L1-Climate & Warming System Principles
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Transcript of L1-Climate & Warming System Principles
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Environmental Science 1DMP111
Climate and Traditional
Architectural Design
Climate Science is an understanding of
the climates influenceand your influence onclimate
ByQaiss N. Khudeir
012 2157419
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The Sun is the primary source of
energy for Earth’s climate system
Man and climate
Elements of climate
Man-Building-Climate
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Climate is regulated by complex interactions amongcomponents of the Earth system involving
•Sun,•ocean,•atmosphere,
•clouds,•ice,
•land, and life.
Climate varies by region as a result of local differences in these
interactions
The amount of solar energy
absorbed or radiated by Earth is
modulated by the atmosphere .
Elements of climate
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Complexity of Climate System
The climate system involves numerous, interrelatedcom onents.
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Climate varies over space and time through
both natural and man-made processes
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• Greenhouse gases— such as water vapor, carbon dioxide,
and methane and release heat.
• Small increases in carbon dioxide concentration have a
large effect on the climate system.
Human activities are
impacting the climate system
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Human activities are impacting the climate system
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Climate change will have
consequences for the Earth
system and human lives
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Humans can take actions to reduceclimate change and its impacts
Guiding Principle:
Mitigation?
Adaptation?
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• Shading of glass to reduce unwanted heat gain is critical.
• Unprotected glass is often the greatest source of unwantedheat gain in a home.
• Radiant heat from the sun passes through glass and isabsorbed by building elements and furnishings, which then re-radiate it.
• Re-radiated heat has a different wavelength and cannot pass
back out through the glass as easily.
• In most climates, 'trapping' radiant heat is desirable for winterheating but must be avoided in summer.
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RADIANT HEAT- GRE greenhouse effect
ENHOUSE EFFECT• The greenhouse effect results
from:1) shortwave solar energy iscollected through glazing
2) absorbed by the opaqueor solid elements in the
building (walls, Furniture's)
3) re-emitted as long waveradiation which is preventedby the glazing from leavingthe building
• As a result, part of the incomingradiation is trapped andincrease the temperature – thegreenhouse effect.
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Greenhouse Gases
• Water Vapor• Carbon Dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous and Nitric Oxides• Ozone
• Transparent to visible light but absorb infrared
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Carbon Dioxide
• Has doubled to 380 ppm since start of Industrial Revolution
• Coupled to Temperature Rise?
• More Cloud Cover?
• Taken up by biomass?
• Taken up by oceans?
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Possible Effects of Global Warming
• More Heat Extremes
• Drought Dry weather
• Rise in Sea Level
• Temporary Severe Cold Spell? Flu
• Rapid Migration of Ecological Zones
• More Biomass but Lower Nutritional Value (Food resources)
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Ozone
• Stratosphere – Good upper layer of Atmosphere• Absorbs solar ultraviolet (UV)
• Troposphere – Bad lower layer of Atmosphere
• Toxic poisonous• Contributes to air pollution increase A.P
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Smog
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What are greenhouse gases?
Any gases that cause the ―greenhouse
effect!‖
Imagine… a car on a cool but sunny
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Observed
Changes andEffects
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G i g a t o n C O
2 o r e q u i v a l e n t / y r
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There are several types of options…
• Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
• Attempt to develop alternatives energies
• Reduce the emission, prepare to developalternatives energies and stop to use the fossil
fuel energy
• Research continue to come up with new solution
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Causes of Climate Change
Astronomical
Surface
Composition
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Our changing climate:
Key Questions
• Climate modelers have predicted the Earth’s
surface will warm because of manmade
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
• So how much of the warming is manmade?
• How serious are the problems this is creating?
• What, if anything, can and should we do?
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Our changing climate:
Increasing CO2 concentrations
• 2 most important greenhouse gases: H2O, CO2
• Man is modifying the CO2 concentrations via burning
fossil fuels
• CO2 concentrations are higher than any time in the last
400,000 years (NOAA site).
– Amounts are now beyond the range of naturalvariations experienced over the past 700,000 years
• Predictions are for CO2 concentrations to continue
increasing to 1.5 to 3 times present values by 2100
(NOAA site)
http://epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureac.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureac.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac.html
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Changing CO2 concentrations• CO2 concentrations have varied naturally by a factor of
2 over the past few hundred thousand years• Fossil fuel burning since the industrial revolution has
created a sharp increase in CO2 concentrations
• CO2 concentrations are now higher than at any time in
past few hundred thousand years
• And concentrations are increasing faster with time
Last 4 Ice Age cycles:
400,000 years
See http://epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac
Man made
You are here
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Negative Feedbacks
• The Earth is warming.
- Warming leads to more evaporation from oceans, which
increases water vapor in atmosphere.
-More water vapor increases absorption of IR, which
strengthens the greenhouse effect.
-This raises temperatures further, which leads to more
evaporation, more water vapor, warming…
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U.S.
186.1
EuropeanUnion
127.8Russia
68.4Ukraine
21.7Poland
14.4
China
57.6 Japan31.2
Australia
7.6
India
15.5
Kazakhstan
10.1
South Africa
8.5
Canada
14.9
Mexico
7.8Trinidad and
Tobago
United
Arab
Emirat
es
Kuwait
Total CO2 emissions
Between 1950-2001 in billions of
tons
TIME magazine, 2001
Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions per country
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How cars generate CO2
Source: Murray 2005
CH2 + 1.5O2 CO2 + H2O
6.3
lb/gal20 lb/gal
PCC slide no.
6.3 lb/gal/ gasoline20 lb/gal
R f
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References
• IPCC Summary Report for Policy Makers. November 2007
•
"About IPCC." IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange. 20 Apr. 2009 .
• "Climate Change | U.S. EPA." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 20 Apr. 2009.
• Rischard, J. F. High noon twenty global problems, twenty yearsto solve them. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
• "SVS Animations." NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio.20 Apr. 2009.
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Thank you