LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER AND LABORATORY OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI

Thermal treatment of waste in Greece

Assistant Prof. Avraam Karagiannidis

WTERT biannual meeting, 15-16 October 2008 – New York

Contents

• Introduction on the Hellenic SWM situation.• Waste management aspects.Waste management aspects.• Estimation of waste generation• Incineration of MSW• Incineration of MSW• RDF: Production and potential users• Landfill gas: Capture and energy recovery• Incineration of medical waste• Constraints of WtE projects in Greece• Opportunities and best practices: Biomasspp p• Conclusions

Introduction

Thermal treatment of waste

Waste to energy:1 Incineration of Municipal solid1.Incineration of Municipal solid

waste2 Incineration of RDF2.Incineration of RDF

Biogas landfill gas utilizationBiogas – landfill gas utilizationWaste to Energy plant in Vienna

(en.wikipedia.org)

Estimation of waste production in Greecef d l i l l

6.000

food waste paper plastic metals glass rest

4 000

5.000

Was

te (k

t

3.000

4.000

l Sol

id W

2.000

Mun

icip

al

0

1.000M

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

6 000

Recent development and trends

5.000

6.000

4.000

3.000

n x

103

2.000

tn

1.000

01986 1996 2006 2016Skordilis, 2006

Waste management in Greece

No incineration in Greece

Example of a WtE plant in Greece for MSW

19831983Small-scale WtE plant to serve Zakinthos

Construction cost: funded 100% by EEC100% by EECOperational cost: Local authorities (to undertake )authorities (to undertake…)MSW at that time: high water content low heatwater content, low heat value; no business plan!Addition of oil (by the bucket!)- Addition of oil (by the bucket!)

- The plant operated just for 3 months!

Consideration of WtE in Greece

Mid 90 I l d f S t i iMid – 90s – Island of SantoriniEstimated capacity: 15,000 t/year.- Plant was to operate 6-7 months/y; - for the remaining months: balling of waste.- Plant was not constructed due to (allegedly):> High operational cost, > Political myopism; institutional missing capacity> Limited experience on such projects

Consideration of WtE in Greece –Construction cost of WtE plants in Europep p

Location Year Capacity (t/year

Construction cost (million €)

Construction cost (€/t)

Kempten Germany 1996 78 000 82 1 051Kempten, Germany 1996 78.000 82 1.051Pirmasens, Germany 1998 155.500 189 1.215 Hamburg R. Damm, Germany

1999 225.000 140 622 (Psomas, 2005)

Niklasdorf, Austria 2003 100.000 55 550 Freiburg, Germany 2005 150.000 77 513 Zorbau, Germany 2005 300.000 100 333 Antwerpen, Belgium 2005 400.000 180 450Ringaskiddy, Ireland 2007 100.000 75 750 Garranstown, Ireland 2007 150.000 85 567 H ll G 2007 80 000 47 588Halle, Germany 2007 80.000 47 588Amsterdam, Holland 2006 500.000 340 680 Posieux, Switzerland 2006 45.000 20 444 Roosendaal Holland 2007 180 000 90 500Roosendaal, Holland 2007 180.000 90 500Urvier, Switzerland 2007 60.000 30 500 Barzenheit, Switzerland

2008 40.000 30 750

Consideration of WtE in Greece –Operational cost of WtE plants in Europep p p

Country Incineration cost €/t

Cost of treatment of ash

A i 97 332 B tt h 63 €/t T t t f id 363In

Austria 97-332 Bottom ash 63 €/t, Treatment of residues 363 €/t.

Belgium 62-83 - Great Britain 65-86 Fly ash 100 €/t. France 67 129 13 18 €/t

comparison:Landfilling in

France 67-129 13-18 €/t.Germany 65-250 Bottom ash 28 €/t, Treatment of residues 256 €/t.

Denmark 43 Bottom ash and treatment of residues 34 €/t.

Greece is still in some

Switzerland 21-53 - Ireland 46 - Spain 34-56 - Italy 41 3 93 Bottom ash 75 €/t Fly ash and treatment of

areas charged (but

Italy 41,3-93 Bottom ash 75 €/t, Fly ash and treatment of residues 129 €/t.

Luxemburg 97 Bottom ash 16 €/t, Treatment of residues 8 €/t.

H ll d 71 110

not really costs, of

(Psomas, 2005)

Holland 71-110 - course):

5 – 20 €/t !

Waste derived fuel - Terminology

RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) REF (Reco ered F el)REF (Recovered Fuel) PPF (Paper and Plastic Fraction) PEF (Processed Engineered F el)PEF (Processed Engineered Fuel)TDF (Tire Derived Fuel) PDF (Packaging Derived Fuel)PDF (Packaging Derived Fuel) SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel)

RDF Pellets

RDF Production in Greece (existing, foreseen, potential)

MBT at Ano Liossia:

RDF capacit

Liossia:

capacity:350 t/day

Location of potential RDF consumers in Greece

Nr Name LocationNumber

of furnaces

Capacity Fuel type

3 3 106

1 AGET Portaria 4

3,3.106 t Clinker4,3.106 t Cement

750 0002 AGET Avlida 2 2,5.106 t 750.0002 AGET Avlida 2 Cement

3 AGET Milaki 1

1,6.106 t Clinker1,7.106 t Cement

4 ΤΙΤΑΝ Kamari 2

6

550.000 t Pet coke

and bituminous

coal8 000 t

5 ΤΙΤΑΝ Efkarpia 2

4 ΤΙΤΑΝ Drepano 2

7,5.106 t Cement

8.000 t TDF

10.000 t Tank

residues with

4 ΤΙΤΑΝ Elefsis 2

sawdust

8 CHALIPS Aspropirgos 1 106 t Cement 80.000 t

Power plants in Greece

One tonne RDF may replace papproximately 2.6 tonnes of lignite

RDF supplyRDF supply--demand scenariosdemand scenarios

200000250000300000350000

ear

50000100000150000200000

t RD

F/ye RDF supply

RDF demand

050000

1st scenario (replacement of4% of conventional fuel by

2nd scenario (replacement of4% of conventional fuel by

3rd scenario (replacement of5% of conventional fuel by

RDF at cement plants, supplyfrom MBT at Ano Liossia)

RDF at cement plants and0,3% of lignite at power

plants, supply from MBT atAno Liossia and Thessaloniki)

RDF at cement plants and0,5% of lignite at power

plants, supply from MBT atAno Liossia and MBTs at)

Thessaloniki, Kozani, Patra,Crete and Imathia)

Key parameters: Logistics, quality, social acceptance, Key parameters: Logistics, quality, social acceptance, monomono--/oligo/oligo--polistic market situations, cost transparencypolistic market situations, cost transparency

Landfill gas utilizationLandfill gas utilization

• 45 constructed sanitaryTagarades

45 constructed sanitary landfills.• 56 at various stages of licensing and construction.

LFG tili ti

Ano Liosia

LFG utilization:Ano Liosia: 13.9 MWe.T d 5MWTagarades: 5MWe.

Landfill gas utilizationLandfill gas utilization

Tagarades(GrossraumThessaloniki):5 MWe

Ano Liossia(Grossraum Athen): 13.9 MWe

Sanitary landfillSanitary landfill at Ano Liosiaat Ano Liosia

• Largest disposal site in Greece (probably among the 3 largest in the EU). Continuous extensions.• Surface: 870,000 m2.

P i d f ti 35• Period of operation: 35 years (1973 – 2008) already, up to…?

Ano Liossia biogas plant (landfill)Ano Liossia biogas plant (landfill)

Psittaleia Psittaleia Psittaleia Psittaleia biogas biogas plant plant plant plant

(WWTP)(WWTP)

Quelle: EYΔΑΠ

National energy potential fromNational energy potential from animal farminganimal farming……

Quellen Einheiten Kapazitaeten Abfaelle t/year Leistung(ΜW)

Cattle farms 32.875 727.040 cattle 14.540.800 278

Big farms 36.593 140.645 pig-’mothers’ 2.268.220 37

Slaughterhouses 101 77.242 t/year (cat 2)127.690 t/year

(cat 3)

204.932 28

Cheese producers

548 160.362,4 τ/y for447.705,2 τ/y production

425.647 7,21

Total 17.439.599 350,21Total 17.439.599 350,21

Animal waste potentialAnimal waste potential (source: CRES)(source: CRES)

17 Mtons/year cat-tle and pig slurries

315 MW 315 MW

Cattle breeding mainly northern Greece (Thessaloniki, Pella)

Pig breeding equally distributed over Greece

Poultry farming mainly in three regions

Medical waste incineration in AthensMedical waste incineration in Athens

Incineration of medical waste: 3,500 t/year

Production of medical waste in Attiki: 7 000 t/yearProduction of medical waste in Attiki: 7,000 t/year

Rest: Hydroclave (as well as in rest of country)

Incineration of medical waste in Attiki: Incineration of medical waste in Attiki: problems in collection and transportationproblems in collection and transportationproblems in collection and transportationproblems in collection and transportation

• Sharp items in bags• Sharp items in bags.

• Leakages.g

• Radioactive materials.

• Excessive weight of waste in packages.p g

• Inappropriate temporary storage rooms

Kouloumoundras, 2007

storage rooms

Collection and Collection and transportationtransportationtransportation transportation

issuesissues

ΚΛΙΒΑΝΟΣ

IncineratorIncinerator

Kiln operation Kiln operation

Barriers of Waste to Energy projects in Barriers of Waste to Energy projects in Greece (1/2)Greece (1/2)Greece (1/2)Greece (1/2)

• History barrier.

• Political barrier.

• The landfill dependence and costdependence and cost barrier.

•A new WtE lobby… MBT at Ano Liossia(Skordilis, 2006)

Barriers of Waste to Energy projects in Barriers of Waste to Energy projects in Greece (2/2)Greece (2/2)Greece (2/2)Greece (2/2)

• The Waste Management Authorities barrier.

• The RDF market barrier (quality, demand).

• The national legislation and public administration barrieradministration barrier.

RDF at Ano Liossia(Skordilis, 2006)

Conclusions (1/4)Conclusions (1/4)

• Currently landfilling is unfortunately still the prevailing waste management option in Greece.prevailing waste management option in Greece.

•Therefore, LFG-to-energy projects are of interest gy p j(also in a rising local LFG management market)

d tl l d i l t dand partly already implemented.

• Beside LFG engineered thermal treatment is• Beside LFG, engineered thermal treatment is applied only on medical wastes and (also for energy recovery) certain types of biomass.

Conclusions (2/4)Conclusions (2/4)

There are various reasons (or, rather, excuses, of also varying significance and technical seriousness) which still hinder the construction and operation of mass-burn WtE facilities. Most ‘important’ ones:

Hi h t ti d ( i l ) ti l t (i• High construction and (mainly) operational costs (in comparison to still very cheap landfilling and absence of strict PPP and PAYT schemes).)

• Disamenity / mistrust of general public (historic / cultural…).

• Perception of (less) environmental impacts (fading excuse)Perception of (less) environmental impacts (fading excuse) and (more) technical failures (floating excuse, no matter what the guarantees…also from academics and NGOs).

• Negative experience of a (old, over 20 years ago…) badly planned WtE project in Zakinthos (fading excuse).

Conclusions (3/4)Conclusions (3/4)

• Compared to MSW, RDF/SRF is currently promoted by certain actors in Greece as a ‘silent WtE substitute’ to overcome public opposition.

• Significant numbers (and total capacity) of RDF potential consumersconsumers.

• It was thought that fewer barriers were to overcome in comparison to MSW incineration This seems to changecomparison to MSW incineration. This seems to change.

•A new MBI aera seems to rise on a political and social level (tbc in praxis) both in Greece’s mainland and to the islands.in praxis) both in Greece s mainland and to the islands.

•There is still registered opposition of residents and NGOs against co-combustion of RDF in cement plants. g p

•Milder paths are implemented also by the cement industry (e.g. biomass) …

Conclusions (4/4)Conclusions (4/4)

Key RDF parameters: Key RDF parameters: Logistics (collection pretreatment)Logistics (collection pretreatment)Logistics (collection, pretreatment), Logistics (collection, pretreatment), Quality (standards, market value, certification), Quality (standards, market value, certification), Social acceptance (around receivers, not Social acceptance (around receivers, not Soc a accepta ce (a ou d ece e s, otSoc a accepta ce (a ou d ece e s, otproducers) and security of supply, producers) and security of supply, MonoMono--/oligo/oligo--polistic market situations (receivers), polistic market situations (receivers), Cost transparency (to pay or to be paid?).Cost transparency (to pay or to be paid?).

Rising market: Paper industryRising market: Paper industrySShowcases: >100 SME-scale (mostly agro-) industrial facilities are combusting biomass and organic residues for energy recovery since the 1970’s.

Rice husk WtE plant (industrial area of Thessaloniki).Rice husk WtE plant (industrial area of Thessaloniki).

WasteWaste--wood EfW facility (Akritas co) in Evroswood EfW facility (Akritas co) in Evros

WasteWaste--wood EfW facility (Shellman co) outside Thessalonikiwood EfW facility (Shellman co) outside Thessaloniki

Concluding remarksConcluding remarksEndEnd ofof waste criteria and mentality in the WtE fieldwaste criteria and mentality in the WtE fieldEndEnd--ofof--waste criteria and mentality in the WtE field waste criteria and mentality in the WtE field (renewable energy, additional material recovery)(renewable energy, additional material recovery)B i il S li h i i dB i il S li h i i dBasic milestone: Streamline the permiting procedure Basic milestone: Streamline the permiting procedure (not to reach crisis situations)(not to reach crisis situations)Extensive smallExtensive small--scale and longscale and long--term knowterm know--how from how from numerous industrial biomass applications.numerous industrial biomass applications.MBI in Greece:MBI in Greece:

Last EU case with no MBI for MSW. For how much Last EU case with no MBI for MSW. For how much longer?longer?A recent public survey in Thessaloniki presented from A recent public survey in Thessaloniki presented from p y pp y pAUT on 13.10.2008 indicated a significant proAUT on 13.10.2008 indicated a significant pro--WtE shift of WtE shift of public opinion in Thessaloniki compared to landfilling. public opinion in Thessaloniki compared to landfilling.

Th k f li t iTh k f li t iThank you for listeningThank you for listening