Laboratory report of three surfaces of wood

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ASD2TC/2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise to the almighty Allah who give us His bless and opportunity to finish this assignment,without his blessed we cannot finished this work.Also not forgetting to Mrs. Junaiza binti Ahmad Zaki who had been so politely and a lot of commitment in helping his student to finished this assignment,to friend also who have been so kindly in sharing their knowledge and cooperation by helping us with this assignment.All of your behaviour we accept as away in learning. Thanks to you all.By the way , in the period of times to make this assignment fully finished we had a lot of wonderful moment and all of this memories will we keep and lock in the deep of our heart.Indirectly , we also learn so many things about the spirit in group like how to give good commitment while were in group.Thanks once again to Junaiza binti Ahmad Zaki, without you our 1

description

hardwood,softwood,three different wood surface.

Transcript of Laboratory report of three surfaces of wood

Page 1: Laboratory report of three surfaces of wood

ASD2TC/2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTPraise to the almighty Allah who give us His bless and opportunity to

finish this assignment,without his blessed we cannot finished this work.Also not

forgetting to Mrs. Junaiza binti Ahmad Zaki who had been so politely and a lot of

commitment in helping his student to finished this assignment,to friend also who

have been so kindly in sharing their knowledge and cooperation by helping us with

this assignment.All of your behaviour we accept as away in learning. Thanks to

you all.By the way , in the period of times to make this assignment fully finished

we had a lot of wonderful moment and all of this memories will we keep and lock

in the deep of our heart.Indirectly , we also learn so many things about the spirit in

group like how to give good commitment while were in group.Thanks once again

to Junaiza binti Ahmad Zaki, without you our assignment will not kerned all this

sweetest things.Thanks once again to all, we will remember all of this happinest

memories for the rest of our life.

Thanks you so much....

Assalamualaikum.

OBJECTIVES1

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Upon completion, student undergoing this course should

have good background in the following areas;

Understanding various component of wood in their

formation.

Appreciating the important of various wood cells and their

function.

Identification of commercial species using hand lens and

microscopes.

Differentiating various wood species through their

diagnostic features.

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LABORATORY WORK 1

TITLE: Understanding the three surfaces of wood

OBJECTIVE: A) To makes sure that we understand the three different surfaces of

wood- Cross, Radial, and Tangential.

B) To differentiate the three surfaces especially between radial surface

and tangential surface of wood.

MATERIALS AND PROSEDURE:

A) Wood cube, magnifier lens and knife.

B) Prepare the three surfaces of wood using the knife

C) Draw the three dimensional structure of wood

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Kelempayan

(Neolamarckia cadamba)

(Family: Rubiaceae)

Main species

Tree and distribution

One species occurs in Peninsular Malaysia.

- Medium-sized to large trees to 40 m tall, sometimes 45 m tall

- bole straight and cylindrical, often branchless of up to 25 m and a diameter of up to 100

cm rarely up to 160 cm, sometimes with buttresses to 2 m tall.

Distributed in lowland to mountain forests to 1000 m altitude; often by streams and rivers

and in open sites in the forest.

Characteristics and physical properties

The sapwood is not well defined from the heartwood, which is white turning to yellow

on exposure. Texture is moderately coarse and even. Vessels lines present. Grain is generally

straight. The timber is light and soft with an air-dry density of 290 to 465 kg m~'.

Macroscopic structures

- Growth rings :moderately distinct, marked by layers of thicker fibres.

- Vessels :medium sized to large, solitary and in radial multiples of 2 to 4, sometimes in

clusters,

- tyloses :absent,

- deposit :gum-like deposit present.

- Wood parenchyma :present but difficult to detect with the naked eye and just visible by

using the lens due to the lack of contrast between the fibres and the parenchyma.

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Apotracheal parenchyma as diffuse and diffuse in aggregates, forming short uniseriate

lines. Paratracheal parenchyma sparse and confine only to the immediate vicinity of the

vessels.

- Rays :of two distinct sizes, the broader rays can be- observed easily with a handlens.

- Ripple marks :absent.

- Intercellular canals :not observed.

Figure 1 Kelempayan (Neolamarrkia cadainba) x 20

Uses

A light-coloured and light-weight timber. The timber is suitable for use as picture frame,

moulding, skiring, wooden sandals, disposable chopstick, general utility furniture, veneer

and plywood.

PROSEDURE:

Step on preparing the surface of wood

Step for preparing of specimen:

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HARDWOOD(Shorea spp.)

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RESULT:

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A) From the drawing, elaborate the three surfaces of wood

THREE DIMENSION SURFACE

B) Highlight the differences between the various surfaces

TANGENTIAL SECTION(FLATSAWN)

HARDWOOD

- Ray in boat shaped- Vessel

SOFTWOOD

- Ray in boat shaped- Tracheid

RADIAL SECTION(QUARTERSAWN)

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HARDWOOD

- Ray in cube shaped- Vessels

SOFTWOOD

- Ray in cube shaped- Tracheid

CROSS SECTION(END GRAIN)

HARDWOOD

- Pore- Gum duct- Intercellular canals

SOFTWOOD

- Tracheid- Resin canal- Growth ring

DISCUSSION:

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CROSS SECTION- See growth ring boundaries,and interiors of cells,end view of log.

TANGENTIAL SECTION- Cut longitudinally,more or less down parallel to growth rings,at right angles to rays.

RADIAL SECTION- Cut longitudinally,more or less down at right angles to growth rings,and parallel to

rays

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Hardwood

Typical hardwood. The horizontal plane of a block of hardwood (for example, oak or maple)

corresponds to a minute portion of the top surface of a stump or end surface of a log

The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut parallel to the radius and parallel to the wood rays.

The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut at right angles to the radius and the wood rays, or

tangentially within the log.

In hardwoods, these three major planes along which wood may be cut are known commonly a

- end-grain,

- quarter-sawed (edge-grain)

- plain-sawed (flatgrain) surfaces

Hardwoods have specialized structures called vessels

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SOFTWOOD

Typical softwood. The rectangular units that make up the end grain of softwood are sections through

long vertical cells called tracheids or fibers

Because softwoods do not contain:

- vessel cells

The tracheids serve the dual function of transporting sap vertically and giving strength to the

wood.

Softwood fibers range from about 0.1 to 0.3 in. (3 to 8 mm) in length.

CONCLUSION:

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A) Draw important conclusion on the laboratory work

First,the tree cut down.then only certain part of the tree will taken.the part taken then

is cut into small cubes.The cues then is alter to determined better view of the

surfaces,that is cross section,tangetial section,and radial section.

B) Discuss the benefit obtained from those laboratory work

To determined the features of the wood surface and differentiate the various features

in hardwood.

LABORATORY WORK 2

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TITLE: Observing and recognizing the true surfaces of solid wood

OBJECTIVE: A) To observe closely the features on the three different surfaces of

wood- Cross, Radial and Tangential.

B) To recognize special features on the three surfaces of wood.

MATERIALS:

- Wood cube, hand lens and knife

- Wood cube (kelempayan,Neolamarckia cadamba)

- Microtome and safranine solution

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PROCEDURE:

1. The rough cubes that finished cut and clean by laboratory 1 was taken.

2. Then, the rough cubes in good sized and texture werw can be seen pores clearly were

chosen.

3. Draw the three dimensional structure of wood.

4. Put wood cube into a beakers which contain water to boil it until it soft and easy to cut

and label the wood cube.

5. After the cube has been boiled, take it out from the beaker.

6. Cut the wood cube using microtome until get the thinner / best slice of wood specimen.

7. Place the slice in the petri dish which contain a few drop of safranine red colour.

8. Then, immersed the specimen in 90%, 70%, 50%, 30% alcohol for 5 minutes for the less

condense solution.

9. Cut the slice and place it onto suitable size of specimen slide. Drop a few drop of xylene.

Next, put the specimen onto the slide and immediately cover it by using cover slip. Make

sure no bubbles trap in the slide.

Preparation of slide

1. Wood cube

2. Soak the wood cube into water.

3. Cut the wood cube into slices.

4. The slices of wood is transfer to the petri dish contain safranin red and being immersed

for 10 minutes.

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5. Soak it into alcohol.Then, the slices of wood is transfer to the 90% alcohol and immersed

in it about 5 minutes.

6. After that, the slices of wood moved to the 70% alcohols.The slices are immersed in it

about 5 minutes.

7. The slices of wood is moved into the 50% alcohols after being immersed in 70%

alcohol.The slices of wood are immersed for 5minutes.

8. Then, the wood is take out from 50% alcohol and moved into 30% alcohol.The slices are

immersed for 5 minutes.After immersed in 30% alcohol, the slices of wood is take out

and put into xylene solution.

9. Make a slide specimen and look at the structure using light microscope.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A) Prepared the three surface of wood using the knife

SLIDE

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CROSS SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

B) Draw the three dimensional structure of wood.

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C) Label varios features found on different surfacesCROSS SECTION

(x4) (x10)

RADIAL SECTION

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(x4) (x40)

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(x4) (x10)

(x4) (X10) (x40)

CONCLUSION:

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A) Draw important conclusion

The aim of this laboratory work is to determined the different character of the

different surface in the wood that is produced in different way and have

different function .

B) Discuss the benefit obtained from this laboratory work.

We can also found the type of rays in the hardwood which is consist of

procumbent cell and upright cell called heterogenous.

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LABORATORY WORK 3

TITLE : Assessing the structural features of wood

OBJECTIVE :

A) To study the structural features of the commercial timbers of Malaysia

B) To observe the various cells and important features in several :

- heavy hardwood (balau,bitis,chengal, etc)

-medium hardwood (kapur,kasai,kelat, keruing, etc

-light hardwood(punah,rengas,simpoh, etc)

C) To group wood species according to similar physical features observed above.

D) To observe various physical features of wood such as color, density, texture, grain, latex traces, and

included phloem.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

A. Thirty species of hardwood mention above

B. Study structural features(pores,parenchyma,rays)

C. Note diagnostic features to differentiate between spp.

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METHOD:

Wood samples of commercial species

1) the wood samples was arranged follow their colors.The colors that had been observed

are yellowish, reddish, pinkish, purplish.

2) the wood samples was arranged follow their density.The density of wood samples is

classified into three group, that is,

• High density

• Medium density

• Low density

3) the wood samples was arranged follow their texture.The texture of the wood samples is

classified into:

• Coarse texture

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• Medium texture

• Fine texture

4) the wood samples is arranged follow their figure.The figure of wood is classified into:

• Ripple mark

• Silver

• Growth ring

• Streaky

5) the wood samples is arranged follow their canals.The canals is classified into:

• concentric canals

• Diffuse canals

6) the wood samples is arranged follow odor.The odor of wood is classified into:

• Camphor

• Damar

• Garlic

• Spicy

7) The wood samples is arranged follow their grain.The grain is classified into:

• Diagonal

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• Straight

• Wavy

8) the wood samples that have the included phloem characteristic and latex traces

characteristic is identified.

Each wood has their own characteristic of color. With this characteristic, its may helps for the

identification of the wood. Some woods are characteristically white, reddish, orangy, greenish

and many more. However, the majority of wood are a blend of complex shades of color that are

difficult to describe exactly.

The color of wood is variable within range depending on such factors, such as location of tree,

age of the tree, state of dryness, exposure conditions and so on.

For examples are:

Wood cut from the extreme outside layer of a log is mainly sapwood and is generally of

different color from inner layers or heartwood.

The outer layers of heartwood may be less colored than inner layers nearer the pith.

Wood from young trees is lighter in color than wood from more mature or older trees.

From this laboratory work, we identified the type of colors of the wood samples.

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COLOUR

Brownish color

Wood species: Perupok, Bakau, Nyatoh, Mengkulang, Mahang, Sepetir, Gerutu, Sentang,

Merpauh, Giam, Medang, Balau, Merawan, Kelat, Terap, Resak, Keranji, Keledang, Bitis,

Kungkur.

Reddish color

Wood species: Bintangor, Kekatong, Meranti Bakau, Keruing, Kapur, Kasai, Geronggang.

Rengas, Tualang, Simpoh, Dark red Meranti, Kempas, Merbau

Yellowish color

Wood species:Podo. Mempisang, Yellow Meranti, Mersawa, Ramin, Sesendok, Jelutong, Petai,

Pulai, Malayan Kauri, Rubberwood, White Meranti, Kembang Semangkuk, Chengal, Tembusu,

Meranti, Punah.

Pinkish colours

Wood species:Kedondong, Durian, Terentang, Penarahan, Melantai, Melunak, Mata Ulat, Light

Red Meranti

 

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Purplish color

 Wood species:Red Balau, Kulim

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DENSITY

High density

Wood species: Giam, Kekatong, Keranji, Merbau, Resak, Bakau, Kempas, Keruing, Kulim, Mata

Ulat, Meransi, Tembusu, Kasai, Rengas, Kelat, Keledang, Tualang, Chengal, Bitis, Red Balau,

Balau.

 Medium density

Wood species:Podo, Sepetir, Rubberwood, Ramin, Nyatoh, Mersawa, Mempisang, Melunak,

Medang,Kungkur, Kembang Semangkuk, Meranti Bakau, Dark Red Meranti, White Meranti,

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Yellow Meranti,Merawan, Gerutu, Durian, Bintangor, Simpoh, Punah, Mengkulang, Merpauh,

Kapur

Low density

Wood species: Sentang, Sesendok, Terap, Terentang, Geronggang, Light Red Meranti, Jelutong,

Kedondong, Machang, Melantai, Perupok, Petai, Penarahan, Pulai, Malayan Kauri

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TEXTURE

The term refers to the quality of wood which is determined by the relatives sizes of the basic

structural elements and their arrangement. Texture is said to be fine, if the elements particularly

vessels and rays are small in size, it is coarse if these elements are large. The texture is even if

the major elements are of uniform sizes and distributed evenly, but uneven if the elements are of

variables sizes or distributed unevenly.

Coarse

Wood species:

- Geronggang, Durian, Meransi, Kempas, Tualang

 

Medium

 Wood species:

- Yellow Meranti, Meranti Bakau, Merpauh, Mengkulang, Punah, Light red Meranti, Dark

Red Meranti, Petai, White Meranti, Mempisang, Jelutong, Pulai, Kedondong, Terap,

Perupok, Sesendok, Malayan Kauri, Penarahan, Terentang, Kungkur, Kembang

Semangkuk, Mersawa, Gerutu, Medang, Bintangor, Melunak, Melantai,Chengal,

Machang.

Fine

 Wood species:

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- Tembusu, Keruing, Merawan, Mata Ulat, Rengas, Nyatoh, Podo, Giam, Sepetir, Kulim,

Simpoh, Bakau, Ramin, Keledang, Kelat, Red Balau, Bitis, Kekatong, Resak, Kasai,

Balau, Merbau, Keranji, Sentang, Kapur, Rubberwood

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FIGURE

This physical features is refers to the interesting figure of the wood that formed from the

arrangement of elements or unarranged color. The figure that can be seen from the wood is:

Growth ring

Wood species: Podo, Malayan Kauri

Ripple Mark

 Wood species:Chengal, Kapur, Kempas, Melunak

Silver figure

Wood species:Mempisang, Kembang Semangkuk, Resak

Streaky figure

Wood Species:Kekatong, Sepetir

Intercellular canal

- Concentric

Wood species: Dark red meranti, Light red meranti, Meranti bakau, white meranti, Red

balau, Yellow meranti, Melantai, Giam, Mersawa, Gerutu, Merawan, Kapur,

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- Diffuse

Wood species : Keruing

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ODOUR

The characteristic smell of wood is most reliable in freshly cut wood. However, in most woods

smell fades or is completely lost in the process of drying and exposure. For testing smell, the

surface layer should be removed and only newly exposed surface examine. Though presence of

odor or smell is reliable feature, its absence may be transient, and hence has no bearing on

identification.

Camphor

Wood Species: Kapur

Dammar 

Wood species: Keruing

Garlic

Wood species: Kulim

Spicy

Wood species: Medang

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GRAIN

Straight grain

- applies to the fiber elements when they are aligned parallel to the axis of the log.

- Wood species:

Sentang, Meranti Bakau, Merbau, White Meranti, Simpoh, Kekatong, Jelutong,

Mempisang, Sesendok, Punah, Bitis, Renags, Dark Red Meranti, Meransi, Podo,

Kembang Semangkuk, Sepetir, Yellow Meranti, Ramin, Bintangor, Terentang, Medang,

Penarahan, Kulim, Balau, Gerutu, Bakau, Kasai.

 

Diagonal grain

- refers to the elements that, as a result of bad sawing, do not run parallel to the length of a

sawn board.

- Wood species:

Petai, Malayan Kauri, Mersawa, Mengkulang, Tembusu, Chengal, Melunak, Giam, Kelat,

Kedondong, Kapur, Red Balau, Geronggang

Wavy grain

- Refers to the elements undulating in a regular manner or to the direction of constantly

changing fiber.

- Wood species:

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Resak, Durian, Keledang, Light Red Meranti, Rubberwood, Machang, Keruing, Kempas,

Tualang, Merawan, Merpauh, Nyatoh, Perupok, Terap, Keranji, Pulai, Mata Ulat,

Melantai, Kungkur.

 

WOOD DEFECT

Latex traces

- Only found in Jelutong and Pulai.

Included phloem

- found only in Kempas and Tualang

Pitch pocket- An accumulation of resinous material on the surface or in pockets below the surface of

wood. Also called gum or sap.Found in softwood

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HEAVY HARDWOOD

(GROUP 1)

SPECIES EXPLANATION

BALAU(Shorea spp.)

Family: Dipterocarpaceae

Species: Shoreaatrinervosa

By drawing:

General characteristics

Sapwood : Well defined.

Heartwood :colour yellow-brown.

Lustre :planed surface with medium.

Stripe figure : with subtle.

Texture :moderately fine and even.

Grain :interlocked.

Density :over 800 kg/m³ to less than1155 kg/m³.

Structure

Growth rings: absent

Vessels with:

- simple perforation

- medium-sized

- moderately few

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- mostly solitary with few radial

- oblique groups of 2 to 3

- fairly evenly distributed but with a tendency to form short

- oblique lines

- mostly with tylosis but without vessel deposits.

Wood parenchyma:

- both apotracheal and Para tracheal types present.

Rays:

- Fine

- just visible to the naked eye on cross section: not prominent

on a radial Surface.

Ripple marks:

- absent but a slight suggestion of storeying of element may be

occasionally present.

Intercellular canals:

- vertical canals smaller in size than the vessel, arranged in

concentric formation:

- The canals are generally filled with resin

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BALAU MERAH

(Shorea spp.)

FAMILY :Dipterocarpaceae

SPECIES:

- Shoreacollina

(balaumerah)

- S. guiso

- (balaumembatu)

- S. kunstleri

(balaulautmerah)

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood : well defined

Heartwood : colour, heartwood purple-red or dark red-brown

Luster : planed surface with variable (rather poor to medium)

Stripe figure : occasionally with stripe figure

Texture : rather coarse but even

Grain : interlocked; hard to cut across grain; end cut generally shiny

Density :air dry density ranging from 800 to 880 kg/m³ (50 to 55

lb/ft³); moderately durable.

Structure

Growth rings : absent

Vessels with:

- simple perforation

- medium-sized to moderately large

- few or moderately few

- mostly solitary with a few radial or oblique groups of 2 to 4

- evenly distributed but with a tendency to form short oblique

lines

- mostly filled with tyloses; deposits absent.

-

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Wood parenchyma :

- both apotracheal and paratracheal types present

- The apotracheal types consisting of irregularly spaced

concentric bands and short or broken tangential lines.

- The paratracheal form, generally aliform with a tendency to

the confluent type.

Rays :

- ranging from fine to medium-sized (depending on the species)

- barely visible to clearly visible to naked eye on cross-section

Ripple marks : generally absent

Intercellular canals :

- vertical canals in concentric formation

- often as large as the vessels and filled with white resin.

BITIS(Madhuca utilis)

Family :Sapotaceae

Species :

Madhucautilis(bitis)

General Characteristic

Sapwood : well defined

Heartwood : Reddish-brown or chocolate red-brown in colours

Luster : Occasional

Stripe figure : On radial surface

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By drawing :

Texture : Moderately fine and even

Grain: Fairly stripe, very hard and horny to cut across grain, end cut

shiny

Density: From 280 to 1200 kg/m³(51 to 75lb/ft³)

Durable: Even under adverse condition

Structure

Growths ring: Absent

Vessle With:

- simple perforation

- medium size,moderatelyfew

- mostly in radial multiple of 3 to 6 or more

- unevenly in chain-like formation

Tyloses :Common

Wood parenchyma :

- Exclusivelyapotrcheal, as closely and regularly spaced narrow

Band.

Ray:

- Very fine

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- not visible to the nacked eye

- not conspicuous on radial surface

Ripple marks: Absent

Intercellular canals : Absent

CHENGAL

(Neobalanocarpus heimii)

Family :Dipterocarpaceae

Species :

Neobalanocarpusheimii

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood : well defined

Heartwood :

- yellow green when freshly cut

- weathering to dark tan-brown in colour

Luster : Planed surface

Stripe figure :Often with vague

Texture :Moderately fine and even

Grain : Interlocked, hard to cut across grain

Density : Ranging from over 915 to 980 kg/m³ (57 to 61 lb/ft³)

Very durable :even under edverse condition

Structure

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Growth ring : Absent

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- medium-size

- moderately numerous

- others in radial pairs and multiples of 2 to 4

- evenly distributed without any clear arrangement

Tyloses :Fill with tyloses

Wood parenchyma :

- abundant

- both apotracheal and paratracheal,

- apotracheal type consisting of irregularly spaced bands of

variable thickness and short closely space.Tangential lines

expending from rays

- Paratracheal parenchyma sparse.As incomplete narrow

borders, not clearly visible with lens.

Rays :

- moderately fine to medium-sized

- visible to naked eye on cross-section

- Not conspicuous on a radial surface

Ripple mark : Characteristics and very distinct

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Intercellular :

- Vertical canals typically smaller than the vessel in concentric

formation canals

GIAM(Hopea spp.)

Family : Dipterocarpaceae

Species: Hopea spp.

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :Only moderately distinct from heartwood unless

bluestained

Heartwood :Yellow-brown, sometime with light greenish tinge(like

chengal)Weathering to a dark tan-brown.

Luster : Planed surface not particularly.

Texture :Fine and event.

Grain : Spiral, wavy or interlocked, very hard and horny to cut across

grain.

Density :Ranging from over 865 to 1220 kg/m³

Very durable : Even under adverse conditions.

Structure

Growth rings : defined but concentric marking occasionally present.

Vessel with :

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- simple perforation

- small to medium-sized

- mostly small

- moderately numerous to numerous

- mostly solitary with some radial or oblique pairs

- radial multiples of 3 to 4

- evenly distributed, but with a tendency to form short oblique

lines.

Tyloses :variable, abundant in some species but only sparse in others.

Wood parenchyma:

- variable, ranging from sparse to abundant

- a both the apotracheal and paratracheal types.

Rays :

- moderately fine to medium-sized

- visible to the naked eye, distinct but not conspicuous on a

radial surface.

Ripple marks : absent.

Intercellular canals :

- the vertical type

- mostly smaller than the vessel in size

- arranged in concentric lines, filled with whitish resin.

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KEKATONG

(Cynometra spp.)

Family :Leguminosae

Species:Cynometraspp

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :Lighter-coloured but not sharply differentiate from

heartwood

Heartwood : Dark red except for the brown black or chocolate-

coloured corewood

Lustrous :

- Planed surface generally not lustrous

- Mottled Attractively streaked on radial surface and mottled on

tangential surface by the lighter-coloured wood parenchyma

bands

Texture : Moderately fine

Grain : Spiral or shallowly interlocked, very hard and horny to cut

across the grain

Density :Air dried density Ranging from 800 to 1155 kg/m³ (55 to 72

lb/ft³)

Durable : Moderately

Structure

Growth rings :ill-defined but vague concentric markings often visible

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Vessels with :

- simple perforation

- medium-size

- few or moderately few

- Generally in about equal proportion of solitary and radial

group of 2 or 3

- evenly distributed without any clear arrangement

Tylosis : Sparse.

Deposits : Common

Wood parenchyma : Abundant as closely space confluent bands

Rays :

- Moderately fine

- just visible to naked eye on cross section

- not conspicuous on a radial surface

Ripple mark : Absent

KERANJI(Diallium spp.)

Family: Leguminosae

Species:

Dialiummarginatum

General Characteristic

Sapwood :distinct

Heartwood : golden-brown, red-brown or dark red-brown

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By drawing:

Figure : light-colouredzig-zag markings on tangential surface

Texture :ranging from moderately fine to moderately coarse and even

Grain : wavy and interlocked; very hard horny to cut across grain

Density : from 755 to 1250 kg/m³

Moderately durable: exposed to severe condition

Structure

Growth ring: absent

Vessels with:

- simple perforation

- medium-sized to moderately large

- few or rarely moderately few

- mostly solitary with a few in radial groups of 2 to 4

- evenly scattered without any clear arrangement.

Deposits: yellow or white.

Wood parenchyma: in regularly and closely spaced concentric bands

Rays:

- very fine to moderately fine

- not visible to naked eye

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- not prominent on radial surface

Ripple marks: very distinct

Intercellular canals: absent

MERBAU

(Instia palembanica)

Family: Leguminosae

Species: Intsiapalembanica

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood : sharply

Heartwood : orange-brown or dark red-brown

Stripe figure :(made-up of alternating layer of darker and lighter

colours) on radial surface and zig-zag markings produced by wood

parenchyma on tangential surface

Texture : coarse but even

Grain : interlocked and often wavy

Density : from 515 to 1040 kg/m³(32 to 65 1b/ft³)

Structure

Growth rings : demarcated mainly by terminal layers of wood

parenchyma

Vessels with :

- simple perforation

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- moderately large or very large

- very few or few

- mostly solitary with some radial pairs and multiple of threes

- evenly scattered without any arrangement

Deposits :sulphur-yellow and dark-coloured

Wood parenchyma :

- apotracheal parenchyma as irregularly spaced concentric

layers

- the paratracheal type conspicuously surrounding the pores,

as aliform or occasionally locally confluent

Rays :

- barely visible or just visible to the naked eye on cross-section,

- not prominent on a radial surface

Ripple marks : absent

Intercellular canals: absent

RESAK(Vatica spp.)

Family: Dipterocarpaceae

Species:

Cotylelobiummelanoxylon

General Characteristic

Sapwood : moderately well defined

Heartwood : yellow-brown or light-brown

Figure :Silver figure on radial surface common

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By drawing:

Texture : fine and even

Grain : shallowly interlocked; moderately hard to very hard to cut

across grain

Density : 655 to 1152 kg/m³

Structure

Growth ring : absent

Vessels with :

- simple perforation;

- moderately small to medium-sized.

Tyloses : few in the lighter varieties and abundant in the denser woods

Deposits : white or dark-coloured resin secreted from resin canals may

simulate vessel-deposits

Wood parenchyma :

- apotracheal parenchyma as diffuse strand or short narrow

lined extending from ray to ray or narrow terminal line

- the paratracheal type usually indistinct with a lens,

consisting of narrow sheaths to the vessels.

Ray :

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- two distance size

- very fine and medium-sized

- the letter distinct to the naked eye on cross-section and often

conspicuous on a radial surface.

Intercellular canals :

- the vertical type present, generally they are in diffuse

arrangements and therefore difficult to spot with a hand lens

unless they are distinctly larger than the pores

- occasionally a few cannal may be arranged in short tangential

series.

TEMBUSU

(Fagraea spp.)

Family: loganiaceae

Species :Fragraeaelliptica

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood : not differentiated from heartwood by colour

Heartwood : colour red or yellow-brown when freshly cut,

weathering to a light orange –brown .

Texture : ranging from moderately fine to moderately coarse.

Grain :

- slightlyinterloked and often wavy

- moderately hard or hard to cut across grain

Density : ranging from 640 to 1075 kg/m³ (40 to 67 lb/ft³)

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Structure

Growth ring :absent

Vessel with :

- with simple peroration

- medium-sized to moderately large

- few or moderately few,

- in variable proportions of solitary and radial multiples of 2 to

7,

- evenly distributed without arrangement

Tyloses :sparse to abundant as shiny films

Wood parenchyma : as closely and regularly spaced band with

tendency to form confluent bands

Ray :

- fine and not visible to the naked eye

- not prominent on a radial surface

Ripple mark :absent

Intercellular canals : absent

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MEDIUM HARDWOOD

(GROUP 2)

KAPUR

(Dryobalanops spp.)

Family: Dipterocarpaceae

Species :

Dryobalanopsaromatica

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood : well defined

Heartwood : rose-red or deep red

Texture : rather coarse but even

Grain : shallowly or heavily interlocked or spiral; hard to cut across

grain

Odour : often with camphor-like

Density : from 575 to 815 kg/m³

Structure

Growth ring :

- absent but irregularly spaced

- concentric layers of vertical canal, may simulate growth ring

Vessel with :

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- simple perforation

- medium-sized to moderately large;

- generally moderately few; almost axclusively solitary

- evenly distributed but form short oblique lines

Wood parenchyma :

- both the apotracheal and paratracheal types

- the former of irregularly spaced concentric lines and some

diffuse strands and the latter as indistinct bordes to the vessels

with a tendency to aliform

Rays :

- moderately fine to medium-sized

- clearly visible to the naked eye.

Ripple marks : generally present but only occasionally very distinct

Intercellular canals :

- vertical canals in concentric series

- individual canals smaller than the vessel, filled with white

resin or empty

KASAI

(Pometia pinnata)

Family: Sapindaceae

General Characteristic

Sapwood : generally lighter-coloured and fairly well defined

Heartwood : light-red brown or red-brown; weathering to a darker

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Species: Pometiaspp

By drawing:

shade of red-brown

Lustrous : planed surface moderately

Stripe figure : often with vague on radial surface

Texture : moderately coarse and even

Grain : interlocked; hard to cut across grain

Density : from 735 to 915 kg/m³

Durable : when exposed to adverse condition

Structure

Growth ring : vague concentric marking produced by terminal layers

of wood parenchyma may be visible on end surface

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized to moderately large

- few in number

- few solitary

- other the radial groups generally of 2 to 3 but occasionally 3

to 8

- each such group consisting of a large pore with a tail-like

appendage of 4 to 8

Tyloses : present but not abundant

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Deposits : orange-brown in colour

Wood parenchyma :

- both apotracheal and paratracheal types

- paratracheal parenchyma as narrow borders to the pore and

the apotracheal as concentric terminal bands.

Rays :

- very fined

- not visible to naked eye on cross-section

- not prominent on a radial surface

Ripple marks : absent

Intercellular canals : absent

KELAT

(Eugenia spp.)

Family :Myrtaceae

Species :Eugenia griffithii

There are a lot of 200 species

of Eugenia, but not all the

species can attain commercial

size. A rough count indicated

that about 87 species are

General Characteristic

Sapwood : lighter colour but not always well ddefined

Heartwood : grey-brown, deep brown or red-brown

Luster : plained surfaced luster

Texture : generally moderately fine

Grain : interlocked, irregular or wavy; moderately hard or hard to cut

across grain

Density :air dry density, ranging from 570 kg/m³ to kg/m³ (35 to 59

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capable of producing boles of

medium to large size, out of

which only 50 bear specific

epithets.

By drawing:

lb/ft³)

Durable :only the species of E.griffihii was tasted for its durability

and was found to be moderately durable under adverse conditions.

Structure

Growth rings : indistinct but accasional concentric marking may be

present.

Vessels with :

- simple perforation

- moderately small to medium-sized

- moderately numorous

- generally angular in shape

- mostly in radial multiples of 2 to 8

- fairly evenly distributed without any arrangement

Tyloses :

- Variable

- from sparse to fairly abundant

- occasionally with deposits.

Wood parenchyma :

- only of the paratracheal type

- ranging from scant aliform (barely visible with a lens) to

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fairly well defined aliform or confluent.

Rays :

- very fine to moderately fine

- Barely visible to the nacked eye or just visible on cross-

section

- not prominent on a radial surface.

Ripple marks : absent.

Intercellular canals :absent.

KELEDANG

(Artocarpus spp.)

Family :Moraceae

Species :

Artocarpuslenceifolius

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :moderately or well defined

Heartwood :orange yellow-brown; weathering to gold-brown; dark

orange-brown; Walnut-brown or russet-brown

Luster :planed surface moderately lustrous or very glossy

Stripe figure :on radial surface

Texture :moderately coarse but even; grain deeply interlocked

Grain :moderately hard or hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry density ranging from 495 to over 945 kg/m³(31 to 59

lb/ft³)

Durable :moderately durable in the case of A. integer var. sivestris

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and A. lanceifolius even under severe conditions of exposure; other

are non durable.

Structure

Growth ring :absent or indistinct.

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized or moderately large

- few in number or very rarely moderately few

- solitary vessels and vessels in groups fairly well balanced

about equal

- radial group composed of 2 to 5 pores

- fairly evenly scattered with occasionally a faint suggestion of

local arrangement in short tangential lines;

Tyloses :usually present but not abundant

Deposits :chalky-white deposits often present.

Wood parenchyma :

- exclusively paratracheal

- often conspicuously surrounding the pores as vasicentric

- aliform or confluent ( mostlyaliform)

- the colour of wood parenchyma is typically orange-brown.

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Rays :

- two sized

- the medium-sized rays clearly visible to the naked eye

- the finer ones not; not prominent on a radial surface

- colour of the rays typically orange- brown.

Ripple marks :absent.``

Intercellular canals :absent.

KEMPAS

(Koompassia malaccensis)

Family :Leguminosae

Species :

Koompassiamalaccensis

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :very well defined

Heartwood :brick-red when freshly sawn, weathering to orange-erd

speckled by yellow brown lines

Luster :planed surface moderately lustrous

Stripe figure :on radial surface

Texture :coarse and even

Grain :interlocked, spiral or wavy; concentric rings of abnormal

tissue may be visible on cross-section of unsawn logs, very hard and

horny to cut across grain

Density :air dry density ranging from 770 to 1250 kg/m³ (48 to 70

lb/ft³)

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Durable :moderately durable even under severe conditions of

exposure.

Structure

Growth rings :indistinct or absent

Vessel with :

- small perforation

- large or very large

- very few or few

- partly solitary and partly in radial groups of 2 to 6

- evenly distributed without any clear arrangement

Tyloses :generally without tyloses

Deposits :white coloured deposite rarely present.

Wood parenchyma :

- predominantly paratracheal

- as conspicuous aliform

- narrow terminal bands (apotrachaeal) may rarely occur.

Rays :

- moderately fine

- just visible to the naked eye on cross-section

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- not conspicuous on a radial surface.

Rapple marks :generally distinct.

Intercellular canal :absent.

Included phloem :Concentric bands of included phloem often present

(but this is usually discarded during sawing and may not be seen except

on logs).

KERUING

(Dipterocarpus spp.)

Family :

Dipterocarpaceae

Species :

Dipterocarpusgracilis

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :grey-brown and distinct

Heartwood :red-brown or purple-red-brown

Luster :planed surface with variable luster,mostly poor but some

species fairly lustrous

Stripe-figure :mostly with subtle

Grain :hard or very hard and horny to cut across grain

Density :air-dry density from 550 to 985 kg/m³ (34 to42 lb/ ft³)

Durable :Some keruing are found to be moderately durable whereas

others are not durables.

Stucture

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Growth rings :present.

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- moderately large or very large

- few ormoderately few in number

- exclusively solitary

- evenly distributed but often with a tendency to arrangement in

short oblique lines

Tyloses :bundant in some species but remarkably open in most species

free of deposits.

Wood parenchyma :

- both apotracheal and paratracheal as scattered

- confluent patches containing vertical resin canal and in some

species with diffuse strands or short tangential lines

independent of resin canals

- the paratracheal parenchyma very sparse and as incomplete

borders to the vessels but not always distinct with a hand lens.

Ripple marks :rarely distinct but generally absent .

Intercellulare canal ;

- vertical canals as large or larger than the vessels in some

species and smaller in other

- arrangement diffuse or in short tangential lines containing 2 to

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7 canals in a series

- very rarely in continuous tangential series.

Other features

Burning splinter test : Splinter burns to ash.

Froth test : negative

KULIM

(Scorodocarpus borneensis)

Family :

Olacaceae

Species :

Scorodocarpusborneensis

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :lighter-coloured and moderately distinct from heartwood

Heartwood :dark purple-brown when fresh but losing much of the

purple colour after weathering and turning to adark brown

Luster :planed surface dull (without any luster)

Stripe figure :on radial surface

Texture :moderately fine and even

Grain :interlocked , hard to cut across grain

Odour :freshly cut wood with a strong garlic-like odour

Density :air dry density averaging 835 kg/m³ (52 lb/ft³)

Durable :moderately durable on land and believe to be very resistant

to toredo attack.

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Structure

Growth rings :absent.

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized

- moderately numorous or accasionally numorous

- very few as solitary

- mostly in radial pairs or radial multiple of 3 to 8 in a series

- rather unevenly distributed

- with a distinctly radial arrangement

Tyloses :generally abundant

Deposites :common.

Wood parenchyma :

- exclusively apotracheal, as diffuse or as short and narrow

tangential lines between the rays

- sometimes in netlike formation (with a hand lens visibility

of wood parenchyma is generally poor).

Rays :

- moderately fine

- generally not clearly visible to the naked eye and not

prominent on a radial surface.

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Ripple marks :absent.

Intercellular canals :absent.

MATA ULAT

(Kokoona spp.)

Family: Celastraceae

Species :Kokoonacoriaceae

By drawing:

General Characteristic

. Sapwood :not well defined

Heartwood :brown with a pink tinge (some individuals with a

distinctly defined, rose-coloured core )

Luster :planed surface faitly lustrous ; fine streaks on radial surface

and decorative zig-zag markings on tangential surface

Texture :very fine and even

Grain :

- shallowly interlocked

- freshly sawn wood reported to have a distinct smell “

suggestive of carnations” which does not persist

- very hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry density ranging from 880 kg/m³ to 1040 kg/m³ (55 to

65 lb/ft³)

Durable :moderately durable in exposed conditions or in contact with

the ground.

Structure

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Growth rings :concentric terminal layers of wood parenchyma

simulate growth rings.

Vessels with :

- simple perforation moderately numerous or numerous

- exclusively solitary

- slightly uneven distributed

- often arranged in groups

Tyloses :absent

Deposits :white or yellow coloured deposit may be present.

Wood parenchyma :

- as broad terminal bands

- the bands often an as toming or ending abruptly

- conspicuous to the naked eye on all surface.

Rays :

- very fine

- not visible to the naked eye

- not conspicuous on aradial surface.

Ripple marks :absent.

Intercellulra canals :absent.

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Other features

Burning splinter test : Splinter burns to ash.

Froth test : Negative

MENGKULANG

(Heritiera spp.)

Family :

Sterculiaceae

Species :

Heritieraborneensis

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :lighter-coloured and fairly distinct

Heartwood :occasionally pink-brown; more common red-brown or

dark brown

Luster :planed surface lustrous; with moderately conspicuous flecks

on radial surface

Texture :coarse and fairly even

Grain :shallowly interlocked or wavy; moderately to cut across grain

Density :air dry density on an average 752 kg/m³ ( 47lb/ ft³)

Durable :moderately durable in exposed condition or in contact with

the the ground.

Structure

Growth rings :rather indistinct but vague concentric markings

generally visible.

Vessel with :

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- simple perforation

- moderately large or very large

- few in number; few solitary, others in radial pairs and

multiples of 3 to 8

- a few of the large vessels with a tail-like appendage of very

small vessels

- scattered without any arrangement

Tyloses :absent

Deposits :dark coloured deposits common.

Wood parenchyma :

- of both apotracheal and paratracheal present

- apotracheal parenchyma are mostly diffuse

- less commonly as short, narrow lines between the rays which

in some areas are closely spaced and form a scalariform

pattern

- occasionally in narrow terminal lines

- paratracheal parenchyma as narrow borders to the vessels,

occasionally with a tendency to aliform.

Rays :

- of two distinct sizes

- the wider rays distinct to the naked eye; the rays are distinctly

dark coloured

- produced characteristics speckles on tangential surface and

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conspicuous flecks on radial surface.

Ripple mark :generally present.

Intercellular canals :

- of the traumatic type accasionally present

- filled with dark-coloured gum-like substance

- the arrangement of the cannals is concentric.

MERPAUH

(Swintonia spp.)

Family :Anacardiaceae

Species:

Swintonia floribunda

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :lighter-coloured than heart-wood but not well defined

Heartwood :grey-brown with or without a pink tinge or reddish brown

Luster :planed surface very lustrous

Stripe figure :on radial surface and ornamental zig-zag marking on

tangential faces

Texture :rather coarse but even

Grain :interlocked; hard or moderately hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry density ranging from 655 top 880 kg/m³ (40 to 55

lb/ft³) averaging 47 lb/ft³

Durable :moderately durable in the case of S.floribunda var.

penangiana; other species of merpauh are not durable.

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Structure

Growth rings fairly distinct, produced by terminal layers of wood

parenchyma .

Vessel with :

- with simple perforation

- medium-sized;moderately large

- generally few

- rarely moderately few

- as solitary and in pairs and multiples of 3 to 7 in a series

- evenly distributed without any arrangement

Tyloses :often present but well developed

Deposites :absent.

Wood parenchyma :

- both apotracheal

- as irregularly spaced concentric bands ( terminal) and

paratracheal

- as narrow incomplete borders borders to the vessel.

Rays :

- very fine

- not visible to the naked eye except for occasional medium-

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sized rays containing horizontal canals

- fairly prominent on radial surface due to the significant

contrast in colour between the rays and the background.

Ripple marks :absent.

Intercellular canals :of the horizontal type characteristic.

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LIGHT HARDWOOD

GROUP 3

PUNAH

(Tetramerista glabra)

Family :Tetrameristicaceae

Species:Tetrameristaglabra

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :not defined when freshly cut but fairly clearly demarcated

in seasoned timber

Heartwood :

- straw-coloured or yellow-pink, weathering to a pink-brown

with splashes of an orange-brown tinge

Luster :planed surface rather dull(without luster)

Stripe figure :without figure

Texture :coarse but even

Grain :straight or shallowly interlocked or spiral; moderately hard or

hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry density ranging from 625 to 800 kg/m³ (39 to 50

lb/ft³)

Durable :moderately durable if exposed to adverse conditions.

Structure

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Growth rings :absent.

Vessels with :

- simple perforation

- moderately large

- moderately few in number

- very few solitary, the others in radial pairs and multiples of

up to 6 or more

- unevenly distributed

- radial in arrangement

Tyloses :present but sparse

Deposits :pink coloured deposits common.

Wood parenchyma :

- apotracheal

- diffuse often in short tangential lines extending from ray to

ray.

Rays :

- two distinct sizes

- the border rays distinct the naked eye.

Ripple marks :absent.

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Intercellular canals :absent.

SIMPOH

(Dillenia spp.)

Family: Dilleniaceae

Species:

- Dilleniaalbiflos

(simpohputih)

- D. excels

( Simpohungu)

- D. grandifolia

(simpohdaunMerah)

- D.indica(Simpoh).

By drawing:

General Characteristic

Sapwood :light red-brown not sharply differentiated from heartwood

Heartwood : red-brown or dark red-brown often with purple tinge

Luster :planed surface not particularly lustrous

Silver figure :on radial surface

Texture :moderately coarse and even; grain interlocked

Grain :moderately hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry density ranging from 675 to 815 kg/m3(43 to 51lb/ft3)

and averaging at 735kg/m3(46lb/ft3)

Durable :not durable.

Structure

Growth ring :absent

Vessels with :

- scalariform perforation plates

- medium sized,generally moderately few but occasionally

moderately numerous

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- exclusively solitary but overlapping vessel segments may

produce the illusion of tangential pairs

- diffuse without any arrangement

Tyloses :absent

Deposits : white colored deposits common.

Wood Parenchyma :

- Sparse

- mainly apotrachel,

- sometimes not visible even with a lens except at scattered

speaks but commonly visible (with a lens) as diffuse strands

or short tangential lines between the rays

- paratracheal type present(as par tracheal diffuse) but this is

not visible with a lens.

Rays :

- two distinct sizes

- fines rays barely visible to the naked eye

- broad rays distinct producing conspicuous silver figure on

radial surface.

Ripple marks: absent.

Intercellular canals: absent.

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TUALANG

(Koompassia excelsa)

FAMILY: Lugiminosae

SPECIES: Kompassiaexselsa

By drawing:

General characteristics

Sapwood: grey-white and distinct

Heartwood : red-brown or dark red-brown,weathering to dark brown

Stripe figure: on radial surface and feathery tracery on tangential

surface

Layers of of abnormal tissue: (included phloem of the concentric

type) generally present in large size specimens

Texture: coarse and even

Grain: interlocked

Density: ranging from 800 to 865 kg/m(50 to 54 lb/ft)

Moderately durable: under severe conditions of exposure

Structure

Growth ring: absent

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- large,generally few in numbers

- sometimes the solitary vessels predominating

- sometimes the radial pairs

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Tyloses : absent

Wood parenchyma:

- abundant and visible to the naked eye as wavy confluent band

a occasional narrow terminal lines which are less wavy

Rays:

- moderately fine

- not generally visible to the naked eye due to lack of contrast in

colour from the ground mass of fibers

Ripple marks: absent

Intercellular canals: absent

Include phloem: concentric layers of included phloem distinct visible

on the cross section of log

BINTANGOR

(Calophyllum spp.)

Family :Guttiferae

Species :

-Calophyllumaustrocoriaceum

-C.biflorum

General characteristic:

Sapwood :light pink-brown in colour and distinct from heartwood

Heartwood :colour of heartwood pink-brown, orange-red brown

Luster :planed surface very lustrous

Stripe figure :on radial surface an dark colouredzig-zag markings on

tangential surface

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-C.canum

(bintangormerah)

-C.coriaceum

(bintangorgunungdaunbesar)

-C.cuneatum

(bintangorgunungdaunkecil)

-C.curtisii

(bintangorbunga)

- C.depressinervosum

(bintangorlekok)

-C.enervosu

-C.ferrugineum

-C.ferrigineumvar. nerifolium

-C.flavo-romulum

-C.floribundum

-C.fraseri

-C.incrassatum

(bintangordaunpanjang).

Texture :coarse and uneven

Grain :interlocked,spiral or wavy;moderately hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry density ranging from 465 to 865 kg/m³(29 to 54

1b/fţ³)averaging 688 kg/m³1b/fţ³)

Durable :not durable if exposed to the weather or in contact with the

ground except the species of C.retusum which is classified as

moderately durable.

Structure

Growth ring: present produced by terminal layers of wood

parenchyma.

Vessels with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized

- moderately large or occasionally very large

- exclusively solitary and arranged in bunches

- radially oblique festoons or flare-like pattern

Tyloses :

- sparse and occasionally abundant

- gum-like deposits sparse.

Wood parenchyma :abundant apotracheal type as widely spaced

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By drawing :

concentric bands visible to the naked eye.

Rays:

- very fine not visible to the naked eye

- not prominent on a radial surface.

Ripple marks: absent.

Intercellular canals: absent.

DURIAN

(Durio spp.)

Family:Bombacaceae

Species:

-Coelostegiaborneensis

(punggaidaunbesar)

-C.griffithii(punggai)

-Durio

General Characteristics

Sapwood :lighter-coloured and distinct

Heartwood : pink-brown,red-brown or deepred –brown except

C.griffithii which is orange-brown

Luster :Planed surface without luster

Texture :coarse and uneven

Grain :only slightly interlocked

Density :ranging from 450-815 kg/m3 (28-51Lb/ft3) and averaging 688

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-carinatus(durianpaya)

-D.graviolens(durian merah)

-D.lowianus

(durian daun)

By drawing:

kg/m3 (43 lB/ft3)

Durable :Not durable if exposed to the weather or incontact with the

ground.

Structure

Growth rings: Absent

Vessels with :

- simple perforation

- moderately large or very large

- very few or few innumbers

- a few solitary

- majority in radial pairs or multiples of 3-8 or rarely more and a

few clusters

- distributed without any arrangement

Tyloses : absent; gum-like deposit common.

Wood parenchyma: f the paratracheal type not visible with a hand

lens.

Rays :

- Rays of two distinct sizes

- the finer rays not visible to the necked eye but the

broadermedium sizes ray distinct.

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Ripple marks : Present but not always clearly visible.

Intercellular canals : Of the traumatic types filled with gummy

substance rarely present.

Other features

Burning splinter test : Splinter burns to ash.

Froth test: Negative.

GERONGGANG

(Cratoxylon borescens)

Family:Hipericaceae

Species:

Cratoxylumarborescens

By drawing:

General Characteristics

Sapwood :lighter-coloured and distinct from heartwood

Heartwood :colour of heartwood brick-red or deep pink

Luster :planed surface very lustrous without figure

Texture :moderately coarse but even

Grain :interlocked ,soft to cut cross section

Density :air dry density ranging from 350 to 610 kg/m3(22 to 38 lb/ft3)

Structure:

Vessel with :

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- simple perforation

- medium size

Tyloses :

-variable

sometimes absent

occasionally present

Wood parenchyma :sparse paratracheal

Ray :fine and visible to the naked eye(occasionally not visible because

of lack of colour contrast with the back ground fiber

Ripple marks :absent

Intercellular canals :absent

GERUTU

(Parashorea spp.)

Family :

Dipterocarpacea

Species :

General characteristic

Sapwood :whitish yellow

Heartwood :moderately distinct from the heartwood,which is light

golden brown and darkening to a deep brown on exposure.

Luster :Planed surface with luster

Texture :moderately coarse and even

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-Parashoreadensiflora

(gerutupasir)

-P.globosa

(gerutupasirdaunbesar)

-P.stellata(gerutu-gerutu).

By drawing:

Grain :interlocked

Density :air dry density ranging from 640 to 770kg/m³(40 to 48 1b/ft³)

Durable :the timber is not durable in contact with the ground or

exposed situations.

Structure:

Growth ring :present

Vessels with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized or moderately large

- few or moderately few in number

- predominantly solitary

- the others in radial or oblique pairs and radial groups of up to 4

- unevenly distributed in groups or in short obliques lines

Tyloses :present

Deposit :absent.

Wood parenchyma :

- both apotracheal and paratracheal types

- paratracheal parenchyma incomplete vasicentric,aliform or

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confluent

- with the aliform type predominant

- apotracheal type as concentric bands containing resin canals

occasional narrow

- terminal band

- diffuse strands

- narrow or broad discontinuous tangential layers.

Rays :

- fine or medium-sized

- visible or distinct to the naked eye on cross section

- or not conspicuous on a radial surface.

Ripple marks :absent.

Intercellular canals :vertical canals of the concentric type filled with

white resin.

JELUTONG

(Dyera costulata)

Family: Apocynaceae

Species: Dyeracostulata

General Characteristic

Sapwood and heartwood :

- not different by colour

- wood cream-white when freshly cut

- weathering to a pale straw colour

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By drawing:

Luster :planed surface lustrous or very lustrous

Texture: moderately fine and even

Grain: almost straight

Density:

- ranging from 415 to 495 kg/m3(26 to 31 lb/ft3)

- not durable and very susceptible to blue stain fungi attack

Structure

Growth ring: absent but concentric layers simulating growth ring

often visible on cross section produced by periodic without wood

parenchyma

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized

- moderately few

- a few solitary

Tyloses: absent

Deposits: absent

Wood parenchyma : exclusively apotracheal,as narrow only on very

cleanly cut surface

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Ray:

- medium-sized and clearly visible to the naked eye

- not prominent on a radial surface

Intercellular canals: latex canal simulating small horizontal canals

occur in the ray

Latex traces:

- large radial passages which appear lens-shaped on a tangential

surface (up to 12mm high) occur in whorls.

- This however,may be observed only in large boarded

KEDONDONG

(Family of Burseraceae)

Family:Burseraceae

Species:

-Canariumapertum

(kedondong)

-C.denticulatum

(kedondong)

-C.littorale

General Characteristics

Sapwood :Lighted-coloured than heartwood but the boundary is not

clearly demarcated

Heartwood : pink-brown or red-brown

Texture :moderately fine and even

Grain :wavy and interlocked; moderately hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry Density ranging from 495 to 975 kg/m³ (31-61 lb/ft³).

Durable :Moderately durable if exposed to the weather or in contact

with the ground.

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(kedondongbulan)

-S.griffithii

(kedondongkerantai)

By drawing:

Structure

Growth ring: absent

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized;moderatelyfew

- generally mostly solitary

- the rest in radial pairs and multiples of 2-6 in a series

- often with avague suggestion of arrangement in short oblique

lines

Tyloses :sparse or ill-developed in some species but well developed

and moderately abundant in other

Deposit : absent.

Wood parenchyma :indistinct or absent

Rays:

- fine or moderately fine

- barely visible or just visible to the naked eye on cross section.

Ripple mark: absent

Intercellular canals : of the horizontal type present in some species

but these are not always visible with a 10× hand lens.

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RENGAS

(Gluta spp.)

Family:Anacardiaceae

Species:

-Gluta aptera

(rengas kerbau jalang)

-G.becarii

-G.curtisii

By drawing:

General Characteristics

Sapwood :Lighted-coloured than heartwood but the boundary is not

clearly demarcated

Heartwood : pink-brown or red-brown

Texture :moderately fine and even

Grain :wavy and interlocked; moderately hard to cut across grain

Density :air dry Density ranging from 672-992 kg/m³

Durable :Medium

Structure

Growth ring: absent

Vessel with :

- simple perforation

- medium-sized;moderatelyfew

- generally mostly solitary

- the rest in radial pairs and multiples of 4 or more in a series

- often with avague suggestion of arrangement in short oblique

lines

Tyloses :sparse or ill-developed in some species but well developed

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and moderately abundant in other

Deposit : absent.

Wood parenchyma :apotracheal and paratracheal

Rays:

- fine or moderately fine

- barely visible or just visible to the naked eye on cross section.

Ripple mark: absent

Intercellular canals : of the horizontal type present in some species.

HARDWOOD

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(GROUP 1)

BITIS(Madhuca utilis)

BALAU(Shorea spp.)

BALAU MERAH(Shorea spp.)

GIAM(Hopea spp.)

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KEKATONG(Cynometra spp.)

CHENGAL(Neobalanocarpus heimii)

MERBAU(Instia palembanica)

TEMBUSU(Fagraea spp.)

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KERANJI(Diallium spp.)

RESAK(Vatica spp.)

HEAVY HARDWOOD

(GROUP 2)

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KEMPAS(Koompassia malaccensis)

KELAT(Eugenia spp.)

MATA ULAT(Kookona spp.)

MENGKULANG(Heritiera spp.)

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MERPAUH(Swintonia spp.)

KELEDANG(Artocarpus spp.)

KAPUR(Dryobalanops spp.)

KASAI(Pometia pinnata)

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KULIM(Scorodocarpus borneensis)

KERUING(Dipterocarpus spp.)

LIGHT HARDWOOD

(GROUP 3)

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PUNAH(Tetramerista glabra)

RENGAS(Gluta spp.)

GERONGGANG(Cratoxylon arborescens)

KEDONDONG(Family of Burseraceae)

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JELUTONG(Dyera costulata)

BINTANGOR(Calophyllum spp.)

TUALANG(Koompassia excelsa)

DURIAN(Durio spp.)

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SIMPOH(Dillenia spp.)

GERUTU(Parashorea spp.)

Conclusion :

From this practical, we can differentiate the physical structure of wood. We can conclude that each wood

specimens hold their own characteristics as their recognisation. There have wood that have same

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characteristics and also have only one type of wood that have the characteristic such as the odor. From

this, we know that not all wood have the same characteristics. We can identify the wood based on their

specific characteristic such as:

- Dipterocarpus spp. have gum duct series while Shorea spp. have concentric series.

- Bintangor have festoon pore.

- Jelutong and pulai have latex traces.

- Merbau have black and yellow deposit.

- Punah have pink deposit.

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LABORATORY WORK 4

TITLE : Assessing wood features from slide specimen

OBJECTIVE :

- To observe various wood features from the section or slide specimen-cross section,radial section

and tangential.

- To compare features observed in two categories of wood specimens-hardwood and softwood

MATERIALS :

- Light microscope

- Slide specimens representing hardwood and softwood

METHODS :

- The specimen of hardwood and softwood which have been provided was perceive.

- The three section of wood which is in cross section,radial section and tangential section were

inspected by using light microscope.

- Finally, the important wood features of both hardwood and softwood figure was identified.

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Hardwood

Typical hardwood. The horizontal plane of a block of hardwood (for example, oak or maple)

corresponds to a minute portion of the top surface of a stump or end surface of a log

The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut parallel to the radius and parallel to the wood rays.

The vertical plane corresponds to a surface cut at right angles to the radius and the wood rays, or

tangentially within the log.

In hardwoods, these three major planes along which wood may be cut are known commonly a

- end-grain,

- quarter-sawed (edge-grain)

- plain-sawed (flatgrain) surfaces

Hardwoods have specialized structures called vessels

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SOFTWOOD

Typical softwood. The rectangular units that make up the end grain of softwood are sections through

long vertical cells called tracheids or fibers

Because softwoods do not contain:

- vessel cells

The tracheids serve the dual function of transporting sap vertically and giving strength to the

wood.

Softwood fibers range from about 0.1 to 0.3 in. (3 to 8 mm) in length.

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THREE SLIDES OF HARDWOOD

Mersawa (Anisoptera spp.)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Shorea lepidota

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Red balau (Shorea spp.)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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SOFTWOOD

Dammar minyak(Agathis borneensis)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Mersawa (Anisoptera spp.)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Shorea lepidota

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Meranti tembaga (Shorea leprosula)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Red balau (Shorea spp.)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Dammar minyak(Agathis borneensis)

Cross section

Radial section

Tangential section

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Conclusion :

- Softwood and hardwood have their own structural features weather in anatomy or

physical. All of its features are useful such as parenchyma and rays function is for food

storage.

- Fibers and latewood tracheid make mechanical support to the tree. Furthermore, pores or

vessels and earlywood tracheid function are used to be conduction of water. All of this

type make the tree are in good quality and more hardy.

- From this experiment works, we got more information about wood structural, wood

function, wood anatomical, wood physical, wood diagnostic features and others. For the

examples, we had studied how to know about wood diagnostic features such as ripple

mark for Melunak and Chengal, ring porous structure for Surian, jati and Sena, very big

pores for Durian, and many more.

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