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LAB EXERCISE GUIDE FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I

BIOLOGY 2221L

Author: Harriet R. Tresham

This lab guide was written to be used with Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual,

Cat Version 9th Edition (Update) by E. N. Marieb

For Use in: Fall 08, Spring 09, Summer 09

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LAB 1: Microscopy & Mitosis (Marieb Exercises 3, 4)

ASSIGNMENT:

Microscopy: Exercise 3, pp.27-33, Activities 1, 2, 4

1. Identify and state function of parts of compound light microscope.

2. Demonstrate correct use and care procedures.

3. State and explain principles/rules of microscopy.

4. Define and calculate total magnification.

Mitosis: Exercise 4, pp.45-48, Activity 6

5. Define mitosis/cytokinesis.

6. Identify the five phases of mitosis from slides (allium root

tip, whitefish blastula)/model.

7. Describe the activities/events occurring in each phase.

8. Describe the biological significance of mitosis.

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Lab 2: Tissues and Skin (Marieb Exercises 6, 7)

ASSIGNMENT:

A. Tissues: Exercise 6, Activities 1-4, pp. 67-83

1. State the characteristics (cell types, arrangements, matrix composition in CT, functions, and body locations) of Epithelial and Connective tissue types and major subcategories of each type.

2. Identify the specific tissues listed from slides and/or micro-graphs. Identify cells and matrix components on assigned slides. Identify organ/body location for each assigned tissue section.

Tissues (Exercise 6)

Assigned Epithelial Tissues Assigned Connective Tissues

simple squamous epithelium areolar (loose) connective tissue

simple cuboidal epithelium dense irregular connective tissue(view skin slide)

simple columnar epithelium dense regular/white fibrous connective tissue

stratified squamous epithelium(view skin slide)

hyaline cartilage CT

elastic cartilage CT

fibrocartilage CT

adipose tissue (modified CT)

NOTE: Compact Bone connective tissue will be studied in the Skeleton Lab.

Muscle tissues will be studied in the Muscle Lab.

Nervous tissue will be studied in the Nervous System Labs.

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B. Skin: Exercise 7, pp. 91-94, 97-98, Activities 1, 3

1. Study skin slide and model identifying the tissue types found in the skin layers.

2. Identify the specific skin structures listed on skin slides and models.

3. State the functions of the skin’s tissue layers and structures.

Structures in Skin (Exercise 7)

Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium)

reticular layer

stratum corneum sudoriferous-sweat glands

stratum spinosum arrector pili muscle

stratum granulosum hair follicle/shaft

stratum basale sebaceous-oil (sebum) glands

Dermis ( dense irregular connective tissue) sensory nerve fibers/receptors

papillary layer Hypodermis (Adipose CT)

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LAB 3: Membrane Transport (Marieb Exercise 5A, required/assigned and 5B, optional)

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Explain the effect of molecular size on the rate of diffusion via completion of: Diffusion of Dye through Agar Gel, Activity 1.

2. Explain the factors that affect diffusion through semi-permeable membranes via completion of: Diffusion through Non-living Membranes, Activity 3.

3. Understand the effects of solution tonicity on the volume of red blood cells via observation of: Diffusion through Living Membranes, Activity 5.

4. Define the following terms and be able to utilize them in explanations of the above experiments: differential permeability, simple diffusion, osmosis, isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.

5. Be able to predict which substances will move passively through a differentially permeable membrane when given appropriate information on concentration differences.

6. Be able to explain all procedures (methods and materials), and theory; be able to analyze and interpret results.

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LAB 4: Introductory Anatomy and Axial Skeleton

(Marieb Exercises 1, 9, 10)

A. Anatomical Orientations and Directions (Exercise 1, pp. 1-6, Activity 1 & 2)

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Define and utilize (on lab torsos/skeletons) the directional and orientation terms listed.

2. Identify (on your body and on lab torsos/skeletons) the anterior and posterior body landmarks and regions.

Orientations and Directions (Exercise 1)

medial ventral

lateral proximal

superior distal

inferior superficial

anterior deep

posterior sagittal

cephalic/cephalad midsagittal (median) plane

caudal frontal (coronal) plane

dorsal transverse (horizontal) plane

Body Landmarks and Regions (Exercise 1)

Antebrachial Gluteal Oral

Brachial Occipital Patellar

Cervical Perineal Fibular(Peroneal)

Digital Sacral Sternal

Inguinal Vertebral Umbilical

Nasal Antecubital Cephalic

Palmar Buccal Lumbar

Pelvic Coxal Olecranal

Pubic Femoral Plantar

Thoracic Mammary Scapular

Calcaneal

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B. Compact Bone Connective Tissue (Exercise 6, p.80, Exercise 9 pp, 115-117

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Complete Activity 3: page 115-117 via study of the compact bone tissue slide and the compact bone model, identifying the following structures: Central Haversian canal, osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, canaliculi, perforating Volkman’s canals.

C. Axial Skeleton1 (Exercise 10, all)

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Identify the structures listed using both articulated and disarticulated skull, ribs, sternum, hyoid, and vertebrae.

2. Be able to distinguish among cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

3. Identify/describe the normal spinal curvatures.

(1) Refer to Exercise 9, table 9.1, page 113 for a list of Bone Markings: anatomical terms used to name bony structures

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SKULL maxillae frontal bone alveoli frontal sinus intermaxillary suture zygomatic process zygomatic process supraorbital foramen maxillary sinus parietal bone palatine process sagittal suture palatine bone coronal suture lacrimal bone temporal bone nasal bone squamosal suture vomer external auditory meatus inferior conchae styloid process zygomatic bone zygomatic process (part of zygomatic arch)

temporal process (part of zygomatic arch)

mastoid process maxillary process mandibular fossa frontal process jugular foramen(for jugular vein,cranial nervesIX, X, XI)

fontanels of fetal skull

carotid canal(for carotid artery) HYOID BONE occipital bone VERTEBRAL COLUMN lambdoidal suture 7 cervical vertebrae (c1:atlas ; c2: axis) foramen magnum (for spinal cord passage )

thoracic vertebrae (12)

occipital condyle lumbar vertebrae (5) sphenoid bone sacrum (5) greater wings coccyx (3-5) lesser wings intervertebral discs superior orbital fissures body sella turcica (holds pituitary gland) vertebral arch optic foramina (for Optic Nerve II) vertebral foramen(for spinal cord) sphenoid sinus transverse process foramen rotundum(for cranial nerve V) spinous process foramen ovale (for cranial nerve V) superior/inferior articular processes ethmoid bone intervertebral foramina(for spinal nerve

exits) ethmoid sinus rib facets crista galli RIBS: cribiform plates true ribs(7 prs); false(5 prs. total of

which 2 prs. are floating) olfactory foramina ( for Olfactory Nerve I)

head

perpendicular plate neck superior and middle angle chonchae (turbinates) tubercle mandible shaft (body) body/angle/ramus costal cartilage mandibular condyle STERNUM: coronoid process manubrium mental foramina body alveoli xiphoid process

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LAB 5: Appendicular Skeleton and Joints (Marieb Exercises 11, 13)

A. Appendicular Skeleton1 (Exercise 11, Activities 1-6)

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Identify the bones and structures/parts/markings listed using articulated skeletons and disarticulated appendicular bones. Activity 1-3, 5, 6.

2. Be able to distinguish whether a disarticulated bone attaches to the left or right side of the skeleton.

3. Be able to differentiate between a male and a female pelvis. Describe identifying traits of each. See Activity 4.

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Appendicular Skeleton (Exercise 11)

Clavicle Phalanges acromial end Pelvic/Inominate sternal end Ilium anterior superior iliac spine Scapula posterior superior iliac spine medial border sacroiliac joint lateral border iliac crest acromion process greater sciatic notch coracoid process Ischium glenoid fossa ischial spine spine ischial tuberosity supraspinous fossa lesser sciatic notch infraspinous fossa Pubis

subscapular fossa obturator foramen Humerus acetabulum greater/lesser tubercles Compare and contrast male head and female pelvis deltoid tuberosity Femur lateral epicondyle head medial epicondyle greater/lesser trochanters capitulum lateral /medial epicondyle trochlea lateral/medial condyle coronoid fossa gluteal tuberosity olecranon fossa Patella Radius Tibia head tibial tuberosity neck lateral/medial condyle radial tuberosity medial malleolus styloid process Fibula Ulna lateral malleolus olecranon process head coronoid process Tarsals styloid process calcaneus, talus Carpals Metatarsals Metacarpals Phalanges

1 Refer to table 9.1 (page 113) for definitions of general anatomical terms used to name bony structures

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B. Articulations and Movements (Marieb Exercise 13, Activities 1, 2, 3, 5, 6)

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Describe the characteristics of the types of joints listed.

2. Identify on the lab skeletons and joint models, specific examples of each joint type. List examples in Table below.

3. Demonstrate and describe types of movements at synovial joints.

4. Distinguish between functional classifications and structural classifications of joints using the terms listed.

5. Be able to identify any joint by naming the bones/bone parts which articulate.

6. Be able to state the functional and structural classification of any joint.

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Articulations (Exercise 13)

Complete this table by listing in the blank spaces, names of representative joints in each class!

Articulations

Synarthroses (immovable) Functional classification

Fibrous : Anatomical classifications

Sutures

Syndesmoses

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Functional classification

Cartilagenous: anatomical classifications

Symphyses

Synchondroses

Diarthroses (freely movable)Functional classification

Synovial: anatomical classifications

Ball and socket

Saddle

Ellipsoidal/Condyloid

Gliding/Planar

Pivot

Hinge

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Movements (Exercise 13)

Complete this table by listing in the blank spaces, the names of representative joints which perform each movement!

Movements

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

rotation, lateral and medial

Circumduction

Pronation

Supination

Eversion

Inversion

plantar flexion

Dorsiflexion

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LAB 6:Nervous System I: Nervous Tissue & Brain and Cranial Nerves

(Marieb Exercise 17, 19)

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Complete Ex. 17, Activity 1, page 261, via study of giant multipolar or motor neuron tissue slide. Identify: cell body, nucleus, Nissl substance, axon, dendrites, neuroglial cell nuclei. See slide photo on page 259 and page 81, plate 5 page 693.

2. Complete Ex. 17, Activity 3, page 264, via study of cross section of peripheral nerve slide. Identify epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath, and axons. See photo on page 694, plate 10.

3. Identify the brain structures and nerves assigned below on multiple brain models/mid-sagittal head models (Exercise 19, Activities 1, 2).

4. State the functions of these major structures/areas in the brain, and describe the functions of the cranial nerves (Exercise 19, Activities 1, 2, 3 (Step #1 only)

5. Dissect a sheep brain, re-identifying assigned structures and nerves (Exercise 19, pp.293-297.

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Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves (Exercise 19)

BRAIN infundibulum: connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

meninges, protective coverings pituitary gland: master gland of endocrine system

dura mater, outer pineal body: produces melatonin hormone

arachnoid mater, middle cerebral aqueduct: connects ventricles 3 and 4

pia mater, inner 3rd ventricle: CSF production and flow cerebral hemispheres 4th ventricle: CSF production and flow gyri: pre and post central cerebellum: muscle coordination sulci: lateral and central arbor vitae: white tracts lobes: frontal, parietal temporal, occipital

cerebral areas: visual (occipital), auditory (temporal), gustatory (lower parietal), somasensory (postcentral gyrus), primary motor (precentral gyrus)

longitudinal and transverse fissures CRANIAL NERVES olfactory bulbs I. olfactory (sensory smell) optic chiasma II. optic (sensory vision) pons: asc/desc motor pathways, resp reflex centers III. oculomotor (motor, eye muscles) medulla oblongata: vital reflex centers, asc/desc motor/sensory pathways

IV. trochlear (motor, eye muscles)

spinal cord: asc./desc. motor/sensory pathways V. trigeminal ( mixed, facial areas, jaw, neck)

corpora quadrigemina: superior and inferior colliculi, visual, auditory reflex centers

VI. abducens (motor, eye muscles)

hypothalamus: homeostatic control, origin ANS impulses

VII. facial (mixed, facial muscles, lacrimal glands, sense of taste

corpus callosum: white fibers connecting right to left cerebral areas

VIII. vestibulocochlear (sensory, auditory, equilibrium)

fornix: olfaction fibers into limbic system IX. glossopharyngeal (mixed, throat muscles, salivary glands, taste buds

septum pellucidum: membrane separating ventricles I and II

X. vagus(mixed, pharynx, larynx, heart abdominal viscera)

lateral ventricles I and II: CSF production and flow

XI. spinal accessory (primarily motor to muscles of mouth, throat, neck, shoulder)

thalamus: sensory relay center XII. hypoglossal (primarily motor to tongue)

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LAB 7:Nervous System II (Marieb Exercises 21, 24, 25)

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Identify the spinal cord structures and spinal nerves/plexi listed, using pink torso, neural man, arm, leg models (Exercise 21, pp.315-316, pp.319-327, Activity 3 page 326).

2. Study the spinal cord cross sectional slide and model, pp.317-319 (Activity 1, Activity 2, step # 3*). See also page 694, plate 9. Identify and explain significance of dorsal sulcus, anterior median fissure, gray commissure, central canal, white columns, gray horns, ventral and dorsal spinal nerve roots, and dorsal root ganglion.

3. Identify the parts of the eye listed on eyes models (Ex. 24, pp.364-367, Activity 2).

4. Dissect an eyeball, re-identifying assigned structures (Ex. 24, pp. 368—369).

5. Identify the parts of the ear listed using ear models (Ex.25 pp.383-385, Activity 1).

6. State the functions of the major structures in the eye and ear (Ex. 24, 25).

7. Demonstrate and explain tests for visual acuity, astigmatism, near point accommodation and blind spot (Ex. 24, pp.370-372, Activities 5, 6, 7, 8)

Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System (Exercise 21)

Spinal cord Sympathetic division of ANS

conus medullaris thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

filum terminale sympathetic chain ganglia

cauda equina Parasympathetic division of ANS

* Gray matter horns * White matter columns * Gray commissure * Central canal * Dorsal sulcus * Anterior median fissure

cranial nerves; sacral spinal nerves

Spinal nerves Somatic nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves

8 pairs cervical

12 pairs thoracic Sciatic nerve (from sacral plexus, L4-5,S1-4 )

5 pairs lumbar Femoral nerve (from lumbar plexus, L1-L4)

5 pairs sacral Median, Radial, Ulnar nerves (from brachial plexus, C5-C8 and T1)

1 coccygeal Phrenic nerve (from cervical plexus, C1-C5)

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Eye Structures (Exercise 24)

extrinsic eye muscles retina

conjunctiva optic disc

sclera fovea centralis

cornea lens

choroid coat aqueous humor

ciliary body vitreous humor

iris anterior/posterior segments

pupil tapetum lucidum (in cow eye only)

optic nerve

Ear Structures (Exercise 25)

Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Pinna/Auricle Ossicles Cochlea External Auditory Canal -Malleus/Hammer Vestibular Branch of Nerve

VIII Tympanic Membrane—separates outer and middle ear

-Incus/Anvil Cochlear Branch of Nerve VIII

-Stapes/Stirup Semicircular Canals Oval Window Vestibule Round Window Auditory Tube

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LAB 8 and 9:Muscle Tissue and Major

Skeletal Muscles (Marieb Exercise 6, 14, 15 and Cat Dissection # 1)

A. Muscle Tissue: Ex. 6 pp. 62-64, Ex. 14, pp.135-136, Activities 2, 3 ASSIGNMENT:

1. Be able to differentiate among the three types of muscle tissue: cardiac smooth/visceral, and skeletal; describe the identifying characteristics of each type of muscle tissue and describe body locations of each type.

2. Study the histology slides cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle via completion of Activity 4 Ex. 6A, pp. 82-83 and Ex. 14, Activity 2, pages 190-191; see also page 693, plates 2,3.

3. Complete Ex. 14, Activity 3, page 191 by studying the neuromuscular junction/ motor end unit histology slide. Identify the skeletal muscle fibers, axonal branches, and terminal endfeet. See also page 693, plate 4.

B. Major Skeletal Muscles: Ex. 15, Cat Dissection # 1

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Identify each of the muscles listed on lab torso, arm, and leg models (or diagrams where a model is unavailable).

2. State the origin and insertion of each of the muscles listed.

3. State the action of each of the muscles listed

4. List the specific muscles involved in performing the following actions:

a. raising your hand in class d. doing push-ups

b. walking across a flat surface e. doing sit-ups

c. climbing a set of stairs f. picking up a baby

5. Name and locate the listed muscles on the cat. See Cat dissection # 1 , pages 703-718.

6. Compare and contrast human and cat musculature.

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MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION

sternocleidomastoid manubrium of sternum

clavicle

mastoid process of temporal bone

forward head flexion

rotates and extends head toward opposite shoulder

trapezius vertebrae

occipital bone

acromium and spine of scapula

clavicle

head extension

shrugs shoulder

rhomboideus major vertebrae’s spinous processes

scapula, medial border

scapula retraction

scapula elevation

rhomboideus minor vertebrae’s spinous processes

scapula, medial border

scapula retraction

scapula elevation

levator scapulae vertebrae’s spinous processes

scapula, medial border

scapula elevation

scapula adduction

serratus anterior ribs scapula, scapula rotation and protraction

rib elevation

pectoralis minor ribs scapula, coracoid process

pulls scapula forward and inferiorly

external intercostals inferior margin of rib

superior border of rib below

inspiratory rib movement

internal intercostals

superior margin of rib

inferior border of rib above

expiratory rib movement

diaphragm inspiration/expiration

coracobrachialis coracoid process of scapula

humerus humerus flexion

humerus adduction

teres major scapula humerus humerus extension

humerus adduction

teres minor scapula humerus, greater tubercle

humerus lateral rotation

latissimus dorsi lower ribs

lower vertebrae

iliac crest

humerus primer mover of humerus extension

humerus adduction

humerus medial rotation

pectoralis major ribs, clavicle, sternum

humerus prime mover of arm flexion

humerus adduction

humerus medial rotation

supraspinatus scapula, supraspinous fossa

humerus, greater tubercle

humerus abduction

infraspinatus scapula, infraspinous fossa

humerus, greater tubercle

humerus lateral rotation

deltoid clavicle

scapula acromion

process

humerus, deltoid tuberosity

primary mover for arm abduction

humerus flexion

humerus extension

humerus rotation

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MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION

subscapularis scapula humerus humerus medial rotation

biceps brachii coracoid process & glenoid fossa,

scapula

radius, tuberosity forearm flexion

supination

brachialis humerus ulna, coranoid process forearm flexion

brachioradialis humerus radius, styloid process forearm flexion

triceps brachii

long head

medial head

lateral head

humerus

ulna, olecranon process forearm extension

supinator humerus, lateral epicondyle ulna

radius, proximal end forearm supination

pronator teres humerus, medial epicondyle, ulna, coranoid

Radius, midshaft forearm pronation

flexors and extensors of wrist/digits

erector spinae vertebra, ilium vertebrae; ribs extension of vertebral column

external oblique lower ribs linea alba

iliac and pubic crests

abdomen compression

vertebral column flexion

lateral vertebral column flexion

trunk rotation

internal oblique iliac crest

lumbar fascia

inguinal ligament

linea alba

Pubic crest, costal cartilages of lower ribs

abdomen compression

vertebral column flexion

lateral vertebral column flexion

trunk rotation

transversus abdominis lower ribs

iliac crest

inguinal ligament

linea alba

pubic crest

abdomen compression

rectus abdominis pubic crest and symphysis xiphoid process

rib cartilages

vertebral column flexion

abdomen compression

psoas major lumbar vertebrae femur, lesser trochanter vertebral column flexion

femur flexion

pectineus pubis femur, lesser trochanter adduct thigh

iliacus ilium and sacrum femur, lesser trochanter femur flexion

gluteus maximus sacrum, coccyx

ilium

femur

iliotibial tract

femur extension

lateral femur rotation

gluteus medius ilium femur, greater trochanter femur abduction

femur medial rotation

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MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION

gluteus minimus ilium femur, greater trochanter femur abduction

femur medial rotation

piriformis sacrum femur lateral thigh rotation

tensor fasciae latae Ilium, crest and spine iliotibial tract femur flexion

femur abduction

femur medial rotation

adductor longus pubis symphysis femur femur adduction

femur lateral rotation

femur flexion

adductor magnus ischium and pubis femur femur adduction

femur lateral rotation

femur flexion

adductor brevis pelvis femur adducts and lateral rotation of thigh

gracilis pubis tibia femur adduction/flexion

biceps femoris ischial tuberosity femur

fibula femur extension

knee flexion

semitendinosus ischial tuberosity tibia, lateral condyle and head of fibula

femur extension

knee flexion

semimembranosus ischial tuberosity tibia, medial condyle, lateral condyle of femur

femur extension

knee flexion

sartorius anterior superior

iliac spine

proximal tibia femur flexion

knee flexion

rectus femoris ilium,anterior,inferior spine and acetabulum

tibial tuberosity and patella

knee extension

femur flexion

vastus lateralis femur, greater trochanter tibial tuberosity and patella

knee extension

vastus medialis femur tibial tuberosity and patella

knee extension

vastus intermedius femur tibial tuberosity and patella

knee extension

tibialis anterior tibia, lateral condyle metatarsal I and tarsal foot inversion

dorsiflexion

extensor digitorum longus

tibia. Lateral condyle

fibula, proximal

middle and distal phalanges of toes

toe extension

dorsiflexion

foot eversion

gastrocnemius femur, medial and laterl condyles

calcaneus plantar flexion

knee flexion

soleus proximal tibia

proximal fibula

calcaneus plantar flexion

flexor digitorum longus posterior tibia distal phalanges of toes toe flexion

plantar flexion

foot inversion

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tibialis posterior superior tibia and superior

fibula

tarsals

metatarsals

plantar flexion

foot inversion

fibularis(peroneus) longus head of fibula tarsal

metatarsal

plantar flexion

Assigned Muscles For Cat Dissection: see Cat Dissection # 1

Trunk 1. Pectoralis major 2. Pectoralis minor 3. Xiphihumeralis (cat observation only, do not test) 4. Pectoantobrachialis (cat observation only, do not test) 5. Acromio, Spino, Clavo Trapezius 6. Acromio, Spino, Clavo, Deltoid 7. Levator scapulae ventralis 8. Latissimus dorsi 9. Serratus ventralis 10. External and Internal Intercostals 11. External Oblique 12. Internal Oblique 13. Transversus Abdominis 14. Rectus Abdominis

Forelimb 15. Triceps brachii 16. Biceps brachii

Hindlimb 17. Gluteus Maximus, Medius 18. Sartorius 19. Gracilis 20. Adductor group 21. Tensor Fascia Latae 22. *Rectus Femoris- 23. *Vastus lateralis *Quadriceps Femoris 24. *Vastus medialis 25. **Biceps Femoris 26. **Semitendinosus **Hamstrings 27. **Semimembranosus 28. Tibialis anterior 29. Gastrocnemius 30. Soleus

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LAB 10:Muscle Physiology (Marieb Exercise 16 B)

ASSIGNMENT: Utilizing the Physio-Ex CD from your lab manual, complete the simulation activities to:

1. Complete Activity 1 to familiarize yourself with the simulator and to generate a tracing.

2. Define and determine the latent period. Activity 2.

3. Determine the effect of stimulation voltage on the force of muscle contraction. Activity 3.

4. Determine the effect of muscle warm-up (treppe) on the force of muscle contraction. Activity 4.

5. Determine the effect of stimulation frequency on the force of muscle contraction. Activity 5.

6. Demonstrate an isometric contraction. Activity 8.

7. Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contraction.

8. Determine the effect of initial muscle length (load) on the force of muscle contraction. Activity 9.