Reservoir FluidsPETE 310

Lecture# 2

Alkanes

Old Assignment

Read MCain pages 1-12 (Monday), 12-22 for today

Chemical Bonds and Chemical Compounds

The shells or orbits which contain the electrons have characteristic occupancy capacity

The first three contain 2, 8, and 8 (or 18) respectively

Atoms tend to combine chemically forming either ionic or covalent bonds so that the outer orbits are complete

The Ionic Bond

NaCl

Sodium Has An Excess Electron, Chlorine Lacks One

The Ionic Bond

ClNa

Orbits become complete by donation (acceptance)of an electron

POSITIVE ION NEGATIVE ION

The Covalent Bond

Orbits become complete by sharing electrons

CH

H

H

H

=CH

H

H

H

Covalent & Ionic Bonds

Hydrocarbons (homologous series)

Hydrocarbons

Aliphatics

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

Cyclic Aliphatics

Aromatics (Arenes)

Hydrocarbon Compounds

Homologous SeriesA group of molecules which have similar chemical properties and a gradation in physical properties.All members conform to a general formula.

AlkanesGeneral formula CnH2n+2

(Saturated hydrocarbons)Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons (ie, all the C - C bonds are single bonds)

Components of Typical Petroleum Gases

Typical Crude Oil Fractions

Alkanes FamilyPhysical Properties

Alkanes

See additional properties from text book

Combustion Reaction

Names

Names according to n (n= total number of carbon atoms)

n n

1 Methane 22 Docosane

2 Ethane 23 Tricosane

3 Propane 24 Tetracosane

4 Butane 25 Pentacosane

5 Pentane 26 Hexacosane

6 Hexane 27 Heptacosane

7 Heptane 28 Octacosane

8 Octane 29 Nonacosane

9 Nonane 30 Triacontane

10 Decane 31 Hentriacontane

11 Undecane 32 Dotriacontane

12 Dodecane 33 Tritriacontane

13 Tridecane 40 Tetracontane

14 Tetradecane 50 Pentacontane

15 Pentadecane 60 Hexacontane

16 Hexadecane 70 Heptacontane

17 Heptadecane 80 Octacontane

18 Octadecane 90 Nonacontane

19 Nonadecane 100 Hectane20 Icosane 132 Dotriacontahectane

21 Henicosane

Covalent Bonds: Single, Double, Triple

CH3 CH3

CH2 CH2

CH CH

ethane

ethene (ethylene)

ethyne (acetylene)

Nomenclature

Rules & Examples – Text Book

Identify longest continuous chain (parent chain)

Identify substitute groups and numbering system

Consider Symmetry

Additional Resources (Examples)

Nomenclature

Identify longest continuous chain (parent chain)

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH3

CH3

CH3

Nomenclature

Identify substitute groups and numbering system

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3

Nomenclature

Rules & Examples – Consider Symmetry

CH3

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3CH3

CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH

CH3

CH3CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH3

CH3

IUPAC – Naming compounds

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3CH2

CH

CH2

CH2CH

CH

CH3

http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/

Two or more double (triple) bonds & Functional Groups

CH2

CCH2

CH2

CH

C

C

CH3

CH

CC

CH

1,2 propadiene

1,ethene,3-butyne

2,3, butadietyne

Exercises: Naming Compounds

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH

C

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

CH2

CH3

4,10 tridecadiene 3,9 tridecadiene

4, ethyl, 7, pentene, 10, butyne

Exercises: Naming Compounds

CH2

C

CH

CH2

CH3

2,2 pentadiene

Internet resources

learn & have fun

http://www.acdlabs.com/

Homework Due Friday

Always check syllabus

Always check learning objectives

file

Problems from text book McCain