L89 MusicalScales,Chords,and Intervals ... · L89" Musical"Scales,"Chords","and" Intervals,"...

48
L 89 Musical Scales, Chords , and Intervals, The Pythagorean and Just Scales

Transcript of L89 MusicalScales,Chords,and Intervals ... · L89" Musical"Scales,"Chords","and" Intervals,"...

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L  8-­‐9  Musical  Scales,  Chords  ,  and  

Intervals,  The  Pythagorean  and  Just  Scales  

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History  of  Western  Scales  A    Physics  1240  Project  

by  Lee  Christy    2010    

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References  to  the  History  

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Musical Intervals (roughly in order of decreasing consonance)

Name of Interval

Notes (in key of C major)

Pythagorean Frequency Ratios

Just Frequency Ratios

# Semitones (on equal-tempered scale)

Octave C ↔ C 2 2 12

Fifth C ↔ G 3/2 6/4 = 3/2 7

Fourth C ↔ F 4/3 5

Major Third C ↔ E 81/64 5/4 4

Minor Third E ↔ G 3

Major Sixth C ↔ A 27/16 9

Minor Sixth E ↔ C 8 Tonic C 1 4/4 = 1 none * a semitone interval corresponds to a frequency difference of about 6%

* The white notes of the piano give the seven notes of the C-major diatonic scale.

C D E F G A B C

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The  raIo  of  the  frequency  of  C4  to  that  of  C2  is:  

a)  2  b)  3  c)  4  d)  8      

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One  octave  of  the  diatonic  scale  including    the  tonic  and  the  octave  

note  contains:  a)  5  notes  b)  6  notes  c)  7  notes  d)  8  notes  

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One  octave  of  the  chromaIc  scale  (including  the  octave  note)  

contains:  a)    8  notes  b)  10  notes  c)    11  notes  d)  12  notes  e)  13notes  

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A  musical  scale  is  a  systemaIc  arrangement  of  pitches  

Each  musical  note  has  a  perceived  pitch  with  a  parIcular  frequency  

(the frequency of the fundamental)

Going  up  or  down  in  frequency,  the  perceived  pitch  follows  a  paXern

One  cycle  of  pitch  repeIIon  is  called  an  octave.  

The  interval  between  successive  pitches  determines  the  type  of  scale.  

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Note  span  Interval          Frequency  raIo  C  -­‐  C    unison                    1/1  C  -­‐  C#    semitone                16/15  C  -­‐  D    whole  tone  (major  second)                9/8  C  -­‐  D#    minor  third                  6/5  C  -­‐  E    major  third                  5/4  C  -­‐  F    perfect  fourth                  4/3  C  -­‐  F#    augmented  fourth                45/32  C  -­‐  G    perfect  fi`h                  3/2  C  -­‐  G#    minor  sixth                  8/5  C  -­‐  A    major  sixth                  5/3  C  -­‐  A#    minor  seventh                  16/9  (or  7/4)  C  -­‐  B    major  seventh                  15/8  C3  -­‐  C4    octave                      2/1  C3  -­‐  E4    octave+major  third                  5/2    

Intervals  12-tone scale (chromatic) 8-tone scale (diatonic)

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Consonant  intervals  Overlapping harmonics

tonic    120  240  360  480  600  720  840  960  1080  

fi`h                  180    360                  540    720                  900    1080  

fourth            160                      320    480            640                800    960  

M  third        150                300                            450  600          750                  900                          1050  

m  third      144              288                        432                            576  720        864            1008  

octave      240    480    720    960    

Dissonant  intervals  

Perceived  when  harmonics  are  close  enough  for  beaIng  

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harmonic  series  

Fundamental        f1  

2nd  harmonic        f2  =  2f1    octave  

3rd  harmonic        f3  =  3f1    perfect  fi`h  

4th  harmonic        f4  =  4f1    perfect  fourth  

5th  harmonic        f5  =  5f1    major  third  

6th  harmonic        f6  =  6f1    minor  third  

f2f1

=21

f3f2

=32

f4f3

=43

f5f4

=54

f6f5

=65

Intervals between consecutive harmonics

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CT  2.4.5  What is the name of the note that is a major 3rd above E4=330 Hz? A: G B: G# C: A D: A# E: B  

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Intervals  C-­‐  D,  a  second  C-­‐E,  a  third  C-­‐F,  a  4th  C-­‐G,  a  5th,  C-­‐A,  a  6th  

C-­‐B,  a  (major)  7th,  C-­‐2C,  an  octave  

C-­‐2D,  a  9th  C-­‐2E,  a  10th,  C-­‐2F,  an  11th,    C-­‐2G,  a  12th,  

C-­‐2A,  a  13th,  etc.        

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C-­‐Eb,  a  minor  3rd    

C-­‐Bb,  a  dominant  7th,    

C-­‐2Db,  a  flaXed  9th,  etc.        

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Pythagorean  Scale  Built  on  5ths  

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A  pleasant  consonance  was  observed  playing  strings  whose  lengths  were  

related  by  the  raIo  of  3/2  to  1  (demo).  Let’s  call  the  longer  string  C,  and  the  

shorter  G,    and  the  interval  between  G  and  C  a  

5th  Denote  the  frequency  of    C  simply  by  

the  name  C,  etc.    

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Since  f1=  V/2L,  and  LC=  3/2  LG,    G  =3/2C.  

Similarly  a  5th  above  G  is  2D,  and    D=  1/2  (3/2G)=  9/8  C.  

Then  A  is  3/2  D=  27/16  C.  Then  2E=  3/2  A  or  E=  81/64  C,  and  

B=3/2  E  =  243/128  C.          

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We  now  have  the  frequencies  for  CDE…  GAB(2C)  

   To  fill  out  the  Pythagorean  scale,  

we  need  F.  If  we  take  2C  to  be  the  5th  above  F,  

then  2C=  3/2F,  or  F  =  4/3  C  

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Just  Scale,  Built  on  Major  Triads  

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We  take  3  sonometers  to  play  3  notes  to  make  a  major  triad,  e.g.  CEG.  This  sounds  consonant  (and  has  been  the  foundaIon  of  western  music  for  several  hundred  years),  and  we  

measure  the  string  lengths  required  for  this  triad.  

 We    find  (demo)  that  the  string  lengths  have  raIos  6:5:4  for  the  

sequence  CEG.  

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The  major  triad  is  the  basis  for  the  just  scale,  which  we  now  develop  in  a  way  similar  to  that  of  the  

Pythagorean  scale.  

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                       F    A    C                                            C      E        G                                                                    G      B      D                            4    5    6                                                                    4      5        6                                                                                        4      5      6                                      Now  take  C  to  be  1                    

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CT  2.4.5  Suppose we start a scale at E4=330 Hz. What frequency is a (just) perfect 5th above this? A 1650 Hz B: 220 Hz C: 495 Hz D: 660 Hz E: None of these  

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CT  2.4.5  What is the frequency of the note that is a (just) major 3rd above E4=330 Hz? A: 660 Hz B: 633 Hz C: 512 Hz D: 440 Hz E: 412 Hz

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CT  2.4.5  Suppose we start a scale at E4=330 Hz. What frequency is a (just) perfect 5th below this? A 165 Hz B: 220 Hz C: 110 Hz D: 66 Hz E: None of these  

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compound  intervals  

major  third  +  minor  third  

54×65

=3020

=32 perfect  fi`h  

perfect  fourth  +  perfect  fi`h  

43×32

=126

=21 octave  

perfect  fourth  +  major  third  

43×54

=2012

=53 major  sixth  

54×1615

=8060

=43 perfect  fourth  perfect  fourth  +  whole  tone  

Adding  intervals  means  mulIplying  frequency  raIos  

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more  compound  intervals  

perfect  fi`h  +  perfect  fi`h  

32×32

=94

=21×98 Octave  +  whole  tone  

major  seventh  +  minor  sixth  

158×85

=155

=31

=21×32 Octave  +  perfect  fi`h  

raIos  larger  than  2  can  be  split  up  into  an  octave  +  something