L01 - Introduction to Inf. Sys.

8/11/2019 L01 - Introduction to Inf. Sys.

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prof. Dr. Hanafy Ismail 1

INTRODUCTION TO

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Prof. Dr. Hanafy Ismail
http://vig.prenhall.com/homehttp://vig.prenhall.com/home


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Some Ideas About Information

Systems

An information system is a conceptual systemthatenables managers to control and monitor a firms

physical systemsused to transform input resources

into output resources


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Some Ideas About Information Systems

The essential feature of an information systemis the use of paper or other data records torepresent the movement, status or existence ofobjects in some other (physical) system. Theseobjects may be physical or they may beabstractions.

An information system is a model (orrepresentation) of the physical systems whichuses symbols (e.g. the names of objects andnumbers) to replace the objects themselves.


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Example:

WarehouseGoods Goods CustomerSupplier

Contains piles of

goods(a) Physical System


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Example:

Inventory

bill Shipping note

CustomerSupplier

(b) Information System

Sales orderPurchase order

Information system Physical System

the inventory represents goods in the warehouse

the bill represents goods coming in

the shipping note represents goods leaving


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A system is a set of interrelated elements

A purposive systemis a system that seeks a set of

related goals

An open systemis a system that interacts with an

environment (e.g. a user types a command and the

computer responds with a display of data)

An information systemis open, purposive system that

produces information using input/process/output cycle


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Components of an Information System

Components of an Information System

People, procedures, and data

People follow procedures to manipulate data toproduce information

Components of a computer-based Information System(CBIS)

People, procedures, data, programs, and computers

Programs are instructions for the computers just as

procedures are instructions for people


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The role of computer in information production

Serve as a data storage and retrieval device

Provide processing capabilities for the

production of information (e.g. calculation oftotals, averages, .)

Serve as a communication device to obtain dataor information from other computers

Present information by producing tables,reports, charts, graphs, and formatteddocuments.


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Physical system and information system as

subsystems of organization Although the information system is a model of the

physical system, it also interacts with it.

The physical and information systems can be regarded

as subsystems of some larger organization system. The inputs to the information system from the physical

system are usually observations (e.g. the actual numberof packets on the shelf).

The outputs from the information system to thephysical system are actions needed (e.g. the shippingnote implies an instruction to load certain goods onto atruck and to drive that truck to a certain destination


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Physical system and information system as

subsystems of organization

Physical system

Information system

Actions

neededobservations

Organization(system)


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Fundamental Types of

Information Systems Transaction Processing Systems ( TPS).

Management Information Systems (MIS).

Decision Support Systems (DSS).

Expert Systems (ES)

Office Automation Systems (OAS)


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Information System Example:

Training Centre The Centre offers public seminars and provides

consulting services for improving human

communication.

The centre markets its seminars via direct mail,

advertising, and professional associations.

It employs an administrative assistant. The assistant

answers the telephone, responds to routine questions,

maintains business records, arranges for the printing of

seminar materials, make reservations for seminar

hotels, and make travel arrangements.


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Questions that the Centre Asks Question about day-to-day operations:

Is Aly enrolled in XXX seminar next week?

How much money has company-x paid for the sevenattendees at the YYY seminar next month?

What are the names of the attendees at tomorrows

seminar.

This type of questions is most often answered byTPS; questions can be answered by looking at

data in a file.


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Questions that the Centre Asks Management Questions:

Are there sufficient attendees to justify holding the

XXX seminar next week? What was the profit from the ZZZ seminar ?

Whats the most profitable seminar?

This type of questions is most often answered by

MIS.


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Questions that the Centre Asks Strategic Questions:

Should we increase prices?

Are follow-on seminars ?

Do we want to be in the business?

This type of questions is most often answered by a DSS:

The first question is less quantitative than those in

the management group; analysis of data can help,

but subjective judgment is also required.


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Questions that the Centre AsksThe third question is highly unstructured;

although its answer depends to some extenton information produced from data, itdepends primarily on the owner subjectivefeelings, beliefs, and attitudes.

It is easier to build information systems toanswer questions for more structuredquestions. The strategic (unstructured)questions requires a balance of informationfrom systems and subjective human analysis.


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Transaction Processing Systems

A transaction processing systemsis shown in the

next figure.

It gathers data from the firms physical system

and environment and enters it into its database The software also transforms the datainto

informationfor the firms managers and other

individuals in the firms environment


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Support day-to-day operations.

A few examples are

Ticket reservation systems Order entry systems

Account payable systems

Account receivable systems

Payroll processing systems All of these systems help a company to conduct

its operations and keep track of its activities.


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The event could be:

A request for a ticket for a concert

An order request

The presentation of a check for payment

The event is recorded by keying it into thecomputer system as a transaction; thetransaction is a representation of the event.

One or more TPS programs process thetransaction against TPS data.


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For example:

in the case of a ticket reservation system, this data

contains the location of the available seats. in the case of an order entry system, this data

contains a list of available products, their prices,

and related data.

in the case of a check processing system, this datacontains account balances, customer lists , and other

data.


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Management Information Systems

Management information systems(MIS) transform the datain frontline systems, such as transaction processingsystems into informationuseful to managers

Typical MIS modules are report-writing software, andmodels that can simulate firm operations

Information from the MIS is then used by organizationalproblem solvers as an aid in decision-making, asillustrated in the next figure

Firms can also interact with suppliers or others to forminter organizational information systems (IOS), in which theMIS supplies information to the other members of theIOS as well as the firm's users


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Decision Support Systems(DSS)

A DSS is a system used to assist managers in makingdecisions to help solve a specific problem

The next figure shows the 3 sources for theinformation to be delivered to users: a relationaldatabase, a knowledge base, and a multidimensional

database Two additional types of DSS-related software are:

Group Decision Support Systems: used in aiding a group ofmanagers work out decisions, and

Artificial Intelligence: in which a program is created for a

computer to logically analyze a problem on its own


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prof. Dr. Hanafy Ismail26

MANAGERS AS INFORMATION SYSTEM

USERS

Managers exist at various managerial levels

and within variousbusiness areasof the firm

What level an IS is developed for influences

how it operates The 3 primary management levels are :

1. Strategic planning level

2. Management control level3. Operational control level


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What Managers Do

Managerial Functions (Managers do the following):

Planwhat they are to do

Organizeto meet the plan

Stafftheir organization with resources

Directthem to execute the plan

Controlthe resources, keeping them on course


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L01 - Introduction to Inf. Sys.

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