Laboratory of Nuclear Techniques for Environment and ...crespi/ita_giap_pdf/mando.pdf · Laboratory...
Transcript of Laboratory of Nuclear Techniques for Environment and ...crespi/ita_giap_pdf/mando.pdf · Laboratory...
LABEC, Florence
Laboratory of Nuclear Techniques for
Environment and Cultural Heritage
P.A.Mandò
21/11/2012
Symposium
Italy-Japan 2012 on
Nuclear Physics
Since the mid 1980’s its “research goals” were
changed to applications of Ion Beam Analysis, IBA
(mostly Particle-Induced X ray Emission, PIXE)
In Florence.... long standing tradition with PIXE
(and IBA in general) applied to Cultural Heritage
This applied physics activity
started during the Eighties
with an old 3 MV Van de Graaff
single-ended accelerator
Until then, basic nuclear physics
activities had been still
carried out with this accelerator
a
elastically scattered
particles (PESA)
X ray
emission
(PIXE)
secondary particles
emission or inelastic
scattering of incident
ions
gamma ray
emission (PIGE)
Particle – atom/nucleus interactions
interactions with atoms
interactions with nuclei
move of the Physics Department and INFN
Unit to a new campus
• INFN and University create a new lab
• new 3 MV Tandetron, designed from the
beginning to perform Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry (AMS) besides IBA
• the new laboratory, LABEC, is operational
in May 2004
2002-2003
http://labec.fi.infn.it
© foto Luca Casonato Milano
© foto Luca Casonato Milano
The Tandetron facility at LABEC
IBA dual source
3 MV Tandetron
chopped beam line
multi-angle scattering chamber
multipurpose IBA vacuum chamber
external beam (Cultural Heritage)
high-energy AMS
spectrometer
multi-sample AMS source
external micro-beam
external beam (Environment)
technological developments (electronics and process
automation, data acquisition systems, detection setups, further
beamlines)
methodological developments (test of new ideas for
application procedures)
Activities at LABEC
measurements in the framework of both:
interdisciplinary research projects in collaboration with
other Institutions (CNR, Cultural Heritage safeguard Institutions,
Environmental Protection Agencies, IAEA) and University
Departments other than Physics Dpts
“internal” collaborations supporting other nuclear physics
groups (detector tests, radiation damage measurements, etc.)
LABEC personnel
Franco Lucarelli (head of the lab)
+ 6 physicists and 1 technician
permanent staff
+ 5 to 8 PhD students or post-docs
25-30% AMS
30% IBA for environmental problems
30-35% IBA for Cultural Heritage and
other applications
10% other
Beam time
however so far, at LABEC AMS only for 14C 14C, in turn, mainly for dating purposes
AMS at LABEC
The low-energy and high-energy AMS lines are
equipped with the necessary hardware to implement
the measurement of 14C, 10Be, 26Al and 129I
~ 400 samples/year
Standard precision < 0.5%
(< 0.3% when required)
Overall background: ~ 55000 y equivalent
Archaeological diggings in
downtown Florence (Palazzo
Vecchio and surroundings)
Etruscan site diggings in
Southern Tuscany
River sediments – the Abak Creek layers in Ethiopia
Artemidorus papyrus
The Rosano Crucifix
The frame of a tryptic by Ambrogio
Lorenzetti
St.Francis’ relics in Cortona and Florence
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Results
500
600
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900
1000
1100
Co
rto
na
_1
Co
rto
na
_3
Co
rto
na
_5
Co
rto
na
_6
Co
rto
na
_7
cu
scin
o_
1
cu
scin
o_
2
S.C
roce
_1
S.C
roce
_2
S.C
roce
_3
S.C
roce
_4
S.C
roce
_5
S.C
roce
cin
go
lo
rad
ioca
rbo
n a
ge
(ye
ars
BP
)
Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004);OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron]
600CalAD 800CalAD 1000CalAD 1200CalAD 1400CalAD 1600CalAD
Calibrated date
tonaca Cortona 857±18BP
cuscino 1 915±40BP
cuscino 3 885±30BP
Tonaca S.Croce 666±18BP
cingolo S.Croce 852±34BP
NEWS @ Nature.com Scientific American online
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Exploiting the effect of nuclear explosions
in atmosphere during the cold war
90
100
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130
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160
170
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190
200
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year AD
pM
Cp
MC
(perc
ent
of M
odern
Carb
on) Reference curve for the
Boreal Emisphere
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Many intersting applications in forensics
and biology,
but these rapid variations can also be
used to discover recent fakes of
contemporary art e.g. from the first
half of the XX century
Samples of fine paper produced in different
years
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Anno
14
C c
on
c. (
pM
C)
Fine paper samples
Bomb04NH1
The date found must be compatible with at least one date prior to production
Canvas samples from dated paintings
97
117
137
157
177
197
217
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Anno
14
C c
on
c. (
pM
C)
Tele
Bomb04NH1
Year reported on the painting
But...if the painting support is only
compatible with a later period...
129.05 ± 0.68 pMC
90
100
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120
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160
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180
190
200
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
year AD
pM
C
A canvas sample from a painting
initially attributed to Fernand Legér
Atmospheric aerosols
Impact on the
environment Impact on
human health Impact on cultural
heritage
Solid or liquid particles with a diameter from 10-3 to 102 μm
• natural or anthropic sources
• primary or secondary origin
What do we need to study aerosols
Many good data concerning:
• PM concentration and
composition
• size distribution
• optical properties
• time and space evolution
OUTPUT
Quantification and
identification of PM
emissions sources
Contribution to
climate models to
assess the role of
atmospheric
aerosols in
radiative forcing
Contribution to
pollution
abatement
policies to
improve air
qualitity
Higher-Z elements X ray detector
(Si(Li))
Light elements X ray detector (SDD)
Faraday cup
Gamma ray det. HPGe
He
PIXE-PIGE external set-up at LABEC
for aerosol composition measurements
LABEC aerosol group research projects Local impact:
• Study of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in Tuscany (PATOS, PATOS 2)
and in major Italian towns, Barcelona, Sevilla, Elche, Alicante, London, Japan
Global impact:
• EPICA - European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica
• TALDICE - TALos Dome Ice CorE
• ANDRILL - Antarctic Geological Drilling
• AMMA - African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis
• MAIL - Marine Aerosol in the Island of Lampedusa
• DIRIGIBILE ITALIA (multidisciplinary study of climate change
in Arctic region)
Environmental monitoring at cultural heritage sites
Indoor pollution/Personal exposure:
• HEARTS - Health Effects And Risks of Transport Systems
Identification of emissions
from industries
Traffic emissions
also natural sources are
identified (e.g. marine
aerosol, Saharan dust
transport, etc.)
1 Hour
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0
As
Na
K
g/m
3
Montelupo Fiorentino: artistic glass industry
Continuous streaker sampler
July 9-10, 2006: fireworks to celebrate Italian soccer team
winning at the World Championship
0
100000
200000
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600000
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ng
/m3
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/m3
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ng
/m3
Ba
Las Hogueras
(Alicante, Spain)
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co
ncen
trati
on
(
g/m
3)
marine aerosol
biomass burning
traffic
secondary nitrate
secondary sulphate
soil dust
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140
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PM10
Identification of pollution
sources through
multivariate statistical
models soil dust
18%traffic
25%
secondary
nitrate
12%
secondary
sulphate
17%
marine
aerosol
5%
biomass
burning
23%
Daily samples, Capannori (Lucca), 2005-2006
from: S. Szidat, Science 323 (2009), 470
14C fraction with respect to modern carbon:
~ 0 in the aerosols produced by fossil fuels
~ 1 in the aerosol of biogenic origin or from biomass burning
Marker of pollution from fossil fuels burning
AMS 14C measurements in aerosols
Ion Beam Analysis techniques
for Cultural Heritage
Material analysis in Archaeometry
• Specific information on single artworks
• More general information on historical trends, sources of
supply, trade exchange routes in the past,....
Detection of degradation
Having knowledge of the original materials, in order to choose
the techniques and materials for a conservative intervention
Why?
Art historians, archaeologists, historians of
science and technology,....
Conservators and restorers
Using external beam set-ups
we can investigate
in a totally non-destructive way
the complete quantitative
composition of any kind of artwork
Analysis of semiprecious stone manufacts,
“Disc with star”, and jewel case, from “Collezione Medicea di Pietre
Ornamentali”, Natural History Museum, Florence
External-beam PIXE analysis of the
frontispiece of Pl.16,22 (XV century,
Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence)
...ancient illuminated
manuscripts, ...historical documents,
Inks in Galileo’s manuscripts (Florence
National Library) analysed by external PIXE
...drawings,
PIXE-PIGE analysis of a drawing on prepared
paper, by Leonardo or his school
PIXE-PIGE analysis of a drawing on prepared
paper, school of Verona, XVI cent.
…ancient embroideries,
Micro-PIXE and –PIGE analysis of
gold threads of a Renaissance
embroidery based on a cartoon by
Raffaellino del Garbo
…early photographs
PIXE-PIGE analysis of a print on
metal plate of the XIX century
...paintings on wood or canvas
Micro-PIXE and -PIGE analysis of the
“Ritratto Trivulzio” by Antonello da Messina
Differential PIXE and PIGE analysis of the
Madonna dei Fusi by Leonardo
Giorgio Vasari
Tavoletta with S.Lucia, from Pala
Albergotti, Arezzo
Andrea Mantegna
Madonna col Bambino, oil on canvas,
Accademia Carrara di Bergamo
...metal manufacts
PIXE and PESA analysis of some gilded
chalices from the Museum of Casa Siviero,
Florence
...glazed terracottas,
External PIXE analysis of the “Ritratto di fanciullo” by Luca Della
Robbia – before restoration at the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in
Florence
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Two dedicated external beamlines beam size defined by collimation
(Ø 0.2 ÷ 1 mm)
strong focusing system,
quadrupole doublet (Ø 8÷10 m)
External scanning microbeam line
magnetic scan of areas
within the window
aperture
list-mode (E,x,y) DAQ
includes detection systems
for PIXE, PIGE,
backward and forward
particle scattering,
< 10 m beam size on target
ion induced luminescence (IBIL)
beam
Au Lα Pb Lα
Sn K Fe
Elemental mapping The eye of the Virgin
The veil Au Lα
Al Si Pb Lα
2 mm
2 mm
Andrea Mantegna
Madonna col Bambino, oil on canvas, Bergamo
External microbeam line
full control of beam currents from a few nA down to
ultra low (hundreds of particles/sec)
higher beam intensities
elemental PIXE –PIGE maps also for trace elements (of
great interest e.g. for geologists)
ultra-low currents
possibility of scanning transmission ion microscopy
(STIM)
tests of detectors response as a function of position
(through IBICC, ion beam induced charge collection)
External STIM set-up
STIM of a thin copper grid
map of higher-energy
transmitted protons
map of lower-energy
transmitted protons
Ion lithography (with protons or even heavier
ions) through beam-induced alteration of material
properties (optical, electrical, etc.) on selected
zones “drawn” by the microbeam scan (material
properties are selectively altered in depth thanks
to the Bragg peak)
Another achievement, exploiting
IBMM
(Ion Beam Modification of Materials)
Electrostatic deflector
beamline
(pulsed beam facility)
1600
1400
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200
0
14012010080604020
MeV
1000
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400
200
0
Beam bunches with different particle multiplicity can be
delivered directly to a detector for response tests to particles
3 MeV
protons
5 MeV
protons
Not only accelerator-based
techniques at LABEC
Developed an innovative XRF
transportable system
for certain aspects, approaching the performance of
IBA techniques
The transportable XRF spectrometer
• 2 X ray tubes (30 kV max, 1 mA max) with two
different anodes (typically Mo e Ti; W if needed)
• SDD detector (active area 10 mm2, 450 μm thickness,
FWHM 139 eV @ 5.9 keV)
• helium flow in front of both tubes and detector
● telecamera
• 2 laser beams for accurate
positioning
• interchangeable collimators; typical beam
diameter 0.5 mm
Measurement head
Controller
o independent PS for the two tubes
o data acquisition, He flow, X-Y-Z
displacement and video camera are
remotely controlled (via Ethernet) by the
same computer
Stesura oltremare artificiale
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
energia (eV)
co
nte
gg
i
Mo 22kV
Na
Al
Si
S (+Mo)
K
Ca
Ca Fe
ultramarine blue layer
Using this portable XRF....
Affresco della
Resurrezione
Piero della Francesca
Sansepolcro,
Museo Civico
60
Crucifix by Maestro di Figline
Santa Croce
Santa Croce, Cappella Bardi –
cycle of frescoes by Giotto
Madonna del Granduca
Raffaello Galleria Palatina
64
La Chimera di Arezzo
Museo Archeologico
Firenze
Beato Angelico, Crocifissione Capitolare, San Marco, Firenze
Thank you for your
attention!
Vol. 19 Issue 1
(2009), 5