faqhttp://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/cirrhosis/ -
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Blood Gases
Arterial Venous
pH 7.35 - 7.45 7.32 - 7.42
pCO2 35 - 45 38 - 52
pO2 70 - 100 28 - 48
HCO3 19 - 25 19 - 25
O2Sat % 90 - 95 40 - 70
BUN 7 - 20 mg/dl
Comp lete blood count (CBC) Adults
Male Female
Hemoglobin (g/dl) 13.5 - 16.5 12.0 - 15.0
Hematocrit (%) 41 - 50 36 - 44
RBC's ( x 10 /ml) 4.5 - 5.5 4.0 - 4.9
RDW (RBC distribution
width)< 14.5
MCV 80 - 100
MCH 26 - 34
MCHC % 31 - 37
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Platelet count 100,000 to 450,000
Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzym es
CK-BB 0%
CK-MB (cardiac) 0 - 3.9%
CK-MM 96 - 100%
Creatine phosphokinase
(CPK)8 - 150 IU/L
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.5 - 1.4
Electrolytes
Calcium 8.8 - 10.3 mg/dL
Calcium, ionized 2.24 - 2.46 meq/L
Chloride 95 - 107 mEq/L
Magnesium 1.6 - 2.4 mEq/L
Phosphate 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
Potassium 3.5 - 5.2 mEq/L
Sodium 135 - 147 mEq/L
Other
Ferritin (ng/ml) 13 - 300
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Folate (ng/dl) 3.6 - 20
Glucose, fasting (mg/dl) 60 - 110
Glucose (2 hourspostprandial) (mg/dl)
Up to 140
Hemoglobin A1c
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Triglycerides 45 - 155 mg/dl (< 160)
Osmolality 289 - 308 mOsm/kg
SGOT (AST) < 35 IU/L (20-48)
SGPT (ALT)
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changed their normal range for TSH
to
0.3 - 3.04 mIU/L.
Thyroglobulin Thyroglobulin 5-25 ng/mL
Radioactive
Iodine Uptake
(RAIU)
Distribution of
radiolabeled iodine in
the thyroid
5 hr 5 to 15%
24 hr 15 to 35%
Notes:
Free T4- much more useful then total T4 (e.g. interested in unbound or active
form). Total T4 not commonly measured. Greatly affected by TBG.Free T4 index: indirect measure of free T4. Corrects for high/low values of
TBG.
Total T3: not as useful as free T3, however, may be useful in locating
problems with TBG, or if looking for problems with peripheral conversion of T4
to T3.
Resin T3 Uptake: if low, then TBG binding capacity is high. Opposite if high.
TSH: best measure to determine thyroid function.
Thyroglobulin: nonspecific test that is elevated when the thyroid gland is
inflamed or enlarged.
Free T3 2.3-4.2 pg/ml
Total iron binding capacity
(TIBC)250 - 420 mcg/dl
Transferrin > 200 mg/dl
Uric acid (male) 2.0 - 8.0 mg/dl
(female) 2.0 - 7.5 mg/dl
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WBC + different ial
WBC (cells/ml) 4,500 - 10,000
Segmented neutrophils 54 - 62%
Band forms 3 - 5% (above 8% indicates left shift)
Basophils 0 - 1 (0 - 0.75%)
Eosinophils 0 - 3 (1 - 3%)
lymphocytes 24 - 44 (25 - 33%)
Monocytes 3 - 6 (3 - 7%)
Abso lute Neutrophi l Count (ANC) - Oncolog y
Equations:
(1) Segs and bands reported as a percentage:
WBC * ((segs / 100) + (bands / 100))
(2) Segs and bands reported in total numbers:
WBC * (segs + bands)
Neutrophils (aka polymorphonuclear cells, PMNs, granulocytes, segmented
neutrophils, or segs) fight against infection and represent a subset of the
white blood count. Neutropenia by definition is an ANC below 1800/mm3
(some sources use a lower value).
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 1000-1800:
Most patients will be given chemotherapy in this range.
Risk of infection is considered low.
Mild neutropenia - Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 500-1000:
Carries with it a moderate risk of infection.
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Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 500:
Severeneutropenia - high risk of infection. Remember that a reduced WBC is
known as leukopenia.
The WBC consists of the following (differential):
Lymphocytes: 20-40%
Neutrophils: 50-60%
Basophils: 0.5-2%
Eosinophils: 1-4%
Monocytes: 2-9% (average: 4%).
ANC = Total WBC x (% "Segs" + % "Bands")
Equivalent to: WBC x ((Segs/100) + (Bands/100))
The ANC refers to the total number of neutrophil granulocytes present in the
blood.
Normal value: 1500 cells/mm3.
Mild neutropenia: 1000 -
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nutritional deficiency (iron, vitamin B12, folate),
bone marrow problems (replacement of bone marrow by cancer,
suppression by chemotherapy drugs,
kidney failure), and
abnormal hemoglobin (sickle cell anemia).
High Hemoglobin level
It can be seen in people living at high altitudes and in people
who smokes. Dehydration produces a falsely high hemoglobin which disappears
when proper fluid balance is restored.
Some other infrequent causes are:
advanced lung disease (for example,emphysema),
certain tumors,
a disorder of the bone marrow known aspolycythemia rubra vera, and
abuse of the drug erythropoietin (Epogen) by athletes for blood doping purposes.
Clotting Time
The time required for blood to form a clot, tested by collecting 4 mL of blood in a
glass tube and examining it for clot formation. The first appearance of a clot is noted and
timed. The normal coagulation time in glass tubes is 5 to 15 minutes. This simple test
has been used to diagnose hemophilia, but it does not detect mild coagulation disorders.
Its chief application is in monitoring anticoagulant therapy. In order for blood to clot, the
enzyme thrombin must be generated from the plasma precursor prothrombin. Thrombin
then converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Generation of thrombin involves the
sequential activation of a number of other plasma clotting factor, this process is alsobeing assisted by Ca++ and by factors released by platelets and damaged tissues . The
time taken for blood to clot mainly reflects the time required for the generation of
thrombin in this manner. If the plasma concentration of prothrombin or of some of the
other factors is low (or if the factor is absent, or functionally inactive), clotting time will be
prolonged.
Lee-White method
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1966http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3494http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2502http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10419http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11299http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=339http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=88081http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=104731http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6837http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6837http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=104731http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=88081http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=339http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11299http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10419http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7778http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2502http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3494http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1966 -
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A method of determining the length of time required for a clot to form in a test
tube of venous blood. It is not specific for any coagulation disorder but is often used to
monitor coagulation during heparin therapy. Because normal values and precise
methodology vary, instructions are provided by most laboratories. It is also called a clot
retraction, clotting time test or coagulation time. It is used to evaluate the presence of a
bleeding disorder. Clot retraction is "the shrinking of the clot that forms when blood isallowed to stand, due to the fibrin network formed in the clot." Retraction time/clotting
time is a generalized result that will be prolonged when there is a decreased platelet
count or abnormal platelet function. The time it takes for a clot to form, separate from
clear serum in a glass tube and for the edges to retract from the sides of the glass tube
is noted.
Bleeding Time
This test measures the time taken for blood vessel constriction and platelet plug
formation to occur. No clot is allowed to form, so that the arrest of bleeding depends
exclusively on blood vessel constriction and platelet action. Bleeding time is used mostoften to detect qualitative defects of platelets. The test helps identify people who have
defects in their platelet function. This is the ability of blood to clot following a wound or
trauma. Normally, platelets interact with the walls of blood vessels to cause a blood clot.
There are many factors in the clotting mechanism, and they are initiated by platelets.
The bleeding time test is usually used on patients who have a history of prolonged
bleeding after cuts, or who have a family history of bleeding disorders. Also, the bleeding
time test is sometimes performed as a preoperative test to determine a patient's likely
bleeding response during and after surgery. However, in patients with no history of
bleeding problems, or who are not taking anti-inflammatory drugs, the bleeding time test
is not usually necessary.
Serum Potassium (K)This test shows the level of potassium in the blood. Potassium plays an
important role in muscle contractions and cell function. Both high and low levels
of potassium can cause problems with the rhythm of the heart so it is important to
monitor the level of potassium after surgery. Patients who are taking diuretics
regularly may require regular blood tests to monitor potassium levels, as some
diuretics cause the kidneys to excrete too much potassium.
Normal Values: 3.5-5 mEq/L / 3.5-5 mmol/L
Serum Sodium (Na)
This portion of the test shows the amount of sodium present in the blood.
The kidneys work to excrete any excess sodium that is ingested in food and
beverages. Sodium levels fluctuate with dehydration or over-hydration, the food
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and beverages consumed, diarrhea, endocrine disorders, water retention
(various causes), trauma and bleeding.
Normal Values: 135-145 mEq/L / 3.5-5 mmol/L