L1 Organic Chemistry
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Transcript of L1 Organic Chemistry
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Lecture # 1
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
viewed as an engineer
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The ability to compute separates the engineer from the technician.
Engineering mathematics generates an insight into...physical phenomena
This course requiresQUALITATIVE components
QUANTITATIVE components
EXPERIMENTAL components
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QualitativeSketch
Layout
Schematics
Diagrams
Flow Charts
QuantitativeComputation of properties with physical units
Experimental Use of physical models and tests to compensate for qualitative and quantitative uncertainty
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Very limited…
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http://www.webelements.com/
provides properties of all elements
in the periodic table and links
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Name Symbol # Protons Atomic
Number
Atomic
Weight
Hydrogen H 1 1 1.01
Carbon C 6 6 12.01
Nitrogen N 7 7 14.01
Oxygen O 8 8 16.00
Sodium Na 11 11 22.99
Magnesium Mg 12 12 24.31
Phosphorous P 15 15 30.97
Sulfur S 16 16 32.06
Chlorine Cl 17 17 35.45
Potassium K 19 19 39.10
Calcium Ca 20 20 40.08
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All matter consists of tiny particles called
atoms
Atoms are made up of three fundamental
particlesprotons,
neutrons
electrons
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Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus
Electrons are in orbits around the nucleus
There are equal numbers of protons (+) and
electrons (-)
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Protons and neutrons are far heavier than
electrons
The unit of atomic mass is the mass of a
proton or neutron
Carbon has an atomic mass of 12, the
total of protons plus neutrons
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Atomic number of an element is the
number of protons in the nucleus
The atomic number identifies the
element and distinguishes it from all
other elements
Thus carbon is the element with atomic
number 6
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The molecular weight is the sum of the
atomic weights of the constituents of the
molecule
Example: water (H2O), the molecular
weight is 16 + 1.01 +1.01= 18.02 atomic
mass units
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The weight in grams equivalent to the atomic or molecular weight in atomic mass unitsA mole of water has a weight of 18.02 gramsA mole of any substance contains AVOGADRO’S number of particles (6.02 x 1023)
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+
-
PROTON
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
ORBIT
OR
SHELL
NUCLEUS
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The shells or orbits which contain the electrons
have characteristic occupancy capacity
The first three contain 2, 8, and 8 (or 18)
respectively
Atoms tend to combine chemically forming
either ionic or covalent bonds so that the outer
orbits are complete
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NaCl
Sodium Has An Excess Electron, Chlorine Lacks One
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ClNa
Orbits become complete by donation (acceptance)of an electron
POSITIVE
IONNEGATIVE
ION
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Orbits become complete by sharing electrons
CH
H
H
H
CH
H
H
HOR
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Homologous Series A group of molecules which have similar chemical properties and a gradation in physical properties. All members conform to a general formula.Alkanes General formula - CnH2n+2
(Saturated hydrocarbons) Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons (ie, all the C - C bonds are single bonds)
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Read MCain pages 1-12 (today), 12-22