La romanizaciónLa romanización

Influencia del latín en la lengua inglesa.Influencia del latín en la lengua inglesa.Préstamos y calcosPréstamos y calcos

History of English

What was there before? The Romans The Germanic Invasions

Outer history

English (historical divisions)

The English Language

Old English Middle English Modern English Present Day English

Latin

ScandinavianFrench

Germanic

Foreign influences

Teutonic languageGermanic branch of IE

Later additions(borrowings)

CelticLatin

ScandinavianFrenchGreeketc.

water

father

brothermilk

bread

can

flesh

fisheight

• cognates: all of them• Grimm’s Law: new set of voiceless fricatives

PATER – FRATER – OCTO – PISCIS

• Verner’s Law

OE fisc

OE fader

OE eahta

OE broder

Variation & changeVariation & change

Potential

Implementation

Diffusion

Variation & changeVariation & change(example)(example)

OE niman

Co-existence

ON tacan

Died out

potential

implementationchange

Syst

emic

deve

lopm

ent

The Roman Conquest

• 55 BC Julius Caesar invasion of Britain

• Use of Latin: not so widespread restricted to upper

classes

• Evidence: Chester, Manchester, Chichester, London

(Londinium)

The Germanic Conquest

• 449: Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Frisians (Denmark, Low

Countries)

• Four kingdoms dialectal areas

•Northumbria

•Mercian

• West Saxon: King Alfred

• Kentish

• All varieties involved in the making of English as we know

IT today

The periods of EnglishThe periods of English Old English (450-1150) or (≈450-1066)Old English (450-1150) or (≈450-1066) Middle English (1150-1500) or (1066-1476)Middle English (1150-1500) or (1066-1476) Modern English (1500-C19TH)Modern English (1500-C19TH)

Shakespeare wrote in Shakespeare wrote in Early Modern EnglishEarly Modern English Present Day EnglishPresent Day English

OE/King Alfred se namaME/Chaucer e naam (variants i nam, i naim, e name ModE/Shakespeare the name (yet pronunciation has not changed entirely as we know it today.

Latin influencesLatin influences

Stage 0 : The Romans & the CeltsStage 0 : The Romans & the Celts

Stage 1: ChristianisationStage 1: Christianisation

Stage 2: The GermanicStage 2: The Germanic

Stage 3: The French & the ChurchStage 3: The French & the Church

ChronologyChronology

PalatalisationPalatalisation castra castra Chester Chester

i-umlauti-umlaut cuquina cuquina kitchen kitchen

• Diphthongisation (Front)• caesus > caesi > ceasi > ciese

The Celts (Latin)The Celts (Latin)

Place names Place names castra castra

Christianisation (Latin)Christianisation (Latin)ApostleApostle nunnun cabbagecabbagePopePope offeroffer lentillentilArchbishopArchbishop organorgan pearpearBishopBishop synodsynod raddishraddishPriestPriest relicrelic lobsterlobsterAbbotAbbot templetemple musselmusselShrineShrine tunictunic myrrhmyrrhMassMass apostleapostle pinepineAlmsAlms popepope savorysavoryAltarAltar spendspend schoolschoolAngelAngel exchangeexchange grammargrammarCandleCandle dictatedictate titletitleCanonCanon turnturn laurellaurelClericCleric verseverse cucumbercucumberDeaconDeacon metermeter plasterplasterDiscipleDisciple accentaccent medicinemedicineHymnHymn historyhistory scorpionscorpionLitanyLitany paperpaper paralysisparalysisMartyrMartyr termterm coriandercoriander

Germanic tribes (Latin)Germanic tribes (Latin)

Battle: camp, weall, mil, straetBattle: camp, weall, mil, straet Trade: pund, mynet Trade: pund, mynet (coin)(coin), ceap , ceap (cheap)(cheap)

Domestic: mese, cuppe, discDomestic: mese, cuppe, disc Food: cisten Food: cisten (chestnut)(chestnut), pise , pise (pea)(pea)

Arts: cealc Arts: cealc (chalk)(chalk), tigele , tigele (tile)(tile)

Miscellaneous: cirice, biscop, casereMiscellaneous: cirice, biscop, casere

The Norman ConquestThe Norman ConquestFrench influenceFrench influence

King

Nobility & Clergy

Lesser nobility & Tenants

The people

FRENCH

FRENCH & LATIN

FRENCH/ ENGLISH

ENGLISH

Latin influence in the Middle and beyondLatin influence in the Middle and beyond

Through FrenchThrough French Through Literature & ChurchThrough Literature & Church

Synonyms at three levels

Terms related to medicine, fashion, meals, theology, literature, learning, etc

Other Romance languages

La conquista normandaLa conquista normanda

Influencia del francés en la lengua inglesa.Influencia del francés en la lengua inglesa.Préstamos y calcosPréstamos y calcos

Influence on ME syntaxInfluence on ME syntax

A thynge inmortal, poem unlimited A thynge inmortal, poem unlimited (Hamlet)(Hamlet)

The which (el cual)The which (el cual) come singing (inf. + gerund)come singing (inf. + gerund) Massive use of prepositionsMassive use of prepositions

Prepositional phrases: by cause, in factPrepositional phrases: by cause, in fact Do: How does my lord?Do: How does my lord? DoDo as causative as causative Take + lexical item: take advantage, take leaveTake + lexical item: take advantage, take leave Mes corps Mes corps me, you, etc. Later, somebody, anybody, me, you, etc. Later, somebody, anybody,

etc.etc.

Stages of French influenceStages of French influence

First stage: before & during C13THFirst stage: before & during C13TH• Decay of the English LanguageDecay of the English Language

Second stage: after & during C13THSecond stage: after & during C13TH• Rise & Triumph of the English LanguageRise & Triumph of the English Language

VocabularyVocabulary

CoupletsCouplets Synonyms at three levelsSynonyms at three levels Knowledge of classical languagesKnowledge of classical languages Ink-horn terms controversyInk-horn terms controversy