Lab 29A. Blood
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Transcript of Lab 29A. Blood
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Lab 29A. Blood
BIOL242
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Whole Blood • Plasma: Fluid component
– Water (90%)– Dissolved plasma proteins– Other solutes
• Formed elements: Cells and fragments– RBCs (carry Oxygen)– WBCs (immunity)– Platelets (cell fragments involved in clotting)
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Whole Blood
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Plasma
• Makes up 50–60% of blood volume• More than 90% of plasma is water
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Formed Elements
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Formed Elements
• These are the cells (and quasi-cellular) constituents of blood
• Red blood cells (RBCs) make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements
• White blood cells and platelets make up the rest
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RBCs
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Why do RBCs look hollow?
No nucleus
Biconcave structure
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RBC Structure
• Small and highly specialized disc• Thin in middle and thicker at edge
Figure 19–2d
Why this structure?
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RBC characteristics
• Shaped like biconcave discs • Function primarily to carry oxygen
-contain hemoglobin (95% of RBC protein)• Lack a nucleus and contain few organelles
(no mitochondria, ribosomes)• Life span approx. 120 days
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Importance of RBC Shape and Size
1. High surface-to-volume ratio:– Increase surface area for gas exchange
2. Discs form stacks:– smoothes flow through narrow blood vessels
3. Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries:– 7.8 µm RBC passes through 4 µm capillary
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Measuring RBCs
• Red blood cell count: reports the number of RBCs in 1 microliter whole blood – Male: 4.5–6.3 million– female: 4.2–5.5 million
• Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV): percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood– male: 40–54 (avg = 46)– female: 37–47 (avg = 42)
RBCs make up about 1/3 of all cells in the body!
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Anemia
• Hematocrit or hemoglobin levels are below normal, caused by several conditions
• Several types exist
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Pernicious Anemia
• Low RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12
• Vitamin B12 absorption requires Intrinsic factor (IF) from cells in the stomach. No IF, no B12.
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Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Mutation in beta globin gene resulting in production of HbS
• At low oxygen, cells with HbS become rigid and adopt a “sickle” shape: makes them fragile and can become stuck in small capillaries (last 10 days in blood)
• One bad copy: sickling trait• Two bad copies: SCA• Treatments?
Transfusions, hydroxyurea, butyrate
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• Mother is Blood type Rh-
• Father and fetus are Rh+
• First pregnancy = sensitization at delivery due to hemorrhage
• Second pregnancy = Anti-Rh IgG antibodies can cross placenta to attack fetal RBCs hemolysis and excess presence of erythroblasts
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
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Rh+ Fetal cells enter mother’s circulation at delivery
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Second pregnancy is attacked by maternal antibodies
Treatment?
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Leukocytes: have nuclei and other organelles, not involved in oxygen transport.
• Functions:– Defend against pathogens– Remove toxins and wastes– Attack abnormal cells
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WBC in blood vs. tissue
• Very small numbers in blood:– 6000 to 9000 per microliter– Outnumbered 1000:1 by RBCs– But only 1% of WBC are in blood
• Most WBCs are not found in blood but instead in connective tissue proper and in lymphatic system organs
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Circulating WBCs
• WBCs can migrate out of bloodstream into tissues
• Have amoeboid movement (using actin)• Attracted to chemical stimuli (positive
chemotaxis)• Some are phagocytic: neutrophils,
eosinophils, and monocytes
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Figure 19–9
5 Types of WBCs
1.Neutrophils 2.Eosinophils3.Monocytes 4.Basophils5.Lymphocytes
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Neutrophils
• Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes • 50–70% of circulating WBCs• Pale cytoplasm granules with lysosomal
enzymes and bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide)
• Phagocytes that are the first to attack bacteria, engulf and digest pathogens with defensins
• Release prostaglandins and leukotrienes (inflammation and alarm call)
• Form pus
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Eosinophils
• Also called acidophils• 2–4% of circulating WBCs• Attack large parasites by excreting toxic
compounds• Sensitive to allergens • Control inflammation with enzymes that
counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells
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Basophils
• Less than 1% of circulating WBCs• Small cells that accumulate in damaged
tissue• Release histamine to dilate blood vessels
and heparin prevent blood clotting• Similar to mast cells (found in the tissues)
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Monocytes
• 2–8% of circulating WBCs• Are large, irregular shape• Kidney shaped nucleus• Can have processes • Enter peripheral tissues and become
macrophages• Engulf large particles and pathogens• Secrete substances that attract immune
system cells and fibroblasts to injured area
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Lymphocytes• T cells, B cells and NK cells• 20–30% of circulating WBCs• Note the small amount of cytoplasm• Small, just slightly larger than RBCs• Migrate in and out of blood• Most of them are in connective tissues and
lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes)• Respond to specific antigens• Can’t tell difference among them on slide
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The Differential Count of Circulating WBCs
• Detects changes in WBC populations during infections, inflammation, and allergic reactions
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WBC Disorders
• Leukopenia:– abnormally low WBC count
• Leukocytosis:– abnormally high WBC count
• Leukemia:– extremely high WBC count
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Blood disease nomenclature
• -penia (poverty): too little of a cell type in the blood
• -cytosis: too much of a cell type in the blood
• -emia: refering to the presence of something (anything) in the blood
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Platelets• Cell fragments involved in human clotting
system (cf. thrombocytes)
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Leukemia
• Blood cancer of WBCs – no solid tumor (cf. lymphoma)
• Can by myeloid or lymphoid • Lymphoid more common in children• Myeloid more common in adults
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Infectious mononucleosis
• Also called “mono”• Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
which infects B cells producing a reactive lymphocuytosis and atypical T cells.
• Increases numbers of “mononuclear leukocytes” hence the name. What cells are mononuclear?
• EBV rarely, causes Burkitt’s lymphoma
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Atypical leukocyte
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WBC’s
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Today: Blood Slides
• Normal Wright Stain– RBCs– WBCs: neutophil, lymphocyte, monocyte– RBC diameter– WBC diameters
• Sickle cell anemia slide– Draw and label
• Erythroblastosis slide– Draw and label
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Today: Blood Slides
• Lymphocytic Leukemia– Draw and label– What type of WBCs do you see?
• Infectious Mononucleosis– Draw and label– What cells are affected?
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Today’s Lab
• Draw examples of each of the five slides following instructions on the lab handout
• Review Sheet 29A questions 1-8 only • Due next Monday