Kyoto Temple Sanjusangendo
Transcript of Kyoto Temple Sanjusangendo
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A
History of
This Building
This
holr
bLrilding
.'
Rengco-in.
'
poplrlari),
crllcd
"Srnjusangcn-da."
iras litrnclccl
iu ll64
A.D. nl
tirc
derran
ofthc
Enrpc|or'(ioshiIlrkaua. \\ho \\,as ]lot
on11,
a
pious
dc\otee to Kanr]on Bodhisatl\a. bLrl also ar earne
sovcrcign
in hi\
attcnrft
to bring about
pcacc
by sprcading Buddhistic failh thloughout thc countl).
The colrrnror rurre
'Sanjlisangcn-cl5"
nrcans'A
Hall ofthirty thrcc
ba)s."
Thc uuubcr
"ll'ts
dcrived
ft-o
the lreliet
thal
Krnnon
Boclhisattva
savcs all
nrankind by clisguising
hirusclf
as 33
cliflcrcnl llgurcs.
So
lhc
a
chitectLrral
plan
ol this
hall is
L.rased on arrangini:1.001
l(annon statucs on thc vxst altrr u ith 33 bays
(onc
b
t\reen
pillars).
I
he
hrll
itselfconsists
of35
bays orr
thc cast
siclc
and
5
bays on thc north sir1c.
Ho*erer. th..
hall
uas
burnt
clo\\,n
in
l2rl9.
ancl
thcn Ernpcnx
Gosa-ga issllcd rn
ordct 1o lcconslrllct anoth
ln
the
verv
sanre str
le
as
thc
oliginal building
iincl tlrc arrrr'rgcr1'rcut
of
l.(X)l
Kannons.
I
hc neu, buildirrg rnci
1.01
statues as seen
io(la) \\crc corlrplctcd in l2(16 A.D.
The
bLriltling
is
it)0
1i. long and 54 li. iviclc. Thc
gradually
cu['ed tilcd roofpcculiar
toJaparese tenrples
grand
inclccd.
At thc south boundary
of
thc
prcnriscs
is thc
grand galc
and thc Tail(o carthen
wall.
They we
built
in
about
1590 A.D.
ancl
rrc ol'thc Muuroyanra s1ylc.
In
addition
to thcnr. rnothcr
plustcrcd
rvall
aucl
somc rcd
gatcs
wcrc coustrllctccl
lcccntlv
ou thc cast
sicic. an
arc
of I(amakura
sty1c.
Thc
n holc
i:r'oLurcls including thc holy hall in
thc
ccntcr arc
in
goocl
orclcr'.
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,l
,n
,,lhl:
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Gtr'
n
rl
l
itttttt
iilliii;,t
li,'i.
lllll{
'lllXr
iiiiiiiitir
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"
Keshou-yaneu
ra" Construction
-'Kesliou-r
a neuLa is a construction
slyle
includilg
the bcams.
raftcrs and undet-spacc
of
temple
roofs.
The
cciling
is not
flat.
b angled and is supported
by a special structule
of
exposed, white-
painted
wooden beams.
This
gives
the
space
under the rool the appearance
of an attic
(Ya-
neura) when viewed from
thc floor. "Keshou-
yaneula" is
a
traditional
constrLrction style
which
has
been
prevalently
uscd since
the
Nara
Pcriod
(710-794),
and nowlrcrc
is it more
exquisitely
represcnted than
at
Sanjusangerl
do.
The Richly Colored
Hall
'
At the
time
of
consfluction.
the interior of
this
hall was beautifully
decorated with a sea
of
colors.
When the
hall was dismantled dur.
ing
the early
part
ofthe Showa
Pe od
(i.e.,
the
early
20th
cerrturll.
richll
colored pairtting:
of clouds and
flower
petals
were discovered
under
the
wooden
disks
attached to thc
lower
cnds
ol the beams. Thc
rafters ald
pillars
also
revealed similar Buddhist
paltems.
(One
por-
tion
of
these was restored sonre
years
ago by
the
Agency for
Cultulal
Affair
s.)
Coloration left under the wooden disks
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The
principal
lmage of Kannon Bodhisattva
(National
Treasure)
ln the centcr
of
thc hall sits
solemnly
the
pr-incipal
irrage,
".lu-ichinen-Senju-Kannon
(Eka-
dasanukhasahasrabhuja-Ar alokite-svala),
or
Kannon with elcven taces
and one thousand arms.
He
has
ll
srrall faccs or
his
hcad and 20
pairs
ofarms.
This
sl,mbolizes
1.000
arms because each
saves
25 u,ollds. The height ofthe irrage is
131
inchcs. This most
gracefirl
and
refined in.rage was
carved
by Tankei. one
ofthe
l'r'lost distinguished sculptors in the Kamakura
periocl
u,hen he was
at
the
ad-
r
anced agc
ofE2.
In fornring
thc
staruc. a tcchniqLrc callcd
"Yosegi-zukuri"
*as
applied. The method is
as
fol-
lor.r,s:
first.
a
prc-constllrctcd
body is
composed
of rrany partly
hollolu blocks
of
wood, carved only
rough11,:
second.
thc
surfacc
ofthe
body
is
carved,
third;
the statue is
colored orjapanned
(a
type of
laqucr).
and linalll
plated
*
ith
gold
leaves.
On
both
sidcs
of
the
central
image
stand
in regular
order
olte thousand irrages
of
Kannol Bodhi-
satt\ a.
The)
are
\ooclen and also fashioned in the
yoscgi-zukuri
nrlnncr. The1, ale
smaller
(Height:
65inches- 66inches)
and
simpler
in appearancc than that
ofthe
principal
inragc in the center. Thesc
1.000 iruages
are
joint
works
by
70
or
more
sculptors
under tl're cor'r'ir'rilnd of tllc
gleat
masters,
Tankei: the construction-period extended over
l5
years.
It
is believed that KanroD
Bodhisattva
can transform
himself into
ll dittirent
ligures.
Therefore,
one
might look
uporl
the
total
1.001 irnages
as the appearance
of ii.0il Kannons. It
is the
very beatL-
ty
ofthe numerous
Kannon inrages that
stlikes the
toulists
as
a
charactelistic ofthis hall.
The
'1,000
Standing lmages
of Kannon
(lmportant
cultural
property
)
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The 1,000
Standing
lmages
of
Thousand-Armed Kannon
The splendor
of
the
Sanjusangen-do
lies
in the beauty of
this
group
of one
thousand images.
It is recorded in
one
of
the documents
that
one
hundrcd and
fifty-six of these
images were
rescued
from the
great
fire of
the
first
year
of
the Kencho period(
1249).
ln the fiISt
stage
of construction of the
Sanjlsangen-do,
the
sculptor
Kojyo,
a
disciplc in the foufih
generation
of the
line
of the famous sculptor Jocho. his
hcir
Kocho,
Kocho's
younger
brother
Koke
i and his real son Unkei. all
worked
on
the creation of the Kannon
images.
In
the second stage. after the
great
fire,
ovcr
seventy
sculptors
under
the leadership of Unkei's son Tankei,
padicipated
ir
the
project.
Among
these
we find
the names
Koen,
Ryuen, Shoen,
Eien,
Inkei,
lnsho, llga and Gyokai.
All
the images were:nade by three
schools called Keiha, Inpa and Enpa-
:chool. ln
Showa
32(1057)
tlre basic
repairs to
the
images
were
finally fin-
ished and the restoration was now con-
sidered complete. When one considers
both
Kannon
s ability to
change into
thifty-three different fomrs in response
to
the individual's needs, and his deep
compassion
for all
sentient beings,
one
can
see the embodiment of33.033
manifestations of lhe Bodhirall\a
in
rhese
l00lsta(ues. Ir is
populrr
srnce
the end of
the Heian
period,
to worship
great
numbers ofimages, to
nrake Bud-
dhists come over and over again, and
to
create
numeroLls
images and
pagodas.
More
than that, the
multiple
images of
the Sanjiisangen-do
causcs one to feel
a deep
sense
of
intimacy
with
Kamon,
such that there
is the common
beliefthat
one
can
find
thc
face
of
a
loved
one
amongst
the many images.
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Senju-Kannon
figure
No.40
This
wooden
figurc
rvas nradc
by
Tankci,
the
grcat
chicf
sculptor. al thc linrc of thc recon-
struction
ef
this hall. Jusl ninc
of
his works re-
rnain among
thc
thousand statues hcrc. Each of
thcrn is sinrilar in stylc to thc stat[c No.40
.
Senju-Kannon
figure
No.50
This
wooden
figurc
u,as
made
by
Koen.
the
sLrcccssol to chiefsculptor Tankci. His signalure
is car\'ed LLnder lhc sfahrc s lool
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No.140:
made
by lncla No.330 : made by Ryuen
No.160 : rnade ln Heian
pe
Open-mouthed
laughing
face
behind his head
No
530
Mcaning:
To rLsc laughlcr
to
lcarl
I,.ulrla
\\
lru rrt'e trl
.utttrd
trtitr,l urr.r1
l'ronr doing
cr'il
things.
One
thousand eyes
:
in his
palm
llte
S.rt.irr Klrtlttorr
lt.rri
r'ttl
ere
irr i.relr
,'f
llrcir lnltr
lrtrlrrr..
caulr
,,t
irlri;lr.arr 5c( irrL,:5 *.rrl.ls. llrcr.-
li)rc. leprcscnt
1.000 cycs.
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Nijuhachi-bushu/The
28
guardian
deities
of
kannon
(National Treasure
:
Kamakura period)
Thcsc arc
gods
or
spir.its of bcauly,
rvisdom,
prospetity.
charitv.
stletrgth and so on.
Thcy
atteld
to Kannon
and
protect
believers
fiorr many.obstacles. or sare lhem from all dangers.
Each
statue
is carved out of
u,ood and colored.
Thcy ale
presunrably
regarded
as
rvorks by the school of
Tankei.
In
creating tllese
figules
the sculptors aimed at surpassing
the
vi\id
dyramic
reality
ofthc
human
body.
Daibenkudoku-ten
(Sir -devT)
This figure
is
heavcnly
rraid
clothed in bluish-purple robc
wavirg
softly
about.
You
might
take
considerable ilterest
in
thc
f'act that thc vcry samc altist
\\'ho
succecded in cxpressing this mood of
elegance
and refinement coulcl also
magnificently
producc
all other sculpttLrcs of
wild
alrd sturdy
ap-
pearance.
Height:65
inchcs.
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Konpira
(Kumbhlra)
Originally
it rvas a
crocodilc
in the Ganges
River.
rvhich was deified
in the
form of the water
god
in
the
Indian
folk beliel
Later on.
i1
was adoptcd
in
Bud-
dhism
as
a
gualdian deity
of
Shaka
(Sakya-muni
or
Buddha). Height:61
inchcs.
Kinnara
(Kimnara)
In
ancient
Indian mythology,
this deity
was
in
duceci
as a half-god and
half-bird, which
lives on
Hirrarala
Nlountains and
sings in a beautiful
voice
ln
Buddhisrl.
it
is
a
dcity
of rnusic
and
an atten
of
Taishaku-ten
(lndra)
or Bisharron-tcn
(lhisrava
Height:64
inches.
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Birubakusha
Another bravc
god rvho
plesided
ovcr
the Paradise
in
thc
West
Thc
right half
of
(Vir[pakta)
the
brcast-platc
on
]ris chest battcred
by
his outthrusting right
ann
llei3ht:63 inL''t...
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Karura
In
ancicnt India it was
belicvcd
to
bc
a
gigantic
bird lvhich
was
ate cobras and carricd
(Garuda)
the Ilindu dejty
Vishru
on its back. Later on,
it rvas
adopted in Buddhism
as
a deity and
was included
in
the Eight Guardians. This statuc
reprcsents
a bird-headed ligure with
wings,
playirrg
the
11ute.
Height:
64.5 inches.
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Basu-sennin
Vasu is
a
hermit.
He
goes
continuously
on
a
pilgrimage
through
the
wilderness,
tak-
(Vasu)
ing with him,9,200
million sinful
men and
u'omen rvhom he has saved
out olHades.
Hc is
indeed
lonely
and unworldly
man in
appearance owing to
his stricl religious
practices
in
pursuit
ofBuddhistic
truth
and
charity. Height:
6linches.
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Missha-kongo This
figure in
the shape of wrestler
is made
of wood. He was a
patron
deity of
the
(Vajra-Pani)
people
who were
converted
to
Buddhisnr.
Height:
66 inches.
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Naraen-kengo
The deity
god
of
great physical
strength,
defelding be]ievers
against evils.
(Nareyana)
Heighr
:
oo
inches.
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,s,#s
Original Site of Ho-juji Palace
(Restoration)
This is the
original
site
ofthe
Lrperial
Palace
built by Ex-Emperol Goshiraka-
wa
in
1161. He and his wife
lived
herc lor about 20
years.
Sanjusangen-d6 was
in the
central
part
ofthe
site.
h
1183.
the entirc
palacc
was
burnt
down
during
the rebellion, except Saniusangen-do.
When
to
Visit
There is no best season for
visiting
Sanjrlsangen-do; it's
marvelous at any time
ol
the
year.
However,
try visiting
in the morning, soon after
the
hall
opens, on
a
day
with
clear
skies.
You can catch
the sight
of
the
sun
glinting
off of the burnished
gold
of
the
images of
Kannon,
the
Buddhist
Goddesses of
Mer-
cy, and inside the temple it is
a veritable forest of Buddhist
icons-
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Portrait
of
Ex-Emperor
Goshirakawa
The
retired En.rpcror
Goshirakawa
en-
tered
the Buddhist
priesthood
and
held
Insei
(rule
by
ex-emperors).
He
was
pious erough
in
Kannon
to
erect the
original
temple
of Sanjlsangen-do
in
I164. He
rvas
also a cultured
man who
compiled an
anthology of
batlads. His
tomb is to the
east
of
Sanjusangen-do.
Honen's Stone
Monument
(Kamakura
period)
This
stone
monument
was built
by
Priest
Honen.
founder
ol the Jodo sect
of Buddhism,
to conmemorate
the
l3th
anniversary
of
Ex-Emperor
Goshiraka-
wa's
death.
Portrait
(lmportant
cultural
property
: Kamakura
period)
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'frf
,a
fl&'
Toh-shiya
(Japan
print:
Edo
period)
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