LabroideiLabroidei

Omar Sinno

Michelle Harris

LabroideiLabroidei

4 Families within Suborder Labroidei

• Cichlidae

•Embiotocidae

•Pomacentridae

•Labridae

•Includes the scarid and odacids, although many argue that they are separate families

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Suborder: Labroidei

LabroideiLabroidei

Suborder includes extremely speciose and Suborder includes extremely speciose and widely inhabited species.widely inhabited species.

Tropical and Temperate marines speciesTropical and Temperate marines species Reefs, kelp beds, surf zones and tide poolsReefs, kelp beds, surf zones and tide pools

Tropical with few temperate freshwater Tropical with few temperate freshwater speciesspecies Lakes, sluggish rivers and fast streamsLakes, sluggish rivers and fast streams

Few species found in brackish waterFew species found in brackish water

Pharyngeal Jaw : Uniting Pharyngeal Jaw : Uniting the Labroideithe Labroidei

Fused fifth ceratobranchials with teethFused fifth ceratobranchials with teeth Muscle “sling” suspending the lower pharyngeal jaw Muscle “sling” suspending the lower pharyngeal jaw

from the skullfrom the skull Articulation between the upper pharyngeal jaws and Articulation between the upper pharyngeal jaws and

the base of the skull without intervening musclethe base of the skull without intervening muscle Undivided sheet of sphincter esophagi muscle Undivided sheet of sphincter esophagi muscle Diversification of jaw structures integral to diet choice Diversification of jaw structures integral to diet choice

and speciation of cichlids.and speciation of cichlids.

Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae

Generally tropical freshwater, however few Generally tropical freshwater, however few found in brackish waters.found in brackish waters.

Nearly all species endemic to African rift Nearly all species endemic to African rift Lakes.Lakes.

Other endemic species found in North America, Other endemic species found in North America, South America and the Middle East.South America and the Middle East.

However, introductions have made them However, introductions have made them worldwide.worldwide.

Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae Non-continuous lateral line and single nostril Non-continuous lateral line and single nostril

on each side.on each side. Average 12-15 inches in length but some Average 12-15 inches in length but some

species up to a meter long.species up to a meter long. Several different body shapes:Several different body shapes:

Disc

Tubular

Stream-lined

Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae

Diversification of mouth, jaw and teeth allow cichlids Diversification of mouth, jaw and teeth allow cichlids to eat a wide variety of food.to eat a wide variety of food.

Mollusks, algae, insects, zooplankton, other fish, Mollusks, algae, insects, zooplankton, other fish, detris, plants and scales.detris, plants and scales.

Predation styles include both ambush and open-Predation styles include both ambush and open-pursuit.pursuit.

Caprichromis Caprichromis rams head of mouth-brooding rams head of mouth-brooding females, making her spit out eggs. females, making her spit out eggs. CaprichromisCaprichromis then eats the fry.then eats the fry.

NimbochrmoisNimbochrmois and and ParachromisParachromis play dead to lure play dead to lure in small fish.in small fish.

Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae

Very Territorial- Levels of territoriality is diverseVery Territorial- Levels of territoriality is diverse Feeding (one of few f.w. spp) or Mating territorialityFeeding (one of few f.w. spp) or Mating territoriality

Can communicate Can communicate Visual- color change may signify aggression, Visual- color change may signify aggression,

dominance, individualitydominance, individuality Tactile- “mouth fighting”Tactile- “mouth fighting” Chemical- distinguishing fryChemical- distinguishing fry AcousticAcoustic

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7Rc8xP03B4

Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae Invasive CichlidsInvasive Cichlids

Cichlids have been introduced by aquaria tradeCichlids have been introduced by aquaria trade 1300 aquarium species!1300 aquarium species! California – Rio Grande CichlidCalifornia – Rio Grande Cichlid Hawaii – Jewel CichlidHawaii – Jewel Cichlid Florida – Mayan CichlidFlorida – Mayan Cichlid Australia – Pearl CichlidAustralia – Pearl Cichlid

Game FishingGame Fishing Peacock BassPeacock Bass

BiocontrolBiocontrol FoodFood

Egypt: Delicious TilapiaEgypt: Delicious Tilapia Uganda: Nile PerchUganda: Nile Perch

Cichlidae: BreedingCichlidae: Breeding Methods of mating diverse as wellMethods of mating diverse as well

Monogamy Monogamy Courtship rituals and parental care commonCourtship rituals and parental care common

Polygynous Polygynous Male or female territorialityMale or female territoriality

Polygynandrous Polygynandrous ““Lekking” (“To play” in Swedish)Lekking” (“To play” in Swedish)

Congregation of 5,000-50,000 malesCongregation of 5,000-50,000 males Males build nests inshore or in open watersMales build nests inshore or in open waters Females come to lay eggs in nestsFemales come to lay eggs in nests

Extended Family modelExtended Family model Colonization of related individuals with dominant maleColonization of related individuals with dominant male

Cichlinds displaying Cichlinds displaying LekkingLekking

Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae

Two models of ReproductionTwo models of Reproduction Mouth-BroodingMouth-Brooding

Most polygynous, monogamous and sexually Most polygynous, monogamous and sexually dimorphicdimorphic

Females and Males may mouth-broodFemales and Males may mouth-brood

Substrate-BroodingSubstrate-Brooding Fertilized eggs adhered to substrate and guarded Fertilized eggs adhered to substrate and guarded

by parents until hatched.by parents until hatched. Parents tend to be monogamous or sexually Parents tend to be monogamous or sexually

monomorphic.monomorphic.

Sensory Systems and Sensory Systems and SpeciationSpeciation

Cichlid coloration and vision supports that Cichlid coloration and vision supports that geographic isolation not necessary for geographic isolation not necessary for speciation in Cichlids.speciation in Cichlids.

Mutations and adaptations in vision allows Mutations and adaptations in vision allows different cichlid species to inhabit different different cichlid species to inhabit different levels in the water column.levels in the water column.

Fish have adapted to best respond to certain Fish have adapted to best respond to certain colors that correspond to differences in color in colors that correspond to differences in color in varying depths.varying depths.

Conservation of CichlidaeConservation of Cichlidae 43 species extinct43 species extinct Small habitats in endemic locations make Small habitats in endemic locations make

native species vulnerable to extinctionsnative species vulnerable to extinctions Introduction of Nile Perch to Lake Victoria Introduction of Nile Perch to Lake Victoria

as food source has decimated cichlid as food source has decimated cichlid populations.populations.

Cichlids-SpeciationCichlids-Speciation

There are a number of hypotheses as to why the There are a number of hypotheses as to why the cichlids are so diversecichlids are so diverse Lake Victoria flowed over into smaller surrounding Lake Victoria flowed over into smaller surrounding

lakes allowing the cichlids to inhabit the smaller lakes. lakes allowing the cichlids to inhabit the smaller lakes. When the water recedes, the fish in the smaller lakes When the water recedes, the fish in the smaller lakes are isolated from the rest of the population leading to are isolated from the rest of the population leading to speciation. When Lake Victoria floods again, some of speciation. When Lake Victoria floods again, some of the fish swim back from the small lake into Lake the fish swim back from the small lake into Lake Victoria. Victoria.

Other hypotheses theorize that sympatric processes Other hypotheses theorize that sympatric processes within the lake caused divergencewithin the lake caused divergence

Cichlids-SpeciationCichlids-Speciation So there is a large number of species, but how fast did So there is a large number of species, but how fast did

they diverge?they diverge? There are 900 species in African rift lakes. 12,400 years ago, There are 900 species in African rift lakes. 12,400 years ago,

Lake Victoria was a marsh. This would indicate an extremely Lake Victoria was a marsh. This would indicate an extremely fast pace for speciation fast pace for speciation

However, molecular clock data calculated using an assumed However, molecular clock data calculated using an assumed 5.6 percent divergence in DNA sequence every million years 5.6 percent divergence in DNA sequence every million years came up with the conclusion that Lake Victoria cichlids came up with the conclusion that Lake Victoria cichlids began evolving 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. This indicates began evolving 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. This indicates that cichlids diverged after the break up of Gondwanaland.that cichlids diverged after the break up of Gondwanaland.

This is supported by the number of cichlids in South This is supported by the number of cichlids in South America. They migrated between Africa & South America America. They migrated between Africa & South America when the two were connected as Gondwanaland. when the two were connected as Gondwanaland.

Cichlid Sympatric Cichlid Sympatric SpeciationSpeciation

EmbiotocidaeEmbiotocidae

SurfperchesSurfperches Inhabit marine waters, typically kelp Inhabit marine waters, typically kelp

beds, rocky reefs, and tidal zonesbeds, rocky reefs, and tidal zones Some species eat zooplankton, while Some species eat zooplankton, while

others eat invertebratesothers eat invertebrates The only family of vivparous in Labroidei The only family of vivparous in Labroidei

Pomacentridae Pomacentridae

Includes damselfish and clownfish Includes damselfish and clownfish

Damselfish Damselfish

Resides in tropical marine waters, typically in Resides in tropical marine waters, typically in shallow areas close to coral reefsshallow areas close to coral reefs

Highly territorialHighly territorial Guard a small patch of algae in a symbiotic relationshipGuard a small patch of algae in a symbiotic relationship

The damselfish tend their algae like a gardenThe damselfish tend their algae like a garden They strategically feed on certain areas so as not to deplete the They strategically feed on certain areas so as not to deplete the

algaealgae Viciously attack any fish trying to steal a biteViciously attack any fish trying to steal a bite

Males court females from their patch.Males court females from their patch. If successful, they also guard the eggsIf successful, they also guard the eggs

ClownfishClownfish

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ1KDf3O-qU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ1KDf3O-qU Live in anemones in tropical marine watersLive in anemones in tropical marine waters Why don’t the anemones sting the clownfish and Why don’t the anemones sting the clownfish and

inject them with neurotoxins?inject them with neurotoxins? The clownfish have a sugar based mucous rather than The clownfish have a sugar based mucous rather than

protein so the anemone does not recognize it as foodprotein so the anemone does not recognize it as food Their coevolution has led to the clownfish’s immunity Their coevolution has led to the clownfish’s immunity

to the neurotoxin to the neurotoxin

ClownfishClownfish

Again this is a symbiotic relationshipAgain this is a symbiotic relationship The anemone protects the clownfish from predatorsThe anemone protects the clownfish from predators The clownfish eats matter off the anemone that could The clownfish eats matter off the anemone that could

potentially be harmfulpotentially be harmful The clownfish also provide nutrients for the anemone The clownfish also provide nutrients for the anemone

through their fecal matterthrough their fecal matter Clownfish are monogamous in the Christian sense, Clownfish are monogamous in the Christian sense,

til death do they parttil death do they part Clownfish groups are typically comprised of a breeding Clownfish groups are typically comprised of a breeding

pair and some pre-pubescent malespair and some pre-pubescent males When the female dies, the dominant male becomes the When the female dies, the dominant male becomes the

female (protandrous hermaphrodites)female (protandrous hermaphrodites)

LabridaeLabridae

The wrassesThe wrasses Includes at least 500 speciesIncludes at least 500 species Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters, typically Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters, typically

close to coral reefs but can range to colder waters close to coral reefs but can range to colder waters Wrasses are colorful and sexually dimorphicWrasses are colorful and sexually dimorphic Originally born as a mix of females and malesOriginally born as a mix of females and males

The dominant males and females become the breeding The dominant males and females become the breeding males (protogynous hermaphrodites)males (protogynous hermaphrodites)

The submissive males become female mimics, but do not The submissive males become female mimics, but do not become femalesbecome females

The submissive females remain femalesThe submissive females remain females

LabridaeLabridae

Some species also participate in a symbiotic Some species also participate in a symbiotic relationship: the famed cleaner fishrelationship: the famed cleaner fish Other fish swim to a group of wrasses and usually give a Other fish swim to a group of wrasses and usually give a

signal: open their mouth or orient themselves verticallysignal: open their mouth or orient themselves vertically The wrasses come and clean the parasites off of the fishThe wrasses come and clean the parasites off of the fish The wrasses even make house calls to shy fishThe wrasses even make house calls to shy fish Occasionally there are cheater wrasses who eat Occasionally there are cheater wrasses who eat

protective mucous or healthy tissueprotective mucous or healthy tissue The “clientele” fish rarely eat the wrasses due to the The “clientele” fish rarely eat the wrasses due to the

enormous benefit of being cleaned of all of their enormous benefit of being cleaned of all of their potentially deadly parasitespotentially deadly parasites

OdacidaeOdacidae

This family includes a mere 12 speciesThis family includes a mere 12 species Their habitat is the coastal waters off Their habitat is the coastal waters off

Australia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand Body is long and slender like the wrasseBody is long and slender like the wrasse Teeth are fused together like in the Teeth are fused together like in the

parrotfish parrotfish

ScaridaeScaridae

ParrotfishParrotfish Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters, Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters,

typically around coral reefstypically around coral reefs Typically one male has a harem of femalesTypically one male has a harem of females

When the male dies, the dominant female When the male dies, the dominant female becomes the male (again, protogynous becomes the male (again, protogynous hermaphrodites)hermaphrodites)

Produce pelagic eggs (buoyant eggs, if you Produce pelagic eggs (buoyant eggs, if you forgot)forgot)

ScaridaeScaridae

http://www.arkive.org/humphead-parrotfish/http://www.arkive.org/humphead-parrotfish/bolbometopon-muricatum/video-08.htmlbolbometopon-muricatum/video-08.html

So aptly named because of their fused to teeth So aptly named because of their fused to teeth which look like a bird’s beakwhich look like a bird’s beak

They feed on algal fronds and pieces of dead coralThey feed on algal fronds and pieces of dead coral How do they eat coral, you askHow do they eat coral, you ask

Massive pharyngeal teeth that grinds up the dead Massive pharyngeal teeth that grinds up the dead coralcoral

They eat algal particles and live coral polypsThey eat algal particles and live coral polyps Fun Fact! The sand that you laid on while you Fun Fact! The sand that you laid on while you

tanned in the Caribbean is parrotfish fecal mattertanned in the Caribbean is parrotfish fecal matter

ConservationConservation

The main source of endangerment for these The main source of endangerment for these species is the depletion of the coral reefsspecies is the depletion of the coral reefs

There are many factors There are many factors Global warmingGlobal warming

Coral bleachingCoral bleaching Coral acidification due to high COCoral acidification due to high CO22

Coral diseaseCoral disease Coral miningCoral mining PollutionPollution

Review questionsReview questions

What is the main hypothesis for Cichlid speciation and what is the What is the main hypothesis for Cichlid speciation and what is the reasoning behind the accepted molecular clock?reasoning behind the accepted molecular clock?

What are the benefits that clownfish and anemone receive from their What are the benefits that clownfish and anemone receive from their symbiotic relationship?symbiotic relationship?

Which families are protogynous hermaphrodites and which are Which families are protogynous hermaphrodites and which are protandrous hermaphroditesprotandrous hermaphrodites

Think, what are some specific advantages to the damselfish gardening Think, what are some specific advantages to the damselfish gardening algae?algae?

What is “Lekking”?What is “Lekking”? Why has the Nile Perch been introduced to the Lake Victoria region and Why has the Nile Perch been introduced to the Lake Victoria region and

what effect does it have to native cichlid species?what effect does it have to native cichlid species? What are the advantages and disadvantages to the two types of brooding.What are the advantages and disadvantages to the two types of brooding. What types of water bodies would you think tubular, disc and stream-lined What types of water bodies would you think tubular, disc and stream-lined

cichlids inhabit?cichlids inhabit?