Laboratory Manual for Comparative Anatomy and PhysiologyFigure 15.15A Transparency Master 121...
Transcript of Laboratory Manual for Comparative Anatomy and PhysiologyFigure 15.15A Transparency Master 121...
Laboratory Manual for Comparative Anatomy and Physiology
Neuron
Nervefibers
Myelinsheath
Process ofoligodendrocyte
Microglial cell NeuronCapillary
Fluid-filled cavity
Ependymalcells
Brain or spinalcord tissue
Astrocyte
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Dendrite
Nucleus ofcell body
Nissl bodies
Neurofibrils
Axon hillock
Neurilemma(sheath of Schwann)
Axoncovered
with myelinsheath andneurilemma
Collateralbranch
Myelinsheath
Schwanncell
Node ofRanvier
Axonalterminals
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Cell body
Dendrites
Triggerzone
Axon
Cell body
Dendrite
Triggerzone
Axon
Axonterminal
Axonterminal
Bipolar neuron Unipolar neuronMultipolar neuron
Cell body
Dendrites
Triggerzone
Axon
Axon terminal
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Synaptic cleft
Presynaptic membrane
Vesicles containingneurotransmitter chemicals
Membrane ofpostsynapticneuron
Directionof nerveimpulse
Axon Axonalterminal Mitochondrion
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0
−10
−20
−30
−40
−50
−60
−70
+10
+20
+30
Threshold
Restingmembranepotential
Stimulus
Depolarizationphase
Repolarizationphase
After-hyperpolarizing phase
a b c d e
Mem
bran
e po
tent
ial i
n m
illiv
olts
(m
V)
Time in milliseconds (msec)
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Schwann cells that make up the myelin sheath
Neurilemma
Schwann cellcytoplasm
Nucleus
Myelin sheath
Axon at nodeof Ranvier
Plasmamembrane
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11
12
13
1L
2
3
4
5
6
71S23
Dorsal root n. 11T
Dura mater
N. 1L
Segment 1Cy
Segment 5Cy
N. 1Cy
N. 5Cy
Caudal ligament Cy6
Cy5
Cy4
Cy3
Cy2
Cy1
S1, 2, 3
L7
L6
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1
T13
T12
T11
N. 7L
N. 1SCauda equina
Ventral br.Dorsal br.
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Peripheral nervous system
Sympatheticneuron
Somaticmotor neuron
Skeletal muscle
Parasympatheticneuron
Smooth muscle, cardiacmuscle, organs, and glands
Smooth muscle,cardiac muscle,
organs, and glands
Preganglionicneuron
Synapse inganglion orsympatheticchain
Postganglionicneuron
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine Synapse attarget tissue
Autonomic nervous system
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C1
CN III
CN VII
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
C7T1
T13L1
L7S1S3
S2
Sympatheticchain
Medulla
Neck
Ciliary ganglionEye, tear glands,and salivary glands
PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC
Zygomatic gland
Sublingualsalivary gland
Mandibularsalivary gland
Lungs
Heart
Diaphragm
LiverSpleen
Parotidsalivary gland
Mandibularganglion
Pterygopalatineganglion
Otic ganglion
Forelimb
Body wall
Hindlimb
Perineum
Pons
Midbrain
Intestines
Kidney
Bladder
Pancreas
Caudal mesenteric ganglionCranial mesenteric ganglionCeliac ganglion
Preganglionic neuronsPostganglionic neurons
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Largeintestine
Smallintestine
Kidney
Bladder
Stomach
Liver
Lungs
Heart
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Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Frontal lobePrefrontal
area
Olfactorybulb
Olfactorytract
Piriform lobeTemporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe
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Integument
Cranium
Superior sagittal sinus
Arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space
Vena
Arteria
Pia mater
Cortex
Medulla
Dura mater
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Gyrus(gyri (pl.))
Sulcus(sulci (pl.))
Longitudinalfissure
Cerebralhemisphere
Pineal gland
Rostralcolliculus
Caudalcolliculus
Transversefissure
Cerebellum
Vermis of thecerebellum
Medullaoblongata
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Spinal accessorynerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossalnerve (CN XII)
Olfactory bulb
Tuber cinereum
Cerebralpeduncle
Pons
Trigeminal nerve(CN V)
Facial nerve(CN VII)
Vestibulocochlearnerve (CN VIII)
Pyramids
Medullaoblongata
Basilar artery
Olfactory tract(CN I)
Optic nerve(CN II)
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum
Mammillarybody
Olfactorynerve (CN III)
Trochlearnerve (CN IV)
Abducensnerve (CN VI)
Glossopharyngealnerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
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Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Olfactory bulb
Massa intermediaof the thalamus
Optic chiasm
Third ventricle
Infundibulum
Pituitary gland
Mamillary body
Cerebral pedunclePonsFourth
ventricle
Medullaoblongata
Cerebral aqueduct(aqueduct of sylvius)
Pineal gland
Rostral colliculi
Caudal colliculi
Cerebellum
Centralcanal
Spinalcord
Arbo vitae ofcerebellum
Septum pellucidum(divides left and rightlateral ventricles)Fornix
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Dorsalfuniculus
Dorsal medial sulcus
Ventral medial sulcus
Dorsal root
White matter
Central canal
Gray matter
Ventral root
Ventralspinal artery
Lateralfuniculus
Ventralfuniculus
Whitecolumns
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1. Stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle)
2. Sensory neuron excited
4. Motor neuron excited
5. Effector (same muscle,
the agonist muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching
3. Within the integrating center (spinal cord) the sensory neuron activates the motor neuron to the agonist muscle via an excitatory interneuron, while an inhibitory interneuron prevents an impulse to the antagonist muscle
Agonistmusclecontracts
Antagonistmuscle relaxes
Motor neuron toantagonistmuscle is inhibited
Dorsal rootganglion
Dorsal root To brain
Ventral rootInhibitory interneuron
Spinalnerve
Excitatory interneuron
Figure 15.27 Transparency Master 129