Lab 11 THE SPECIAL SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
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Transcript of Lab 11 THE SPECIAL SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
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Lab 11THE SPECIAL SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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Lab 11 Activities1. Identify structures of the eye on models and figures 2. Identify structures of the eye visible in a sheep eye
dissection3. Perform tests of visual acuity, near point
accommodation, astigmatism, and blind spot4. Identify structures of the ear on models and figures5. Identify endocrine glands on anatomical models and
know the hormones each secretes and their effects6. Identify histological structure of eye wall and retina on
microslides 7. Identify endocrine glands, their cells and other
structures visible on microslides (pituitary, thyroid/parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, and testis and the hormones secreted by each)
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The Special Senses• Special Photoreception (sight)
• Special Mechanoreception– Hearing– Static Equilibrium– Dynamic Equilibrium
• Special Chemoreception– Smell (Olfaction)– Taste
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Surface Anatomy of the Eye
• Eyebrows divert sweat from the eyes and contribute to facial expressions
• Eyelids (palpebrae) blink to protect the eye from foreign objects and lubricate their surface
• Eyelashes detect and deter foreign objects
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles
superior oblique
superior rectuslateral rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus inferior obliqueOptic nerve
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Internal Anatomy of the Eye
Tunics
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surface of retina
Macula
Optic disc
Vasculature
Ophthalmoscope of Retina
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Organization in the Retina
1. Pigmented Layer:– shields retina
from light scattering
2. Neural Layer:– photoreceptors
and several
types of interneurons
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Micrograph of the Retina
Path of Light
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Neurons of the Neural Layer• Photoreceptors:
– rods (for dim light)
– cones (3 colors [“blue,” “green” and “red”] for bright light)
• Bipolar cells connect interneurons
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Neurons of the Neural Layer• Horizontal Cells
enhance contrast (light versus dark boundaries) and help differentiate colors
• Amacrine cells detect changes in the level of illumination
• Ganglion cells’ axons become the Optic Nerve
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Retina 40x
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Retina, 100x
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Retina, 400x
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External Ear• Pinna (Auricle):
focuses sound waves• External auditory
canal transmits sound waves• Ceruminous Glands
secrete cerumin (ear wax) to protect external auditory canal
• Tympanic membrane registers sound waves
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Middle Ear & Auditory Tube• Three auditory ossicles (bones)
conduct vibrations of tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear
• Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube or eustachian tube) connects to pharynx, equalizes air pressure on both side of the tympanic membrane
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Middle Ear Ossicles• Malleus (hammer)• Incus (anvil) • Stapes (stirrup)
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The Membranous Labyrinth
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The Endocrine
System
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ENDOCRINE GLANDSThe Endocrine Glands Produce Hormones Which Are Secreted Into the Blood Stream In Order To Locate Specific Target Tissues. Target Tissues Have Specific Hormone Receptors. Target Tissues Respond To Hormonal Commands In Specific Ways.
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Anterior Lobe =Adenohypophysis
Posterior Lobe =Neurohypophysis
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Pituitary Gland, 40x
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each cell type secretes a different hormoneeach cell type secretes a different hormone
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
• Anterior Lobe – Adenohypophysis– growth hormone (hGH)– thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)– adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)– prolactin– follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)– luteinizing hormone (LH) / interstitial cell stimulating
hormone (ICSH)
• Posterior Lobe – Neurohypophysis– oxytocin– vasopressin = antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Thyroid Gland
ParathyroidGlands
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Thyroid Gland
Trachea
Esophagus
Thyroid Thyroid
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Thyroid, 40xThyroid, 40x
Follicles containing colloid (thyroxins)Follicles containing colloid (thyroxins)
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Thyroid, 100xThyroid, 100x
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Thyroid, 400xThyroid, 400xthyroglobulinthyroglobulin
TT33 = triiodothyronine = triiodothyronine
TT44 = tetraiodothyronine = thyroxine = tetraiodothyronine = thyroxine
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Secretes calcitonin = thyrocalcitoninSecretes calcitonin = thyrocalcitonin
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Thyroid & Parathyroid, 40xThyroid & Parathyroid, 40x
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Thyroid & Parathyroid, 100x
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Thyroid & Parathyroid, 400x
Parathyroid Hormone = Parathormone
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Adrenal Gland, 40x
MedullaMedulla
CortexCortex
CortexCortex CortexCortex
CortexCortex
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Adrenal Gland, 40xAdrenal Gland, 40x
cortexcortex
cortexcortex
Medulla: Norepinephrine and
Medulla: Norepinephrine and
Epinephrine (= Adrenalin)
Epinephrine (= Adrenalin)
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(mineralocorticoids)(mineralocorticoids)
(glucocorticoids)(glucocorticoids)
(gonadocorticoids)(gonadocorticoids)
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Pancreas
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Pancreatic tissue, 40xPancreatic tissue, 40x(note Pacinian corpuscle)(note Pacinian corpuscle)
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Pancreatic Islets, 100xPancreatic Islets, 100x
Acinar CellsAcinar Cellsendocrineendocrine exocrineexocrine
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Pancreatic Islets, 100x(note Pacinian corpuscle)
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Pancreatic Islet, 400x
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Alpha cells - glucagonAlpha cells - glucagon Beta cells - insulin Beta cells - insulin
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Ovary
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Ovary, 40xOvary, 40x
Developing follicles Developing follicles secrete mostly secrete mostly estrogens and some estrogens and some progesteroneprogesterone
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Ovary, 40xOvary, 40x
corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogen
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TestisTestis
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TestisTestis
Seminiferous Tubules
epididymis
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TestisTestis
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Testis
Androgens/Testosterone, etc.
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Testis, 400xTestis, 400x
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Cow Eye DissectionCow Eye Dissection
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End Lab 11 End Lab 11 PresentationPresentation
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Thyroid Gland
ThyroidColloid
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Pancreas
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Endocrine Pancreas
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Ovary
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Ovary