Lab Exercise 36
description
Transcript of Lab Exercise 36
![Page 1: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Lab Exercise 36
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Portland Community CollegeBI 233
![Page 2: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Terminology
Pulmonary Ventilation: aka breathing, is the movement of air into and out of the lungs
External Respiration: The gas exchange between the blood and alveoli
Internal Respiration: Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells
Cellular Respiration: Happens in Mitochondria Metabolic reactions that consume O2 and release CO2 during ATP production
![Page 3: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Upper & Lower Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System Nose Pharynx
Lower Respiratory System Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
![Page 5: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Nasal Cavity
![Page 6: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Nasal Cavity
The nasal epithelium covering the conchae serves to cleanse, warm and humidify the air
• Nasal conchae increase the surface areas for the mucus epithelium
The olfactory epithelium in the upper medial part of the nasal cavity is involved in the sense of smell.
The nasal cavity serves as a resonating chamber as well as an avenue for escaping air.
![Page 7: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Nasal Turbinates or Conchae
• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells pushes trapped dust toward the back of the throat to be swallowed.
.
![Page 8: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Sinuses
![Page 9: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Pharynx: aka the Throat
![Page 10: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Pharynx
• Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus
• Anatomically divided into 3 sections:• Nasopharynx• Oropharynx• Laryngopharynx
![Page 11: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Tonsils
• Tonsils: lymphoid tissue. Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
![Page 12: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Larynx: aka Voice Box
• Made of 9 pieces of cartilage, the most important are:
• Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)• Thyrohyoid membrane
• Cricoid Cartilage• Cricothroid ligament
• Epiglottis• Arytenoid Cartilage
![Page 13: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Inside the Larynx
• Vestibular Folds: folds of mucous membranes • Upper folds: false vocal cords• Lower folds: true vocal cords
• These attach to the arytenoid cartilages by the vocal ligaments
• Glottis: The vocal cords and the space between the folds.• Rima glottis: the space between the vocal folds
![Page 14: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Framework of the Larynx
![Page 15: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Larynx
![Page 16: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Vocal Cords
![Page 17: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Glottis: True cords plus slit
![Page 18: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Trachea: aka Windpipe
• Flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the mediastinum
• Composed of three layers• Mucosa: made up of goblet cells and ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Submucosa: connective tissue deep to the mucosa• Adventitia: outermost layer, has C-shaped rings of
hyaline cartilage
![Page 19: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Trachea Histology
![Page 20: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Trachea Histology
![Page 21: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Seromucous Glands (Trachea)
![Page 22: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Trachea
![Page 23: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
AirwaysTrachea
Larynx
Carina
Left Mainstem Bronchi
Right Mainstem Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
![Page 24: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Respiratory Tree
![Page 25: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Branching of Bronchial Tree
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal/Respiratory Bronchioles
![Page 26: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Bronchi
• The carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the right and left bronchi• Left main stem bronchus • Right main stem bronchus
• Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs
![Page 27: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Bronchi Bronchioles• Tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the
trachea• As conducting tubes become smaller,
structural changes occur and eventually they become bronchioles• Cartilage support structures change
• Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they lack cartilage
• Epithelium types change• Amount of smooth muscle increases
![Page 28: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Bronchi Histology
![Page 29: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles • Respiratory Bronchioles : Continued
branching leads to the area where gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion
![Page 30: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Simple columnar epithelium
Notice the lack of cartilage
Bronchiole Histology
![Page 31: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Respiratory BronchiolesAlveolar Ducts Alveolar sacs
![Page 32: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Alveolar sacs Alveoli
• Alveolar sacs look like clusters of grapes• The “individual grapes” are Alveoli
![Page 33: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Alveoli Histology
![Page 34: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Type 1 Pneumocytes are flattened for gas exchange
Type II Pneumocytes are cuboidal and produce surfactant
![Page 35: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Respiratory Membrane
• The area where gas exchange between air and blood occurs
• It is the fused alveolar and capillary walls (3 layers)
1. Alveolar epithelium2. Fused basal laminae3. Capillary epithelium
![Page 36: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Respiratory Membrane
![Page 37: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Pleura
• Pleura is the double-layered sac of serous membrane• Parietal Pleura is the outer layer and is attached to the
thoracic walls• Visceral Pleura is the inner layer covering the lung tissue
• The layers are only touching, they are not fused together• The potential space is called the pleural cavity• There is serous fluid between the layers which allows them to
slide against each other during breathing
![Page 38: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Pleural cavity is in between the two layers
![Page 39: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Lungs
• Apex: the part under the clavicle• Base: the part touching the diaphragm• Costal Surface: the part touching the ribs• Hilus: indentation containing pulmonary and systemic
blood vessels• Left Lung has 2 lobes and a cardiac notch
• Left upper lobe• Left lower lobe
• Right Lung has 3 lobes• Right upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe
![Page 40: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
LungsRUL
RLL
RML
LUL
LLL
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure Obl
ique
fiss
ure
Car
diac
no
tch
![Page 41: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Lung Lobes
![Page 42: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Muscles of Inspiration
![Page 43: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Muscles: Inspiration & Expiration
![Page 44: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Lab Exercise 37A
Respiratory System PhysiologyBuffers
![Page 45: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Inspiration/Expiration• Inspiration: Increase in thoracic cavity size• Inspiratory muscles
• External intercostals (lift the rib cage)• Diaphragm (Becomes flat)
• Expiration :Decrease in thoracic cavity size• Expiratory muscles
• For the most part it is just the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (passive process)
• Internal intercostals & abdominal muscles used only for forced expiration
![Page 46: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Respiratory Sounds
• Bronchial sounds: Air in large passageways• Vesicular breathing sounds: air filling the
alveolar sacs• Auscultation:
• Throat• Intercostal spaces• Triangle of auscultation• Under the clavicle
![Page 47: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Conducting Zone
• All respiratory passageways that are not involved in gas exchange
• All are mucous lined• From the nasal cavity to the terminal
bronchioles• Aka: Anatomical dead space
![Page 48: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Respiratory Zone• Thin walled simple squamous epithelium
allows gas exchange with blood• Respiratory Zone Structures
• Respiratory bronchioles• Alveolar ducts• Alveolar sacs• Alveoli
![Page 49: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Spirometry
• Spirometry is the classic pulmonary function test• Measures the volume of air inspired or expired as a
function of time. • It can measure tidal volume, and vital capacity.
• Spirometry may also be used to measure forced expiration rates and volumes and to compute FEV1/FVC ratios
![Page 50: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Spirometry
• Spirometry cannot access information about absolute lung volumes
• It cannot measure the amount of air in the lung but only the amount entering or leaving.
![Page 51: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Respiratory Volumes
• Tidal Volume TV• Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet
breathing about 500 mL.
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume IRV• Volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition
to tidal volume 3100mL.
• Expiratory Reserve Volume ERV• Volume that can be exhaled during forced breathing after a
normal tidal volume 1200 mL.
![Page 52: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Respiratory Volumes
• Minute Respiratory Volume MRV• The volume of air breathed during 1 min.
MRV (ml/min)= TV x Respirations/min
• Residual Volume RV * can not be measured using spirometry*• Volume that remains in the lungs at all times 1200
mL.
![Page 53: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Respiratory Capacity
• Vital Capacity VC• Maximum volume that can be exhaled after taking
the deepest breath. VC = TV + IRV + ERV
• Total Lung Capacity TLC* can not be measured using spirometry*• Total volume of air that the lungs can hold.
TLC = VC + RV
![Page 54: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
![Page 55: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Pulmonary Function Tests
• Pulmonary function tests help distinguish between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases
• Forced Vital Capacity FVC • amount expelled after taking the deepest breath possible then
exhaling forcefully and rapidly• Forced expiratory volume FEVT
• The percentage of vital capacity exhaled during a specific time• FEV1 is during the first second (normally 75% to 85%
of FVC)• FEV1 is low in obstructive disease
![Page 56: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Pulmonary Function Test
![Page 57: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Pulmonary Function Tests
• Typical values for a patient with COPD• Shows air trapping
(values shown as % of expected value)• FEV1 61% • Vital Capacity 73% • FEV1/VC 0.61 (normally >0.72) • Residual volume 175% • Total lung capacity 105%
![Page 58: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Buffers
• Buffers are chemicals that can regulate or stabilize pH change by removing H+
• Buffers convert strong acids to weak acids• Weak acids contribute fewer H+ ions & have
less effect on pH
![Page 59: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Acid Base Balance in Blood
• In the RBC and minimally in the plasma, this reaction takes place
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
• The bicarbonate ions (HCO3- ) help buffer the blood by
combining with extra H+ in the blood.• Carbonic acid (H2CO3) releases H+ when the blood
becomes too basic.• This way, the balance of H+ remains steady and the pH
is doesn’t fluctuate.
![Page 60: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Carbonic Acid Buffer System:Dealing with Acids
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
(Add an acid) + H+
• The H+ will combine with HCO3- to create H2CO3
• H2CO3 will then dissociate into CO2 + H2O • Breathing will increase to rid the body of the extra
CO2
![Page 61: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Carbonic Acid Buffer System:Dealing with Bases
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
(Add a base) + OH-
• The OH- will combine with H+ to create H2O• H2CO3 will dissociate into HCO3
- + H+ to restore the H+ concentration
![Page 62: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
![Page 63: Lab Exercise 36](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56815e1a550346895dcc76fc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
The End