Lab # 1
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Transcript of Lab # 1
Lab # 1
Dimensions and UnitsDimensions and Units
Dimensions and UnitsDimensions and Units There are different types of measurements that can
be made in the laboratory like mass, time, volume, and length.
There are two different systems of units and
dimensions: The metric system The English system
The first step to understanding measurements is to learn the types, symbols, & units associated with these measurements.
MEASUREMENTS• There are different types of measurements that can be made in the lab for
length, mass, volume, temperature, area, time, heat and pressure.
British System
Unit Metric System FPS British Engineering System
Length m, cm Inch (in) Feet (ft) Feet (ft)
Mass Kg, g Pounds (lb) Slug
Time Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s)
Force Dyne Poundal Pound weight
Area (m2, cm2) (ft2) (in2) ----
Volume cm3 Ft3 ----
Density gm/ cm3 lb/ ft3 ----
Heat (cal) (Kcal) (J) British Thermal Units (BTU)
----
Temperature Celsius (°C) and Kelvin (K) Fahrenheit (°F) ----
Pressure dyne/cm2 lb/inch2 ----
Viscosity gm/cm.sec lb/ft.sec
MEASUREMENTSMEASUREMENTS Metric English
LengthLength meter inches, feet
m in ft
Area is defined as length x width.
AreaArea square meter square feet
m2 ft2
Volume is defined as length x width x height .
VolumeVolume Liter or cubic centimeter gallon, cubic ft
L cm3 gal ft3
Mass - Time
A A balancebalance is used to measure mass in the is used to measure mass in the laboratory.laboratory.
Metric English
MassMass gramgram pounds/slugpounds/slug
g g lb lb
TimeTime is measured is measured the samethe same in both systems. in both systems. A clock, wristwatch, or stopwatch will be A clock, wristwatch, or stopwatch will be used in the laboratory.used in the laboratory.
Time Time seconds hour minutes s hr min
ForceMetric English
Dyne Poundal
Pound weight
Dyne: The force required to accelerate a mass of one gram
at a rate of one centimetre per second per second
1 dyne = 1 g·cm/s²
Poundal: The force required to accelerate a mass of one lb
at a rate of one foot per second per second
Density- Specific Gravity• Density:• The mass per unit volume at a fixed temperature and
pressure.• Density = Mass / Volume
• Specific gravity:• The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of
water.• For liquids heavier than water:• specific gravity = 145/(145 - °Bé) • For liquids lighter than water:• specific gravity = 140/(130 + °Bé)
• Specific Volume:• The volume per unit mass.
TEMPERATURE
• Temperature is measured with a thermometer.– Standard Scales: Use the freezing and boiling points of
water at atmospheric pressure as basis.– Fahrenheit oF (32 - 212) oF = (1.8 oC) + 32– Celsius oC (0 -100) oC = (oF - 32)/1.8– Roamer sys. (0 - 80)
– Absolute scale: A scale having absolute zero as the lowest temperature. Absolute temperature scales only have positive numbers.
– Kelvin oK K = oC + 273– Rankine oR R = oF + 460
Heat Energy
• Energy: The condition of a body which gives it the capacity of doing work
• One Calorie: The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1g of water by one degree C.
• One British Thermal unit: The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by one degree F.
• Heat energy is usually measured in calories (cal) or joules (J).
• 1 cal = 4.184 J
PressurePressure: Is the force per unit area.Metric Englishdyne/cm2 lb/in2
Gauge Pressure• Pressure above the atmospheric pressure.
Absolute Pressure • The sum of the available atmospheric pressure and the gauge
pressure.• Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric Pressure
Standard atmospheric pressure• A unit of pressure, defined as being equal to • 760 mmHg • 30 inHg• 14.7 PSI (lb/in2)
Vacuum
• Used to describe the region of pressure below one atmosphere of Pressure
• referred to as negative pressure
• When speaking of vacuum, one must remember it as the opposite of pressure
• High vacuum means low pressure
• Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure – Vacuum Reading
Viscosity
Measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow.
Unit: PoiseMetric English
dyne.sec/cm2 lb/ft.sec gm/cm.sec
Viscosity • Kinematic Viscosity• Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing
the absolute viscosity of a fluid with it's mass density
• ν = μ / ρ • ν = kinematic viscosity• μ = absolute viscosity• ρ = density
• Unit: Stoke and centistokes
Since two different measuring systems exist, a scientist must be able to convert from one system to the other.
Length 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 foot = 30.48 cm 1 foot = 12 inMass 1 lb = 16 ounce 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 lb = 7000 grains
1 ton = 2000 lb 1 kg = 2.2 lb
Volume 1 L = 61.025 cubic inch 1 cubic foot = 28.32 L 1 US gallon = 3.785 L = 4 quarts
CONVERSIONS
Since two different measuring systems exist, a scientist must be able to convert from one system to the other.
Force 1 gram eight = 981 dynes 1 pound weight = 32.2 poundals
1 poundal = 13.8 dynes
Heat 1 BTU = 252 calories 1 BTU = 778 ft.lb
CONVERSIONS
CONVERSIONSCONVERSIONS
Convert the following:
65.9 lb kg
Looking up the conversion, there are 2.2 lb
for every 1 kg.
65.9 lb = 30.0 kg30.0 kg
2.2
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
1- Find the specific gravity in degree Baume for a
liquid having a specific gravity of 1.5
Solution:
For liquids heavier than water:
Sp. Gravity = 145/(145 - °Bé)
1.5 X (145 - °Bé) = 145
°Bé = 48.33
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
2- Find the temperature in Fahrenheit scale
corresponding to 90 degree C on the
centigrade scale
Solution:
oF = (1.8 X oC) + 32
oF = (1.8 X 90) + 32
oF = 194
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
3- Determain the number of poises equivalent to
12 lb/ft.sec.
Solution:
Poise = 12 X 454 / 1 X 1/30.48 = 178.58
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
4- Express 12 BTU of heat energy at work to
mechanical energy units
Solution:
1 BTU = 252 calories
12 BUT = 12 X 252 = 3024 calories
PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
5- A pressure gauge in a system reads 100 psi.
what is the absolute pressure
Solution:
1 Absolute pressure= Atmospheric pr. + Gauge pr.
14.7+100=114.7 psi
Thank You