Lab 11 plasmodium
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Practical Parasitology2nd Stage
Lab 11: Malaria
University of Sulaimani
College of ScienceDepartment of
Biology
University of Sulaimani
College of ScienceDepartment of
Biology
Blood-dwelling Apicomplexa:Plasmodium spp.
Causative agent of malaria
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Objectives: Students should be Objectives: Students should be able to:able to:• List Plasmodium spp that are infectious to human.• Describe sporozoite, hypnozoite, merzoite, and oocyst stages of Plasmodium spp.•Explain methods of transmission and diagnosis of Plasmodium spp.
Blood-dwelling Apicomplexa:Plasmodium spp.
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• Malaria means “bad air”-• Malaria, which is transmitted by the female anopheles
mosquito, is the commonest insect borne diseases.• Its also the most deadly vector-borne disease in the
world.• A life-threatening parasitic disease and its a global
problem.• Malaria a major weapon of mass destruction.
Malaria
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• 40% of the world’s population (2.4 billion) is at risk.
• 400-900 million people are affected worldwide. • Causes 1.5-2.7 million deaths annually (90%
Africa). • Children less than 5 years and pregnant women
mostly vulnerable.• Most prevalent in tropical and subtropical parts.•
Malaria
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Please control malaria …
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Causative parasite • Malaria is caused by species of Plasmodium spp.• Obligate intracellular parasite…• The genus Plasmodium contains 200 species.
– only four species are known to infect humans.•Plasmodium falciparum•Plasmodium ovale•Plasmodium vivax•Plasmodium malariae
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Species Infecting Humans• Plasmodium falciparum
– Malignant tertian malaria • Plasmodium vivax
– Benign tertian malaria • Plasmodium ovale
– Benign Tertian or ovale malaria
• Plasmodium malariae– Quartan malaria
Common & Severe
Rare & Mild
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• Pre-patent Period– Time taken from infection to
symptoms•Plasmodium falciparum 6-12 days
•Plasmodium vivax 10-17 days•Plasmodium ovale 12-16 days•Plasmodium malariae 28-30 days
Incubation Period
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The HostsHuman:_ _ intermediate host._ asexual cycle
(schizogony cycle).
Female ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES:__ final hosts._ vector._ sexual cycle (sporogony).
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Female Anopheline mosquito
Mother to child
(rare)Blood transfusion(rare)
Transmission of Malaria
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Plasmodium life cycle
Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human
Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced
Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells
Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes
1 2
3
4
6
Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell
Ringstage
Merozoites
Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes
7
5 Ring stage transform to the trophozoite stage and divides, producing merozoites
Definitive host
In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote
8
Male gametocyte
Female gametocyte
Zygote
Sexualreproduction
Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito
9
Sporozoites in salivary gland
Asexual reproductionIntermediate host
Plasmodium life cycle
malaria_movie.swf
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Plasmodium vivax & Plasmodium ovale
Hypnozoites
Hypnozoites: __Are liver dormant stages_Responsible for recurrence of malarial disease.
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Exoerythrocytic Schizogony•hepatocyte
invasion•asexual replication
•no overt pathology
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Erythrocytic Stage
•intracellular parasite undergoes trophic phase
•young trophozoite called ‘ring form’
•ingests host hemoglobin•hemozoin (malarial pigment)
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Erythrocytic Schizogony•nuclear division
= begin schizont stage
•Produces merozoites
•erythrocyte rupture releases merozoites
•blood stage results in disease symptoms
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Merozoite
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Gametogenesis•occurs in mosquito gut
•‘exflagellation’ of microgametes are obvious•3X nuclear replication
•8 microgametes formed
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TEM of two Plasmodium ookinetes
Immunostaining of an
ookinete
Ookinete
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Plasmodium oocyst on the gut wall
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Transmission•Sporozoites injected
with saliva
A smear of mosquito's salivary gland, Giemsa stain
Wet mount of mosquito's salivary
gland ,
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Symptoms of Malaria• Fever is the most common symptom.
• Periodic episodes of fever alternating with symptom-free periods and this associated with synchrony of merozoite release.
• Other symptoms can include: chills, fatigue, weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, mental status changes.
• Manifestations and severity depend on species and host status• Immunity, general health, nutritional
state, and genetics
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Malarial ParoxysmPeriodicity
the attacks occur every second day with the "tertian" parasites (P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale) and every third day with the "quartan" parasite (P. malariae).
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Malarial Paroxysm
Periodicity:_– Days 1 and 3 for:_– Plasmodium vivax– Plasmodium ovale– Plasmodium falciparum
Tertian malaria
Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,……….
48 hrs.
Days 1, 4, 7, 10,……….
72 hrs.
–Days 1 and 4 for Plasmodium malariae
Quartian malaria
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Malaria Parasite Erythrocytic Stages
Ring form
Trophozoite
Schizont
Gametocytes
Mer
ozoi
t
es
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Malaria Diagnosis• Clinical Diagnosis• Malaria Blood Smear• Fluorescent microscopy• Serology• Polymerase Chain Reaction
Blood Smear:_ _ Remains the “gold standard” for
diagnosis.
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Remember: B.F.F.M. B.F.F.M.=Blood Film For Malaria
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References• Schmidt GD, & Roberts LS. (2005). Foundations of Parasitology. 7th ed.
McGraw Hill. Boston.• Satoskar AR, Simon GL, Hotez PJ, & Tsuji, M. (2009). Medical Parasitology.
LANDES, Bioscince. Boston.• Gillespie S, & Pearson RD. (2001) Principles and Practice of Clinical
Parasitology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester.• Plorde, JJ. (2004). Sporozoa. In: Ryan, KJ. Ray, CG. Sherris Medical
Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. MCGRAW-HILL. New York.
• http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/ • http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/Parasites2006/• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784065-media• http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/curtiscf.htm• http://www.medicine.cmu.ac.th/dept/parasite/framepro.htm.• http://en.impact-malaria.com/iml/cx/en/layout.jsp?scat=77824861-679A-
433D-B435-9BD832B97130.• http://www.cdfound.to.it/• http://www.imbb.forth.gr/people/inga/index.htm
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Next LabBlood film technique