Laboratory experiments at reservoir pressure and ...
Transcript of Laboratory experiments at reservoir pressure and ...
Laboratory experiments at reservoir pressure and temperature of the biogenic methane potential of coal seam reservoirs
CSIRO ENERGY
L.D. Connell , N. Lupton , R. Sander , M. Camilleri, M. Faiz, D. Heryanto, D. Down, D. Midgley, N. Tran-Dinh
12 February 2015
Objectives and Acknowledgments
• Microbially Enhanced Coal Seam Methane (MECSM) project research undertaken jointly with industry.
• Supported and sponsored by Santos Ltd, APLNG, AGL Energy and QGC
• Objective to improve recovery from CSG fields by enhancing the biogenic process
• The Sponsors and CSIRO have agreed to collaborate recognizing the mutual benefit of combining their expertise and resources to conduct the research in pursuit of the Objective
• Phase 1 successfully investigated the potential for microbial enhancement of coal seam gas production from key Australian basins
• Phase 2 is underway. Methane has been successfully generated from core flooding. Current work is focused on upscaling and modelling for potential field trial phase
• This presentation is on the core flooding which formed a component of the program of work under MECSM phase 2
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Origins of gas in coal
• Coal seam gas usually the result of degradation of coal
• Two main routes• Thermogenic – produced
during coalification due to heat and pressure over time
• Biogenic – derived through microbial processes
• Biogenic • Primary – at an early stage
of coalification
• Secondary – after coalification with the uplift of coal
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From Faiz et al., 2012
Co
alification
Greater d
epth
Primary biogenic gas
Coal rank for Australian basins
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Increasing thermogenicmethane Faiz et al. 2012
(hydrolysis & liquefaction)
• Anaerobic degradation of the coal to methane occurs through a microbial consortia following a chain of inter-mediate organic compounds and microbes
• Similar process to bio-degradation of other organic materials
• The last step is performed by the archaea
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Biogenic methanogenesis
From Moore, 2012
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Origins of coal seam methane: US data
From Strąpoć et al, 2011
Isotope ratio
Deuterium-hydrogen and carbon 13 isotope ratios
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Origins of coal seam methane: Australian data
Faiz et al. 2012
• Not all of the coal is bio-available
• A proportion of the volatile fraction may be degraded
• But this can represent a significant fraction of the coal depending on rank • Access of microbes to the coal micro-porosity will be
an important factor as well
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Biogenic methanogenesis from coal
From Mesle et al, 2013
These compounds will make up the volatile fraction of coal
• Limited by temperature –meso to thermo-philic range is 20 -70C with microbial activity decreasing above this – upper limit 110C
• Cover the depths of interest for coal seam gas production
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Biogenic methanogenesisand temperature
From Mesle et al, 2013
• Coal seams contain the organic matter to sustain microbial communities • Nutrients are also required (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium)• Nutrients from surface in groundwater recharge are depleted with flow in the
sub-surface
• Shallow coal seams • may receive sufficient nutrients via groundwater flow
• For deeper coal seams • groundwater will be very low in nutrients • Under insitu conditions the nutrients required for microbial growth derived from the coal
during degradation• Natural rates of biogenic methanogenesis within deeper coals very low – nutrient limited?
• Adding nutrients to coal seam reservoir formation waters could stimulate in-situ methanogenesis - biostimulation
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Nutrients and Biogenic methane
Coal physical structure• Fractured rock with dual porosity structure
• Cleats - the macro-porosity and coal matrix - the micro-porosity
• Bulk flow occurs in fracture system
• Dissolved nutrients could diffuse into micro-porosity but size of bacteria could restrict them to cleat surfaces
matrixFrom Moore, 2012
Plan view
Laubach et al 1998
Cross – section
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• A number of studies have demonstrated stimulation of biogenic methanogenesis from coal through nutrient amendment of formation waters
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Biostimulation of coal methanogenesis
Anaerobic bioreactor @ atmospheric pressure
Crushed coal
Nutrient augmented formation water
Helium headspace
Headspace samples to monitor gas generation
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Previous studies: Example resultsPapendick et al. 2011
Green et al. 2008
• Gas generation varied significantly; a function of• coal, the endemic microbial community and various experimental conditions including particle size, pH, nutrient concentrations, temperature etc
• Plateau in gas generation commonly observed• could be due to depletion of readily degradable coal, accumulation of toxic organics, depletion of nutrients
Laboratory studies under reservoir conditions
• Previous work has used crushed coal at atmospheric pressure and reservoir temperature
• Good gas generation rates observed
• How does this translate to reservoir pressure and intact coal?
• Core flooding experiments using intact coal replicate many of the key reservoir conditions
• This study conducted core flooding experiments • under anaerobic conditions
• using nutrient amended formation waters
• with coal core
• at reservoir pressure and temperature
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Core flooding rig
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Confining pressure control pump
Pressure vessel
Core sample with membrane
Water pump
Confining fluid
Gas pumpHelium pump
GC/MSGas analysis
SpectrophotometerNutrient analysis
2-Phase separator
Gas/water sample port
Inflow arrangement
Outflow
Inflow nutrient mixture vessel
• High pressure syringe pumps provide precise pressure and volume control and measurement
• Two phase separator on outflow to monitor gas or water flow
Methodology
1. Degassing of coal core before flood & determination of any residual gas pressure
2. Core flood with nutrient augmented formation water• Periodic water sampling and analysis of
– Nutrient concentration inflow and outflow
– Dissolved gas partial pressure
• Pore pressure - 5 MPa
• Generated gas is adsorbed no gas outflow during experiment
3. Degassing of core sample• Decrease pore pressure
• Helium flood - composition analysed
• Vacuuming stage for <1 atm pressures
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Example experimental observations: core flood#1
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
Wat
er fl
ow
rat
e (m
l/d
ay)
Time (days)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Par
tial
Pre
ssu
re (a
tm)
Time (days)
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Water flow rate Gas partial pressure in outflow water
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0 20 40 60 80
Cu
mu
lati
ve u
pta
ke, m
g/g
coal
Time, days
Cumulative Uptake
N
P
0
0.00005
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
0 20 40 60 80
Up
take
rate
, mg/
g co
al
Time, days
Uptake Rate
N
P
Nutrient balance
Nutirent1
Nutirent2
Nutirent1
Nutirent2
Gas generation: core flood #1
• Gas recovered from core at end of core flood
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CH4
gas
cont
ent
(m3 /t
onne
)
Pres
sure
(MPa
)
Pressure
Gas Content
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Cu
mu
lati
ve
up
tak
e (
mg
/g c
oa
l)
Time (days)
Cumulative Nutrient Uptake
Nutrient 1
Nutrient 2
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Up
take
rat
e (m
g/g
/day
)
Time (days)
Nutrient Uptake Rate
Nutrient 1
Nutrient 2
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
Gas
Par
tial
Pre
ssu
re (
atm
)
Time (days)
Methane
Carbon dioxide
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
0.0045
Flo
wra
te (m
l/m
in)
Outflow (ml/min)
Example core flood#2
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Water flow rate Gas partial pressure in outflow water
Nutrient balance
Time (days)
Sampling
Gas generation: core flood #2
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Gas
Co
nte
nt
(m3 /
ton
ne
)
Time (days)
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Sample vacuuming
Conclusions
• Enhancement of biogenic methanogenesis successfully demonstrated at reservoir pressure and temperature on intact coal core
• Up to 1 m3/tonne generated over ten week period
• Further work being conducted to refine nutrient management and optimise gas generation
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