La Paz

This article is about the city which is the Bolivian seat ofgovernment. For other uses, see La Paz (disambiguation).

Nuestra Seora de La Paz (Spanish pronunciation:[nwes.ta seoa e la pas]; English: Our Lady of Peace;Aymara: Chuquiago Marka or Chuqiyapu), commonlyknown as La Paz (/l pz/; Spanish pronunciation: [lapas][6]), is Bolivia's third-most populous city (after SantaCruz and El Alto),[4] the seat of the countrys government,and the capital of La Paz Department. It is located on thewestern side of Bolivia at an elevation of roughly 3,650m (11,975 ft) above sea level.It is, de facto, the worlds highest administrative capital.[7]While the ocial capital of Bolivia (and its seat of justice)is Sucre, La Paz has more government departments.[8]

La Paz was named as one of the New7WondersCities bythe New7Wonders Foundation in 2014.[9]

The city sits in a bowl surrounded by the high mountainsof the altiplano. As it grew, the city of La Paz climbed thehills, resulting in varying elevations from 3,200 to 4,100m (10,500 to 13,500 ft). Overlooking the city is toweringtriple-peaked Illimani, which is always snow-covered andcan be seen from many parts of the city, including fromthe neighboring city of El Alto. As of the 2008 census,the city had a population of 877,363.[10]

La Paz Metropolitan area, formed by the cities of La Paz,El Alto, and Viacha, make the most populous urban areaof Bolivia, with a population of 2.3 million inhabitantsand surpassing the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz de laSierra.[11]

1 HistoryMain article: History of La PazFounded in 1548 by the Spanish conquistadors at the siteof the Native American settlement, Laja, the full name ofthe city was originally Nuestra Seora de La Paz (mean-ing Our Lady of Peace). The name commemorated therestoration of peace following the insurrection of GonzaloPizarro and fellow conquistadors four years earlier againstBlasco Nez Vela, the rst viceroy of Peru. The citywas later moved to its present location in the valley ofChuquiago Marka.[12]

Control over the former Inca lands had been entrustedto Pedro de la Gasca by the Spanish king (and Holy Ro-man Emperor) Emperor Charles V. Gasca commanded

Government Palace of Bolivia in downtown La Paz

Alonso de Mendoza to found a new city commemoratingthe end of the civil wars in Peru; the city of La Paz wasfounded on October 20, 1548.In 1549, Juan Gutierrez Paniagua was commanded to de-sign an urban plan that would designate sites for pub-lic areas, plazas, ocial buildings, and a cathedral. LaPlaza de los Espaoles, which is known today as the PlazaMurillo, was chosen as the location for government build-ings as well as the Metropolitan Cathedral.Spain controlled La Paz with a rm grip and the Span-ish king had the last word in all matters political. In1781, for a total of six months, a group of Aymara peo-ple laid siege to La Paz. Under the leadership of TupacKatari, they destroyed churches and government prop-erty. Thirty years later Indians laid a two-month siege on

1

2 2 GEOGRAPHY

La Paz where and when the legend of the Ekeko is set.In 1809 the struggle for independence from the Spanishrule brought uprisings against the royalist forces. It wason July 16, 1809 that Pedro Domingo Murillo famouslysaid that the Bolivian revolution was igniting a lamp thatnobody would be able to turn-o. This formally markedthe beginning of the Liberation of South America fromSpain. In La Paz, simultaneously with the city of Sucre,was made the rst revolution against the Spanish Crownthe 16 July 1809. This event is known as the Primer GritoLibertario de Amrica.Pedro Domingo Murillo was hanged at the Plaza de losEspaoles that night, but his name would be eternally re-membered in the name of the plaza, and he would be re-membered as the voice of revolution across South Amer-ica.In 1825, after the decisive victory of the republicans atAyacucho over the Spanish army in the course of theSpanish American wars of independence, the citys fullname was changed to La Paz de Ayacucho (meaning ThePeace of Ayacucho).

Legislative Palace of Bolivia

In 1898, La Paz was made the de facto seat of the na-tional government, with Sucre remaining the nominal his-torical as well as judiciary capital. This change reectedthe shift of the Bolivian economy away from the largelyexhausted silver mines of Potos to the exploitation oftin near Oruro, and resulting shifts in the distributionof economic and political power among various nationalelites.[13]

2 GeographyLocated at 16300S 68080W / 16.50000S68.13333W (16.5, 68.1333), La Paz is built in acanyon created by the Choqueyapu River (now mostlybuilt over), which runs northwest to southeast. The citysmain thoroughfare, which roughly follows the river,changes names over its length, but the central tree-linedsection running through the downtown core is called the

The city in winter, with Illimani in the background.

Valle de la Luna (moon valley)

Prado.The geography of La Paz (in particular the altitude) re-ects society: the lower areas of the city are the moreauent areas. While many middle-class residents live inhigh-rise condos near the center, the houses of the trulyauent are located in the lower neighborhoods southwestof the Prado. And looking up from the center, the sur-rounding hills are plastered with makeshift brick housesof those less economically fortunate.The satellite city of El Alto, in which the airport is lo-cated, is spread over a broad area to the west of thecanyon, on the Altiplano. La Paz is renowned for itsunique markets, very unusual topography, and traditionalculture.La Paz is located in the valleys of the Andes, and is closerto the Eastern split of the Altiplano region. Therefore,it is closer to the famous mountains such as the Illimani(guardian of La Paz), Huayna Potosi, Mururata, and Il-lampu. On the Western side of the Altiplano divide,about an hour to the West of the La Paz, is the site of thetallest mountain in Bolivia and 9th tallest mountain in theAndes, the Sajama Volcano. In July 1994, an earthquakerated at 8.2 struck just 200 miles (322 km) north of LaPaz.

3.1 Main neighborhoods and zones 3

2.1 ClimateAt more than 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level,higher parts of La Paz have an unusual subtropical high-land climate (Cwc, according to the Kppen climate clas-sication), with subpolar oceanic characteristics (the av-erage temperature of the warmest month is lower than 10C). The whole city has rainy summers and dry winters.Nighttime temperatures range from cold to very cold.Snow urries can occur in winter, especially at dawn andit usually melts before noon. At these high altitudes de-spite being located only 16 degrees from the equator, thecitys average temperature is similar to that of cities suchas Bergen, Norway or Trshavn, Faroe Islands located asfar as 60 and 62 degrees from the equator respectively.The temperatures in the central La Paz, at 3,600 me-tres (11,811 feet), and in the Zona Sur (Southern Zone),at 3,250 m (10,663 ft) above sea level, are warmer(subtropical highland climate Cwb,[14] according to theKppen classication).Owing to the altitude of the city, temperatures are consis-tently cool throughout the year, though the diurnal tem-perature variation is typically large. The city has a rel-atively dry climate, with rainfall occurring mainly in theslightly warmer months of November to March.February and March, the two cloudiest months of theyear, both in late summer, receive a low daily averageof around 5 hours of sunshine. Conversely, June andJuly, the two sunniest months of the year, both in win-ter, receive an abundant daily average of around 8 hoursof sunshine.[15]

The seasonally uneven distribution of the years annualprecipitation, often results in destructive mudslides ex-perienced in summer, due to the excessive amount ofprecipitation typically observed throughout the season.At 4012.5 metres, the wettest month is January with amonthly average of 120 mm (4.7 in) and the driest is Julywith 5.9 mm (0.2 in).At 4012.5 metres, the warmest temperature recorded was30 C (86.0 F) and the coldest was 11 C (12.2 F).

3 Districts and neighborhoods

3.1 Main neighborhoods and zonesSan Jorge Located in the 1st District (Cotahuma) and

near Sopocachi, is one of the main residential anddiplomatic areas of the city. In contains sev-eral buildings, both residential and oces, andembassies, including the Spain Embassy, the UnitedStates Embassy, the United Kingdom Embassy andothers. One of the main streets of the city, Arce

La Paz skyline from the Via Balcn

Buildings in San Jorge, on the 1st District (Cotahuma).

Avenue, starts on this zone.

Sopocachi Located in the 1st District (Cotahuma),Sopocachi is probably one of the oldest residentialneighborhoods, 10 minutes from the center of thecity. Despite the expansion and development of thearea, this quarter maintained its residential property.In the last years, there has been an important com-mercial expansion, mainly on the surroundings ofAbaroa Square, one of the many squares and parksof the zone.

San Pedro Located in the 1st District (Cotahuma), onthe right bank of the Choqueyapu River and builtaround the Plaza de San Pedro (ocial name:Plaza Sucre, Sucre Square), is home to numerousshops, businesses and small enterprises, especiallyprinting, spare parts and auto maintenance and re-pair shops. San Pedros Rodriguez Market re-mains as one of the most popular middle-class andoldest of the city. The San Pedro prison is here.

Centro The citys downtown area, in the 7th District,comprising the center of La Paz and principal roadsof the city, like Arce Avenue, July 16 Avenue (also

4 6 ECONOMY

known as Prado Avenue), Mariscal Santa CruzAvenue and Camacho Avenue the last one beingthe home of the headquarters of the principal banksand companies of the country.

Casco Viejo Located in the 7th District, is the historicand ancient center of La Paz. It now houses muse-ums, hotels, shops and buildings as the Mayor Cityof La Paz and the Central Bank of Bolivia. In theOld Quarter is the Plaza Murillo, which is home tothe Government Palace and the National Congress.

The Southern District is one of the most auent neighborhoodsin La Paz.

Miraores In the 7th District, Miraores district is sep-arated from downtown by a long barrel (Parque Ur-bano Central, Central Urban Park) and connectedby the Bridge of the Americas and two avenues.Originally a residential zone, its growth has led itto become a major recreational center. It housesuniversities (including the Universidad Mayor deSan Andrs's faculty of medicine), hospitals and theEstadio Hernando Siles (capacity of 45,000 people).

Northern District Located in the 2nd and 3rd dis-tricts, it has a signicant industrial activity (mainlyfood), being the Cervecera Boliviana Nacional (Bo-livian National Brewery) the most signicant in-dustry founded by Germans, and one of the citysbiggest companies in the country. It connects La Pazwith the city of El Alto by the autopista (highway).

Southern District In the 5th district; has less heightthan the rest of La Paz (3,200 to 2,800 meters).This area houses the most auent and exclusiveneighborhoods of the city, like Obrajes, Irpavi,Calacoto, La Florida and Achumani, among oth-ers. It has been beneted from steady economicgrowth and is now the second commercial and -nancial center of the city, housing international rmslike Moodys, Citibank, Aon Corporation, Huawei,

Millicom International Cellular, Nissan Motor Cor-poration represented by Taiyo Motors, Pan Amer-ican Silver Corporation, a Sumitomo Corporationbranch, Ernst & Young, and the MegaCenter, Bo-livias biggest shopping mall (52,000 sq m), Sam-sung Electronics.

4 Cityscape

View of La Paz at sunset, from the Killi Killi lookout.

5 Colonial architectureThe city of La Paz has a consistently decreasing volumeof colonial buildings, mostly centered around the vicin-ity of the Plaza Murillo. Due to a lack of funds andthe inability of property owners to pay for restorations tocolonial buildings, many have been torn down, or are in adilapidated state. As historic buildings are more expen-sive to keep, land owners nd it less of a burden to con-struct more modern buildings as opposed to keeping theold ones. Although there has been an increasing numberof projects and propositions to restore some of the cityscolonial buildings, the future of these historic edices re-mains uncertain.

6 EconomyThe economy of La Paz has improved greatly in recentyears, mainly as a result of improved political stability.Due to the long period of high ination and economicstruggle faced by Bolivians in the 1980s and early 1990s,a large informal economy developed. Evidence of this isprovided by the markets found all around the city. Whilethere are stable markets, almost every street in the down-town area and surrounding neighborhoods has at least onevendor on it. La Paz remains the principal center of

5Central Bank building

manufacturing enterprises that produce nished-productgoods for the country, with about two-thirds of Boliviasmanufacturing located nearby. Historically, industry inBolivia has been dominated by mineral processing andthe preparation of agricultural products. However, in theurban centre of La Paz, small plants carry out a large por-tion of the industry. Food, tobacco products, clothing,various consumer goods, building materials, and agricul-tural tools are produced. The tin quotations from Lon-don are watched in La Paz with close interest as an indexof the countrys prosperity; a third of the national revenueand more than half of the total customs in 1925 were de-rived from tin; in short, that humble but indispensablemetal is the hub around which Bolivias economic life re-volves. The tin deposits of Bolivia, second largest in theworld, ... invite development.

7 SportsLa Paz is the home of some of the biggest football teamsin Bolivia.

The Strongest : Founded in 1908 the club hosts someof its games and trains on their home stadium. It isthe oldest team in Bolivia, and the one that has wonthemost tournaments during the 20th century. It hasits own stadium named Rafael Mendoza after DonRafael Mendoza, one of the most important presi-dents of the club. In 1968 an airplane accident tookthe life of almost all the players, but Rafael Men-doza made many eorts that allowed the team to riseagain as one of the most important in the country.

Club Bolivar : Founded in 1925, it was named inhonor of the Libertador Simn Bolvar, the team haswon most of the tournaments national and interna-tional championships in the last 20 years. In the year1964 was a bad year, and it lost the category, playingthe next year in the second category.

Estadio Hernando Siles

La Paz F.C. : Founded in 1989, the club quicklyrose through the ranks to become the third majorclub in the capital, only behind in popularity to thetwo well-established city rivals.

The city is host to several other teams that play in the rstand second divisions such as:

Academia de Balompi Boliviano

Always Ready

Chaco Petrolero

Club 31 de Octubre

Deportivo Municipal de La Paz

Fraternidad Tigres

Mariscal Braun

Universitario de La Paz

Unin Maestranza

With the exception of Deportivo Municipal and UninMaestranza, all the other teams play the majority of theirgames in the city stadium, the Estadio Hernando Siles,which also hosts the national football team and inter-national games. Always Ready frequently play at theEstadio Rafael Mendoza which belongs to The Strongest,who rarely use the stadium due to its relatively small ca-pacity.

6 9 TOURISM

8 EducationThe city hosts some of the most important universities ofthe country:

9 Tourism

Tiwanaku Square in front of the football stadium

La Paz is an important cultural center of Bolivia. The cityhosts several cathedrals belonging to the colonial times,such as the San Francisco Cathedral and the Metropoli-tan Cathedral, this last one located on Murillo Square,which is also home of the political and administrativepower of the country. Hundreds of dierent museumscan be found across the city, the most notable ones onJan Street, which street design has been preserved fromthe Spanish days and is home of 10 dierent museums.The home of the Bolivian government is located onMurillo Square and is known as Palacio Quemado(Burnt Palace) as it has been on re several times. Thepalace has been restored many times since, but the namehas remained untouched.

9.1 Principal attractions9.1.1 Museums and cultural centers

The former home of Pedro Domingo Murillo, mar-tyr of the independence revolution of 1809, has beenpreserved and is now a museum. The house displaysa collection of furniture, textiles, and art from colo-nial times.

Museo Costumbrista: Displays ceramic dolls wear-ing traditional customs that show how was life in theearly 19th century. Also on display are photos ofold La Paz.

Museo Nacional de Arqueologa (National Museumof Archeology): Depicts a collection of artifacts ofthe Tiawanaku culture.

Museo del Litoral (Museum of the Litoral CoastalRegion): Displays objects from the 1879 war inwhich Bolivia lost its sea coast to Chile.

Museo del Oro (Gold Museum): Depicts pre-Conquest works made of gold, silver and copper.

Museo de Etnografa y Folklore (Ethnography andFolkolore Museum): Located in a house built duringthe late 18th century, it exhibits customs and art oftwo ethnic groups: Chipayas and Ayoreos.

Museo del Charango (Museum of Charango): Lo-cated in Calle Linares, the museum displays an im-portant variety of charangos. Other native instru-ments are displayed as well.

Museo de Historia Natural (Natural History Mu-seum): Exhibits on Bolivian paleontology, geology,zoology and botanical elements of interest.

Casa Museo Marina Nuez del Prado (Ma-rina Nuez del Prado House Museum): DisplaysQuechua and Aymara-theme sculptures by Bolivianartist Marina Nuez del Prado.

Museo Nacional de Arte (National Art Museum):Located in Calle Comercio, on a former palace builtin 1775, displays works by Melchor Perez de Hol-gun and Marina Nuez del Prado, among others.

Mercado de Brujas (Witches Market): Merchandisesold here includes herbs, remedies as well as otheringredients used in Aymara traditions.

Feria de Alasitas: This fair is celebrated for twoweeks each year, beginning January 24. The centralgure is a little god of abundance known as Ekeko,which means dwarf in Aymara.

Museo San Francisco Cultural Center

9.1.2 Churches and cathedrals

Metropolitan Cathedral

7San Francisco Church

Metropolitan Cathedral, built in 1835 and locatednext to the Presidential Palace, on Murillo Square;

San Francisco Church, founded in 1548 and rebuilt1784.

9.1.3 Other attractions

Bolivian Presidential Palace, also known as BurnedPalace.

Parque Urbano Central (Central Urban Park)

10 Local festivals January 24: Alasitas is a yearly fair where peoplebuy miniature gifts and praise the god of prosperity,Ekeko. The fair begins every January 24 and lastsfor a month.

February 2: Virgen de Copacabana, (Villa Copaca-bana)

May 1: San Jos Obrero (V. Nuevo Potos) May 3: Seor de la Santa Cruz (Calvario, Tacagua,Calacoto)

May 13: Virgen de Ftima (Villa Ftima) May 14: San Isidro, Labrador (San Isidro) May 17: Seor de la Sentencia (Villa Armona) May: Jesus, Seor del Gran Poder (movible, GranPoder)

June 13: San Antonio de Padua (San Antonio) June 24: San Juan Bautista (Valle Hermoso, SanJuan)

June 29: San Pedro Apstol (San Pedro)

July 16: Virgen del Carmen, Patroness of Bolivia andthe Armed Forces of the Nation Efemerides of La Paz

July 25: Apstol Santiago (Munaypata, Pampahasi,Pasankeri, Perifrica, Alto Delicias)

August 15: Virgen de Urqupia (Urkupia) August 15: Virgen de la Asuncin (Villa Victoria) September 8: Virgen de las Nieves (V. Copacabana,M. Paredes, La Portada, Achachicala, Alto Irpavi,Cotahuma, Las Nieves)

September 8: Virgen de los Remedios (Miraores) September 14: Seor de la Exaltacin (Obrajes, G.de Lima, Bajo Tejar, Vino Tinto)

September 24: Virgen de la Merced (Cota Cota) October 7: Virgen del Rosario (El Rosario) November: Cristo Rey (Pura Pura) December 4: Santa Barbara (Santa Brbara, Llo-jeta)

December 8: Virgen de la Concepcin (Kupini,Sopocachi, Achumani)

11 TransportationAutomobiles and public transportation are still the mainmeans to get into the city. In March 2012, more than1.5 million vehicles were registered.[21] Heavy trac iscommon in the city center and trac jams occur on peakhours.

11.1 HighwaysThe La Paz-El Alto Highway is a toll road that connectsthe city of La Paz with the neighboring city of El Alto.It is the citys main highway. It allows easy access to ElAlto International Airport. The highway runs 11,7 kmand crosses the city of El Alto:

Autopista La Paz-El Alto/RN-3 (La Paz-El AltoHighway) - Connects La Paz with El Alto.Autova La Paz Oruro/A-1 (La Paz-Oruro High-way) - Connects La Paz with the cities of Oruro,Patacamaya and Caracollo. It then connects withRuta Nacional 1/RN-1 (National Highway 1) head-ing south to the cities of Potos, Camargo, Tarija.

The Southern District, one of La Pazs most auent andcommercial neighborhoods, is relatively separated fromthe rest of the city, including the CBD. The AvenidaCostanera and Avenida Kantutani (Costanera and Kantu-tani Avenues) connect the southern district with the restof the metropolitan area.

8 11 TRANSPORTATION

Avenida Kantutani.

11.2 Air

El Alto International Airport (IATA code: LPB) is LaPazs national and international airport and a principal

El Alto International Airport.

hub for Lnea Area Amaszonas and Transporte AreoMilitar. It also serves as a focus city for Boliviana deAviacin, Bolivias ag-carrier and largest airline. Theairport is located in the city of El Alto and is (13 km)south-west of La Pazs city center. At an elevation of4,061 metres (13,323 feet), it is the highest interna-tional airport and fth highest commercial airport in theworld.[22] The runway has a length of 4,000 metres (2.5mi). It is one of Bolivias three main international gate-ways, along with JorgeWilstermann International Airportand Viru Viru International Airport.International carriers serving El Alto International Air-port include American Airlines, Avianca, AviancaEcuador, LAN Airlines, LAN Per, Peruvian Airlinesand Sky Airline, which oer direct ights from La Pazto cities such as Miami, Bogot, Lima, Iquique, Santiagoand Cusco. Though, most international trac, includingights to Europe operates out of Viru Viru InternationalAirport in Santa Cruz de la Sierra which is at a muchlower altitude and is capable of handling larger aircraft.Airport facilities include ATMs, cafs and restaurants,car rentals, duty-free shops, and free Wi-Fi internet. Ad-ditionally, the airport supplies travelers with oxygen forthose who suer from altitude sickness.

11.3 Bus

La Paz Bus Station, originally a bus and train station,was built by the French architect Gustave Eiel. It isthe main gateway for inter-city buses with several dailydepartures to all the main Bolivian cities, and routes toChile and Peru. The city is connected by road with thecity of Oruro fromwhere there are routes to Sucre, Potosand the south of the country. Another highway brancheso before Oruro to reach Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.Roads to the west go to Copacabana and Tiwanaku, nearLake Titicaca, and continue to Cuzco, Peru via the bor-der town of Desaguadero. There are also roads north toget to Yungas crossing the Andes Mountains.

9Bus Station

Departures to smaller cities and towns within the depart-ment use informal stations located in Villa Ftima (depar-tures to Los Yungas, Beni and Pando), Upper San Pedro(for Apolo) and near the General Cemetery (for Copaca-bana, Lake Titicaca, or via Tiwanaku to Desaguadero onthe Peruvian border).

11.4 Cable car system

Red line cable car connecting La Paz and El Alto

Main article: Mi Telefrico

A system of urban transit aerial cable cars calledMi Tele-frico (My Cable Car) was opened in 2014. Currentlythree lines are in operation, and six more lines are in theplanning stage. The initial three lines were built by theAustrian company Doppelmayr. The rst two lines (Redand Yellow) connect La Paz with El Alto.

12 Communications and media The postal service is run by ECOBOL (NationalCompany) which has its headquarters in La Paz.There are other companies oering courier andtransport logistics courier nationally and internation-ally.

The private telecommunications company 'Entel' islocated in the city and provides telephony, Internet,

cell phone, data and voice services. The telephonecooperative Cotel is responsible for managing muchof their phones and now oers Internet services andcable television among others.

Area Code: 2

Country Code: 591

The main daily newspapers in circulation are:Pgina Siete, La Razon, El Diario, La Prensa, Jor-nada and El Alteo. Other papers of local impor-tance are: Extra and Gente. There are also severalother publications and weekly magazines.

There are 18 television channels with oces in LaPaz. Channel 7 is state property. The main onesare: Unitel, ATB Bolivia, Red Uno, Bolivision, RedPAT. Channel 13 is managed by the UniversidadMayor de San Andres. Two local companies oercable television service asMultivision and Cotel TV.

13 Water supply

The water supply of La Paz is threatened by the im-pact of climate change through the melting of glaciers.The city receives its drinking water from three water sys-tems: El Alto, Achachiucala and Pampahasi. La Pazshares the rst and largest of these systems with its sis-ter city El Alto. All three systems are fed by glaciersand rivers in the Cordillera mountain range. 20-28 % ofits water is fed by glaciers, the remainder coming fromrainfall and snowmelt. The glaciers recede as a resultof climate change, initially increasing water availabilityduring the dry season, but ultimately threatening a sub-stantial decrease in dry season run-o when they com-pletely disappear. A small glacier, the Chacaltaya nearEl Alto, already disappeared in 2008. The El Alto sys-tem receives its water from the Tuni Dam and two wa-ter channels. These channels divert water that ows fromthe Zongo Glacier on the slopes of Huayna Potosi andfrom Condoriri North of El Alto.[23] The 2.9 km longZongo glacier retreats at a rate of about 18 meters peryear.[24] The Tuni and Condoriri glaciers have lost 39%of their area between 1983 and 2006. According to astudy by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), theEl Alto system is the least resilient against the impact ofclimate change among the three systems. The study saysthat reducing water distribution losses is the most eec-tive short-term strategy to deal with water scarcity.[23][25]New water sources further to the North in the Cordillerainclude the Khara Kota and Taypicacha, but they are ex-pensive to develop and their water supply is also aectedby glacier melt.

10 18 REFERENCES

14 International relationsSee also: List of twin towns and sister cities in SouthAmerica

14.1 Twin towns and sister cities

La Paz is part of the Union of Ibero-American CapitalCities[26] from October 12, 1982 establishing brotherlyrelations with the following cities:Additionally, agreement was reached by Twin Cities with:In June 2008, a twinning agreement was signed withZaragoza, Spain.La Paz has been a member of Merco Ciudades, a groupof 180 cities within Mercosur,[32] since 1999.

15 Gallery Plaza Murillo with Government and LegislativePalaces in the background

Titicaca Lake near La Paz with the Andes in thebackground

Calle Jan.

Downtown La Paz view.

16 Curiosities La Paz has the highest elevation of any governmentcity in the world.

El Alto International Airport is the highest inter-national airport in the world (13,325 feet, or 4061metres, above mean sea level). Passengers may no-tice the drop in pressure when the aircraft doors areopened.

Water boils in La Paz at 88 C (190 F).

La Paz has the highest certied Olympic stadium.FIFA issued a rule forbidding the organization of of-cial matches in stadiums with an altitude of morethan 2,500 meters because players may be at greaterhealth risk due to decreased oxygen pressure, but ex-cluded La Pazs Hernando Siles Stadium from thatregulation after intense lobbying by Bolivian author-ities.

The La Paz central bus station was designed byGustave Eiel, the designer of the Eiel Tower.

17 See also Pacea

18 References[1] (Spanish) Breve Historia de nuestro pas (pg.3), Bolivian

Government Ocial Website Archived March 16, 2012at the Wayback Machine

[2] http://www.bolivia.com/turismo/ciudades/la_paz/historia.htm

[3] "Quin es Luis Revilla?". Luchoporlapaz.com. Re-trieved 2010-07-04.

[4] World Gazetteer. World Gazetteer. Archived from theoriginal on December 30, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-31.

[5] W.K. Kellogg Foundation: Overview Bolivia: La Paz El Alto.

[6] La Paz. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 8October 2014.

[7] Quito, Ecuador is the highest ocial capital.

[8] The Highest City in the World. Infoplease.com. Re-trieved 2010-07-04.

[9] https://www.new7wonders.com/en/cities

[10] Observatorio Bolivia Democrtica

[11] La Paz prole of geographical entity including namevariants. World Gazetteer. Archived from the originalon October 14, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-04.

[12] La Paz. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Bri-tannica Online. 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.

[13] "La Paz, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008.Retrieved November 10, 2008. Archived 2009-10-31.

[14] Climate: La Paz (altitude: 3610m) - Climate graph,Temperature graph, Climate table. Climate-Data.org.Retrieved 2014-01-05.

[15] http://www.la-paz.climatemps.com/index.php

[16] Historical weather for La Paz, Bolivia. Weatherbase.Retrieved January 2011.

[17] La Paz, Bolivia. Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-18.

[18] BBC Weather - La Paz. BBC Weather. Retrieved July2013.

[19] IBCE (15 August 2009). BOLIVIA: RANKINGMUNDIAL. Retrieved 7 May 2013.

[20] CSIC (15 August 2009). BOLIVIA: RANKING LATI-NOAMERICA. Retrieved 7 May 2013.

11

[21] {{cite web |url=}http://www.laprensa.com.bo/diario/actualidad/economia/20121003/1176812-vehiculos-circulan-en-bolivia_35034_56039.html |title=Public Transport in La Paz|author= |date=October 3, 2012 |website=}http://www.laprensa.com.bo |publisher=La Prensa |access-date=July 6, 2015 |quote=}

[22] http://www.oneyearoff.net/countries-visited/south-america/bolivia/report/article/the-highest-international-airport-in-the-world/

[23] Nick Buxton; Maria Escobar; David Pureky; Nilo Lima(2013). Water scarcity, climate change and Bolivia:Planning for climate uncertainties. Stockholm Environ-ment Institute (SEI). Retrieved 10 March 2015.

[24] Zongo Glacier retreat. https://glacierchange.wordpress.com/''. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2015.

[25] Shukman, David (2009-12-04). Glacier threat to Boliviacapital. BBC News. Retrieved 2010-01-31.

[26] Declaracin de Hermanamiento mltiple y solidario detodas las Capitales de Iberoamrica (12-10-82)" (PDF).Retrieved 2010-01-31.

[27] Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas. Ayun-tamiento de Madrid.

[28] Karde Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mays Avrupa Gn Kutla-mas [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Turkish). AnkaraBykehir Belediyesi - Tm Haklar Sakldr. Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 2013-07-21.

[29] Pesquisa de Legislao Municipal - No 14471 [Re-search Municipal Legislation - No 14471]. Prefeiturada Cidade de So Paulo [Municipality of the City of SoPaulo] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on2011-10-18. Retrieved 2013-08-23.

[30] Lei Municipal de So Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource(Portuguese)

[31] Taipei - International Sister Cities. Taipei City Coun-cil. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved2013-08-23.

[32] Mercociudades. Mercocities: member cities. Mercoci-udades.org. Retrieved 2010-01-31.

19 External links Municipality of La Paz Weather in La Paz Bolivia Weekly

12 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

20 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses20.1 Text

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14 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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