UNIVERSITY OF ISHIK

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Laboratory Manual

SURVEYING-I

By:

Dr. Sirwan K. Mala

Experimental No. 1: Distance measurement

Purpose: To measure horizontal distances

Equipment:

- Measuring tape

- Ranging poles

- Steel arrows

- Plumb bob

Introduction

The most common and accurate method for measuring distance is direct measurement using

tapes.

Measuring tapes are made of steel, cotton, or plastic and they are distributed to small units such

as (meter, centimeter, millimeter or feet, inch).

Ranging poles are rods used for marking the position of stations and ranging lines in order to

make visible at a distance.

Steel arrows are small rods used for marking full stations when measuring large distances.

Plumb bob is an instrument used for rising or falling points in a slope distances to measure the

horizontal distance.

Note: Students should be distributed to groups of 3-5 students each.

Procedure:

- Fix two points on ground about 60-70 m A and put ranging poles at the ends.

- Place the ranging rods vertically behind each point.

- Measuring the distance in steps first from A to B.

- The measuring started by holding zero of tape against the peg and directing the other end

to be in line of ranging rods ( direct the person to move the rod to right or left until the

three ranging rods appear exactly as straight line) .

- Sight only lower portion of rods in order to avoid error in non-vertically.

- Repeat measuring the distance from B to A.

Result:

Take the average of both measurements.

Experimental No. 2: Offset setting

Purpose: To set out perpendicular lines

Equipment:

- Measuring tape

- Ranging poles

- Steel arrows

- Plumb bob

Introduction

To set perpendicular lines in field it is required to know the principles of distance measurement

and locating points from reference lines using different methods.

The principle of Pythagoras theorem ( 3,4,5) is simple method for making perpendicular lines,

Note:

1. Students should first practice learning how to make perpendicular lines from point to line

and from a point on a specific line on the same line.

2. Students should be distributed to groups of 3-5 students each.

Procedure:

Setting out a rectangular of (15 m x 20 m)

- Fix the base line ( long side ) ground and put ranging poles at the ends.

- Using Pythagoras theorem make (90 degree ) angles in both end.

- Measure the short distance along the perpendicular direction.

- Check the fourth side of rectangular by measuring the distance, if there is difference

repeat the procedure.

- Check the diagonals of the rectangular.

Results and discussion:

Discuss the result and possible errors.

Experimental No. 3: Setting up level

Purpose: To set up level instrument and reading staff

Equipment:

- Level instrument

- Tripod

- Staff

Introduction

The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of

different objects/ points on the surface of earth is called leveling.

By leveling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether the

points are near or far off. Similarly, the point at different elevation with respect to a

given datum can be established by leveling.

Level: An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff

kept over different points after creating a line of sight is called a level.

Note: Students should be distributed to groups of 3-5 students each.

Procedure:

Setting up the level: this includes:

1. Fixing the instrument in the tripod:

The tripod legs are well spread on the ground with tripod head nearly level and

at convenient height. Fix up the level on the tripod.

2. Leg adjustment:

Bring all the foot screws of the level in the center of their run. Fix any two

legs firmly into the ground by pressing them and move the third leg to right or

left until the bubble is roughly in the center. This operation will save the time

required for leveling.

3. Levelling: Levelling is done with the help of three foot screws and bubble.

i. First the telescope is to be kept parallel to any of the two foot screws as

in the figure.

ii. The bubble of plate level is to be brought to the center of its run by

turning the foot screws either inwards or outwards simultaneously.

iii. Then the telescope is to be turned through 90°, so that it lies over the

third foot screw (perpendicular to the first position).

iv. The bubble is to be brought to the center of its run by turning the third

foot screw either clockwise or anticlockwise.

v. Then the telescope is brought back to its original position (position at i)

and the position of bubble is checked whether it remains in the center or

not.

vi. If the bubble is not in center the above operations are repeated till the

bubble retain at center in both the positions.

Now rotate the instrument through 180°, the bubble should remain in center

provided the instrument is in adjustment.

Staff reading

Direct the telescope to the leveling staff and on looking through the telescope, turn

the focusing screw until the image appears clears (Focusing the object glass). The

image is thus formed inside the plane of cross hairs, Parallax, if any is removed by

exact focusing (Focusing the eye piece)

Experimental No. 4: Fly levelling

Purpose: To ascertain the difference of elevation between any two points.

Apparatus:

- Level instrument

- Tripod

- Staff

Introduction

Differential leveling is the method of direct leveling the object of which

is to determine difference in elevations of two points regardless of horizontal

position of point with respect to each Other, when points are apart it may be

necessary to setup the instrument several times. This type of Leveling is also

known as “FLY-LEVELLING”.

Procedure:

Instrument level is setup at convenient positions near first point (ay A).

First sight of B.M (point of known elevation) is taken and reading is

entered in back Sight column.

If distance is large instrument is shifted, the instrument becomes turning

point (or) changing point.

After setting up instrument at new position, performing temporary

adjustment and Take back sight as turning point.

Thus turning point will have both back sight and fore sight readings.

Link wise the process is repeated till last point (B) is reached.

The above procedure is shown in fig. Readings are entered in a tabular

form is given Below and Reduced levels are calculate either by height

of instrument method (or) rise and fall method.

Arithmetic Check:-

Σ B.S - ΣF.S = ΣRISE – ΣFALL = LAST RL - FIRST R.L

Result: -

Difference of elevation between two given points is ______ M.

Elevation of point B =

St. Reading

Rise Fall Reduced

Level Remark Back sight

BS

Fore sight

FS

Data Sheet

Experiment No.:

Experiment Name:

Date:

Group Name:

Student Name:

St. Reading

Rise Fall Reduced

Level Remark Back sight

BS

Fore sight

FS

1

Signature

Experimental No. 5: Differential levelling

Purpose: Determination of elevation of various points.

Apparatus:

- Level instrument

- Tripod

- Staff

Introduction

The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of different

points on the surface of earth is called leveling. It deals with measurement in

vertical plane.

By leveling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether the

points

are near or far .

Procedure:

Instrument level is setup at convenient positions near bench mark.

First sight of B.M (point of known elevation) is taken and reading is

entered in back Sight column.

If distance is large instrument is shifted, the instrument becomes turning

point (or) changing point.

After setting up instrument at new position, performing temporary

adjustment and Take back sight as turning point.

Thus turning point will have both back sight and fore sight readings.

Take readings for required points that can be seen and enter the readings in

intermediate column.

Then take another turning point and shift to new location for new points.

Lock the leveling operation by returning to the first point ( BM).

Readings are entered in a tabular form is given Below and Reduced

levels are calculate by height of instrument method .

Arithmetic Check:-

Σ B.S - ΣF.S = LAST RL - FIRST R.L

Result: -

Finding the elevation for all points.

St. Reading

HI Reduced

Level Remark

Back sight

BS

Intermediate

sight IS

Fore

sight

FS

Data Sheet

Experiment No.:

Experiment Name:

Date:

Group Name:

Student Name:

St. Reading

HI Reduced

Level Remark

Back sight

BS

Intermediate

sight IS

Fore

sight

FS

Signature

Experimental No. 5: Profile and cross section

Purpose: To find elevation of longitudinal and transverse stations for making

profile and cross sections.

Apparatus:

- Level instrument

- Tripod

- Staff

- Tape

- Steel arrows

Introduction

The process of determining elevations at points at short measured intervals along

a fixed line is called Longitudinal or profile leveling.

Cross sectioning is a method of leveling to know the nature of ground on either

sides of the centerline of the proposed route and leveling is carried out along this

cross sections.

During location and construction of highways, Rail tracks sewers and canals marks

are placed at various aligned points.

Cross sections are the sections run at right angles to the centerline and on the either

side of it they are taken at each 5,10m station on the centerline. The length of ross

section depends upon the nature of the work.

Procedure:

Fix the stations for the centerline 10m each from 0+00 to 0+80 by measuring

tape.

Then for each station mark 5R, 10R, 5L and 10L perpendicular to the

longitudinal line.

Instrument level is setup at convenient positions near bench mark.

First sight of B.M (point of known elevation) is taken and reading is

entered in back Sight column.

If distance is large instrument is shifted, the instrument becomes turning

point (or) changing point.

After setting up instrument at new position, performing temporary

adjustment and Take back sight as turning point.

Thus turning point will have both back sight and fore sight readings.

Take readings for near stations and enter the readings in intermediate

column.

Then take another turning point and shift to new location for other stations.

Lock the leveling operation by returning to the first point (BM).

Readings are entered in a tabular form given below and Reduced levels

are calculate by height of instrument method .

Data Sheet

Experiment No.:

Experiment Name:

Date: Group Name: Student Name:

St. Reading

HI

Reduced

Level Remark

BS IS FS

BM

TP1

0+00

5R

10R

5L

10L

0+10

5R

10R

5L

10L

0+20

5R

10R

5L

10L

0+30

5R

10R

5L

10L

0+40

5R

10R

5L

10L

St. Reading

HI

Reduced

Level Remark

BS IS FS

0+50

5R

10R

5L

10L

0+60

5R

10R

5L

10L

0+70

5R

10R

5L

10L

0+80

5R

10R

5L

10L

TP2

BM

Signature

Experimental No. 7: Contour Map

Purpose: To draw counter plan of given area.

Apparatus:

- Level instrument

- Tripod

- Staff

- Tape

- Steel arrows

Introduction

Contouring: The elevations of surface of the ground are shown as map by

interaction of level surface with by means of contour line. A contour may be

defined as the line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground.

Procedure:

Fix a grid of points 30m x 30m, 10m every 10m by measuring tape.

Check the diagonal distances to ensure perpendicular lines.

Setup the level instrument at a convenient position.

First sight of B.M (point of known elevation) is taken and reading is

entered in back Sight column.

Take readings for all points and enter the readings in intermediate sight

column.

Lock the leveling operation by returning to the first point (BM).

Readings are entered in a tabular form and Reduced levels are

calculate by height of instrument method .

Data Sheet

Experiment No.:

Experiment Name:

Date: Group Name: Student Name:

St. Reading

HI

Reduced

Level Remark

BS IS FS

BM

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

BM

Signature

Experimental No. 8: Theodolite

Purpose: To set up theodolite instrument.

Apparatus:

- Theodolite instrument

- Tripod

Introduction

Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles.

Setting up the theodolite

Centering: This involves setting the theodolite exactly over the point;

- First the instrument is placed over the point with the telescope at a

convenient height and with the tripod legs set well apart.

- Two legs of the tripod are moved radially to set the theodolite over the point

then the legs are pushed into the ground.

- The instrument is roughly centered over the point and then by the shifting

head the instrument is brought exactly over the point.

Approximate leveling: Leveling the instrument (circular bubble) by the legs of the

tripod, to achieve this, the tripod legs are shortened of lengthened until the circular

bubble is centered.

Levelling up