“Kyodo” Movement in Japan in Global Trend and Resonance -New Grassroots Neighborhood

Way- -

Soichiro MAEYAMA Ph.DNeighborhoods,USA Conference in Little Rock(AR)

May 27, 2010 Session I 9:45-11:00 AMRoom-Miller,Convention Center

Key Theme : A-13 Grassroots Organizing in Global Communities

Self IntroductionSoichiro MAEYAMA, Ph.D <sociology> Professor,Hachinohe University

・ Visiting Scholar , University of Washington (Tacoma)

・ Advisor for cities (Hashikami,Misawa, Hirono etc.)

・ Promoted the first residents’ handmade draft of BAO

(Hachinohe City,2005)・ Books: “American Neighborhood Autonomy”, Nansosha,Tokyo,2004;

“Theory and Practice of Neighborhood Autonomy”, Tokyo-Horei,2009;

“Direct Legislation and Citizen Alternative, Ochanomizushobo,2009.

New “Community Citizen Movement” in Japan

○Neighborhood Plan First Case – “Machizukuri Plan”s in Kochi City1980s-90s

○Neighborhood Councils building First Case – “Community Council”s in Takarazuka City

1980s ↑ “New Town Boom” in suburban areas-- 1870s-80s (near Osaka, Tokyo)

In Takarazuka City ・ Suburban city of Osaka , Kobe・ explosive development of population

　ー New town boom (a wild hill became 50,000 new town in 5 years!)

↓○Necessary discussion & negotiations for new comers ( bus routes- negotiation with old area residents/ boycott of pachinko (casino) facilities etc.)

↓○establishment of Neighborhood Councils,

Neighbrhood Plans.

A hill became a “New Town” in Takarazuka City

“Takarazuka Review”

Kyodo movement ( 協働）

○ Community Planning born

　　 in “New Town Movement” in 80s

　・ Kochi City 　 (Neighborhood Plans)

　・ Takarazuka City(Community Councils)○BAO （※→ Next page)

・ Niseko City (2001)

Kyodo Movement

@ First citizen-handmade draft of BAO (2005):Hachinohe City (Aomori) ~ Hachinohe City-Wide Neighborhood Council (18 members :Chair Maeyama)

(small note)

“Chonaikai”・ Ubiquitious neighborhood organizations with long history.(circa 29,000 C.s in entire Japan)・ In & before WWII, they had been used by goverments as a tool for

residents' reight and scrutiny (mutual watch).

・ Residents participate have tended to suppose in each Chonaikai mandatory.

・ Activities 　 (cleaning up the parks & roads; penalty[$10 - $30 per a blowing off]; distribution of the City's news letter; Party)

・ nowadays "Oldmen's organization" : 20s and 30s tend to avoid.

*Kyodo ( 協働）

　　 Co-production (co-producing public goods, public service in areas by multi-stakeholders)

*Basic Autonomy Ordinance 　 (BAO ：自治基本条例）

Main Ordinance that has normative mandatory over other ordinances in city = “Constitution of a city”

(articles on :roles or citizen, the city, city council; information sharing; the way of Kyodo and so on)

Top Front of Kyodo

(Ex) Hashikami City (Aomori) ・ 2006 Establishment of BAO ←

・ 2007 Establishment of Neighborhood Plans in all 19 neighborhoods

・ 2010 Adoption of the Neighborhood Plans into

Comprehensive Plan

Handmade Draft made by citizens (2 year: Citizen’s Comitia)

15,000 population.Suburb of a 250,000 city

19 Neighborhood Plans established in 2007 (published 2008)

Ishinohachi Neighborhood Plan(“Ishinohachi Machizukuri Keikakusho”)

　Ishinohachi Neighborhood Plan (“Machizukuri Plan”) issued ： March 2008

1 Prologue(1)Prologue(2)Existing situation and problems for the area(3)Main Purpose of community building(4)Main policies (Dwelling environment; Healthy and vigorous community; Friendly

livable community) 2 Improvement of livable dwelling environment(1) Improvement of dwelling environment such as road (policy; tasks of the city and of

residents; main projects (2)Improvement of parks (policy; tasks of the city and of residents; main projects)(3)Improvement of garbage(4)Manner concerning pets(5)Improvement of disaster prevention @ Networking tree for disaster prevention 3 Healthy and vigorous community(1)Promoting health project(policy; tasks of the city and of residents; main projects)(2)Support for Senior Citizens and vigorous kids-raising

4 Friendly livable community(1) Promotion for areal intercommunication activities (policy; tasks of the city

and of residents; main projects)(2) Human resource development for volunteers @ List "aeral intercommunication activities (Committees, Associations, Circles, Human

Recourses Bank of the City, Public facilities)"

5 Appendix -Result of the questionnaire(1) Explanation(2) Name list of "Machizukuri Plan" committee ①General Chair (S.Goshu) ; Chair of Livable dwelling environment (M.Kawahara) ;② 　 ③

Chair of Healthy and vigorous community (K.Yanagiya) ; 　　④ Chair of Friendly livable community (T.Muraoka)

(3) Result of the questionnaire (430 households: collection rate 65%)　　 (age; sex; family members; how do you feel about the area; what is necessary

for improvement; what kind of activities have you committed?; the reason of NO-commitment (if "no") ; what kind of activity you like from now? ; what is the most important issue in the coming aging society; do you often talk to your neighbors?; areal event you attended; what you need for improvement of the area? )

Residents’ meeting for making a Neighborhood plan (2007)

Wisdom from “inside out” !

　

Kyodo action (co-productive action) .

For developing a new road (public goods), the city pays material, and citizens pay their work according to their Neighborhood Plan.

Social Meaning and International Resonance

1) Social MeaningOfficial adoption of neighborhood planning into local governance.(similar with Seattle way, Tacoma way)

* about 30 % of Japanese cities are trying to adopt Kyodo (coproduction).

2) Peculiar aspect of Japanese soilChonaikai (ubiquitous traditional neighborhood organizations)

○"how do they react /work for new neighborhood planning" is the biggest issue. (Hashikami - successful case: Chonakiais realized the Neighborhood Plan=Visioning of the

people's voice) 3) Resonance with international trend

@Similarities in US and Japan --- from “residential trial for livable circumstances” to “official local governance”

Alinsky/ SNCC/ Advocacy Planning (US) → Neighborhood Planning /0fficial local governance Residential movement (JAPAN) → Neighborhood Planning/ 0fficial local governance

4) Direct & indirect influence of NUSA way since 2004 ( NUSA/Dr.E.Gatewood's assist for Hachinohe, Hashikami)

One shot of the international resonance ! (3 August 2009, Hashikami City: Forum with about 100 attendees)

NUSA President Dr.Gatewood

City Mayor Mr.Hamaya officially welcomed NUSA .And so gladly