La Democracia por Giovanni Sartori

8/2/2019 La Democracia por Giovanni Sartori

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C G D \ M L A S G T

C L M G D _ F D N F +

ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

T|mfrng; 6! Yrlmntf! ?! Clmgdrfdnfygbnsndf" tgdnfb" ldgagmndf! 4! Bfclmgdrfdnf cl bgt ernlegt! 3! Lasrlfasne|gt ~ mgclragt; f. tgolrf-anf ygy|bfr0 o. lb yrnadnyng cl bfmf~grnf0 d. lb nacnznc|g-ylrtgaf!<! Bf clmgdrfdnf bnolrfb! :! LN lt-sfcg cl bgt yfrsncgt! 5! Bf slgrnfdgmylsnsnzf cl bf clmgdrfdnf! 8! Bn-olrsfc l ne|fbcfc; f. bnolrsfc /cl/~ f|sgagmnf0 o. ne|fblt srfsgt ~lxnsgt ne|fblt! >! Mf~grnf ~ mnal-rnf; f. mf~grnf /bnmnsfcf/; o. gbn-efrv|sf" ltsrfsgtv|nf ~ ygbnfrv|nf0d. lb yrgoblmf cl bf naslatncfc0 c.clmgdrfdnf dgatgdnfsnzf ~ alg-dgr-ygrfsnzntmg! 69! Bft dgacndngalt clbf clmgdrfdnf; f. jfdsgrlt jfdnbn-sfaslt0 o. clmgdrfdnf ~ mlrdfcg!66! Clmgdrfdnf ~ ag!

6! Yrlmntf

LN slrmnag clmgdrfdnf fyfrldl ygr yrnmlrf zl{ la Hlrgcgsg~ tl |tf yfrf cldnr" srfc|dnlacg bnslrfbmlasl clb ernleg" ygclr (`rf-sgt. clb y|lobg (clmgt.! Cltcl lb tnebg NNNf! D! fb tnebg XNX bfyfbforf /clmgdrfdnf/ s|zg |a bfreg ldbnytl! Bf lxylrnladnf cl bftclmgdrfdnft fasne|ft j|l rlbfsnzfmlasl orlzl ~ s|zg |a srfatd|rtgclelalrfsnzg! Frntsgslblt dbftnjndg bf clmgdrfdnf lasrl bft mfbftjgaaft cl egonlrag ~ bf yfbforf clmgdrfdnf tl srfatjgrmg ygr mftcl cgt mnb fjngt la |af yfbforf alefsnzf" clrgefsgrnf! C|rfasl mn-blangt lb rlenmla ygbnsndg gysnmg tl bbfmg /rly|obndf/ (rly|obndf"dgtf cl sgcgt. " ag clmgdrfdnf! @fas rlylsnf |af gynanga dgm|ad|facg ltdrnosf" la 65><" v|l bf clmgdrfdnf /lt aldltfrnfmlasl |acltygsntmg/; cl bf mntmf gynanga lrfa bgt yfcrlt dgatsns|dngafbltcl bgt Ltsfcgt \ancgt! La LN Jlclrfbntsf tl hfobf tnlmyrl cl /rl-y|obndf rlyrltlasfsnzf/" a|adf cl clmgdrfdnf (9 tgbfmlasl yfrfdrnsndfrbf.! Sfmonla bf _lzgb|dnga Jrfadltf tl ftgdnfof fb nclfbrly|obndfag" ~ tgbg _goltynlrrl" la 65>3" |tg bf yfbforf /clmgdrf-

+ Ltsl slxs2b j|l ltdrnsg yfrf bf Ladndbgylcnf cl bft Dnladnft Tgdnfblt" Nat-sns|sg cl Nf Ladndbgylcnf Nsfbnfaf! Hlmgt cloncg lbnmnafr fbe|agt srg{gtygr rf{galt cl ltyfdng! Srfc|dncg clb nsfbnfag ygr Dhfasfb Tneagrng B!



668 ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

dnf/ lbgenfacgbf" ftle|rfacgbl ftn t| mfbf rly|sfdnga ygr mlcng

tnebg mft! (V|l t|dlcng v|l cl rlylasl" cltcl bf mnsfc clb tnebgXNX la fclbfasl" bf yfbforf z|lbzl laf|el ~ cl f ygdg fcv|nlrl|a tneanjndfcg ygtnsnzg7 Bf rlty|ltsf" zlrlmgt" lt v|l bf clmgdrf-dnf cl bgt mgclragt" ag lt mft bf cl bgt fasne|gt! Hg~ la cnf /cl-ragdrfdnf/ lt |af forlznfdnga v|l rllmybf{f f bnolrfb-clmgdrfdnf!^ mnlasrft lb cntd|rtg tgorl bf clmgdrfdnf cl bgt fasne|gt lt rl-bfsnzfmlasl tnmybl" lb cntd|rtg tgorl bf clmgdrfdnf cl bgt mgclr-agt lt dgmyblkg! Tlyfrlmgt srlt ftyldsgt; \a yrnmlr ftyldsg cl bfclmgdrfdnf lt lb yrnadnyng cl blensnmncfc! \a tle|acg ftyldsg cl bf

clmgdrfdnf lt lb tntslmf ygbnsndg bbfmfcg f rltgbzlr bgt yrgoblmftcl lklrdndng (ag tgbfmlasl cl sns|bfrncfc. clb ygclr! \a slrdlr ft-yldsg cl Nf clmgdrfdnf lt |a nclfb!

6! Bf clmgdrfdnf dgmg yrnadnyng cl blensnmncfc lt sfmonla|a lblmlasg cl dgasna|ncfc v|l fmfrrf lb agmorl ernleg dga bfrdfbncfc clb tnebg XX! Bf blensnmncfc clmgdrfsndf ygts|bf v|l lbygclr clrnzf clb clmgt" clb y|lobg" lt cldnr v|l tl oftf la lb dga-tlasnmnlasg /zlrnjndfcg/ (ag yrlt|asg. cl bgt dn|cfcfagt! Bf cl-mgdrfdnf ag fdlysf f|sgnazltsnc|rft" ~ m|dhg mlagt fdlysf v|l lb

ygclr clrnzl cl bf j|lr{f! La bft clmgdrfdnft lb ygclr lt blensnm fcg(dgmg sfmonla dgacndngafcg ~ rlzgdfcg. ygr lblddngalt bnorlt ~rld|rrlaslt! Hftsf fv|n hlmgt ltsfobldncg |andfmlasl v|l lb y|l-obg lt sns|bfr clb ygclr! ^ lb yrgoblmf clb ygclr ag lt tgbfmlaslcl sns|bfrncfc0 lt tgorl sgcg cl lklrdndng!

?! Hftsf v|l bf lxylrnladnf clmgdrfsndf tl fybndf f |af dgbld-snzncfc dgadrlsf cl ylrtgaft v|l naslrfds|fa dfrf f dfrf" sns|bfrn-cfc ~ lklrdndng clb ygclr y|lcla ltsfr k|asgt! La sfb dftg bf clmg-drfdnf lt cl zlrcfc f|sgegonlrag! (WYlrg la d|fasgt dftgt ygclmgt

rlfbmlasl f|sgegolrafragt7Bgt fslanlatlt v|l clbnolrfofa la bf ybf{f lrfa" tl ltsnmf" la-

srl mnb ~ cgt mnb! Ylrg d|facg lb y|lobg fbdfa{f f cldlaft 9 dlasl-aft cl mnbbgalt cl ylrtgaft" (Wdmnblt lb f|sgegonlrag v|l rlt|bsf7Lb yrgoblmf znlal rlybfaslfcg! La bgt fjngt tltlasf" dga lb rlt|ren-mnla sg cl bf jgrm|bf cl bf clmgdrfdnf /yfrsndnyfsnzf/" lb dn|cfcfagyfrsndnyfasl lt lb v|l lklrdnsf ygr tj mntmg" la bf d|gsf v|l Nl dg-rrltygacl" lb ygclr clb d|fb lt sns|bfr! Bf lxneladnf cl ltsnm|bfr Nfyfrsndnyfdnga clb dn|cfcfag lt tferfcf! Bf yrle|asf ylrrafaldl;

(WD|fa erfacl 9 d|fa dhnlf lt bf d|gsf cl lklrdndng clb ygclr v|l bldgrrltygacl fb dn|cfcfag v|l tl f|sgegonlraf7 Kgha Ts|frs Mnbb(6>5<" y! <. gotlrzf v|l lb f|sgegonlrag ag zlacrjf f tlr" la dga-drlsg" /lb egonlrag cl dfcf d|fb tgorl tj mntmg" tnag v|l lb egoblr-ag tgorl dfcf |ag ygr yfrsl cl sgcgt bgt clmft/" ~ dgadb|~l v|llb yrgoblmf ag lt" la bf clmgdrfdnf lxslacncf f bgt erfaclt mnml-rgt" cl f|sgegonlmg" tnag v|l cl bnmnsfdngalt ~ dgasrgb tgorl lKegonlrag! Na|snb nb|tngafrtl; bf clmgdrfdnf /la erfacl/ lt tgbg |afclmgdrfdnf rlyrltlasfsnzf! NadN|nr la lbbft fbe|aft natsns|dngalt cl



CLMGD_FDNF 6 6 >

clmgdrfdnf cnrldsf" sfblt dgmg lb rljlrlac|m ~ bf nandnfsnzf ygy|bfr

cl bft bl~lt" ag v|nsf v|l bft a|ltsrft tlfa clmgdrfdnft nacnrldsftegolrafcft ygr rlyrltlasfaslt!

4! F ltsf dgatsfsfdnga tl y|lcl dgasltsfr v|l bf clmgdrfdnfdgmg lt (la bgt hldhgt. ag lt bf clmgdrfdnf dgmg clonlrf tlr" ~v|l bf clmgdrfdnf lt" faslt v|l afcf ~ tgorl sgcg" |a nclfb! Lt ft&bf clmgdrfdnf ne|fbnsfrnf" lt cldnr bblzfcf f |a nclfb elalrfbn{fcgcl tnlmyrl mf~gr ne|fbcfc! \a lblmlasg nclfb 9 agrmfsnzg lt clzlrcfc dgatsns|~lasl cl bf clmgdrfdnf; tna |af slacladnf nclfbntsf|af clmgdrfdnf ag afdl" ~ tn afdl" tl fjbgkf rfyncfmlasl! Mft v|l

d|fbv|nlr gsrg rlenmla ygbnsndg" Nf clmgdrfdnf zf dgasrf bf dgrrnlml"dgasrf bft bl~lt nalrdnfblt v|l egonlrafa bgt er|ygt h|mfagt! Bftmgagdrfdnft" bft f|sgdrfdnft" bft cndsfc|rft tga jfdnblt" agt dflaladnmf tgbft0 bft clmgdrfdnft tga cnjjdnblt" snlala v|l tlr yrgmg-zncft ~ /drlncft/"

Y|ltsg v|l tna clmgdrfdnf nclfb ag hfornf clmgdrfdnf rlfb" lbyrgoblmf lt; bdgmg tl bblzfa bgt nclfblt f bf rlfbncfc" dgmg lt v|l|a clolr tlr tl dgaznlrsl la tlr7 Erfa yfrsl clb clofsl tgorl bfclmgdrfdnf znlrsl" mft 9 mlagt dgatdnlaslmlasl" tgorl ltsf yrle|a-sfgTn tl znlrf rlfbn{fcg |a nclfb" ag tlrnf mft sfb! ^ d|fasg mft tlclmgdrfsn{f |af clmgdrfdnf" mft f|mlasf bf fy|ltsf! bYlrg hftsfv|l y|asg y|lcl tlr f|mlasfcf7 Bf lxylrnladnf hntsgrndf agt la-tljnf v|l f bgt nclfblt cltmlcncgt dgrrltygacla tnlmyrl dfsftsrgjltla 6 9 yrfdsndl!

Bf cntsnadnga faslt mladngafcf lasrl clmgdrfdnf la tlasncgcltdrnysnzg ~ clmgdrfdnf la tlasncg yrltdrnysnzg lt nmygrsfasl agtgbfmlasl ygrv|l dlasrf lb clofsl tgorl bf clmgdrfdnf" tnag v|lsfmonla ygrv|l agt f~|cf f ybfaslfrbg dgrrldsfmlasl! Hftsf lb

jnafb cl bf Tle|acf E|lrrf M|acnfb sgcgt fdlysfofa" yrfdsndfmla-sl" v|l bf clmgdrfdnf mgclraf lrf tgbg |af! Ylrg clty|lt tl tgts|zgv|l bft clmgdrfdnft lrfa cgt" v|l fb snyg gddnclasfb tl gyganf |afclmgdrfdnf /ygy|bfr/ mft f|slasndf! Bf f|sgcljbferfdnga" lasrl6>8>->9"cl bgt tntslmft dgm|antsft clb Ltsl l|rgylg ~ clb mntmgrlenmla tgznlsndg" hf rlt|lbsg bf d|ltsnga; bf ft& Hfmfcf clmgdrf-dnf /t|tsfadnfb/ (dgm|antsf. ag lrf sfb! Ylrg lt f|a nmygrsfasl la-slaclr dgmg lt v|l bf sltnt cl bft/ cgt clmgdrfdnft/ j|l clmgtsrf-cf ~ drlncf! \a ybfaslfmnlasg dgrrldsg hfornf rlv|lrncg cl |a la-

jrlasfmnlasg lasrl yrltdrnydnga ~ cltdrnydnga" rlfbn{fcg cgt zldlt;|af zl{ lasrl bgt nclfblt" ~ |af zl{ lasrl bgt hldhgt! Ylrg bgt yfrsn-cfrngt cl bf clmgdrfdnf dgm|antsf dasrldr|{frga bft yfrlkft" dgm-yfrfacg bgt nclfblt (ag rlfbn{fcgt. clb dgm|antmg dga bgt hldhgt(9 mfb hldhgt. cl bft clmgdrfdnft bnolrfblt! Cl ltsf mfalrf tnlm-yrl tl efaf0 ylrg tgbg tgorl lb yfylb! Bf clmgdrfdnf fbslrafsnzf clbLtsl lrf |a nclfb tna rlfbncfc! Bf |andf clmgdrfdnf v|l lxntsl ~v|l mlrldl ltsl agmorl lt bf clmgdrfdnf bnolrfb!



6?9 ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

?! Clmgdrfdnf ygbnsndf" tgdnfb" ldgagmndf!

Cltcl tnlmyrl bf yfbforf clmgdrfdnf hf nacndfcg |af lasncfcygbnsndf" |af jgrmf cl Ltsfcg ~ cl Egonlrag" ~ ltsf tne|l tnlacg bffdlydnga yrnmfrnf clb slrmnag! Ylrg tnlacg v|l hg~ sfmonla hf-obfmgt cl clmgdrfdnf tgdnfb ~ cl clmgdrfdnf ldgagrandf" lt o|lagltsfobldlr v|l tl lasnlacl ygr lbbft!

Bf agdnga cl clmgdrfdnf tgdnfb t|rel dga Sgdv|lznbbl la t|Clmgdrfdnf la Fmlrndf! Zntnsfacg bgt Ltsfcgt \ancgt la 6846" Sgl-v|lznbbl tl tgryrlacng tgorl sg cg ygr |a /ltsfcg cl bf tgdnlcfc/

v|l L|rgyf ag dgagdnf! Hf~ v|l rldgrcfr v|l" f anzlb cl tntslmfygbnsndg" bgt Ltsfcgt \ancgt tl cld6frfofa lasgadlt |af rly|obndf"ag sgcfznf |af clmgdrfdnf! ^ ygr 69 sfasg" Sgdv|lznbbl ylrdnong bfclmgdrfdnf fmlrndfaf la dbfzl tndgbgendf" dgmg |af tgdnlcfc df-rfdslrn{fcf ygr bf ne|fbcfc cl dgacndngalt ~ yrlygaclrfaslmlasle|nfcf ygr |a /ltynrns| ne|fbnsfrng/! La yfrsl ltl ltynrns| ne|fbnsf-rng rljblkfof bf f|tladnf cl |a yftfcg jl|cfb0 ylrg sfmonla lxyrl-tfof |af yrgj|acf dfrfdslrntsndf clb ltynrns| fmlrndfag!

Clmgdrfdnf ag lt" ygr 69 sfasg" lb dgasrfrng cl rlenmla gyrltn-zg tnag cl /frntsgdrfdnf/; |af ltsr|ds|rf tgdnfb hgrn{gasfb la b|efrcl |af ltsr|ds|rf tgdnfb zlrsndfb!

Cl bf fdlydnga grnenafb tl lxsrfl jfdnbmlasl |a tle|acg tnean-jndfcg cl /clmgdrfdnf tgdnfb/0 lb dgak|asg cl bft clmgdrfdnft yrn-mfrnft" ylv|ljnft dgm|ancfclt ~ ftgdnfdngalt zgb|asfrnft dgadrl-sft" v|l fbnmlasfa bf clmgdrfdnf f anzlb cl oftl" f anzlb cl tgdnl-cfc dnznb! Tl srfsf cl |af /tgdnlcfc m|bsn-er|yfb/" ltsr|ds|rfcf laer|ygt zgb|asfrngt v|l tl f|sgegonlrafa! La ltsl dftg" lasgadlt"clmgdrfdnf tgdnfb lt tnaganmg cl najrfltsr|ds|rf" cl mndrgclmg-drfdnf" bf d|fb tgtsnlal f bf mfdrgclmgdrfdnf cl dgak|asg" f bf t|-

ylrltsr|ds|rf ygbnsndf!_ldnlaslmlasl tl hf ygy|bfrn{fcg lb |tg elalrndg cl /clmgdrf-

dnf tgdnfb/" v|l zf dgak|asfmlasl dga bft agdngalt ne|fbmlasl el-alrndft cl Ltsfcg Tgdnfb ~ cl K|tsndnf Tgdnfb! Tn sgcg lt" 9 clol tlr/tgdnfb/" lasgadlt sfmonla bf clmgdrfdnf clol tlrbg! Tle|a Elgr-elt O|rclf|" bf /clmgdrfdnf tgdnfb o|tdf bf lmfadnyfdnga clb nacn-znc|g cl sgcft bft dfclaft v|l 69 gyrnmla/ (6>55" y! <3.! Ylrg 69mntmg tl y|lcl cldnr clb Ltsfcg Tgdnfb" clb Ltsfcg cl K|tsndnf" clbLtsfcg cl Onlaltsfr" cl bf /clmgdrfdnf tgdnfbntsf/" ~ sfmonla" go-znfmlasl" cl bf ne|fbcfc! Ygr 69 sfasg bf fdlydnga elalrndf fygrsfygdg 9 afcf fb cntd|rtg!

/Clmgdrfdnf ldgagmndf/ lt" f yrnmlrf zntsf" |af cljnandngav|l tl lxybndf tgbf! Ylrg |andfmlasl f yrnmlrf zntsf! Cltcl lb mg-mlasg v|l bf clmgdrfdnf tgdnfb znlrsl yrnadnyfbmlasl tgorl bf ne|fb-cfc cl tsfs|t" la ltsf tld|ladnf clmgdrfdnf ldgagmndf tneanjndfne|fbcfc ldgagmndf" yfrf lb lv|nyfrfmnlasg cl bgt lxsrlmgt cl bfygorl{f ~ cl bf rnv|l{f" ~ ygr 69 sfasg yfrf bft rlcntsrno|dngaltv|l ylrtne|la |a onlaltsfr elalrfbn{fcg! Ltsf lt bf naslryrlsfdnga



CLMGD_FDNF 6?6

v|l ygcrnfmgt bbfmfr nas|nsnzf clb slrmnag! Ylrg /clmgdrfdnf ldg-

agmndf/ fcv|nlrl |a tneanjndfcg yrldntg ~ dfrfdslrntsndg t|oltyldnlcl /clmgdrfdnf nac|tsrnfb/!

LN dgadlysg tl rlmgasf f Tncal~ ~ Olfsrn{ Uloo" v|nlalt lat|t gorft Nac|tsrnfb Clmgdrfd~" (68>5." ^ Dgatsns|snga jgr shl Tg-dnfbnts Dgmmgaulfbsh gj Erlfs Ornsfna (6>?9." cljnala clmgdrfdnfldgagmndf dgmg clmgdrfdnf la lb b|efr cl srfofkg ~ la bf grefan-{fdnga ~ eltsnga clb srfofkg! La bf tgdnlcfc nac|tsrnfb lb srfofkgtl dgadlasrf la bft jforndft ~lt" ygr 69 sfasg" fbNn cgacl hf~ v|lnasrgc|dnr bf clmgdrfdnf! Ftn" fb mnlmorg cl bf dn|cfc ygbnsndf" fbygbnslt" tl ferlef lb mnlmorg cl |af dgm|ancfc ldgagmndf dgadrl-drlsf" lb srfofkfcgr0 cl ltsl mgcg tl rldgatsns|~l bf mndrgclmgdrf-dnf" 9 mlkgr sgcfznf tl drlfa mnblt cl mndrgclmgdrfdnft la bftd|fblt tl cf dgak|asfmlasl sns|bfrncfc ~ lklrdndng clb ygclr! Lat| jgrmf nclfb" bf clmgdrfdnf nac|tsrnfb tl dgajne|rf lasgadlt dgmglb f|sgegonlrag clb srfofkfcgr la t| yrgynf tlcl cl srfofkg" clbgorlrg la t| yrgynf jforndf; |a f|sgegonlrag /bgdfb/ v|l clonlrfltsfr naslerfcg" f anzlb afdngafb" ygr |af (s clmgdrfdnf j|adngafb/"lt cldnr" ygr |a tntslmf ygbnsndg j|acfcg tgorl drnslrngt cl rlyrl-tlasfdnga j|adngafb" cl rlyrltlasfdnga ygr gjndngt ~ dgmylsladnft!

La bf yrfdsndf bf clmgdrfdnf nac|tsrnfb ladgasrg t| ladfrafdn:amft fzfa{fcf la bf /f|sgeltsnga/ ~|egtbfzf" |af lxylrnladnf v|ltl y|lcl ~f dgatnclrfr jrfdftfcf la slrmnagt ldgagmndgt ~ jfbf{la slrmnagt ygbnsndgt" ~ lad|lasrf hg~ t| yrg~lddnga mft gtfcf laT|ldnf" la lb ybfa Mlncalr (v|l ygr 69 clmft lt f|a |a yrg~ldsg.!

Bf clmgdrfdnf tl yrltsf sfmonla f tlr laslacncf la tlasncgmfrxntsf la j|adnga cl bf yrlmntf v|l bf ygbnsndf ~ t|t ltsr|ds|rfttga tgbfmlasl /t|ylrltsr|ds|rft/ v|l rljblkfa |a t|o~fdlasl \a-slrof| ldgagmndg! LN v|l erfa yfrsl cl bf cntd|tnga tgorl bf cl-mgdrfdnf ldgagmnd f slaef |af natynrfdnga mfrxntsf" ~ ygr 69 sfasgclrnzl cl bf naslryrlsfdnga mfslrnfbntsf cl bf hntsgrnf" ltsf j|lrfcl c|cft! Tna lmofreg" bft jgrm|bft /slgrnft ldgagrandft cl bf cl-mgdrfdnf/ (v|l tl nandnfa dga Fashga~ Cguat" 6><5. v|l j|lrgab|leg cltfrrgbbfcft la bf slgrnf cl lblddnga tgdnfb" yrgznlala clldgagmntsft ~ ag snlala anae|a t|olaslacncg mfrxntsf; tl fyg~fala dgadlysgt ~ fafbgenft cl bf dnladnf ldgagmndf yfrf naslryrlsfrbgt yrgdltgt ygbnsndgt (O|dhfafa ~ S|bbgd`" 6>:?; _n`lr" 6>8?.!

Lb hldhg lt v|l lb mfrxntmg" ygr 69 mlagt cl Mfrx f Blana"k|lef la dgasrf cl bf clmgdrfdnf" cldbfrfcf dfynsfbntsf ~ o|re|ltf"

ylrg k|lef mfb la t| yrgynf dftf d|facg tl srfsf cl lxybndfr d|fblt bf clmgdrfdnf v|l rlnznacndf yfrf tn" bf clmgdrfdnf clb dgm|ant-mg rlfbn{fcg! Blana" la Ltsfcg ~ _lzgb|dnga" dgadb|~l v|l lb dgm|-antmg" lbnmnafacg bf ygbnsndf" fb mntmg snlmyg lbnmnaf bf clmgdrf-dnf! Ygr 69 sfasg" lb mfrxntmg ag nmybndf |af clmgdrfdnf ldgagmn-df! ^lb y|asg v|l clol tlr rlofsncg lt v|l bf clmgdrfdnf ldgagmn-df ~ bf slgrnf ldga:mndf cl bf clmgdrfdnf tga" f yltfr cl t| yrg-xnmncfc fyfrlasl" cgt dgtft sgsfbmlasl cntsnasft!



6?? ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

Fdbfrfcft bft cntsnadngalt" 2 !d|fb lt bf rlbfdnga lasrl clmglrf-

dnf ygbnsndf" clmgdrfdnf tgdnfb ~ clmgdrfdnf ldgagmndf7 Bf rlbf-dnga lt v|l bf yrnmlrf lt bf dgacndnga aldltfrnf yfrf bft gsrft! Bftclmgdrfdnft la tlasncg tgdnfb ~'g ldgagmndg lxsnlacla ~ dgmyblsfabf clmgdrfdnf la tlasncg ygbnsndg0 tga sfmonla" d|facg lxntsla" cl-mgdrfdnft mft f|slasndft" ~f v|l tga mndrgclmgdrfdnft" clmgdrf-dnft cl ylv|ljngt er|ygt! Ygr 69 clmft" tn ag hf~ clmgdrfdnf f an-zlb ygbnsndg" bft ylv|ljnft clmgdrfdnft tgdnfblt ~ cl jforndft dgrrlalb rnlteg cl tlr cltsr|ncft 9 fmgrcf{fcft la d|fbv|nlr mgmlasg!Ygr ltg /clmgdrfdnf/ tna d|fbnjndfdngalt tneanjndf clmgdrfdnf yg-bnsndf! Ltsg lxybndf ygr v|l bf clmgdrfdnf hf tncg tnlmyrl |a dga-dlysg yrgmnalaslmlasl cltfrrgbbfcg ~ slgrn{fcg f anzlb cl tntslmfygbnsndg!

4! Bf clmgdrfdnf cl bgt ernlegt

n!Lxntsl dgasna|ncfc lasrl bf clragdrfdnf cl bgt fasne|gt ~ bfclmgdrfdnf cl bgt mgclragt7 Bgt v|l hg~ rlnznacndfa lb /nclfbdbftndg/ cl clmgdrfdnf t|ygala v|l T 6 ! Jnklmgt" lasgadlt" bft cn-jlrladnft ~ bft cntsfadnft! Bf clmgdrfdnf ernlef" sfb dgmg tl yrfd-sndfof la Fslaft c|rfasl lb tnebg NZf! D!" ladfraf bf mfxnmf fyrg-xnmfdnga ygtnobl fb tneanjndfcg bnslrfb clb slrmnag! L6 clmgt fslanlatl s|zg lasgadlt mft `rfsgt" mft ygclr" clb v|l kfmft hf~fslancg d|fbv|nlr gsrg y|lobg! La lb Fegrf" la bf ybf{f" bgt dn|cfcfagtltd|dhfofa ~ b|leg cldncsfa ygr fdbfrafdnga! Bf Ygbnt lrf |af la-sncfc tnmybl" ylrg ag sfa tnmybl dgmg yfrf cldncnr tna yrgoblmftla |af ftfmoblf dn|cfcfaf (l``bltnf.!

Bf dgmygalasl ftfmoblntsndf" lb f|sgegonlrag cnrllsg cl bgtdn|cfcfagt" dgatsns|nf bf yfrsl fyfrlasl mft v|l bf yfrsl ljndnlasl

la bf eltsnga cl bf dn|cfc! Lasrl sfasg lxntsnf sfmonla |a og|bl"|a dgatlkg cl <99 mnlmorgt0 ~" tle|a Frntsgslblt" 69 mlc|bfr dga-tntsnf la v|l /sgcgt mfacfofa f dfcf |ag" ~ dfcf |ag f t| zl{mfacfof f sgcgt/ (Ygbnsndf" 6465o." lt cldnr" la |a lklrdndng clb yg-clr ljldsnzf ~ fmybnfmlasl cntsrno|ncg mlcnfasl |af rgsfdnga jbny n-cf la bgt dfregt y|obndgt" F|a ftn" /sgcgt/ a|alf lrfa la zlrcfcsgcgt; an tnv|nlrf d|facg lb sgsfb cl bgt dn|cfcfagt lrf fylaft cl49!999 la |af ygobfdnga sgsfb cl" mfxnmg" 499!999! Dga sgcg" bffyrgxnmfdnga tl cfof0 ~ tl cfof ygrv|l bf mf~g rnf cl bgt dfregty|obndgt lrf tgrslfcf! Ygr 69 sfasg sgcgt tl f|sgegolrafofa ygrs|rag" la bf fdlydnga yrgofonbjtsndf clb slrmnag" la lb tlasn cg cl yrg-ofonbncfclt ne|fblt! Tlrsf cnjndnb |af mlkgr cnj|tnga elalrfbn{fcfclb ygclr!

Cndhg ltsg" hf~ v|l lamfrdfr bf clmgdrfdnf cl bgt fasne|gtla bf dbftndf srnyfrsndnga frntsgslbndf cl bft jgrmft cl egonlrag;egonlrag cl |ag" cl ygdgt" cl m|dhgt! Yfrf Frntsgslblt" bf clmg lrf-dnf lt bf jgrmf dgrr|ysf clb egonlrag cl bgt m|dhgt; ltsg ygrv|l



CLMGD_FDNF 6? 4

la bf clmgdrfdnf bgt ygorlt egonlrafa la t| yrgyng naslrlt (lab|efr cl hfdlrbg la lb naslrlt elalrfb.! Bf clmgdrfdnf cljnancf dg-mg /egonlrag cl bgt ygorlt yfrf t| yrgyng olaljndng/ agt tgryrla-cl dgmg |a lxsrfgrcnafrng fasndnyg cl mgclrancfc" dgmg |af zntngatgdng-ldgagmndf cl clmgdrfdnf! Ylrg ltg ag lt ftn! Mnlasrft sfasg"ygcrnf yfrldlr v|l Frntsgslblt bblef f bgt ygorlt ygrv|l bgt mft" bgtm|dhgt" tga ygorlt! Ylrg Frntsgslblt fcznlrsl v|l Nf clmgdrfdnflt sfb f|av|l bgt ygorlt tlfa bgt mlagt! LN y|asg lt v|l lb fre|-mlasg lt Ngendg! Frntsgslblt dgatsr|~l t| snygbgenf elalrfb tgorlcgt drnslrngt; lb a|mlrg cl egolrafaslt ~ lb naslrlt v|l bgt m|lzl

(elalrfb 9 yrgyng.! Ftn" lb egonlrag cl |ag tl cltcgobf la mgafr-f|nf (o|laf. ~ snrfanf (mfbf.0 lb egonlrag cl ygdgt la Nf frntsg-drfdnf (o|laf. ~ gbnefrv|nf (mfbf ygrv|l egonlrafa bgt rndgt yfrft|t yrgyngt naslrltlt. 0 ~ lb egonlrag cl m|dhgt la Ygbnslnf (o|laf.~ clmgdrfdnf (mfbf.! Ygr 69 sfasg bf cljnandnga cl Frntsgslblt agdt |af cljnandnga ldgagmndf cl clmgdrfdnf" tnag |af cl bft srlt fb-slrafsnzft cl mfb egonlrag; bf clb egonlrag la yrg clb yrgyng nasl-rlt!

Clkfacg cl bfcg lb mldfantml bgendg" Frnts:slblt rlentsrfof bf

yfrfogbf clelalrfsnzf cl bf lxylrnladnf ernlef! Fb yrnadnyng bf cl-mgdrfdnf lrf ntgagmnf (v|l Hlr:cgsg" Hntsgrnf NNN" 89" cldbfrf" labf mnsfc clb tnebg Z f! D!" /lb agmorl mft olbbg cl sgcgt/." bl~ltne|fblt" rlebft ne|fblt yfrf sgcgt" 6 9 v|l nmybndfof |a egonlrag clbft bl~lt (ftn Frntsgslblt" Ygbnsndf" 6?85f; /lt yrljlrnobl v|l egonlrallb agmgt" mft v|l d|fbv|nlr dn|cfcfag/.! Ylrg |a tnebg clty|ltcl Hlrgcgsg lb clmgt ~f hfonf tgorlyftfcg fb agmgt" hfdnlacg ~clthfdnlacg Nl~lt f t| fasgkg0 ftn lt v|l fb jnafb tgbg ladgasrfmgt|af dn|cfc ygbfrn{fcf ~ v|lorfcf ygr lb dgajbndsg lasrl ygorlt ~rndgt! Bf clmgdrfdnf fslanlatl slrmnaf" cnrnfmgt agtgsrgt" la bf b|-dhf cl dbftlt! ^ lt |a rlt|bsfcg v|l agt tgryrlacl! LN dn|cfcfaglrf tnlmyrl ftn" Ltg bblzf f |af hnylrsrgjnf cl bf ygbnsndf la dgasrft-sl dga |af fsrgjnf ldga:mndf! LN /dn|cfcfag sgsfb/ drlfof |a hgm-orl cltlv|nbnorfcg!

Ygclmgt dgadb|nr v|l bf clmgdrfdnf nacnrldsf" lt cldnr" rlyrl-tlasfsnzf" ag lt tgbfmlasl |af fsla|fasl cl bf clmgdrfdnf cnrldsftnag" sfmonla" |af dgrrlddnga" \af yrnmlrf zlasfkf clb egonlrag rl-yrltlasfsnzg lt v|l |a yrgdltg ygbnsndg lasrlslkncg cl mlcnfdng-alt ylrmnsl ltdfyfr f bft rfcndfbn{fdngalt lblmlas fblt cl bgt yrg-dltgt cnrldsgt! ^ Nf tle|acf zlasfkf lt v|l bf yfrsndnyfdnga ag ltmft tnal v|f aga" f|a tna /bf yfrsndnyfdnga sgsfb/ Nf clmgdrfdnfrlyrltlasfsnzf t|otntsl tnlmyrl dgmg |a tntslmf cl dgasrgb ~ bnmn-sfdnga clb ygclr! Lbbg ylrmnsl f bf tgdnlcfc dnznb" laslacncf dgmgtgdnlcfc yrl-ygbnsndf" dgmg ltjlrf f|s:agmf ~ f|sgt|jndnlasl" cl-tfrrgbbfrtl dgmg sfb! La jna" lb egonlrag rlyrltlasfsnzg bnolrf dgajnalt lxsrf ygbnsndgt" cl fdsnzncfc ldga:mndf | gsrf" |a lagrmldgak|asg cl lalrenft v|l la bf ygbnt tl zl fotgroncg ygr bf ygbnsndf!



6 ?3 drgz FAA N TF_SG_N

3! Lasrl fasne|gt ~ mgclragt!

f. Tgolrfanf ygy|bfr

Bf cnjlrladnf lasrl clmgdrfdnf cnrldsf cl bgt ernlegt ~ clmg-drfdnf yfrsndnyfsnzf cl bgt mgclragt lt sfmonla cnjlrladnf cl cnt-sfadnf hntsgrndf! Yfrf dfy sfr ltsf cntsfadnf hf~ v|l mnrfr f 69 v|la|a ag hfonf la lb tnebg NZf! D!" la rlbfdnga f bft fcv|ntndngaltygtslrngrlt! Lmyl{facg ygr bf slgrnf cl bf tgolrfanf ygy|bfr" v|llt cl lbfogrfdnga mlcnlzfb ~ v|l tl fyg~f la lb clrldhg y|obndg

rgmfag!b Tlrf ygtnobl v|l bf agdnga cl tgolrfanf ygy|bfr j|ltl clt dg-agdncf yfrf bgt ernlegt7 Clty|lt cl sgcg t| clmgdrfdnf cnrldsflrf lb lv|nzfblasl lxfdsg cl |a tntslmf laslrfmlasl oftfcg la bftgolrfanf ygy|bfr! K|tsfmlasl; dgmg t| tgolrfanf lrf sg cg ~ fo-tgronf sgcg" ygr ltg Nf agdnga ag j|l lxsrfncf! YGb% 69 clmft" lbygy|b|t cl bgt rgmfagt ag lrf lb clmgt cl bgt ernlegt! Fclmft" labf mlcncf la v|l lb clmgt cl Frntsgslblt ~ sfmonla lb cl Ybfs gatl nclasnjndfofa dga bgt ygorlt" ltl clmgt ag lrf |a sgcg (lb dga-k|asg cl sgcgt 69 dn|cfcfagt." tnag |af yfrsl clb sgcg0 fhn fcgacllb ygy|b|t rgmfag lrfa sgcgt" ~ fclmft |a sgcg lxslatnobl" f ml-cncf v|l lb ygy|b|t yftf f tlr |a dgadlysg k|rncndg" lxsrf-mglanf"j|lrf cl bgt m|rgt cl Nf dn|cfc! Ftn" mnlasrft lb clmgt slrmnafofdga bgt bnmnslt cl Nf ylv|ljnf dn|cfc" l6 ygy|b|t tl ygcnf lxslaclrf sg cg lb fmonsg cl bf rlt y|obndf!

LN y|asf lt v|l Nf cgdsrnaf cl bf tgolrfanf ygy|bfr mfrdf bfcntsnadnga" neagrfcf ygr bgt ernlegt" lasrl Nf sns|bfrncfc ~ lb lklr-dndng clb ygclr ~ lad|lasrf t| cntsnaeg ~ rf{ga cl tlr la lb dgaslxsgcl ltf cntsnadnga! Yfrf bgt ernlegt" sns|bfrncfc ~ lklrdndng lrfa |af

mntmf dgtf; Nf cntsnadnga lrf naaldltfrnf! Lrf ne|fbmlasl naaldl-tfrnf yfrf bgt /ofrofrgt/" Lb m|acg v|l rgclfof f bgt ernlegt" ~v|l slrmnag ygr fotgrolrbgt" tgbg ygcnf tlr f t|t gkgt" |a m|acgjlrrlfmlasl t|o~|efcg ygr lb cltygsntmg! ^ Nf cntsnadnga lasrl sn-s|bfrncfc ~ lklrdndng clb ygclr lt sfa nrrlblzfasl la lb dgaslxsg clrlenmlalt cltygsndgt dgmg lb nmylrng ylrtf" dgmg 69 lt la lb dga-slxsg cl bf clmgdrfdnf cnrldsf!

Ylrg bf ylrtyldsnzf cl bgt k|rntsft mlcnlzfblt lrf cntsnasf! Ltzlrcfc v|l sfmonla bf rly|obndf cl bgt rgmfagt slrmnag la clt-

ygsntmg" la bf t|mntnga clb ygy|b|t fb yrnadlyt" f bgt lmylrfcgrlt!Ylrg ygr bfreg snlmyg bgt rgmfagt j|lrga" f t| mfalrf" bnorlt! Yfrbg sfasg" bgt rlbfsgrlt mlcnlzfblt ag ygcnfa fdlysfr bf nalznsfonbncfcclb cltygsntmg ftn dgmg Nf hfonfa dgmyrlacncg bgt ernlegt! ^ Nfcgdsrnaf cl Nf tgolrfanf ygy|bfr lmlrel la lb dgaslxsg cl |a cg-mnang cltygsndg v|l ag ygcnf tle|nr tnlacg zntsg dgmg /afs|rfb/!Yfr |a bfcg clonf tlr blensnmfcg ~ yfr lb gsrg ygcnf tlr bnmnsfcg!La lb Cneltsg" \bynfag hfonf ltsfobldncg v|l v|gc yrnadnyn ybfd|ns"blent hfols znegrlm (C! N! 3" 6." 69 v|l dgmybfdl fb yrsadnyl tl dga-



CLMGD_FDNF 6?<

znlrsl la bl~0 ylrg sfmonla cldnf v|l lb yrnadnyl snlal sfblt fsrno|-

dngalt ygrv|l lb y|lobg tl bft gsgref! 2!Gsgref cl v|l mfalrf" fsns|bg cl v|l7 Yfrf |agt" agtgsrgt cnrlmgt v|l yfrf bgt drlfcgrltclb fotgb|sntmg" lasrl lb yrnadnyl ~ lb y|lobg tl hfonf bblzfcg fdfog |a srftbfsng nmylrnn" lt cldnr |af srfatjlrladnf nrrlzgdfobl clbygclr clb y|lobg fb yrnadnyl! Yfrf bgt gsrgt" (la zlrcfc tgbg |afmnagrnf. ag hforsf srftbfsng tgbg dgadlttng nmylrnn; bf srfatmntngalrf tgbg clb lklrdndng" ag cl bf sns|bfrncfc" ~ lb sns|bfr" l6 y|lobg"/dgadlcnf/ sfb lklrdndng mfaslanlacg lb clrldhg cl rlzgdfrbg! Bgltladnfb tne|l tnlacg v|l" ~f tlf yfrf |agt dgmg yfrf gsrgt" bf sn-s|bfrncfc clb ygclr ag afdnf clb yrnadnyl ~ dga lb0 Nl bblefof ygrsrfatjlrladnf 9 dgadltnga clb y|lobg!

Ygdg nmygrs f v|l c|rfasl tnebgt ~ tnebgt hf~fa gylrfcg rlen-mlalt cl srftbfsng! Sfmonla ftn la slg rnf ~f ltsfofa nmy|ltsft bftyrlmntft v|l ylrmnsnfa t|ylrfr bf mndrg clmgdrfdnf dn|cfcfaf" ~fds|fr f bgt tntslmft cl blensnmn{fdnga clmgdrfsndf la bgt d|fblt lbsns|bfr clb ygclr" lb y|lobg" tl bnmnsf f /dgadlclr/ lb lklrdndng! LaCljlatgr Yfct cl Mfrtnbng cl Yfc|f" cl bf yrnmlrf mnsfc clb tnebgXNZ" ltsl cntljng ~f ltsf yrldntfcg; lb ygclr cl hfdlr bl~lt" v|l ltlb ygclr yrnadnyfb" tgbg bl dgrrltygacl fb y|lobg 9 f t| zfblasngrt

yfrt" v|l dgadlcl f gsrgt" f bf yfrt yrnadnyfat" tgbfmlasl lb ygclr(rlzgdfobl." v|l agtgsrgt bbfmfrnfmgt lkld|snzg" lb ygclr cl eg-olrafr la lb fmonsg cl bf bl~!

o. Lb yrnadnynf cl mf~g rnf!

V|l lb yrnadnyng cl mf~grjf j|ltl neagrfcg ygr bgt ernlegt agy|lcl tgryrlaclragt! Tl lasnlacl v|l la bf l``bltnf efafof" clhldhl" lb zgsg 9 bf fdbfmfdnga cl bgt mft" ylrg rlyrltlasfof |alxylcnlasl yrfdsndl clkfcg yftfr tna |a rldgagdnmnlasg gjndnfb" tna|af cgdsrnaf cl fyg~g! Hftsf Bgd`l" lb yrnadnyng tgtslancg ygr bfcgdsrnaf j|l bf |afanmncfc" ag lb clrldhg cl bf mf~grsf cl yrlzf-bldlr tgorl mnagrnf 9 mnagrnft!

G|lcfacgagt la bf ygbnt" hf~ v|l la slaclr v|l bf |ancfc ygbb-snlf cl bgt ernlegt ag lrf |af dn|cfc-Ltsfcg (~ f|a mlagt Ltsfcgla bf fdlydnga mgclraf clb slrmnag. tnag |af dn|cfc-dgra|ancfc"|af `gnaganf" |af f|slasndf Elmlnatdhfbs" la bf d|fb bgt dn|cfcf-agt znznfa la tnmongtnt dga t| dn|cfc" f bf d|fb ltsfofa bnefcgt agtgbg ygr |a cltsnag dgra|a cl zncf ~ m|lrsl (bgt zladncgt lrfa"

la ltl lasgadlt" m|lrsgt 9 zlacncgt dgmg ltdbfzgt. " tnag sfmonlaygr |a tntslmf cl zfbgrlt v|l lrf nacntsnasnzfmlasl lsndg-ygbnsndg!Bf dn|cfc ernlef tl oftfof" (Ybfsga" Frntsgslblt ~ Clmgtslalt" 69rlylsnfa. tgorl bf hgmganf" tgorl |a ltynrns| dgm|a" |af dgadgr-cnf dnzndf v|l tl oftfof" f t| zl{" tgorl bf yhnbnf" bf fmntsfc! _ldg-agdlr |a yrnadnyng cl mf~g rnf tlrnf" la ltsl dgaslxsg" dgmg fzfbfr|a yrnadnyng cl clt|anga" bf cnzntnga v|l bblzf bf dn|cfc f bf r|naf!Tn lt zlrcfc (tnlmyrl oftfacgagt la 69 cndhg ygr Frntsgslblt. v|l



6 ? : ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

bf ygbnt ag tl srfc|dl la hgmgyhganf" clol tnlmyrl dgatntsnr la

t~myhganf" clol tlr tnlmyrl" yfrf tlr" |a sg cg frmgangtg! ^ bf fr-mganf" k|asg dga bf hgmgagnf" ag y|lcla ylrmnsnr /|a clrldhg clmf~grnf/!

Bft sldandft lbldsgrfblt v|l b|leg tl nandnfrga la bft dgm|aftmlcnlzfblt ag agt Olefa" ygr 69 sfasg" cl bgt ernlegt (bgt d|fbltelalrfbmlasl lblenfa fb f{fr. " tnag cl bft grclalt rlbnengtft" cl bgtmgaklt rlj|enfcgt la t|t dgazlasgt-jgrsfbl{ft v|l la bf Fbsf LcfcMlcnf s|znlrga v|l lblenr f t|t yrgyngt t|ylrngrlt! Ag y|cnlacgrld|rrnr an fb yrnadnyng hlrlcnsfrnd" an fb cl bf j|lr{f" f lbbgt ag bltv|lcg mft v|l lblenr zgsfacg! Ylrg bgt mgaklt lblenfa |a kljl fo-tgb|sg! Lrf |af lblddnga erfzl l nmygrsfasl! Ftn" clolmgt fb lt-j|lr{g cl bgt mgaklt lb zgsg tldrlsg ~ bf lbfogrfdnga cl rlebft clzgsg mf~grnsfrng! Ylrg yfrf lbbgt" ~ b|leg yfrf sgcf bf lcfc mlcnf~ lb rlafdnmnlasg" bf mfngrt yfrt clorf v|lcfr tnlmyrl |ancf f bfmlbngr yfrt" f bf mlkgr yfrsl! ^" fb jnafb" bf lblddnga clonf rlt|bsfrtnlmyrl |afanml (f bgt v|l tl gyganfa blt ernsfofa l nadb|tg bltylefofa.! _lebft mf~grnsfrnft tn" ylrg clrldhg cl mf~grnf ag! Lbyrnadnyng dgatferfcgr hftsf Bgd`l" lrf ~ tle|nf tnlacg" bf |afanmn-cfc!

Lb dfmong bblef dga Bgd`l ygrv|l dga lb" lb clrldhg cl mf~g-rnf tl yrltlasf la |a tntslmf dgatsns|dngafb v|l cntdnybnaf ~ dga-srgbf! Lb dfsfbn{fcgr j|l lb afdnmnlasg cl |af dgadlydnga /yb|rfbnt-sf/ la lb grcla ygbnsndg! F jnalt clb tnebg XZNN bft r|naft ~ hgrrgrltcl bft e|lrrft rlbnengtft cnlrga grnela f |a nclfb cl sgblrfadnf"mnlasrft Nf jl dfsgbndf tl jrfemlasfof ygr bft tldsft yrgsltsfaslt!Tgorl ltsf ~ gsrft yrlmntft blasfmlasl tl fjnrm: Nf drlladnf v|l Nfcnzlrtncfc ~ sfmonla lb cltfd|lrcg tga dgmyfsnoblt dga bf mfasla-dnga cl bf |anga" bf nclf v|l bf dgadgrcnf y|lcl tlr cltfd|lrcg" bfnclf cl bf dgadgrcnf cntdgrt! Tn ftn lt" ~ d|facg ftn lt" bf dgtf y|-obndf y|lcl tlr frsnd|bfcf ~ sfmonla cltfrsnd|bfcf la mf~grnft ~mnagrnft! ^ bf rlebf cl mf~grnf dgatnlasl fb y|lobg tfbnr clb bnmogcl Nf jnddnga k|rncndf yfrf srfatjgrmfrtl la |a t|klsg dgadrlsfmla-sl gylrfsnzg! Tn tl cldncl ygr mf~grnf" bf mf~grnf cldncl" lasgadltsfmonla |a t|klsg dgbldsnzg dgmg lt lb y|lobg snlal mfalrf cl fd-s|fr ~ cldncnr!

d. Lb nacnznc|g ylrtgaf

Bgt rlenmlalt ygbnsndgt tga fb mntmg snlmyg rlenmlalt bnorlt"rlejradalt cl bnolrsfc! nYlrg bnolrsfc cl v|nla7 /Fslanlatlt ~ rgmf-agt lrfa bnorlt" cldnf Hgoolt (Blznfshfa XXN. lt cldnr t|t dn|cf-clt lrfa bnorlt/! J|tslb cl Dg|bfaelt tgtsnlal bf sltnt lxsrlmf;/slalr clrldhgt ygbnsndgt" zgsfr" agmorfr mfentsrfcgt" ygclr tlrfrdgasl" ltsg lt 6 9 v|l (la bf dn|cfc fasne|f. tl bbfmfof bnolrsfc0ylrg ag ygr ltsg lb hgmorl ltsfof mlagt fb tlrzndng clb Ltsfcg/(Bf Dnssf Fasndf Zgb! N" y! 4?<.! F 69 v|l dgasrftsf" ygr 69 mlagt



CLMGD_FDNF 6?5

la bf lrf cl Ylrndblt" bf bnolrsfc nacnznc|fb clb faslanlatl v|l lrffotgb|sf!

d;V|nla snlal rf{ga7 Bf dgasrgzlrtnf v|l snlal t|t grnelalt labft dlblorlt gorft la 686> cl Olakfmna Dgatsfas" Bf bnolrsfc cl bgtfasne|gt dgmyfrfcf f jf cl bgt mgclragt" lt ltslrnb tn ag hfdlmgtrljlrladnf f bf dgadlydnga clb hgmorl cl bgt fasne|gt! Cljnanlacgfb hgmorl dgmg |a fanmfb ygbnsndg" Frntsgslblt ltsfobldnf t| yrgynffasrgygbgenf; lb laslacnf v|l lb hgmorl lrf dgmyblsfmlasl sfb lad|fasg znzl la bf ygbnt ~ bf ygbnt znzl la lb! La lb v|lhfdlr ygbnsndgbgt ernlegt ag zlnfa |af yfrsl 9 ftyldsg cl bf zncf" zlnfa bf yblans|c~ bf ltladnf! Lb hgmorl ag ygbnsndg lrf yfrf bgt ernlegt |a nclga"|a tlr nadgmyblsg ~ dfrlasl (a|ltsrg /ncngsf/. " v|l la t| clonbncfccl ygbnt clmgtsrfof t| nat|jndnladnf! La jna" yfrf bgt ernlegt" lbhgmorl lrf" tna ltdfyl" db ygbnslt" lb dn|cfcfag" ~ bf dn|cfc yrldlcnffb dn|cfcfag; lrf lb ygbnslt v|l clonf tlrznr f bf ygbnt" ag bf ygbntfb ygbnslt!

Yfrf agtgsrgt ag lt ftn! Agtgsrgt ag dgatnclrfmgt v|l bgt dn|-cfcfagt ltsla fb tlrzndng clb Ltsfcg" tnag v|l lb Ltsfcg (clmgdrf-sndg. ltsf fb tlrzndng cl dn|cfcfag! An tnv|nlrf dgatnclrfmgt v|llb hgmorl tl fegsf la bf ygbnsndf" v|l lb dn|cfcfag tlf /sgcg lb

hgmorl/! Dgatnclrfmgt la zl{ v|l bf ylrtgaf h|mfaf" lb nacnznc|g"lt |a zfbgr la tn" naclylacnlasl cl bf tgdnlcfc ~ clb Ltsfcg! Lasrlagtgsrgt ~ bgt fasne|gt sgcg tl dgasrfygal! Tl dgasrfygal ygrv|l"la lb naslrsfasg" s|znlrga b|efr lb drntsnfantmg" lb rlafdnmnlasg" lbk|tafs|rfbntmg" la jna" sgcf Nf bfref mlcnsfdnga jnbgtgjndf ~ mgrfbv|l dgadb|~l la @fas! Cndhg orlzlmlasl" lb m|acg fasne|g ag dg-agdnf fb nacnznc|g-ylrtgaf" ag fyrldnfof 69 /yrnzfcg/ (yrnzfs|t" labfsna lt yrnzfdnga" v|nsfr. dgmg ltjlrf mgrfb ~ k|rncndf /bnolrfcg-rf/ ~ yrgmgsgrf cl f|sgagmnf! cl f|sgrlfbn{fdnga!

Hf~" hg~" v|n la cltyrldnf lb cltd|ornmnlasg clb nacnznc|g ~cl t| zfbgr |tfacg lb slrmnag /nacnznc|fbntmg/ la tlasncg yl~g-rfsnzg! G|n{ft clmftnfcg nacnznc|fbntmg tlf agdnzg" ~ dnlrsg nacn-znc|fbntmg tl mfanjnltsl la jgrmf clslrngrfcf! Ylrg ag tl clolrnfgbzncfr v|l lb m|acg v|l ag rldgagdl lb zfbgr clb nacnznc|g lt |am|acg cltynfcfcg" la db d|fb mfsfr lt agrmfb" agrmfb dgmg mgrnr!Lrf ft& yfrf bgt fasne|gt" ag mft yfrf agtgsrgt! Yfrf agtgsrgt mf-sfr ltsf mfb" mfb ygrv|l bf zncf cl dfcf nacnznc|g d|lasf" zfbl" lttferfcf! Lt ltsf drldadnf la zfbgrlt v|l agt hfdl h|mfagt" v|l

agt hfdl rldhf{fr bf dr|lb cfc cl bgt fasne|gt" ~" f|a hg~" cl bfttgdnlcfcdt ag-nacnznc|fbntsft!n!Lasgadlt lrfa bnorlt 9 ag bgt fslanlatlt7 Tn" ylrg ag ofkg bgt

yfrfmlsrlt cl a|ltsrg dgadlysg cl bnolrsfc nacnznc|fb! Dbfrg" bflcfc cgrfcf cl Nf clmgdrfdnf fslanlatl y|lcl tlr dgatnclrfcfdgmg |af lxybgtnga ygbnlcrndf cl ltynrns| nacnznc|fb! Dbfrg" bgternlegt eg{frga cl |a ltafdng yrnzfcg V|l la bgt hldhgt lrf sfb!Ylrg bgt ernlegt ag ygtlnfa (ag lrf ygtnobl yfrf lbbgt dgagdlrbg.



6? 8 ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

lb dgadlysg cl bnolrsfc clb nacnznc|g v|l tl rlt|ml la bf jgrm|bfclb /rltylsg clb nacnznc|g-ylrtgaf/!

Lb nacnznc|g ag slanf /clrldhgt/ ~ ag eg{fof la anae|a tlasn-cg cl /cljlatf k|rncndf/!T| bnolrsfc tl rlt|lbzl tna mft la t|yfrsndnyfdnga la lb ygclr ~ la lb lklrdndng dgbldsnzg clb ygclr" 69v|l la ltgt snlmygt lrf m|dhg! Ylrg an tnv|nlrf la ltgt snlmygt/efrfasn{fof/ fb nacnznc|g! Sfmygdg tl dgatnclrfof" la ltgt snlm-ygt" v|l lb nacnznc|g j|ltl fbeg v|l tl clonf efrfasn{fr 9 v|l s|-znltl clrldhgt nacnznc|fblt v|l hfdlr zfblr!

Ferle|lmgt v|l la bft dgacndngalt dgaslmygrfalft bgt nacnzn-c|gt sfmygdg tlcfa" cl anae|a mgcg" bnorlt! Zgbzfmgt f t|orf~fr

v|l bf dn|cfc ernlef ag tl dgatsns|nf la Ltsfcg! Fhgrf" tna Ltsfcg"|a lklrdndng dgbldsnzg clb ygclr y|lcl sgcfznf t|otsns|nr f bf bnolr-sfc" y|lcl sgcfznf tlr |a t|dlcfalg cl bf bnolrsfc (ygbnsndf.!Ylrg d|facg bblef lb Ltsfcg" d|facg bf ylv|ljnf dn|cfc tl lx-snlacl" ~ d|facg" ygr 69 sfasg" sns|bfrncfc ~ lklrdndng clb ygclr tltlyfrfa" lasgaddt ~f ag lt ftn! Bf clmgdrfdnf cl bgt mgclragt ags|slbf ~ yrgm|lzl tgbfmlasl |af bnolrsfc v|l ag fdlysf cltla-zgbzlrtl la bf t|mntnga clb nacnznc|g fb ygclr clb dgak|asg"tnag v|l" dga bf bblefcf clb Ltsfcg sfm onla bgt slrmnagt clb yrgobl-mf tl naznlrsla! La bf dn|cfc-dgm|ancfc cl bgt fasne|gt bf bnolrsfc

ygbnsndf ag tl blzfa sfo f la gygtndnga fb Ltsfcg" ygrv|l ag hfonfLtsfcg! Ylrg d|facg ltsf" lasgadlt lb yrgoblmf cl bf bnolrsfc tn tlbl ybfasl f (fb Ltsfcg.!

Bf jgrm|bf /sgcg la bf ygbnt/ y|lcl yrgmgzlr 9 yrgm|lzl |afclmgdrfdnf dga |a fbsg anzlb cl j|tnga dgm|ansfrnf! Bf jgrm|bf/sgcg la lb Ltsfcg/" v|l tneanjndf sgcg yfrf lb Ltsfcg" lt la zl{bf jgrm|bf clb Ltsfcg sgsfbnsfrng! Yfrf bgt ernlegt" agtgsrgt tlrsf-mgt ltdbfzgt!

<! Bf clmgdrfdnf bnolrfb

Lasrl bf clmgdrfdnf cl bgt fasne|gt ~ bf cl bgt mgclragt tlnaslrygal bf tlyfrfdnga cl sns|bfrncfc ~ lklrdndng clb ygclr" lb yrna-dnyng cl mf~grnf ~ bf dgadlydnga clb nacnznc|g-ylrtgaf! Ygr 69 cl-mft" yfrf yftfr cl bf yrnmlrf f bf tle|acf" jfbsf sgcfznf lb fanbbgcl dgak|adnga ltladnfb; lb dgatsns|dngafbntmg ~" la t| naslrngr" bfrlyrltlasfdnga ygbnsndf! Lb slrmnag /bnolrfbntmg/ ~ t| clrnzfcg /bn-olrfb/ tga cl d|jng rlbfsnzfmlasl rldnlasl (fbrlclcgr cl 6869." ylrgBgd`l" Mgasltv|nl|" Mfcntga ~ Hfmnbsga (ygr Lb Jlclrfbntsf." Ola-kfmna Dgatsfas" tga k|tsfmlasl bbfmfcgt /bnolrfblt%%" lt cldnr bgtf|sgrlt v|l dgadnonlrga ygbnsndfmlasl (lb rldgrrncg mft dgadrlsf-mlasl k|rncndg tl fsf f gsrgt agmorl dgmg Dg`l ~ Obft`tsgal. lbLtsfcg bnmnsfcg" lb Ltsfcg dgasrgbfcg" ~ ftj" lb Ltsfcg bnolrfb-dgat-sns|dngafb! F bf dgbf cl Dgatsfas tl y|lcl ferlefr Sgdv|lznbbl ~ b|l-eg Kgha Ts|frs Mnbb" ylrg ltyldnfbmlasl dga ltsl |bsnmg bblefmgtfb Ltsfcg bnolrfb clmgdrfsndg" fb v|l" tle|nrf" hg~" lb Ltsfcg clmg-drfsndg-bnolrfb! Ft& slalmgt srlt lsfyft" yrnmlrg" lb Ltsfcg bnolrfb




:! LN ltsfcg cl bgt yfrsncgt!

Bf clmgdrfdnf cl bgt mgclragt lt rlyrltlasfsnzf ~ t|ygal"dgmg dgacndn:a aldltfrnf" lb Ltsfcg bnolrfb-dgatsns|dngafb" 6f dga-srgbfonbncfc clb ygclr! Hftsf fhfrf ag hlmgt cndhg afcf la rlbf-dn:a f gsrg natsr|mlasg cl fds|fdn:a; bgt yfrsncgt! ^f la 6>?> @l6-tla fjnrmfof; /t:69 bf nb|tnga 9 bf hnygdrltnf y|lcl hfdlr drllr v|lbf clmgdrfdnf lt ygtnobl tna yfrsncgt ygbnsndgt/ (6>::" y! ?<.!

Tn bgt yfrsncgt tga nacntylatfoblt" ag lt aldltfrng v|l lb yfrsn-cg tlf /j|lrsl/ ~ v|l" ygr 69 sfasg" lb tntslmf cl yfrsncgt ltsl lt-sr|ds|rfcg jnrmlmlasl! Bf snygbgenf hntsgrndf cl bgt yfrsncgt cn-jlrladnf lasrl bgt yfrsncgt cl agsfoblt" bgt yfrsncgt cl gynanga" ~bgt yfrsncgt cl mftf0 9 sfmonla" dgrrlbfsnzfmlasl" lasrl yfrsncgtdga grnlasfdnga blentbfsnzf ~ yfrsncgt cl grnlasfdnga lbldsgrfb0 ~lasrl ltsgt |bsnmgt" lasrl yfrsncgt cl mlrf grefan{fdnga lbldsgrfb ~yfrsncgt dfyfdlt cl ylrmfalasl mgznbn{fdnga!

Fds|fbmlasl" yfrf tlr lb yfrsncg /aldltfrng/ lt t|jndnlasl dgatlr yfrsncg cl gynanga! D|facg tl ftle|rf v|l bf clmgdrfdnf agy|lcl fds|fr tna 6f naslrzladnga cl bgt yfrsncgt tl rljnlrl fb tntsl-mf yfrsncfrng dgmg tntslmf cl ferlefdnga ~ dfafbn{fdn:a clb zgsg!

Tn jfbsfrf lb d|fcrg cl rljlrladnf ~ cl fbslrafsnzf yrgy|ltsf ygrbgt yfrsncgt bgt lbldsgrlt tl lxyrltfrnfa la lb zfdng" la lb dfgt cl|af m|bsns|c cl jrfemlasgt!

Clty|lt cl bft mfbft lxylrnladnft znzncft la bf _ly|obndf clUlnmfr (6>6>-6>44. ~ la lb ylrngcg lasrl bft cgt e|lrrft m|acnf-blt" la bgt frrft dnad|lasf tl fjnrmg bf sltnt v|l bft clmgdrfdnftgylrfaslt lrfa onyfrsncntsft" 9 ygr 69 mlagt dga ygdgt yfrsncgt"mnlasrft v|l bgt tntslmft clmftnfcg jrfemlasfcgt elalrfofa eg-onlragt naltsfoblt" ljnmlrgt ~ fmybnfmlasl nadfyfdlt cl egolrafr!

Ltsf sltnt hf tncl t|dltnzfmlasl y|bncf ~ mgcnjndfcf! Clmftnfcgtyfrsncgt la rlfbncfc lt m|dhg0 ylrg lb a|mlrg cl yfrsncgt ag lt bfzfrnfobl cldntnzf" 69 lt bf ygbfrn{fdnga clb tntslmf" lt cldnr 6f cnt-sfadnf nclgbgend f | gsrf" v|l tlyfrf bgt yfrsncgt cl t|t l6ldsgrlt(Tfrsgrn" 6>5:.!

Tn lb yrgoblmf j|lrf tgorl sgcg cl jrfemlasfdn:a" tl tgb|dng-afrnf dga bf fcgydnga cl tntslmft lbldsgrfblt ygdg 9 afcf yrgygr-dngafblt" lt cldnr rlc|dsgrlt clb a|mlrg cl yfrsncgt! Ylrg tn cnt-mna|~la bgt yfrsncgt ~ 6f ygbfrn{fdnga ylrmfaldl" lasgadlt ag tl

efaf afcf0 fb dgasrfrng" bf dgajbnds|fbncfc y|lcl fe|cn{frtl! Clne|fb mfalrf ag ltsf cndhg v|l bgt egonlragt /|andgbgr/ v|l tgabf agrmf cl bgt tntslmft onyfrsncntsft (~ sfraonla cl bgt tntslmftv|l gylrfa dga |a yfrsncg yrlcgmnafasl la bfregt ylrngcgt" laT|ldnf" Agr|lef" Nacnf ~ f|a hg~ Kfyga. tlfa yfrf sgcgt bgt ljld-sgt yrljlrnoblt f bgt egonlragt cl dgfbndnga!

Bf cnjlrladnf lxntsl d|facg bft dgfbndngalt cl egonlrag tl tl-yfrfa lasrl yfrsncgt /cntsfaslt/" dgmg la Nsfbnf" 9 lasrl yfrsncgt



CLMGD_FDNF 646

/dlrdfagt/" fmfbefmfoblt dgmg la bgt tntslmft cl ofkf ygbfrn{f-

dnga! Dfa 69 d|fb tl rlynsl lb hldhg v|l lb jfdsgr cldntnzg lt bfygbfrn{fdnga; lb ltyfdng dgmylsnsnzg la lb d|fb tl /cltfrrgbbf/ lbtntslmf ygbnsndg! Tn lb ltyfdng dgmylsnsnzg lt lxslatg" lasrl ygbgtlxsrlmgt m|~ blkfagt lasrl lbbgt" lasgadlt bf dgmylsladnf lasrlyfrsncgt ygbnsndgt ltsf lxy|ltsf f slasfdngalt dlasrjj|eft" lb cltf-d|lrcg yrlzfbldl tgorl lb fd|lrcg" lb tntslmf tl lad|lasrf /obg-v|lfcg/" ~ ygr 69 sfasg j|adngaf dga cnjnd|bsfc! Tn" la zl{" lb ltyf-dng dgmylsnsnzg lt dgrsg" lasgadlt bf dgmylsladnf snlacl f tlr dla-srnylsf" bf cntd|tn:a ltslrnb /ag yfef/ ~ lb tntslmf ylrmnsl egolr-afr!

Dga sgcf yrgofonbncfc bf tns|fdnga cl bgt yfrsncgt ag lt nclfbcl mgcnjndfr! Ylrg zfrnf" ~ y|lcl tlr dfmonfcf! LN yrgoblmf clbtntslmf cl yfrsncgt gysnmg ltsf tnlmyrl fonlrsg! Ferle|lmgt v|lbgt yfrsndbgt clelalrfa jfdnbmlasl la dlasrgt cl lxdltg cl ygclr"cl /dgbgan{fdnga/" cl! nazftnga yfrftnsfrnf ~ cl dgrr|ydnga! Bf v|lag v|nsf v|l bf slgrnf cl bf clmgdrfdnf clof nadb|nr f bgt yfrsncgt!

5! Bf slgrnf dgmylsnsnzf cl Bf clmgdrfdnf!

La yrnadnyng bf clmgdrfdnf" bf clmgdrfdnf bnolrfb" tl clol cl-jnanr dgmg |a tntslmf ygbnsndg oftfcg la lb ygclr ygy|bfr" la lbtlasncg v|l bf sns|bfrncfc clb ygclr ylrslaldl f6 clmgt" la sfasgv|l lb lklrdndng clb ygclr tl lad|lasrf la mfagt cl rlyrltlasfasltlblencgt ylrngcndfmlasl ygr lb y|lobg! La slrmnagt cl lklrdndng" ygr69 sfasg" lb ygclr ygy|bfr tl rlt|lbzl la lb ygclr lbldsgrfb! Bg v|llxybndf yfr v|l Nf cljnandnga gylrfsnzf 9 fybndfsnzf cl bf clmgdrf-dnf cf ygr hldhg bf tgolrfanf ygy|bfr (j|lasl cl blensnmncfc. yfrfbblefr la tle|ncf fb mldfantmg" dgmg la ltsf cljnandnga snyndf;bf clmgdrfdnf lt |a tntslmf yb|rnyfrsncfrng la lb d|fb bf mf~grnflxyrltfcf la bft lblddngalt egonlraf la lb rltylsg cl bgt clrldhgtcl bft mnagrsft! Lb rltylsg cl bgt clrldhgt cl bft mnagrnft" ~ ygrltg bf naslryrlsfdnga /Nnmnsfcf/ clb yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng lt |ay|asg dr|dnfb v|l rlv|nlrl tlr srfsfcg tgbg! Clslaefmgagt" fhgrf"la bf rldgac|ddnga cl bf clmgdrfdnf f |a tntslmf yb|rnyfrsncntsf!V|l bgt yfrsncgt tlfa aldltfrngt ~f 69 hlmgt zntsg! bYlrg d|fb ltbf clmgdrfsnzncfc la ltl ftyldsg7

_g|ttlf| tgtslmf v|l v|nla clblef t| yrgyng ygclr" 69ynlrcl!bDnlrsg7 Tn sfb lasrlef j|ltl ylrmfalasl" tn j|ltl |af srftbfsng nm-ylrnn" lasgadlt tlrnf dnlrsg! Ylrg lt |af lasrlef dga slrmnag ~ rl-agzfdnga ylrngcndf" |af dgadlttng slmygrfb" ~ ygr 69 clmft |aflasrlef dga sns|bg rlyrltlasfsnzg; lb rlyrltlasfasl la lb fmonsg clbft ltsr|ds|rft ~ bgt yrgdltgt v|l 69 fsfa f ltsl naslasg! Ygr 69sfasg _g|ttlf| ltsfof lv|nzgdfcg! F|a fT6"bf rlyrltlasfdnga ygbn-sndf ag cf bft efrfasnft cl bf rlyrltlasfdnga cl clrldhg yrnzfcg!b Dgmg hfdlr yfrf ftle|rfr v|l lb naslrlt tlrzncg ygr lb rlyrltla-sfasl tlf rlfbmlasl lb cl bgt rlyrltlasfcgt (~ ag lb yrgyng naslrltk 7



64? ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

Lb mldfantmg mft |sn 6 lt bf dgmylsladnf" ag bf lblddnga! ^fv|n

bblefmgt f Tdh|mylslr" f t| /slgrnf dgmylsnsnzf cl bf clmgdrfdnf/!Yfrf Tdh|mylslr" /lb mlsgcg clmgdrfsndg lt fv|lbbf natsfadnf

natsns|dngafb yfrf bblefr f cldntngalt ygbnsndft la lb d|fb fbe|aftylrtgaft fcv|nlrfa lb ygclr cl cldncnr mlcnfasl bf b|dhf dgmylsn-snzf ygr lb zgsg ygy|bfr/ (6>35" y! ?:>.!

Zgbznlacg f bf yrle|asf nandnfb" bf naslryrlsfdnga tdh|mylsl-rnfaf cl bgt mldfantmgt clmgdrfsndgt d;ftle|rf la zlrcfc v|l lbrlyrltlasfasl tlrznrf f bgt naslrltlt clb rlyrltlasfcg7 Lb mlsgcgcltdrnsg ygr Tdh|mylslr ftle|rf bf rldgblddnga cl bft /yrljlrla-dnft/" bf ltd|dhf cl bft /clmfacft/! Bf gokldnga ygcnf tlr v|l lby|lobg zgsf la elalrfb dfcf 3 fjngt" ~ v|l la lb naslrsfasg" lb rlyrl-tlasfasl ag lt rlzgdfobl! Lt cldnr" v|l c|rfasl lb naslrzfbl lasrl

!|af lblddnga ~ gsrf lb rlyrltlasfasl y|lcl hfdlrtl lb tgrcg ~ tfsnt-jfdlr tgorl sgcg t|t naslrltlt! Ylrg ag lt fts" ygr lb/yrnadnyng cl bftrlfddngalt yrlzntsft/ la|adnfcg ygr Dfrb Jrnlcrndh (6>3:" yy! <8>->6. ! La j|adnga cl ltl yrnadnyng" lb lblencg rldnol la dfcf mlmlasgbf /rlfddnga/ yrlcldnobl cl t|t lbldsgrlt tgorl 69 v|l hfrf 9 tlyrgygal cl hfdlr! LN dgasrgb lt ygr 69 sfasg dgasna|g" bf /yrlcnd-dnga/ (cl dgmg rlfddngafrf lb lbldsgrfcg. lt dgatsfasl!

Cl 69 faslrngr tl y|lcl clc|dnr v|l bf clmgdrfdnf lt /lb yrg-dlcnmnlasg ~'g lb mldfantmg v|l; f. elalrf |af ygbnfrv|nf fonlrsfd|~f dgmylsladnf la lb mlrdfcg lbldsgrfb0 o. fsrno|~l ygclr fb y|l-obg" ~ d. ltyldnjndfmlasl nmy gal bf rltygatfonbncfc (rltygatnzl-altt. cl bgt lblencgt jrlasl f bgt lbldsgrlt/ (Tfrsgrn" 6>85" y! 6<:.!Lt dgmybndfcg ygrv|l bf clmgdrfdnf lt dgmybndfcf!

8! BNOL_SFC L NE\FBCFC

f. Bnolrsfc /cl/ ~ f|sgagmnf!Hlmgt zntsg v|l Sgdv|lznbbl (~ clty|lt cl lb E|ncg cl _|eenl-

rg" 6>36" ~ m|dhgt gsrgt. lv|nyfrfa bf bnolrfb clmgdrfdnf dga bfdgak|adnga lasrl bnolrsfc l ne|fbcfc! EV|l bnolrsfc7" ~ d;!v|l tl la-snlacl ygr ne|fbcfc7

Bf bnolrsfc v|l agt na slrltf lt bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf; bf bnolrsfcclb dn|cfcfag la lb fmonsg clb Ltsfcg! Lt" ygr 69 sfasg" |af bnolr-sfc ltyldnjndf ~ lmnalaslmlasl yrfdsndf" Ag lt bnolrsfc mgrfb0 aglt lbbnorl fronsrng (bf bnolrsfc cl v|lrlr.0 ag lt bf bnolrsfc gman-dgmyrlatnzf0 an m|dhg mlagt |af bnolrsfc t|yrlmf" bf /bnolrsfczlrcfclrf/ (ft& dgmg hf tncg dgadloncf" ygr lklmybg ygr Tynag{f"Blnoan{" Hlelb 9 Drgdl.! La lb Latf~g tgorl bf Naslbneladnf H|mfaf"Bgd`l cljnal bf bnolrsfc dgmg f|sg clslrmnafdnga clb ~g (/ fdsnae|aclr shl clslrmnafsnga gj shl tlbj/." mnlasrft la lb tle|acg clCgt srfsfcgt tgorl lb Egonlrag !!! (6>38" y! ?36." bf cljnal dgmg lbag tlr /t|klsg clb nadgatsfasl" nadnlrsg ~ fronsrfrng v|lrlr cl gsrghgmorl/! Bgd`l laslacnf onla" ygr 69 sfasg" v|l la ygbnsndf ag tl



CLMGD_FDNF 644!

o|tdf bf /ltladnf cl bf bnolrsfc/ ~ ag naslrltf bf o|tv|lcf mlsfjj-

tndf tgorl bf afs|rfbl{f |bsnmf cl bf bnolrsfc! Yfrf Bgd`l bf bnolrsfcygbnsndf lt" la t|tsfadnf" bnolrsfc cl fronsrng! Ne|fbmlasl dgadrlsgj|l" faslt v|l lb" Hgoolt; bnolrsfc tneanjndf /f|tladnf cl nmylcn-mlasgt lxslragt/ (Blznfshfa" ?6.! T|dltnzfmlasl tl hf cndhg v|lbf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf lt |af bnolrsfc yfrf (clb Ltsfcg." ag |af bnolr-sfc cl! ^ fds|fbmlasl tl |tf cldbfrfrbf |af bnolrsfc /alefsnzf/" ag|af bnolrsfc /ygtnsnzf/! V|l bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf lt |af bnolrsfc na-dgmyblsf" lt dnlrsg (ylrg 69 lt la ne|fb mlcncf v|l sgcft bft bnolr-sfclt ltyldnjndft" v|l sgcft bft bnolrsfclt cldbnafcft la yb|rfb" df-

cf |af cl bft d|fblt y|lcl tlr Hfmfcf" ygr tj tgbf" nadgmyblsf.!Tlrnf mlkgr" lasgadlt" Hfmfr f bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf /yrgsldsgrf/(la zl{ cl alefsnzf." ygrv|l lt bf bnolrsfc cl bgt ygclrlt mlagrlt"cl ygclrlt cl dn|cfcfagt tnae|bfrlt" aldltnsfcgt cl yrgslddn:a ygrtlr jfdnbmlasl t|o~|efoblt! Laslacnlacg v|l bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndfag lt tgbfmlasl bnolrsfc yfrf (alefsnzf 9 yrgsldsgrf.! D|facg tlcltybnlef bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf tl dgaznlrsl lbbf sfmonla la bnolrsfc(cl zgsfr" cl yfrsndnyfr" lsd!.0 ylrg hf~ v|l dfrfdslrn{frbf dgmgbnolrsfc yfrf" ag dgmg nmylcnmlasg" ygrv|l ltsl lt t| ftyldsg ylr-k|cndnfb!

Tl ygcrf gotlrzfr v|l lb cntd|rtg tgorl bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndfyrldlcl f Hgoolt ~ Bgd`l! Ljldsnzfmlasl" ylrg hftsf Bgd`l ~ bfdgatsr|ddnga clb Ltsfcg dgatsns|dngafb" bf tfbzfdnga cl bf bnolrsfcltsfof tgbfmlasl la bf bl~! Bg cldnf Dndlrga dga fcmnrfobl dgadn-tnga yfrf sgcg lb m|acg fasne|g; ble|m tlrzn t|m|t |s bnolrn lttlygttnm|rn (Grfsng yrg Db|lasng" 34." tgmgt bnorlt d|facg ltsfmgtofkg bft bl~lt! Ltsf lrf sgcfznf bf j:rm|bf cl _g|ttlf|; lb hgmorllt bnorl d|facg ag golcldl f gsrgt hgmorlt tnag tgbg f bf bl~! Tn"ylrg _g|ttlf| dgatsfsfof tnm|bsfalfmlasl v|l lb hgmorl" afdn-cg bnorl" tl lad|lasrf la d|fbv|nlr yfrsl dga dfclaft! D|facg tldgatgbncf lb Ltsfcg" ~ la yfrsnd|bfr lb Ltsfcg la bf lrf clb Fotg-b|sntmg Mgafrv|ndg" bf bl~ tgbf ag tfbzf mft! Ag lt" ygr 69 sfasg"dft|fbncfc v|l lb cntd|rtg tgorl bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf tl rlfa|cl lalb tnebg XZNN! Bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf cljnancf dgmg bnolrsfc clb Ltsf-cg tl cljnal ft& d|facg ag hf~ Ltsfcg (ag yrnmf.! Ylrg cltcl la-sgadlt ltsf hf tncg bf cljnandn:a mft 9 mlagt dgatsfasl!

F 6 9 v|l tl gygal" f zldlt" v|l bf bnolrsfc yfrf lt |af a|lzfbnolrsfc mlagr t|ylrfcf ygr |af bnolrsfc mf~gr; bf f|sgagmnf!

Faslt hlmgt cndhg v|l _g|ttlf|" la lb slmf cl bf bnolrsfc" ag tlcltznf an |a mnbnmlsrg cl Dndlrga! La sgcgt t|t ltdrnsgt rlynslrlnslrfsnzfmlasl v|l bf bnolrsfc lt lb egonlrag cl bft bl~lt! Ylrgla Lb Dgasrfsg Tgdnfb (6"8. ladgasrfmgt ltsf jrftl; /bf golcnladnff bf bl~ v|l agt hlmgt yrltdrnsg lt bnolrsfc/! Lt bf dnsfdn:a cl bfd|fb tl lxsrfkg v|l _g|ttlf| dgadnol bf bnolrsfc dgmg f|sgagmnf!Lb hldhg lt v|l _g|ttlf| lbgenfof f ltyfrsfagt ~ rgmfagt" ag fbgt fslanlatlt! Bf ntgagmnf (bl~lt ne|fblt. cl bgt fslanlatlt tlfrr|naf dga bf bndladnf" la bl~lt nadnlrsft drlfcft ~ rl-drlfcft tle|a



6 4 3 ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

bf zgb|asfc clb clmgt! Ygr 69 sfasg _g|ttlf| nazgdfof |a Bnd|reg"

|a blentbfcgr /j|acfcgr/" v|l ltsfobldnlrf cl |af zl{ ygr sgcft Nl-~lt t|yrlmft j|acfmlasfblt ~ dftn nafbslrfoblt! Afcnl kfmft hf bn-mnsfcg bf bnolrsfc la bf jnkfdnga cl bft Bl~lt (dga mf~|td|bft. mftv|l _g|ttlf|! Bf cl _g|ttlf| tlrnf lasgadlt bf f|sgagmnf cl aghfdlr afcf 9 dftn afcf!

Bf zlrcfc lt" f a|ltsrg yfrldlr" v|l /f|sgagmnf/ lt |af tgorl-ygtndnga fronsrfrnf ~ dgaj|tf v|l zf" rlsrgtyldsnzfmlasl" cl @fasf _g|ttlf|! Bf f|sgagmnf" lb cfrtl bf yrgynf bl~" lt |a dgadlysg@fasnfag" v|l @fas" tna lmofreg" rlbfdngaf dga bf bnolrsfc mgrfb" bf

bnolrsfc naslrngr (clb v|lrlr.! Bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf lt" la zl{" |afbnolrsfc lxslrngr (cl hfdlr.! Lb dgasrfrng cl bf yrnmlrf lt hlslrg-agmnf0 lb dgasrfrng cl bf tle|acf lt dglrdnga! Mn zgb|asfc v|lcfbnorl (f|sgagmf. f|a tn ml hfbbg la bf dfrdlb (dgfrsfcg}; ylrg tlrbnorl naslrngrmlasl ag ml hfdl la anae|a dftg bnorl lxslrafmlasl(cl bf dfrdlb.! Ygr 69 sfasg bf sltnt cl v|l bf bnolrsfc /mlagr/ yfrf(dfbnjndfcf dgmg bnolrsfc bnolrfb. tlf t|ylrfcf ygr |af bnolrsfc/mf~gr/ clmgdrfsndf" bf f|sgagmnf" lt cnjndnb cl fdlysfr! V|l bff|sgagmnf" ft& dgmg bf f|sgrlfbn{fdnga" tlfa bnolrsfc l nclfblt clbnolrsfc t|ylrngr" ltg tn! Ylrg ag t|ylrfa bf bnolrsfc yfrf; bf yrl-t|ygala!

o. Srfsgt ne|fblt ~ lxnsgt ne|fblt!

Tn bf bnolrsfc ygbnsndf y|lcl tlr rldgac|dncf f bf nclf-oftl cl/ag-nmylcnmlasg/" lb cntd|rtg tgorl bf ne|fbcfc lt" ~ tle|nrf tnla-cg" m|dhg mft dgmyblkg! ^f Frntsgslblt cntsnae|nf la bf Lsnlf Andg-mfv|lf (Bnorg Z. lasrl cgt snygt m|~ cntsnasgt cl ne|fbcfc; bf/frnsmlsndf/ ~ bf /yrgygrdngafb/! LN drnslrng cl bf yrnmlrf lt/bgmntmg yfrf sgcgt/; lb drnslrng cl bf tle|acf lt /69 mntmg f bgtne|fblt/" ~ yGb% 69 sfasg dgtft ne|fblt f bgt ne|fblt ylrg cltne|fbltf bgt cntsnasgt! La Nf ne|fbcfc /frnsmlsndf/ 69 v|l lt ne|fb lt ncla-snlg! La bf ne|fbcfc yrgygrdngafb (sfb" tle|a Frntsgslblt" ygrv|l/bgt cntsnasgt tga srfsfcgt la yrgygrdnga f t| rltyldsnzf cnjlrla-dnf/. lt" la zl{" bf ne|fbcfc la 69 cnt sna sg" lasrl cntsnasgt" v|l ftne-af f dfcf d|fb 69 t|~g; fv|n rnel bf rlebf clb t||m d|nv|g srno|lrl!

Ltsf dbfrg v|l f zldlt |tfmgt bf yrnmlrf" f zldlt bf tle|acfne|fbcfc" Bd~ltne|fblt tga sfblt la d|fasg tga nclasndft yfrf sgcgt0mnlasrft bgt nmy|ltsgt cnrldsgt tga yrgygrdngafblt la rlbfdnga fbf rnv|l{f" ~ ygr 69 sfasg ne|fblt yfrf ne|fblt ~ cltne|fblt yfrf bgtcntsnasgt! Hftsf fv|n ag hf~ yrgoblmf! Ylrg bf ne|fbcfc yrgygrdng-afb srfl cgt yrgoblmft" d|facg lts|cnfcf mft f jgacg; yrnmlrg"v|l yrgygrdnga" ~ tle|acg" f v|nla Nl dgrrltygacl v|l yrgygrdnga"La ltsl dftg lt aldltfrng rldgrcfr v|l Nf rlebf ag lt mft /f sgcgtbgt mntmg/" tnag 69 /mntmg (d|gsft" yrnzfdngalt ~ olaljndngt ne|f-blt. f v|nla lt ne|fb" f dfcf ne|fb/! Ygr 69 sfasg bf yrle|asf zlacrnff tlr; bv|l /ne|fbcfc/ lt rlblzfasl7 ^" dgrrlbfsnzfmlasl" bv|l ne|f-



CLMGD_FDNF 64<

blt tl y|lcla ferlefr la j|adnga cl v|l cnjlrladnft7 b D|fblt tgabft cnjlrladnft rlblzfaslt7 Tnmybnjndfacg fb mfxnmg" bgt drnslrngtcl bf ne|fbcfc yrgygrdngafb tl y|lcla rlc|dnr f cgt; N. f dfcf |agla rlbfdnga f t|t mlrnsgt dfyfdncfclt 9 sfblasgt" NN. f dfcf |ag larlbfdnga f t|t aldltncfclt (cl d|fasg bl jfbsf.! Lt t|ylrjb|g t|orf-~fr v|l dfcf drnslrng y|lcl slalr" la dgadrlsg" nadgasfoblt naslryrl-sfdngalt! b V|l mlrnsgt7 b V|l dfyfdncfclt7 b ^ v|l aldltncfclt" lav|l mlcncf7 Bft dgmybndfdngalt ag slrmnafa fv|n!

Yfrf rltgbzlrbft lt aldltfrng rljlrnrtl f |af ylrtyldsnzf hntsg-rndf! Hntsgrndfmlasl bf yrnmlrf ne|fbcfc lt ntgagmnf" agtgsrgt cn-rnfmgt ne|fbcfc k|rscndg-ygbssndf; ne|fblt bl~lt" bnolrsfc ne|fb" ~clrldhgt ne|fblt! Ltsft tga ne|fbcfclt jfdnblt (frnsmlsndft.; ne|fblttl srfc|dl la /nclasndg yfrf sgcgt/! Clty|lt ltsf bf ne|fbcfc tgdnfb(zlr; Clragdrfdnf tgdnfb. v|l ag lt yrgoblmfsndf d|facg tl cltf-rrgbbf dgmg |a lshgt! Bf slrdlrf ne|fbcfc" la zl{" ltsf bblaf cl yrg-oblmft" bf ne|fbcfc cl gygrs|ancfc" 9 la bft gygrs|ancfclt" v|l ltbf snyndf rlnznacndfdnga ne|fbnsfrnf cl a|ltsrgt snlmygt!

Cl |af mntmf lxyrltnga tl cltyrlacla" la rlfbncfc" cgt ne|fb-cfclt; 6. gygrs|ancfc dgmg fddltg ne|fb" NN. gygrs|ancfc dgmgyfrsncf ne|fb! Fddltg ne|fb v|nlrl cldnr /rldgagdnmnlasg ne|fb yfrf

dfyfdncfc ne|fb/ ~ ygr 69 sfasg yrgm|lzl |af mlrnsgdrfdnf; ne|fbdfrrlrf (yrgmg dnga. yfrf ne|fb sfblasg! Nandng ne|fb lt |af dgtfm|~ cntsnasf! Yfrf ltsl ljldsg lt aldltfrng |a lv|nyfrfmnlasg clygtndngalt ~ dgacndngalt nandnfblt la bf dfrrlrf; yfrf lmyl{fr" lc|-dfdnga ne|fb yfrf sgcgt0 ylrg sfmonla |a onlaltsfr rlbfsnzfmlaslne|fb v|l dfadlbl bf zlasfkf cl bgt rndgt tgorl bgt ygorlt! F ltsly|asg bf ne|fbcfc cl gygrs|ancfclt la bf ygtndnga nandnfb dgrrlt-ygaclrnf f bf ne|fbcfc ldgagmndf!

Mnlasrft ltsf |bsnmf lt rlbfsnzf" mnlasrft tl srfsf cl yrgygr-

dngalt" sgcfznf ltsfmgt la 69 v|l ygcrnfmgt Hfmfr ne|fbcfc cl/gygrs|ancfclt mfslrnfblt/! Bf ne|fbcfc ldgagmndf yrgynfmlaslsfb lt cl ygr T 6 frnsmlsndf; ylrslaladnft ne|fblt 9" la lb dgm|ant-mg" anae|a hfolr yfrf sgcgt! Ofol|j lrf ne|fbnsfrng fb ynl cl bfblsrf! Mfrx lrf mft mfsn{fcg! La t| Drnsndf fb Yrgerfmf cl Egshf"cl 685<" Mfrx la|adnf srlt drnslrngt; N. f dfcf |ag tle|a t|t aldl-tncfclt" NN. f dfcf |ag tle|a t| srfofkg (lb yrnadnynf clb zfbgr-srfofkg. " ~ NNN. f dfcf |ag tle|a t|t hfonbncfclt! Dgmg lb dgm|ant-rag yrgt|ygal bf fogbndnga cl bf yrgynlcfc yrnzfcf" yfrf ltsl ljld-sg ltsf dbfrg v|l sfmonla bf ne|fbcfc ldgagmndf cl Mfrx lrf frns-

mlsndf" ne|fbmlasl afcf yfrf afcnl!Lb dgbfytg cl bgt rlenmlalt dgm|antsft cltsr|~l fmybnfralasl

rlo|t nyt nt bf zlrtnga frnsmlsndf-alefsnzf cl bf ne|fbcfc ldgagmndf!Ylrg v|l cf bf natsfadnf cl bf bnolrsfc cl bf aldltncfc" v|l ftle|rff sgcgt |a mnanmg ne|fb cl t|otntsladnf cldgrgtf" ~ tl bgerf f srf-~lt cl rlcntsrno|dngalt" ltyldnfbmlasl rlcntsrno|dngalt cl rlasf"ygr 69 v|l ltsfmgt la lb fmonsg cl |af yrgoblmfsndf lmnalaslmla-sl ldgagmndf! Dgmg bft rlcntsrno|dngalt la d|ltsnga clola tlr na-



64: ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

dltfaslt a|adf tga t|jndnlaslt" hftsf v|l fb jnafb" cl bft rlcntsrn-

o|dngalt tl yftf f bgt cltygkfmnlasgt! ^ la ltsl y|asg lb yrgoblmfyftf f tlr lmnalaslmlasl ygbnsndg la lb tlasncg v|l bf bnolsfrc lne|fbcfc lasrfa la dgajbndsg! Dgacndngalt mfslrnfblt ne|fblt (f|a-v|l tlfa laslacncft lbftsndfmlasl. aldltnsfa cl |a Ltsfcg /j|lr-sl/" 6 9 t|jndnlaslmlasl j|lrsl dgmg yfrf nmygalr lxyrgynfdngalt ~cldncnr f jfzgr cl v|nla ~ la v|l mlcncf! Tn lb Ltsfcg ne|fbfcgryftf f tlr Ltsfcg dglrdnsnzg" tn v|nlrl slalr lxnsg" clol rgmylr ~fa|bfr bf /bnolrsfc cl rltntsladnf/ cl bgt dn|cfcfagt!

Lb y|asg dlasrfb clb yrgoblmf lt v|l srfsgt ne|fblt (bl~lt ne|f-blt. ag yrgc|dla lxnsgt ne|fblt (ne|fbcfc la lb lxnsg}; cl 6 9 v|l tlclc|dl v|l yfrf tlr ne|fblt (mft ne|fblt. tl aldltnsfa srfsgt cltn-e|fblt (bl~lt tlblldngafcft ~ cntdrnmnafdngalt dgmylatfsgrnft.! Tndgrrlcgrlt blasgt ~ zlbgllt clola bblefr f bf mlsf k|asgt" lt aldl-tfrng ylafbn{fr f bgt mft zlbgllt ~ fzlasfkfr f bgt mft blasgt! La-sgadlt ag mft gygrs|ancfclt ne|fblt! Fb dgasrfrng" tl aldltnsfa labf yfrsncf /gygrs|ancfclt cltne|fblt/ (srfsgt yrljlrladnfblt.! Tly|lcl tgtslalr v|l ft} clol tlr! T6" ylrg bl~lt tldsfrnft" ag tgbgfsn{fa ~ m|bsnybndfa bf dgajbnds|fbncfc tgdnfb (bgt ag-yrljlrncgt tlrlolbfa ~ rlnznacndfa f t| zl{ bgt yrnznblengt. " ag tgbg jfdnbnsfa bf

fronsrfrnlcfc" tnag sfmonla cfa fa bf yrgslddnga gsgrefcf yfr bftbl~lt ne|fblt ~" la bnalf cl yrnadnyng" ygr lb yrnadnyng /69 mntmgyfrf sgcgt/" EYgr v|l lt nmygrsfasl bf elalrfbncfc cl bft bl~lt7Lt nmygrs fasl ygrv|l lxygal f v|nla bft drlf fb mntmg cfjng v|ly|lcla najbnaenr f v|nla bft yfcldl! Tn bf agrmf /fb v|l mnlasl tlbl dgrsf bf blae|f/ tl fybndf sfmonla fb v|l bf yrgm|bef" ltf agrmfag lxntsnrf0 tn znlal lxgalrfcg" lasgadlt tj!

Goznfmlasl" lasrl bnolrsfc l ne|fbcfc hf~ m|bsnyblt tgb|dngaltcl lv|nbnorng" m|dhft dgmylatfdngalt ygtnoblt0 ylrg tne|l lxntsnla-cg |a y|asg cl v|nlorl mft fbbf clb l|fb (rlynsnlacg f Sgdv|lznbbl.ag tl ltylrf tgbfmlasl bnbf ne|fbcfc la bf tlrznc|morl/! L6 yrgobl-mf cl bf ne|fbcfc v|lcf ygr 69 sfasg fonlrsg! Lasrl bnolrsfc lne|fbcfc y|lcla hfolr dgak|adngalt jlbndlt" ~ sfmonla ylbnergtftcnt~|adngalt! La bft clmgdrfdnft bnolrfblt bf bnolrsfc yrgm|lzl" 9

ygr 69 mlagt" dgatnlasl" ygbnsndft ~ lxnsgt ne|fbnsfrngt! La bgt rlen-mlalt dgm|antsft bf ne|fbcfc ag hf yrgc|dncg bnolrsfc ~ hf tgbf-mlasl anzlbfcg hfdnf fofkg!

>! MF^G_NF ^ MNAG_NF

f. Mf~grnf bnmnsfcf!

Mf~grnf tl |tf la lb tlasncg cl /rlebf cl mf~grjf/" 9 onla cl/lb dgak|asg cl bgt mft/! La lb yrnmlr dftg bf agdnga cl mf~grnf ltyrgdlcnmlasfb; nmy bnlf |a mlsgcg cl rltgb|dnga cl bgt dgajbndsgt~" dgrrlbfsnzfmlasl" |a drnslrng cldntngafb! La lb tle|acg dftg! bfagdnga cl mf~grnf lt t|tsfasnzf; nacndf bf yfrsl mf~gr" mft a|ml-



CLMGD_FDNF 6 4 5

rgtf" cl fyrgofdnga dgadrlsf" cl |af ygobfdnga! Tn ltsf cntsnadnga

ag tl fdbfrf" sgcg lb cntd|rtg tl larlcf tna rlmlcng! Tgblmgt cldnrv|l bf clmgdrfdnf lt mfkgrns~ r|bl" rleNf cl Nf mf~grnf! Ylrg" bdmnblt bf mf~grnf la d|ltsnga; yrgdlcnmlasfb 9 t|tsfasnzf7 Ag ltsfdbfrg! Hf~ v|nla lasnlacl bf lxyrltnga la |a tlasncg" v|nla la gsrg!Yrldntlmgt v|l la ltsl yfrrfjg agt gd|yfrlmgt cl /mf~grnf/ dgmgrlenf" drnslrng 9 yrnadnyng" ~ ag cl mf~grnft t|tsfasnzft! La sfb dftgfjnrmfr v|l bf clmgdrfdnf lt /mfkgrns~ r|bl/ tneanjndf v|l la clmg-drfdnf tl cldncl ygr mf~grnf!

(WDnlrsg7 Ag clb sgcg! Lxybndfcg cl ltsf jgrmf lb yrnadnyng cl

mf~grnf rlt|bsf /fotgb|sl/" tna bnmnslt an jrlagt" d|facg bf clmg-drfdnf rlv|nlrl cl |a yrnadnyng cl mf~g rnf /bnmnsfcg/ yfrf j|adng-afr ~ c|rfr! Bf rleNf cl bft clmgdrfdnft bnolrfblt lt v|l Nf mf~grnfegonlraf (yrlzfbldl" cldncl. la lb rltylsg cl bgt clrllhgt cl bftmnagrnft! V|nla cndl mfkgrns~ r|bl gbzncfacg bgt mnagrns~ rnehstag yrgm|lzl bf clmglrfdnf" Nf h|acl!

Tn bft mnagrnft tl hfbb fa s|slbfcft" bf ygtnonbncfc mntmf cl la-lgasrfr |af mf~grnf f jfzgr cl bf a|lzf gynanga tl z|lbzl cnjjdnb"~f v|l lb v|l yft f cl bf gynanga mf~grnsfrnf f bf mnagrnsfrnf tlladgasrfrnf lasrl bgt v|l ag snlala clrldhg cl hfdlr zfblr t| gyn-anga! F 69 mft" lb y|a sg lt v|l Nf yrnmlrf lblddnga tlrf bf |andflblddnga zlrcfclrf" bf v|l cnrnml cl |af zl{ ygr sgcft lasrl v|nlaj|l bnorl (la ltl mgmlasf nandnfb. ~ v|nla ag j|l bnorl (lt cldnrtgmlsncg f t| yrgynf zgb|asfc. ~ ag 69 tlrf a|alf!

_ltylsfr bft mnagrnft ~ t|t clrldhgt lt ygr 69 sfasg |af yfrslcl bgt mldfantmgt clmgdrfsndgt! Lasrl ltsgt ladgasrfmgt bft mn-agrnft rlbnengtft" bnaenbntsndft" lsandft ~ gsrft" lt cldnr dgbldsnzncf-clt t|tsfasnzft v|l tl fjlrrfa f t| yrgynf nclasncfc ~ v|l tl dgat-sns|~la la sgrag f t| yrgyng ncngmf" rlbnenga 9 rf{f! Ltsft mnagrnft

tga sfasg mft rlfblt ~ dgmyfdsft d|fasg mft tnlasla lb bf{g v|lbft dfrfdslrn{f! ^fv|n lb yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng tl clsnlal 9 lt clsl-ancg" cnrnfmgt" ygr j|lr{f mf~gr! Ygr v|l tn f cndhft mnagrnft ag tlNlt rldgagdl lb clrldhg f t| yrgynf nclasncfc o|tdfrfa Nf tldltnga~ rldhf{frfa" cl mfbf mfalrf" lb mntmg yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng!

o. Gbnefrv|nf" ltsrfsgtv|nf ~ ygbnfrv|nf

Yftlmgt f Nf /mf~grnf/ dgmyrlacncf la tlasncg t|tsfasnzg ~"

yfrf lmyl{fr ygr lb yrnadnyng" fb y|lobg laslacncg gylrfsnzfmlasldgmg lb dgak|asg cl bgt mft" dgmg lb mf~gr a|mlrg! La sfb dftgbf lxyrltnga mfkgrns~ r|bl v|nlrl cldnr /d|facg bf mf~grnf clb y|l-obg/0 ~ la sfb dftg bf sltnt lt v|l la clmgdrfdnf v|nla cldncl ltbf yfrsl mf~gr cl |af lasncfc bbfmfcf /lb y|lobg tgolrfag/! bZlr-cfc7 (WJfbtg7 Yfrf m|dhgt tle|rfmlasl jfbtg" f|av|l ygr mgsnzgtcnjlrlaslt! Yfrf |agt bf sltnt lt jfbtf ygrv|l bft a|ltsrft tga ytl|-cg-clmgdrfdnft v|l cljrf|cfa fb y|lobg0 yfrf gsrgt bf sltnt lt jfbtfygrv|l bf clmgdrfdnf laslacncf dgmg ygclr ygy|bfr lt nmygtnobl!




Bgt agmorlt v|l tgorltfbla la ltsl tle|acg er|yg tga bgt cl Efl-

sfag Mgtdf ~ cl _golrsg Mndhlbt" ~ t|t fre|mlasgt ag y|lcla tlrneagrfcgt!

Yfrf bf slgrnf cl bf dbftl ygbnsndf cl Mgtdf /la sgcft bft tgdnl-cfclt !!! lxntsla cgt dbftlt cl ylrtgaft; 6f cl bgt egolrafaslt ~ bfgsrf cl bgt egolrafcgt/ ~ bnbf yrnmlrf" v|l tnlmyrl lt Nf mlagta|mlrgtf !!! mgagygbn{f lb ygclr !!! / (6>4:" zgb! N" y! 84.! LNrlt|-mla cl bf sltnt cl Mgtdf lt v|l la lb mfacg hf~ tnlmyrl |af mn-agrnf /grefan{fcf/ (la lb tlasncg elalrndg cl tlr rlbfsnzfmlasl hg-mgelalf ~ tgbncfrnf.! Bf sltnt ag lrf" la 6883 nalcnsf; ylrg bblzfcffb rfaeg cl /bl~/ nmyfdsf0 nmyfdsf ygrv|l cltsr|~l bf dbftndf srn-yfrsndnga Frntsgslbndf cl bft jgrmft cl egonlrag! Tle|a bf bl~ clMgtdf sgcgt bgt egonlragt tga" tnlmyrl ~ la d|fbv|nlr b|efr" gbnefr-v|nft (lbNft sfraonla dgmyrlacncft cl mfalrf bfrefmlasl nacnjl-rladnfcft" ygr bgt mlagt hftsf bf tle|acf lcndnga cl bgt Lblmla-sgt!!! cl 6>?4.!

Bf sltnt cl Mgtdf lt jfdnbmlasl goklsfobl" ~ tl Nl hf goklsfcgla rlnslrfcft gdftngalt" ygrv|l t| /bl~/ lt clmftnfcg elalrndf" ~ltdfyf f d|fbv|nlr zlrnjndfdnga (9 jfbtnjndfdnga.! Mgtdf ygcrnf tlrcltmlasncg |andfmlasl ygr bf lxntsladnf cl tntslmft fafrv|ndgt

yrnzfcgt cl sgcg mfacg ~ cl sgcf zlrsndfbncfc! Ylrg tn la lb m|acgrlfb d|fbv|nlr tntslmf ygbnsndg aldltnsf zlrsndfbncfc (lb Ltsfcg ~bft ltsr|ds|rft cl mfacg. " lasgadlt tnlmyrl slalmgt |af ltsrfsgt-v|nf v|l snlal jgrmf cl ynrfmncl" Mgtdf cltd|orl Nf ynrfmncl ~ bfcldbfrf /gbnefrv|nf/! Ftn tnlmyrl efaf0 ylrg bf ltsrfsgtv|nf ag ltgbnefrv|nf" Yfrf yftfr cl bf yrnmlrf f bf tle|acf tl aldltnsf |af/bl~/ v|l yrgc|{df |af mnagrsf v|l slaef nazfrnfoblmlasl dfrfd-slrntsndft gbnefrv|ndft! Ltl yftfkl la Mgtdf ag ltsf!

Lb fre|mlasg cl Mndhlbt lt cnjlrlasl! T| /bl~ cl jnlrrg cl bf gbn-

efrv|nf/" jgrm|bfcf la bgt fbngt 6>69" tgtsnlal v|l bf grefan{fdngalt nalznsfobl! La bf mntmf mlcncf la v|l drldl bf grefan{fdngacltafs|rfbn{f bf clmgdrfdnf ~ bf srfatjgrmf la gbnefrv|nf! Ygr 69sfasg" la dgadb|tnga" bnbf lxneladnf cl kljlt lt |a jlagmlag dgael!ansf f sgcf jgrmf cl zncf tgdnfb/ ~ v|l /d|fbv|nlr tntslmf v|l dga-tnclrl kljlt lt nadgmyfsnobl dga bgt ygts|bfcgt oftndgt cl bf clmg-drfdnf/ (6>::" y! <??.!

Gotlrzfmgt" faslt v|l sgcg" v|l la Mndhlbt lb dgadlysg cl gr-efan{fdnga lt dlasrfb ~ oftsfasl mft yrldntg v|l la Mgtdf! Sfmyf-dg Mndhlbt" dgmg Mgtdf" lt yrldntg tgorl bf /gbnefrv|nf/; cljnanrbfdgmg |a /tntslmf cl kljlt/ ag lt cljnandnga fcld|fcf fb lts|cngcl Nf tgdnfb-clmgdrfdnf fblmfaf (lb erfa yfrsncg cl mft f cl t|snlmyg.! F ltsl yrgygtnsg lb slrrlag cl yr|lof cl Mndhlbt lt nadgm-yfrfoblmlasl mft tgbncg v|l lb cl Mgtdf" v|nla tl j|acfof elal-rndfmlasl tgorl 6f hntsgrnf! Mndhlbt tl oftfof la |a onla cgd|mla-sfcg lts|cng cl dftg! Bf hntsgrnf y|lcl tlr blncf cl m|dhft mfal-rft0 lb dftg lts|cnfcg ygr Mndhlbt cf dgajnfa{f" ~ t| fafbntnt cl bfclelalrfdnga grefan{fsnzf cl bft ftgdnfdngalt zgb|asfrnft (dgmg bgt



CLMGD_FDNF 64>

yfrsncgt ~ bgt tnacndfsgt. hf tncl rlylsncf ygr cgv|nlr" ~ dftn tnlra-

yrl dgajnrmfcf c|rfasl srlt d|frsgt cl tnebg! Ygr 69 sfasg" bf drnsndfcl Mndhlbt ag lt Nf v|l tl Nl hfdl f Mgtdf!

Yftlmgt fhgrf fzlr lb k|leg cl bf mf~grnf! Cl bgt mft" la lbfmonsg cl ltsr|ds|rft zlrsndfblt v|l o|tdfa yrgc|dnr |a yfrbf-mlasg ~ |a egonlrag" ~ ygr 69 sfasg o|tdfa rlc|dnr ferlefcgt clmnbbgalt cl zgsfaslt la grefantmgt mnbbgalt cl zldlt mft ylv|l-agt! Lxntsnlacg" ygr 69 sfasg" |af aldltfrnf ltsr|ds|rf ynrfmncfb"~ |af dfasncfc sfa nmygrsfasl cl yrglltgt rlc|lsnzgt" d;v|l t|llclna nsnalrl f bft mf~grnft7 T|dlcl v|l f dfc f anzlb clb yrglltg la

d|ltsnga ladgasrfmgt |af mf~g rnf v|l ygr |a bfcg lbnmnaf |afmnagrnf ~ v|l ygr gsrg bfcl tl rlyrgygal /la mlagt/" dgmg |a mn-mlrl mlagr! F anzlb lbldsgrfb lt mf~grnf v|nla efaf (lbnel. " mnag-rnf (lbnmnafcf. v|nla hfdl mfb |tg cl t| zgsg! F anzlb cl lblencgtlt mf~grnf v|nla hf zgsfcg lb yfrsncg mft zgsfcg" mnagrnf v|nlahf zgsfcg yfrsncgt mlagt zgsfcgt! Fclmft" sfmonla bgt lblencgtzgsfcgt ygr bf mf~grnf tga |a ylv|ljnntnmg a|mlrg" |af lxne|fmnagrnf" la rlbfdnga f bf mf~grnf lbldsgrfb cl bf l|fb clrnzfa! T|-onlacg |a ltdfbga mft" f anzlb cl yfrbfmlasg lb yfrsncg mft zgsf-cg y|lcl ladgasrfrtl la mnagrnf tn gsrgt yfrsncgt (cl mnagrnf.ltsfobldla dgfbndngalt la dgasrf clb yfrsncg cl mf~grnf (rlbfsnzf.!

Zgbzfmgt fsrft fb lbldsgr nandnfb! d;D|fasft zldlt y|lcl tlr zla-dncg" lt cldnr ladgasrfrtl la mnagrnf7 Zfrnft! Fb yrnadnyng y|lclzgsfr tna lxnsg" ~ ygr 69 sfasg tlr namlcnfsfmlasl lbnmnafcg! Ylrgf|av|l t| zgsg lbnkf f fbe|nla" t| lblencg y|lcl ylrslalllr f |ayfrsncg cl ranagrnf v|l v|n{ft ag slaef ana{|a yltg (la lb yfrbf-mlasg.0 9 onla y|lcl tlr |a lblencg v|l tl-lad|lasrl la mnagrjffb naslrngr cl t| yrgyng yfrsncg! Ag lt aldltfrng dgasna|fr dga ltsfcltdrnydnga! Lb yrgoblmf ltsf dbfrg" ~ lt ltsl; v|l lb /mfa cg cl

mnagrnf/ ag clm|ltsrf yfrf afcf v|l bft clmgdrfdnft ag tga sfblt"v|l lb y|lobg v|l tl mfanjnltsf la |a a|mlrg mf~gr" lb y|lobg clbgt mft" lt |a tgolrfag ltsfjfcg 9 fb l|fb tl Nl hf v|nsfcg lb ygclr!La bf clmgdrfdnf ltl y|lobg nandnf lb yrgdltg cl jgrmfdn:a cl bgtegonlragt0 ~ la dfcf anzlb ladgasrfmgt |af mf~grnf v|l l|lasfmft v|l bf mnagrnf v|l bf dgmofsl!

Lb yrgoblmf clb /mfacg cl mnagrnf/ tl m|lzl tgorl lb slrrl-ag cl t| jgrmfdnga" afs|rfbl{f ~ sfmonla (ag 69 gbznclmgt" f|av|lag 69 fogrclmgt. cl bgt Nnmnslt nmy|ltsgt f t| ygclr! Tn jgrm|bf-mgt lb yrgoblmf la slrmnagt Mgtv|nfagt" bf cnt~|asnzf lt; bf dbf-tl ygbnsndf lt |af (slacladnfbmlasl dgltnzf ~ hgangelalf. " ~ ygr 69sfasg /dbftl/ la |af fdlydnga t|tsfasnzf clb slrmnag; 9 onla ltm|bsnybl! ^fv|n lt aldltfrng bf zlrnjndfdnga" bf dgajnrmfdnga" yrg-y|ltsf ygr Cfhb (6><8.!

Tn lxntsl" fre|mlasf Cfhb" |af lbnsl egolrafasl (rlfbmlasl/|af/." la sfb dftg clol cl rlt|bsfr lmynrndfmlasl nclasnjndfobl!Yfrf dgajnrmfrbg bf gylrfdnga cl ygclr snlal v|l tlr gylrfdngafbn-{fcf! Cfhb t|enlrl v|l |a ygclr tl m|ltsrf tgbfmlasl l|facg |af




cldntnga lt dgasrgzlrsncf! Ygr 69 sfasg" bf /yr|lof/ yrgy|ltsf ygr

Cfhb tl jgrm|bf cl ltsf mfalrf; yfrf clmgtsrfr bf lxntsladnf cl|af dbftl cl mfacg (lb /tntslmf cl kljlt/ cl Mndhlbt. tl rlv|nlrlltsfobldlr v|l" yfrf sgcf tld|ladnf cl cldntngalt dgasrgzlrsncft"yrlzfbldl tnlmyrl |a mntmg er|yg nclasnjndfobl dgmg sfb! Tn ag ltftn" lasgadlt Mgtdf" Mndhlbt ~" la bgt Ltsfcgt \ancgt" D! UrnehsMnbbt (6><5. ltsfa lv|nzgdfcgt; bf clmgdrfdnf ag znlal clrrgsfcfygr bf gbnefrv|nf tnag v|l lxntsl ~ j|adngaf" tle|a bf ygts|rf clCfhb" dgmg /ygbnfrv|nf/ (6><:-6>56.!

d. Lb yrgoblmf cl bf naslatncfc!Zgbzfmgt fhgrf f bf /mf~grnf/ la tlasncg yrgdlcnmlasfb" dg-

mg rleNf cl mf~grnf" yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng! ^f hlmgt rldgrcfcgv|l ltsl yrnadnyng yrgznlal cl Bgd`l (/bgt m|dhgt/ cl Frntsgslbltlrfa |af dfasncfc" ag |af rlebf cldntngafb.! Hf tncl fdlysfcg dgam|dhg slmgr" ag yfr sgcg lb m|acg! LN slmgr dgatntsl" la bnalfslgrndf" tgorl lb clrldhg" tgorl lb mf~gr clrldhg v|l znlal fsrno|n-cg f Nf mf~grnf! La Nf dlblorl jrftl cl Sfnal /cnl{ mnbbgalt cl ne-agrfadnf ag hfdla |a tfolr/! F|av|l lt t|jndnlasl dga dgatnclrfrbg|af sldandf yfrf rltgbzlr yfdjjndfmlasl bft dgasrgzlrtnft" lb slmgrtne|l znelasl! Dgmg ~f tl hf tljnfbfcg" bf dgmybndfdnga lt bf nasla-tncfc!

Dfcf |ag cl agtgsrgt tnlasl dga |af naslatncfc cnjlrlasl! Bfrlebf mf~grnsfrnf neagrf bft cnjlrlaslt naslatncfclt cl bft yrljlrla-dnft nacnznc|fblt! Neagrfacgbft" cl hldhg bft lmyfrlkf; yrlt|mlv|l bft yrljlrladnft tga cl bf mntmf naslatncfc! Ylrg ag 69 tga!Ltsg lxybndf ygr v|l lb yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng ag lt kfmft fdlysfcglgmyblsfmlasl" ~ tgorl sgcg ygr v|l ag lt fdlysfcg ygr bft mnag-

rnft raladngafcft; bgt er|ygt dgasltsfsfrngt clb %:>" ~ t|dltnzfmlaslbft mnagrnft rlbnengtft" lsandft" bnaennntsndft d|facg tl tnlasla sglf-cft la bf nclasncfc v|l blt ylrslaldl" f bft d|fblt hf~ v|l |bslrngr-mlasl ferlefr bft mnagrnft ygr sgyndg; ygr lklmybg lb fogrsg" lbcnzgrdng" bf ygb|dnga" bf hgmgtlx|fbncfc! La sgcgt ltsgt dftgt t|-dlcl v|l bft mnagrnft nacnjlrlaslt ag yrltngafa! ^ bft ylv|ljnft cl-mgdrfdnft cnrldsft" lb ftfmoblntmg" lt lb slrrlag cl fddnga nclfbyfrf /er|ygt naslatgt/ zg6dfcgt f zlallr f d|fbv|nlr dgtsg" la dga-srf clb yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng ~ bft mf~grnft t|tsfasnzft!

Ag ygclmgt naslrngrn{fragt tgorl d|fasg bf naslatncfc najb|~f~ tl cltznl ygr ljldsg cl bf slg rnf dgmg cl bf yrfxnt cl bft clmgdrf-dnft (Tfrsgrn" 6>85" yy! ??<-48 ~ dfy! 8 yfttnm.! Tlrf t|jndnlasl rl-dgrcfr dgmg bf naslatncfc tl rljblkf tgorl lb rljlrlac|m" lt cldnrtgorl |a lblmlasg cl clmgdrfdnf cnrllsf la bf clmgdrfdnf rlyrl-tlasfsnzf!

T|ygaefmgt v|l bft sldandft cldntngafblt y|lcfa yrgc|dnr (labf slrmnagbgenf v|l agt bblef cl bf slgrnf cl bgt k|legt. rlt|bsfcgtdga t|mf ygtnsnzf" dga t|mf dlrg" ~ dga t|mf alefsnzf! T|mf ygtn-



CLMGD_FDNF 636

snzf v|nlrl cldnr v|l sgcgt efafa fbeg0 t|mf dlrg v|l lb v|l efaf

gosnlal lxfdsfmlasl 69 v|l Nf dgasrfyfrsl ynlrcl0 ~ t|mf alefsnzfv|l sgcgt ynlrcla! Bft lblddngalt ygy|bfrlt dgmg lb rljlrlac|mtga sldandft cl t|mf dlrg; 9 tl efaf 9 tl ynlrcl! Ygr gsrg Nfcg" bftlblddngalt ag tga /jnafblt/ la lb mntmg tlasncg v|l 69 lt |a rljl-rlac|ra"

Bft lblddngalt lbnkla ~ ag lbnkla (dga t|mf dlrg. |a rlyrltla-sfasl0 ylrg ft& tl nancf |a yrgdltg v|l dgasna|f la lb yfrbfmlasg~ clty|lt sfmonla la lb egonlrag" v|l ag lt mft" elalrfbmlasl" clt|mf dlrg! Bft lblddngadt cljnala v|nla nrf f cldncnr0 ~ bgt lblencgt"

d|facg tl lad|lasrfa dfrf f dfrf" clofsla" alegdnfa" ~ f zldlt bbl-efa f tgb|dngalt (cldntngalt. cl dgmyrgmntl" 69 v|l v|nlrl cldnrcl t|mf ygtnsnzf; afcnl ynlrcl sgcg" ~ sgcgt" f|av|l la mlcncfm|~ cnjlrlasl" gosnlala fbeg! Lasgadlt" bft lblddngalt ygala la fd-dnga |a yrgdltg rlyrltlasfsnzl /dgasna|g/ v|l bblzf f goslalr 69-ergt cl t|mf ygtnsnzf! Bg v|l nacndf v|l ltl yrgdltg ylrmnsl fdg-mgcfr"g dgasrfrnfmlasl dgaelbfr ~ ygalr cl bfcl bft natsfadnft clbft mnagrnft mladngafcft!

Ag lt 69 mntmg dga lb rljlrlac|m! La ltsl dftg lb zgsg aglbnkl v|nla cldncnrf" tnag v|l cldncl nytg jfdsg! Lt dgadb|~lasl" ~lt aldltfrnfmlasl cl t|mf dlrg; bf mf~grnf (rljlrlacfrnf. efafsgcg! Bg v|l yrgzgdf v|l la bft tgdnlcfclt tlemlasfcft (cnzncncftygr" ~ lasrl" naslatft mnagrnft rlbnengtft" lsandft" | gsrft." 9 dgayrgoblmft /dgajbndsnzgt/ (dgmg" ygr lklmybg" bf naslerfdnga rfdnfb."lb rljlrlac|m lt dgasrfyrgc|dlasl; ag slrmnaf ~ m|dhft zldlt lm-ylgrf bgt dgajbndsgt! G|nla fdgatlkf |a nacntdrnmnafcg ~ tnlmyrlmf~gr cldncnr cnrldsg clb clmgt" ~ bf clmgdrfdnf rljrlacfrnf ne-agrf (yfrf lmyl{fr. lb yrgoblmf cl bf naslatncfc!

c. Clmgdrfdnf dgatgdnfsnzf ~ alg-dgrygrfsnzntmg!

bLxntsla cnjlrlaslt snygt cl clmgdrfdnf rlyrltlasfsnzf7 Tnlacgbf rlfbncfc zfrnfcf" lt tnlmyrl o|lag dgbgdfr ltsf zfrnlcfc la dbf-tnjndfdngalt ~ snygbgenft! Cl ltsf jgrmf" dga rljlrlacf fb ygclrlkld|snzg" tl cnjlrladnf lasrl tntslmft yrltncladnfblt ~ tntslmftyfrbfmlasfrngt! Dga rljlrlacf fb tntslmf cl yfrsncgt" lasrl tntsl-mft yb|rnyfrsncntsft ~ onyfrsncntsft" ygbfrn{fcgt 9 ag (Tfrsgrn 6>5:.0~ dga rljlrladnf fb yrnadnyng raf~grnsfrng" lasrl clmgdrfdnft mf~g-

rnsfrnft ~ dgatgdnfsnzft! Tl lasnlacl v|l bft cndgsgmnft frrnof tl-jnfbfcft ylrmnsla jgrmft mnxsft 9 naslrmlcnft! Ftn" lasrl yrltncla-dnfbntmg ~ ag" tl naslrygala tntslmft tlmnyrltncladnfblt (bf Z _l-y|obndf Jrfadltf. ~ cl egonlrag cl efonalsl (Naebfslrrf.0 lasrl lbyb|rnyfrsncntmg lxsrlmg (jrfemlasfdn:a yfrsncntsndf. ~ lb onyfrsn-cntmg tl naslrygala tntslmft cl yb|rnyfrsncntmg bnmnsfcg ~ mgcl-rfcg! Fv|n zlrlmgt |andfmlasl bf clmgdrfdnf dgatgdnfsnzf slgrn-{fcf ygr Bnkyhfrs!



63? ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

Bf slgrnf cl Bnkyhfrs j|l" fb yrnadnyng" snygbgendf (6>:8.0 b|leg

tl cltfrrgbbg lmynrndfmlasl la bf dgasrfygtndnga lasrl clmgdrfdnfmf~grnsfrnf ~ clmgdrfdnf dgatgdnfsnzf (6>55.0 srfatjgrmfacgtl ~lxslacnlacgtl" jnafbmlasl" la bf yrljlrladnf elalrfbn{fcf ygr bf /cl-mgdrfdnf dgatgdnfsnzf/ (6>83.! La lb yrnmlr ~ tle|acg Bnkyhfrs" bfclmgdrfdnf dgatgdnfsnzf tl fybndf f bft /tgdnlcfclt tlemlasfcft/;la lb |bsnmg Bnkyhfrs ltsf lxyrltnga znlal t|tsns|ncf ~ cnb|ncf ygr bfcl /tgdnlcfclt yb|rfblt/! Bgt yftfklt la d|ltsnga tga erfc|fblt0ylrg lt nmygrsfasl cljnanrbgt! Lb |bsnmg Bnkyhfrs dgazladl oftsfa-sl mlagt v|l lb yrnmlrg" ~ sfmonla v|l lb tle|acg! Lmyldlmgt ygrbf fasnsltnt lasrl clmgdrfdnf mf~grnsfrnf" lb ftn bbfmfcg /mgclbg

Ultsmnatslr/" ~ clmgdrfdnf dgatgdnfsnzf (cljnanobl" la ltsf dgasrf-ygtndnga" dgmg ag-mf~grnsfrnf.; Bf yrle|asf namlcnfsf lt tn ltsgtcgt mgclbgt la d|ltsnga tga /snygt nclfblt/ (ygbfrlt 9 lxsrlmgt.g onla tga /snygt lmyjrndgt/ dgac|dnoblt dftn tna rltnc|gt f dftgtdgadrlsgt! Tn tga snygt nclfblt" lasgadlt bf fasnsltnt lt rlfbmlasl nb|-mnafasl! Ylrg tn bf dgasrfygtndnga lasrl clmgdrfdnf mf~grnsfrnf ~dgatgdnfsnzf ag lt mft lasrl snygt nclfblt tnag v|l lasrl snygt lm-ynrndgt" lasgadlt fyfrldl dgmg jgr{fcf! Lt dnlrsg v|l la bgt tntsl-mft onyfrsncntsft cl snyg Naeblt" bf cntsnadnga" la lb yfrbfmlasg" la-srl mf~grnf ~ gygtndnga lt mft alsf v|l la d|fbv|nlr gsrg tntslmf"~ ltsg cloncg f v|l la lb onyfrsncntmg lb egonlrag lt mgagyfrsncnt-sf" ~ ygr 69 sfasg lb egonlrag egonlraf ~ bf gygtndnga tl gygal! Bgv|l ag v|nsf v|l lb yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng tlf tnlmyrl" la Naebfsl-rrf ~ la yfntlt tnmnbfrlt" /bnmnsfcg/" lt cldnr laslacncg dgmg lbclrldhg cl bf mf~grnf la lb rltylsg cl bft mnagrnft" Ferlef v|lelalrfbmlasl la bgt zlrcfclrgt ~ yrgyngt tntslmf yfrbfmlasfrngt"v|l tga sfblt ygrv|l snlala la lb yfrbfmlasg t| lyndlasrg" lb mnt-mg yrnadnyng mf~grnsfrng tl fjnrmf /dgmg yrnadnyng cl dgmyrgmn-tg" cl fdgmgcfmnlasg cl bgt fasfegantmgt ygbnsndgt/ (@lbtla" 6>::"y! ::.! Clmgdrfdnf mf~grnsfrnf tn0 ylrg hftsf |a dnlrsg y|asg!

^ bf yrltnga lt f|a mft mfrdfcf d|facg" la lb |bsnmg Bnky-hfrs" lb gy|ltsg cl clmgdrfdnf mf~grnsfrnf tl srfatjgrmf la /cl-mgdrfdnf dgatlat|fb/! Bf mgcnjndfdnga lt mft slrmnagbgendf v|lcl t|tsfadnf! Ylrg bf slrmnagbgenf lt t|jndnlasl dgmg yfrf t|elrnrv|l bf clmgdrfdnf mf~g rnsf rnf ag tlf dgatlat|fb" 69 v|l lt cltznfa-slg Cl bf mntmf mfalrf" lb |bsnmg Bnkyhfrs mgcnjndf ~ lxsnlacl bffybndfonbncfc cl t| jgrm|bf! Tn fb yrnadnyng bf clmgdrfdnf dga tgdnf-snzf lt aldltfrnf yfrf bf tgdnlcfc tlemlasfcf" fhgrf lt gysnmg yf-rf bft /tgdnlcfclt yb|rfblt/! F|av|l yfrf ltsl ljldsg bf mgcnjndf-dnga tlf mft onla cl slrmnagbgenf v|l cl t|tsfadnf" v|l bft tgdnl-cfclt yb|rfblt tl cljnala dgmg /tgdnlcfclt alsfmlasl cnzncncft !!!la t|o-tgdnlcfclt znrs|fbmlasl tlyfrfcft/ (6>83" y! ??.! ^ ftn bfsltnt clb |bsnmg Bnkyhfrs ag lt mft v|l 69 dgatgdnfsnzg lt aldltfrngla bgt dftgt rlbfsnzfmlasl ygdgt la bgt d|fblt lb drnslrng mf~grnsf-rng lt tle|rfmlasl dgasrfyrgc|dlasl" tnag v|l lb dgatgdnfsnzntmg-dgatlat|fbntmg lt yrljlrnobl tnlmyrl!



CLMGD_FDNF 634

(WD|fNlt" lasgadlt" lb Bnkyhfrs mft dgaznadlasl7 Yfrsnlacg clb

hldhg v|l bft bnolrfb-clmgdrfdnft tga mf~grnsfrnft dga bnmnsl" ltzlrcfc v|l 69 tga la m|~ cnjlrlasl mlcncf! Bf agdnga cl clmgdrf-dnf dgatgdnfsnzf dgel lb dftg clb rld|rtg mmnmg f cldntngalt raf-~grnsfrnft" lb dftg la lb d|fbbf mf~g rnf lt yrgc|dsg cl /mnagrnftdgad|rrlaslt/ f dfcf |af cl bft d|fblt tl blt rldgagdl lb clrldhgcl zlsg! T|dlcl" tle|a Bnkyhfrs" v|l lb dgatgdnfsnzntmg tl dfrfdsl-rn{f ygr mfxn-dgfbndngalt ~ ygr |a yrgygrdngafbntmg elalrfbn{fcg(lbldsgrfb ~ sfmonla cnzntgrng; bf yrgygr{ f|tsrnfdf.! Ylrg bf dfrfd-slrntsndf cldntnzf" agt yfrldl" lt bf y|ltsf la rlbnlzl ygr lb yrnmlrBnkyhfrs (~ t|dltnzfmlasl gbzncfcf la bf yla|morf." v|l lb dgatg-dnfsnzntmg aldltnsf" yfrf j|adngafr dgmg 69 rlv|nlrl lb mgclbg" cl/lbnslt dggylrfcgrft/" cl lbnslt tgbncfrnft la al|srfbn{fr bft yrltng-alt cl bf tgdnlcfc tlemlasfcf! Bf sltnt v|l dgazladl m|dhg mlagtlt" la zl{" v|l bf clmgdrfdnf dgatlat|fb (lt cldnr bf zlrtnga fmybnf-cf ~ cnb|ncf clb dgatgdnfsnzntmg. tlf o|laf la fotgb|sl" lt cldnrtnlmyrl mlkgr v|l bf clmgdrfdnf mf~grnsfrnf! Cl hldhg bf gokldngav|l y|lcl hfdlrtl fb mgclbl rldgmlacfcg ygr Bnkyhfrs lt v|l lbdgasna|g fcfysfmnlasg cl bft cnzntngalt ~ cl bgt dgajbndsgt ygcrnfdgatgbncfrbgt ~ sfmonla m|bsnybndfrbgt ~ ferfzfrbgt! Bf yf{ f d|fb-v|nlr dgtsg lt dfrf ~ yrgzgdf yrgoblmft (zlr bft gdhg cnrldsrndltcl j|adngafmnlasg cl bf clmgdrfdnf dgatlat|fb rlt|mncft la Bnky-hfrs" 6>83" y! 49.!

Lb Bnofag" |ag cl bgt yrnmlrgt dftgt cl Bnkyhfrs" lxybgsg clbf ylgr mfalrf! Bf Olbendf /dgatgdnfsnzf/ bgerf tgorlznznr hfdnlacgcl bft aldltncfclt znrs|c0 ylrg ltsg ag clm|ltsrf v|l bf jgrm|bffds|fb tlf t|ylrngr v|l bf yrllxntslasl! T|n{f lt lb lklmybg v|ltnlmyrl efaf0 ylrg T|n{f ag cltybnlef" dgmg tgdnlcfc" anae|af clbft slatngalt v|l rlv|nlrla tgb|dngalt dgatgdnfsnzft; lt srfav|nbf-mlasl /tleralasfcf/ ~ y|asg! Tl hf cntd|sncg m|dhg tn Nsfbnf lt

dgatgdnfsnzf 9 ag! Bf lt la yfrsl (bf tgdnlcfc nsfbnfaf ag ltsf" ygrlklmybg" tlemlasfcf.! Bg v|l ag nmyncl yrle|asfrtl tn yfrf Nsfbnfag tlrnf mft dgazlanlasl tlr mft dgatgdnfsnzf 9" la zl{" mft mf-~grnsfrnf! F 69 v|l tl ygcrnf dgasltsfr v|l lb dgatgdnfsnzntrag dgatg-bncf ~ hftsf jgmlasf bf jrfemlasfdnga" fbbn la cgacl |a mf~grnsf-rntmg onla rafalkfcg bgerf rlc|dnrbf!

Cnjlrlasl lt lb clofsl tgorl lb ftn bbfmf cg alg-dgrygrfsnzntmg"v|l y|lcl tlr cl fbe|af jgrmf rlbfdngafcg dga lb clb dgatgdnfsntmg"ylrg slanlacg yrltlasl t|t rltyldsnzft cnjlrladnft" Bf clragdrfdnf

alg-dgrygrfsnzf ag lt sfasg |a snyg cl clmgdrfdnf" d|fasg |afsrfatjgrrafdnga naslraf cl bf jgrmf cl gylrfr cl bgt tntslmft cl-mgdrfsndgt" tgorl sgcg jrlasl f bgt dgajbndsgt cl srfofkg 9 cl bfftn Hfmfcf ygbnsndf cl bft rlasft! Lb alg-dgrygrfsnzntmg snlal m|-dhft zfrnfaslt (Tdhmnsslr ~ Blhmor|dh" 6>5>0 Unbbnfmtga" 6>8>."ylrg bf nclf dlasrfb lt v|l tnacndfsgt" yfsrgafsgt ~ Ltsfcg mfal-kla lb tntslmf ldgagmndg /fd|lryfcgt/ la |a rndf rlc cl naslrltltdgm|alt mfalkfcgt /dgasrfsfacg/ mft v|l N|dhfacg (hfdnlacg




h|lbeft.! \a nmygrsfasl dfmong nasrgc|dncg ygr ltsf naslryrlsf-

dnga ltsf rlbfdngafcg dga lb rgb clb Ltsfcg" v|l ag lt mft |a fron-srg tgorl bft yfrslt yfrf bblefr f tlr lb mntmg yfrsl! ^ sfmonlafv|n lb clofsl lt tn bf srfatjgrmfdnga alg-dgrygrfsnzf clol tlrfdlysfcf" ~ tn d|facg tl cf" dgmg |a mfb mlagr 9 onla dgmg |aftgb|dnga gysnmf!

69! BFT DGACNDNGALT CL BF CLMGD_FDNF

f. Jfdsgrlt jfdnbnsfaslt!

Lb bnolrfbntmg lt |a tntslmf ygbnsndg0 lb bnolrfbntmg ag lt |atntslmf ldgagmndg! Cl bf mntmf mfalrf" bf bnolrfb-clmgdrfdnf lt|a tntslmf ygbnsndg" ~ ag |a tntslmf ldgagmndg!

Lb dgatsns|dngafbntmg bnolrfb lmlrel lasrl lb 6:99-6599"~ ygr69 sfasg la bgt hldhgt" oftsfasl faslt v|l lb lzfaelbng /bnolrntsndg/!Bg v|l ag v|lcf dbfrg lt ygr v|l lbbnolrfbntmg clof tlr rlbfdngaf-cg f ltsfcgt ldgagmndgt! Lb bnolrfbntmg drlf |a Ltsfcg bnmnsfcg"dgasrgb f lb ygclr ~ bf bnolrsfc (clb dn|cfcfag.0 ylrg ag cntsrno|~lonlalt" ag tl yrlgd|yf clb onlaltsfr! Cl hldhg lb bnolrfbntmg afdlla tgdnlcfclt ygorlt (ygorntnmft yfrf a|ltsrgt drnslrngt. ~ faslt

cl bf rlzgb|dnga nac|tsrnfb! Lb yrgoblmf dfmonf d|facg lb bnolrfbnt-mg tl fdlrdf f bf clragdrfdnf" ~f v|l bf clmgdrfdnf nalznsfoblmla-sl" f|av|l dga zlbgdncfclt hntsgrndft m|~ cnjlrlaslt" bblzf f cnt-srno|dngalt ~ rlcntsrno|dngalt cl rnv|l{f! Fb jnafb cl bf Tle|acf E|l-rrf M|acnfb tl cfof ygr ltsfobldncg" ltyldnfbmlasl la lb SlrdlrM|acg" v|l lrf aldltfrng faslt v|l sgcg cl rljgrmft ldga:mndft(rljgrmf ferfrnf" mf~gr cntsrno|dnga cl bf rnv|l{f" cltfrrgbbg nac|t-srnfb." rljgrmft v|l hfornfa dftn f|sgmfsndfmlasl elalrfcg" dgmgtld|lbf" bf clmgdrfdnf ygbnsndf! Ltsf lrf |af tnmybnjndfdnga ldgagmn-df yrgy|eafcf ygr bgt ldgagmntsft! Ylrg sfmonla lb fafbntnt mftyrgj|acg ~ mlcnsfcg cl bft dgacndngalt cl bf clmgdrfdnf v|l tl cl-tfrrgbbg t|dltnzfmlasl la oftl fb nmy|btg nandnfb cl T!M! Bnytls(6>:9. cng cl sgcft jgrm ft dlasrfbncfc f bf yfrsl ldgagmnd f (\thlr"6>86.! Bf sltnt v|l bf ldgagmnf lt bf /df|tf/ cl bf clmgdrfdnf ag ltmft cljlac ncf ft& ygr afcnl! Ylrg bf sltnt v|l t|otntsl lt v|l |a/faslt/ ldgagmndg snlal v|l yrldlclr fb /clty|lt/ clmgdrfsndg! F69 v|l tl gygal" 9 tl y|lcl gygalr" v|l bf clmgdrfdnf clol zlanrfaslt" ~ v|l lbbf lt /df|tf/ clb cltfrrgbbg ldgagmndg!

La zlrcfc" tn mnrfmgt clsfbbfcfmlasl bgt dftgt cl lxnsg ldgag-mndg ~ '9 (dgak|asfmlasl 9 tlyfrfcfmlasl. cl lxnsg clmgdrfsndg"tl clc|dl v|l ag tl bgerf anae|a jfdsgr nacnznc|fb df|tfb v|l clofaldltfrnfmlasl gylrfr dgmg yrnmlrg! Tn lt ftn" lb cntd|rtg hf~ v|lhfdlrbg tgorl bft dgacndngalt jfdnbnsfaslt (dgacndngalt v|l 669 tgaan aldltfrnft" an t|jndnlaslt. l nadb|~l" ygcrjfmgt cldnr" gysnmn{f-dngalt dgazlrelaslt! Lt lasgadlt la oftl f bft dgacndngalt jfdnbn-sfaslt v|l yftfrlmgt f dgatnclrfr bf rlbfdn:a lasrl clmgdrfdnf bn-olrfb ~ ldgagmnf cl mlrdfcg! Ylrg faslt zlfmgt lb ftyldsg elalrfB



CLMGD_FDNF

2!!Dgmg tl bblef f bf clmgdrfdnf7 Cl m|dhft mfalrft v|l tl

rljblkfa la |af erfa dfasncfc cl naslryrlsfdngalt" slgrnft ~ mgclbgt(lxfmnafcgt la Mgrbnag" 6>8:" ltyld! yy! >3-64?0 z! sfmonla Mgrbn-ag 6>89" ltyld! dfy! Z.! Yfrf fdbfrfr bf dgaj|tnga lt |sn& cntsnae|nrlasrl rldgrrncgt ygr |a bfcg" ~ jfdsgrlt 9 dgacndngalt ygr lb gsrg!Ag agt ygclmgt dgadlasrfr la bgt yrnmlrgt (z! ygr lk! _g``fa6>59" yy! 5?-633.0 ~ yfrf bgt tle|acgt lt aldltfrng ygr 69 mlagtrldgrcfr v|l bf clmgdrfdnf yrlt|ygal bf /ygbnsndf dgmg yf{/ (agbf ygbnsndf dgmg e|lrrf slgrn{fcf ygr Dfrb Tdhmnss." bf f|sgagmnfcl bf tgdnlcfc dnznb (|af dfrfdslrntsndf v|l tl rl6fdngaf dga bf tl-yfrfdnga lasrl y|obndg ~ yrnzfcg ~ 6f tld|bfrn{fdnga cl bf ygbnsndf. 6

~ drlladnft cl zfbgrlt yb|rfbntsndgt! Sfmonla lt aldltfrng t|orf~frv|l lasrl bgt jfdsgrlt d|bs|rfblt lb jfdsgr rlbnengtg y|lcl yltfroftsfasl mft v|l bft dgacndngalt ldgagmndft 9 tgdng-ldgagmndft!Lt t|jndnlasl!dga gotlrzfr" yfrf dgajnrmfrbg" v|l sgcfznf la lb6>>9lt rfrg ladgasrfr fbrlclcgr clb m|acg ltsfcgt ntbfmndgt bnorlt (~sgcfznf mlagt clmddrfsndgt. ! La lb frlf ntbfmndf bf cnjlrladnf la-srl rnv|l{f (bgt Ltsfcgt rndgt la rld|rtgt ylsrgblrgt; Nrfa" Nrf`"Frfonf Tf|cnsf" Nacgaltnf. ~ ygorl{f ag nacndf hg~ la cnf anae|afcnjlrladnf! Ygr 69 sfasg ag ltsfa la k|leg tgbfmlasl jfdsgrlt ldg-

agmndgt! Cndhg ltsg" zgbzfmgt f 69 faslrngr!V|l fds|fbmlasl clmglrfdnf ~ onlaltsfr zlaefa elalrfbmlasl

ftgdnfcgt (bf dgrrlbfdnga lt rlbfsnzfmlasl j|lrsl. lt zlrcfc" ~ oft-sfasl goznf! Tn 6f sltnt znlal jgrm|bfcf dgmg 69 hfdnf cl jgrmfoftsfasl yr|clasl Bnytls (6>:9" yy! 3>-<9." /d|fasg mft |a yfnt ltyrgtylrg" sfasg mft lt yrgofobl v|l tgtslaef bf clmgdrfdnf/" la-sgadlt lt cnjjdnb cltmlasnrbg! Ylrg |af dgrrlbfdnga ag lt t|jndnlaslyfrf lxybndfrbg! Lt aldltfrng ygr 69 mlagt |af nmy|sfdnga df|tfb;ygr lklmybg v|l lb onlaltsfr /jfdnbnsf/ bf clmgdrfdnf! 2!!Zlrcfc7

Oftsfasl dnlrsg" tn onla dga bf rlfbmlasl erfa lxdlydnga cl Nacnf"clmgdrfsndf ylrg ygorl! Ygr lb dgasrfrng" v|l bf clmgdrfdnf yrg-c|{df onlaltsfr lt |af hnygsltnt c|cgtf! Tn bf yrgc|dl lt yrgof-oblmlasl ygrv|l bft clmgdrfdnft ag hfa naslrjlrncg bgt yrgdltgtldgagrandgt cl jgrmf nmygrsfasl" lt cldnr hfa clkfcg bnorl fb mlr-dfcg! Ylrg bf clmgdrfdnf la tj mntmf" dgmg tntslmf ygbnsndg" bgerfhftsf lmygorldlrbft! \r|e|f~ nb|tsrf onla ltsl dftg0 ~ m|dhft cl-mgdrfdnft naslrmnslaslt cl Fmlrndf Bfsnaf hfa tncg" d|facg ltsfala lb ygclr" fblkfcgrft cl rnv|l{ft! ^ tn Mfad|r Gbtga (6>8?. snlalrf{ga d|facg fjnrmf v|l d|fbv|nlr tgdnlcfc /znlkf/" clmgdrfdnftnadb|ncft (~ Erfa Orlsfjn!f f 6f dfol{f." rlsrftf" dga t|t lblmlasgtrnencgt! lb cltfrrgbbg ldgagmndg" lasgadlt clmgdrfdnf ~ cldbnafdngaldgagmndf y|lcla ylrjldsfmlasl nr k|asgt!

o. Clmgdrfdnf ~ mlrdfcg!

Ygr mft cl mlcng tnebg tl cntd|sl tn bf clmgdrfdnf yrlt|ygal|a tntslmf cl mlrdfcg! LN dgbfytg cl bgt tntslmft cl ldgagmnf ybf-



63: ENGZFAAN TF_SG_N

anjndfcf hf rldsnjndfcg lb clofsl; bf clrrgsf cl bf ldgagmnf ybfanjn-

dfcf lt" faslt v|l sgcg" bf clrrgsf clb ag-mlrdfcg" cl |af ldgag-mnf cnrnencf" nadfyf{ cl j|acfrtl tgorl lb dfbd|bg ldga:mndg cl bgtdgtsgt (dgmg ~f 69 hfonf clmgtsrfcg Hf~l` la 6>4<0 zlr 6>3:.!Tgorl bf t|tsns|nonbncfc clb dfynsfbntmg tl dgasna|frf cntd|snlacg0ylrg tgorl bf clb mlrdfcg ag; bf hntsgrnf cl ltsl |bsnmg lt fybft-sfasl! Dnlrsfmlasl" bft jgrm|bft cl mlrdfcg y|lcla tlr zfrnft (~zfrnfcfmlasl ljndnlaslt-naljndnlaslt.0 ylrg 69 ltladnfb cl ltsl ml-dfantmg (lb dfbd|bg cl bgt dgtsgt. ag lt mft rly|cnfobl! Lt ygr 69sfasg dgrrldsg dlasrfr lb yrgoblmf tgorl clmgdrfdnf ~ mlrdfcg!Lmyldlmgt ygr gotlrzfr v|l la lb m|acg fo|acfa tntslmft clmlrdfcg tna clmgdrfdnf! La zl{ sgcft bft bnolrfb-clmgdrfdnft yf-tfcft ~ yrltlaslt tga" f bf zl{" tntslmft cl mlrdfcg! Cltcl ltsfdgatsfsfdn:a tl clc|dl v|l bf dgajnfa{f la lb mlrdfcg ag lt dga-cndnga t|jndnlasl cl clmgdrfdnf" ~ lb yrgoblmf znlal f tlr tn bf cl-mgdrfdnf lad|lasrf la lb mlrdfcg |af dgacndnga aldltfrnf! Ltsf-obldncg v|l lb mlrdfcg ag yrgc|dl clmgdrfdnf" v|lcf ygr ltsfobl-dlr tn bf clmgdrfdnf ygts|bf lb mlrdfcg! Yrgofoblmlasl tj la dbfzlcl gysnmn{fdnga0 v|n{ft ag la dbfzl cl aldltncfc!

Lb fre|mlasg clol cltfrrgbbfrtl sfasg ofkg lb ftyldsg ldgag-

mndg dgmg ygbnsndg! Lb cntd|rtg ldgagmndg y|lcl rlt|mnrtl cl ltsfjgrmf; v|l d|fasg mft |af clmgdrfdnf d|lasf dga onlaltsfr ~ ltsfcnrnencg f cntsrno|nrbg" d|fasg mft aldltnsf |af ldgagmnf la drldn-mnlasg" lt cldnr |af sgrsf drldnlasl v|l ylrmnsf rlyfrsndngalt mftfmybnft! Bg dnlrsg lt v|l sfmonla lb mlrdfcg y|lcl jfdnbnsfr0 ylrgyrlyfrfr bf sgrsf lt |af dgtf ~ t|ocnzncnrbf lt gsrf0 ~ tn bf sgrsfag ltsf" tn bf efbbnaf ag ygal lb h|lzg" lasgadlt ag yftf afcf! Ygr69 clmft" bf dgalxnga lxntsl la oftl f |af lxyldsfsnzf! Tj" ygr hnyg-sltnt" agt oftsftl dga |af clmgdrfdnf f|tslrf" ltyfrsfaf" ygdg eft-sfcgrf" lasgadlt ag ltsf cndhg v|l lb mlrdfcg tlf |a

tnal v|f aga!Ylrg fds|fbmlasl bft tgdnlcfclt t|ocltfrrgbbfcft" 9 cl sgcft jgrraftla ltsfcg cl rlfb ygorl{f (dgmg bgt yfntlt clzftsfcgt ygr bf clrrg-sf cl bft ldgagmnft ybfanjndfcft. " gosnlala t|t anzlblt cl lxyldsfsn-zft cltcl lb lklmybg cl bft tgdnlcfclt cltfrrgbbfcft! ^ ltsl lt hg~la cnf lb y|asg!

Yftlmgt fb cntd|rtg ygbnsndg! Tn onla tntslmf ygbnsndg ~ tntslmfldgagmndg ltsfa 9 ltsfrfa ltsrldhfmlasl naslrdgaldsfcgt" bft cgtdgtft ag tlrfa a|adf 69 mntmg" ~ lb rlv|ntnsg ygbnsndg cl bf bnolrfb-clmgdrfdnf lt bf cnj|tnga clb ygclr; |af cnj|tnga-cntylrtnga fysff ylrmnsnr ltyfdngt cl s|slbf cl bf bnolrsfc nacnznc|fb! Ag lt (dgmgtgtsnlala bgt!mfrxntsft. v|l bf bnolrfb-clmgdrfdnf rldhfdl |af ldg-agmnf ybfanjndfcf ltsfsfb ygrv|l bf clmgdrfdnf dfynsfbntsf-o|re|l-tf afdl ~ t|otntsl yfrf cljlaclr bf yrgynlcfc yrnzfcf0 lt ygrv|ld|fbv|nlr dgadlasrfdnga cl sgcg lb ygclr(ltyldnfbmlasl cl sgcg lbygclr ygbnsndg dgak|asfmlasl f sgcg lb ygclr ldgagmndg. drlf |aygclr gyrltnzg dgasrf lb d|fb lb nacnznc|g ag snlal ygtnonbncfc clcljlatf! Bg tfonf Srgst`n; la lb dgm|antrag v|nla ag golcl-



CLMGD_FDNF 63 5

dl ag dgml! D|facg lb Ltsfcg tl srfatjgrmf la lb |andg cfcgrcl srfofkg" bf yrntnga ag lt mft aldltfrnf; lt t|jndnlasl dga cltyl-cnr ~ ag zgbzlr f dgasrfsfr! Lasgadlt lb fre|mlasg lt v|l bgt dn|-cfcfagt tga dn|cfcfagt (dga clrldhgt ~ /zg{/. tgbfmlasl clasrgcl ltsr|ds|rft ygbnsndft ldgagmndft ~ sfmonla tgdnfblt v|l rgmyfalb ygclr dgadlasrfcg (v|l ag clol dgaj|acnrtl dga bf dlasrfbn{f-dnga clb ygclr. f srfzlt cl |af m|bsnybndncfc cl ygclrlt naslrml-cnfrngt ~ dgasrfofbfadlfcgt! F ltsf dgacndnga sfxfsnzf d|fbv|nlrgrclafmnlasg ldgagmndg lt ygbnsndfmlasl fdlysfobl! Tn fclmft ltlgrclafmnlasg j|adngaf ygdg ~ mfb f anzlb lldgagmndg" la sfb dftg~ yfrf a|ltsrg yrgyng naslrlt" dga lb jna cl mfxnmn{fr lb onlaltsfr"

ygclmgt yrljlrnr lb mlrdfcg! Ylrg" tl cldnf" bf c|y6f clmgdrfdnf-mlrdfcg lt gysnmn{fasl0 sgcfznf ag hf tncg clmgtsrfcg" la rnegr"%v|l tlf gobnefsg rnf | gobnefasl!

66! CLMGD_FDNF 9 AG

L6 t|tsfasnzg clmgdrfdnf clagsf ~ dnrd|atdrnol |af dgtf" |afclslrmnafcf rlfbncfc! /Clmgdrfsndg/ lt |a fcklsnzg v|l nacndf |af

yrgynlcfc 9 fsrno|dnga cl fbeg! Lb t|tsfasnzg nac|dl f yrle|asfrtlv|l lt" ~ v|l ag lt" clmgdrfdnf! Lb fcklsnzg bblzf f rlf6n{fr |aferfc|fdnga; clmgdrfsndg la v|l mlcncf" cl d|casg! Lb cltfrrgbbgd|fasnsfsnzg cl bft dnladnft tgdnfblt hf cnj|acncg bf nclf v|l bf yrl-e|asf /n!!v|l lt clmgdrfdnf7/ ltsf gotgblsf ~ t|ylrfcf ygr bf yrl-e|asf /n!!d|fasf clmgdrfdnf7/! Ylrg bft cgt yrle|asft ag tga |anjn-dfoblt" ~ dfcf |af lt dgrrldsf f dgacndnga v|l tl srfsl fcld|fcf-mlasl!

l V|l lt clmgdrfdnf7 Lb yrgoblmf ltsf la v|l ltsf yrle|asfbblzf f cndgsgmn{fr lasrl clmgdrfdnf ~ ag! Dnlrsfmlasl" 6f clslrmn-afdnga cl bgt dgadlysgt tnlmyrl znlal cfcf" ygr 69mlagt cl mfalrfyrlbnmnafr" ygr cljnandngalt ygr gy|ltsg! Bg ogansg lt 69 gy|ltsgcl 69 jlg; lb onla" clb mfb" lb dfbgr" clb jrng! lTlrf v|n{ft v|l ltsgtgy|ltsgt lxd6|~la dftgt 9 ltsfcgt naslrmlcngt7 Goznfmlasl v|lag; fcmnsla 69 tlmn-ogansg ~ 69 tlmn-jll" lb onla-mfb" ~ lb snong!l V|nla hf kfmft ltsfobldncg ygr bgendf v|l yfrf bgt gy|ltsgt la el-alrfb slrsn|m aga cfs|r7 Lt dnlrsg v|l t|dlcl! LN yrnadnyng Frntsg-slbndg clb /mlcnd lxdb|ncg/ lt fybndfobl tgbfmlasl f bgt /alefsnzlt/"tgbfmlasl f bf ltyldnjndf t|odbftl cl bgt gy|ltsgt v|l tl cljnala

ygr lxdb|tnga-alefdnga rldnyrgdf (f{|b 9 onla ag-f{|b" dftfcg 9 onlaag-dftfcg" znzg 9 onla m|lrsg.! Ygr 69 sfasg" bf yrle|asf /v|l ltclragdrfdnf/ ag nmygal c|fbn{fdngalt" cntsnadngalt lasrl sgcg ~afcf! ^ afcf yrghjol v|l sfmonla lb ftn bbfmfcg srfsfmnlasg d|f-bnsfsnzg clb dgadlysg cl clmgdrfdnf nadb|~f tlmn-clmgdrfdnft" dftn-cndsfc|rft" ~ sgcft bft ml{dbft naslrmlcnft v|l v|lrfmgt! Cndhgltsg" sfmonla lt nmygrsfasl (fclmft v|l mft cnjjdnb. ladgasrfr|a gy|ltsg" |a alefsnzg" v|l rlfbmlasl ltsfobl{df cgacl bf clmg-




lrfdnf slrmnaf" v|l lt 6 9 v|l bf /clmgdrfdnf/ nadb|~l ~ v|l lxdb|~l!

Ygrv|l tn ag tfolmgt fcgacl tl fybnlf /clmgdrfdnf/"9

ag tl fybn-lf" sgcg tl lgaj|acl ~ lb cntl|rtg tl lmyfasfaf (sfmonla lt |afsrfmyf.! Ygr lklmybg" (Wcl v|l goslalmgt lmynrndfmlasl bft dfrfd-slrntsndft cl bgt tntslmft clmgdrfsndgt7 Goznfmlasl cl bft clmg-lrfdnft v|l gotlrzfmgt" v|l lxntsla! Ylrg tnag hlmgt cldncncgd|fblt tntslmft tga 9 ag tga clmgdrfsndgt" lasgallt ag ygclmgtcldncnr d|fblt tga t|t dfrfdslrntsndft! Lt ftn dgmg la bgt |bsnmgtdnal|lasf fbngt tl hf ygcncg hfdlr yftfr f sgcg" 9 dftn sgcg" ygrclmgdrfdnf! Bg v|l ag hf olaljndnf cg an bf dbfrncfc cl bft nclft"an bf df|tf cl Nf clmgdrfdnf!

Lasrl bgt ygtnoblt alefsnzgt cl clmgdrfdnf v|n{ft lb mft fysgtlf f|sgdrfdnf! La ltsl dftg rlfbmlasl slrsn|m aga cfs|r" ygrv|lbgt yrnadnyngt cl nazltsnc|rf ~ cl blensnmncfc /tfbsfa/" lt cldnr aglfmonfa ygr erfcgt! F|sgdrfdnf lt f|sgnazltsnc|rf" yrgdbfmfrtlkljl ygr TNmntmg (9 ygr clrldhg hlrlcnsfrng.! Fv|n slalmgt la-sgadlt cgt drnslrngt v|l tl cljnala tna b|efr f c|cft ygr lxdb|tngarldnyrgdf! Bg v|l goznfmlasl ylaansl ltsfobldlr" ~ la dfcf gdftnga"cgacl ltsf bf clmgdrfdnf ~ cgacl ag!

D|facg yrle|asfmgt H(Wd|fasf clmgdrfdnf7/ 69 v|l tl o|tdf

ag lt nclasnjndfr |a goklsg" tnag mlcnrbg" sfasg la zfbgrlt a|mlrn-dgt (ygr lklmybg" Ygulbb" 6>8?." dgmg la slrmnagt mft-mlagt" Laltsl dftg ag yrgdlclmgt ygr gygtndnga" tnag ygr erfcgt! LN yrgdl-cnmnlasg bgendg ag lt mft onafrng 9 cl cndgsgmnf (tn-ag." dgmgla lb yrgllcnmnlasg dbftnjndfsgrng" tnag v|l /dgasna|g/ (mf~gr-mlagr." dgmg la dfcf ralcndnga!

La zlrcfc" /d|fasf clmglrfdnf/ nmybndf v|l lb rljlrlasl tlferfacf! Bft yrle|asft y|lcla tlr cgt; yrnmlrg" la v|l mlcncf|af clmgdrfdnf lt clmgdrfsndf; tle|acg" ~ fbslrafsnzfmlasl" la

v|l mlcncf d|fbv|nlr dn|cfc ygbnsndf lt clmgdrfsndf! La lb yrnmlrdftg clolmgt nclasnjndfr v|l lt clmgdrfdnf! La lb tle|acg dftgag; bf yrlmntf lt (k|tsfmlasl 9 ag. v|l la fbe|a erfcg lxntsf" 9

y|lcf hfolr" clmgdrfsndncfc ygr sgcft yfrslt! Ylrg cl sgcft jgr-mft v|nla yrle|asf /d|fasf clmgdrfdnf/ snlal faslt v|l yrle|a-sfrtl; (Wclmgdrfdnf la rlbfdnga f v|l dfrfdslrntsndft7 Tn yrlcndf-mgt fbeg" (Wv|llt 69 v|l yrlcndfmgt7 Bft dfrfdslrntsndft yrltlblddng-afcft y|lcla tlr /yfrsndnyfdnga/" 9 onla y|lcla tlr /yrnadnyng clmf~grnf/" 9 onla y|lcla tlr /ne|fbcfc/" ~ sfmonla dgatlatg" dgm-ylsladnf" yb|rfbntmg" lgatsns|dngafbntmg" lsd! Afcf yrghnol" tl la-snlacl" rldgac|dnr /clmgdrfsndncfc/ f mft cl |af dfrfdslrntsndf" 9

sfmonla f sgcft! Ylrg dfcf dfrfdslrntsndf fcndngafb ferlef dgmybn-dfdngalt (tn v|lrlmgt goslalr |a nacndl v|l bft ferle|l ~ rlt|mf. !

Lasgadlt" /v|l lt/ ~ /cl d|fasg/ tga l|ltsngalt cnjlrlaslt(sfmonla tne|nlacg lb srfsfmnlasg Ngendg." V|nla ag dgasltsf f Nfyrnmlrf clkf l6 dgadlysg cl clmgdrfdnf tna cljnandnga" ygr 69 sfasgsfmygdg tfolmgt tn ~ d|facg l6 slrmnag tl fybndf! Dgasltsfr f bftle|acf" cltfrrgbbf ~ yrldntf l6 fafbntnt lmynrndg cl bft clmgdrf-



CLMGD_FDNF 63q

dnft! \af dgmyrlatnga lxhf|tsnzf cl bf clmgdrfdnf lt sfb" lasgadlt"

ygrv|l bgt lajrlasf f fmogt! Ylrg la sfb dftg lt dgazlanlasl v|lzlaef ltsfobldncg v|l lt bf clmgdrfdnf! ^ bf sldandf cl fafbntntmft yrgzldhgtf dgatntsl la ltsfobldlr" la bf yrlmntf" bgt gy|ltsgt;~ clty|lt dgadlonrbgt dgmg bgt ygbgt lxsrlmgt clb dgasna|g" ~ mftf|a cl bf cnmlatnga" cljnancf ygr bgt ygbgt! T|ygaefmgt v|l bgtgy|ltsgt yrltlblddngafcgt tlfa clmgdrfdnf-cndsfc|rf 9 onla clmg-drfdnf-f|sgrnsfrntmg" 9 onla sfmonla (dga rljlrlacf f bf clmgdrf-dnf. efrfasntmg-ygy|bntmg! La ltsgt ~ gsrgt lklmybgt yfrldncgt lbyrgoblmf cl d|fblt tntslmft tlfa mft 9 mlagt clragdrfsndgt" d|f-blt f mnsfc dfmnag (tlmn-clragdrfsndgt. " ~ d|fblt mft-g-mlagt ag-clmgdrfsndgt" tl rlt|lbzl yganlacg bgt dftgt dgadrlsgt" dfcf rlen-mla" la y|asgt clb dgasna|g" mft 9 mlagt dlrlf clb ygbg fb l|fbsnlala v|l tlr fdlrdfcgt!

Cl sgcft jgrmft" d|fbv|nlrf slgrnf cl bf clmglrfdnf clol ltsf-obldlr v|l ag lt clmgdrfdnf (d|fb lt bf jrgaslrf 9 drnslrng v|l tl-yfrf bf clmgdrfdnf cl t|t gy|ltsgt" ~ f|a mft cl t| alefsnzl." yf-rf clty|lt mlcnr N. cl d|fasg |af clmgdrfdnf lt mft clmgdrfsndfv|l gsrf (la oftl f bft dfrfdslrntsndft cldbfrfcft fysft f dlrsnjndfr-69." NN. tn lblmlasgt (dfrfdslrntsndft. cl clmgdrfsndncfc t|otntsla

la fbe|af mlcncf la d|fbv|nlr tntslmf ygbnsndg!

ONOBNGE_FJNF

FBMGAC" E! F!" Ygbnsndfb Clzlbgymlas; Lttf~t na Hl|rntsnd Shlgr~ (Ogtsga;6>59.!

FBMGAC" E! F!" JBFAFEFA" T! D!" M\ACS" _! K!" Drntnt" Dhgndl fac Dhfael(Ogtsga; 6>54.!

FBMGAC" E! F!" YGULBB" E! O!" Dgmyfrfsnzl Ygbnsndt; f ClzlbgymlasfbFyyrgfdh (Ogtsga; 6>::.!

OGOONG" A!" Ygbnsndf l D|bs|rf (Sgrnag; 6><<.!- NN j|s|rg clbbf clmgdrfdnf (Sgrnag; 6>83.!- Tsfsg" egzlrag" tgdnlsf; ylr |af slgrnf elalrfbl clbbf ygbnsndf (Sgrnag;

6>8<.!

OGOONG" a!" GJJL" D!" BGMOF_CNAN" T!" Clmgdrfdnf" Mfeengrfa{f l Mnag-rfa{l (Ogbgeaf; 6>86.!

O_^DL" K! Shl Fmlrndfa Dgmmgaulfbsh (6888. (Alu ^gr`; 6><>.!

O\DHFAFA"K!

M! S\BBGD@" E!" Shl Dfbd|b|t gj Dgatlas (Faa Frogr; 6>:?.!O\_CLF\" E!" /Clragdrf{nf/ la Ladndbgylcnf clb >99 (Ofrn; 6>36.!

CFHB" _! F!" F Yrljfdl sg Clmgdrfsnd Shlgr~ (Dhndfeg; 6><:.!

- /F Drnsnv|l gj shl _|bnae Lbnsl Mgclb/" na Fmlrndfa Ygbnsndfb Tdnladl _l-znlu (K|al; 6><8.!

- Ygbnfrdh~" Yfrsndnyfsnga fac Gyygtnsnga (Alu Hfzla; 6>56.!

- Cnblmmft gj Yb|rfbnts Clmgdrfdnlt (Alu Hfzla; 6>8?.!



N T G ENGZFAANTF_So_N

CL _\EENL_G" E!" Tsgrnf clb Bnolrfbntmg L|rgylg (Ofrn; 6>36.!

CGUAT" F!" Fa Ldgagmnd Shlgr~ gj Clmgdrfd~ (Alu ^gr`; 6><5.!

JNTNDHLBBF" C!" Lbl{ngan l Clmgdrf{nf (Ogbgeaf; 6>8?.!

J_NLC_NDH" C!" Dgatsns|sngafb Egzlramlas fac Clmgdrfd~ (Ogtsga; 6>3:.!

J\TSLB CL DG\BFAELT" A! C!" Bf Dnssf Fasndf (sr! ns!; ? zgb!". (Ofrn; 6>?<.!

HF^L@" J!" LS! FB!" Ynfanjn;df{ngal Ldgagmndf Dgbblssnzntsndf (6>4<. (Sgrnag;6>3:.!

@LBTLA" H!" N Jgacfmlasn clbbf Clmgdrf{nf (Ogbgeaf; 6>::.!

BLANA" Z! 6!" Tsfsg l _nzgb|{ngal (6>65.!

BNKYHF_S" F!" /S~ygbgenlt gj Clmgdrfsnd T~tslmt/" na Dgmyfrfsnzl YgbnsndfbTs|cnlt (6>:8; 6.!

- Clmgdrfd~ na Yb|rfb Tgdnlsnlt; f Dgmyfrfsnzl Lxybgrfsnga (Alu Hfzla;6>55.!

- Clmgdrfdnlt (Alu Hfzla; 6>83.!

\A[" K! K!"ls! fb!" Orlf`cguat gj Clmgdrfsnd _lenmlt (Ofbsnmgrl; 6>58.!

\YTLS" T! M!" Ygbnsndfb Mfa; shl Tgdnfb Oftlt gj Ygbnsndt (Alu ^gr`; 6>:9.!

BGD@L" K!" C|l srfssfsn t|N egzlrag" (sr! ns!" Sgrnag; 6>38.!MFSSL\DDN" A!" /Clbb%\e|fbnfa{f clebn Fasndhn Yfrfegafsf f v|lbbf cln Mg-

clran/" na Naslrtl{ngan (NN; 6>8>.!

MD@LGA" _" (rldgynbfcg ygr}" Clmgdrfd~ naf Ugrbc gj Slatngat (Dhndfeg;6><6.!

MNDHLBT" _" Bf Tgdngbgebf clb Yfrsncg Ygbnsndg" (6>6?. (Ogbgeaf; 6>::.!

MNBB" K! T!" Ga Bnolrs~ (68<>. (Alu ^GK0`; 6><5.!- Dgatnclrfsngat ga _lyrltlasfsnzl Egzlramlas (Bgacga; 68:6.!

MNBBT" D! U!" Shl Ygulr Lbnsl (Alu ^gr`; 6><5.!

MG_BNAG" B!" Dgml Dfmonfag n _lenmn Ygbnsndn (Mnbfag; 6>89.!- Clmgdrf{nl" la E! Yftv|nag (rldgynbfcg ygr." Mfa|fbl cn Tdnla{f Ygbnsndf

(Ogbgeaf; 6>8:.! !

MGTDF" E!-Lblmlashn Tdnla{fYgbnsndf (68>:. (Ofrn; 6>4:.!

GBTGA" M!" Shl _ntl fac Cldbnal gj Afsngat (Alu Hfzla; 6>8?.!

GTS_GEG_T@N" M!" Clmgdrfd~ fac shl Grefan{fsnga gj Ygbnsndfb Yfrsnlt(Bgacga; 6>9?.!

YGULBB" E! O!" Dgaslmygrfr~ Clmgdrfdnlt; Yfrsndnyfsnga" Tsfonbns~ fac Zjg-bladl (Dfmorncel; 6>8?.! !

_N@L_" U! H!" Bnolrfbntm fefnats Ygy|bntm; F dgajrgasfsnga olsulla shlShlgr~ gj Clmgdrfd~ fac shl Shlgr~ gj Tgdnfb Dhgndl (Tfa Jrfadntdg;6>8?.!

_G@@FA" T!" Dnsn{lat" Lbldsngat" Yfrsnlt (Gtbg; 6>59.!

TF_SG_N" E!" Clmgdrf{nf l Cljnan{ngan (Ogbgeaf; 6><5. (6>8>.!- Yfrsnlt fac Yfrs~ T~tslmt (Alu ^gr`; 6>5:.!- Shl Shlgr~ gj Clmgdrfd~ _lzntnslc (Dhfshfra!! 6>85.!



CLMGD_FDNF 6<6

TDHMNSSL_" Y! D!" BLHMO_\DH" E!" (rldgynbfcg ygr. " Srlact sgufrc Dgr-ygrfsnts Naslrmlcnfsnga (Olzlrb~ Hnbbt; 6>5>.!

TDH\MYLSL_" K! F!" Dfynsfbntm" Tgdnfbntm fac Clmgdrfd~ (Alu ^gr`;6>3?" 6>35.!

SGDV\LZNBBL (cl. F!" Cl bf Clragdrfsnl la Fmlrnv|l (Yfrnt; 684<" 6839.!

\THL_" CFA" Shl Ldgagmnd Yrlrlv|ntnslt gj Clmgdrfd~ (Alu ^gr`; 6>86.!

ULOO" TNCAL^" fac OLFS_NDL" Nac|tsrnfb Clmgdrfd~ (Bgacga; 68>5.!- F Dgatsns|snga jgr shl Tgdnfbnts Dgmmgaulfbsh gj Erlfs Ornsfna (Bgacga;

6>?9.!

UNBBNFMTGA" Y! K!" Dgrygrfsntm na Ylrtyldsnzl; fa Nasrgc|dsgr~ E|ncl sg

Dgrygrfsnts Shlgr~ (Aluo|r~ Yfr`; 6>8>.!

La Democracia por Giovanni Sartori

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