Labeling our Ideas: Contrasting Political Ideologies.
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Transcript of Labeling our Ideas: Contrasting Political Ideologies.
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Labeling our Ideas:
Contrasting Political Ideologies
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Political ideologies
• A set of ideas, perceptions, values & beliefs through which individuals interpret social, political and economic events and formulate opinions on how the world ought to be
• Like a ‘filter’ or ‘lens’
• Ideologies shape our attitudes & actions
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Definition
• Ideology: a set of more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action. This might be to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power relationships – offer an account of the existing order usually in the
form of a ’world view’– offer a model of a desired future– outline how political change can and should be brought
about• At a fundamental level = a political philosophy• At an operative level = broad political movement
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Mapping the Ideological Landscape
• Understanding the traditional ‘grand ideologies’ of liberal capitalist society:– Conservatism– Liberalism– Socialism
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Main political ideologies
• Liberalism– Classical– Modern
• Conservatism• The New Right
– Neo-liberalism– Neo conservatism
• Socialism– Variants of marxism– Social democracy– Third way
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Adding some complexity…
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The “Left-wing / Right-wing” ideological spectrum
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Philosophical approaches
Philosophers Nature of the state
Nature of the Individual
Theories
Liberalism or
Idealism
Kant, Locke, Bad to good to non-existent
In essence good and corrupted through external actors
Liberalism
Rationalism
Essentialism
Pluralism
Realism Hobbes, Machiavelli Rational interest
Self-seeking rational actor requiring Leviathan
Game theory, rational action, logical administration
Marxism Marx, Lenin Reflecting specific class interest-biased towards a specific status quo
Social being reflecting the interests of their economic, political, and social position
Structuralism
Dependency theories
Neo-imperialism
Elitism
Class theories
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Other ideological traditions
• Fascism
• Anarchism
• Feminism
• Environmentalism
• Religious fundamentalism
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Political Culture
• Political Culture: • A set of ideas, assumptions and values that
condition political attitudes and behaviour• A ‘collective phenomena’ – people don’t have
political cultures, communities or societies do• Shaped by the dominant ideology, but comprised
of several (mainstream) ideologies• Sets the boundaries of the dominant ‘common
sense’
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To conclude• Ideologies link political theory with political
practice– BJP in India; Taleban in Afghanistan; New Right in
Europe and USA; etc.
• Ideologies ’fit’ contexts and therefore become weakened and/or changed over time as contexts change. The ’relevance’ factor.
• Ideologies often carry their own seeds of destruction as they are resistant to change.
• But they are important to understand how politics are approached and promoted