Kupandole, Lalitpur, - Tripodaanedm.tripod.com/publication/firemanagementinnepal2k7.pdf · 2008. 2....

PS;g P8-g]kfn (ActionAid Nepal)

sf7df8f}+

g]kfndf cfunfuL vt/fsf] kl/b[io /

cfunfuL hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf cufl8 b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?

(Fire hazard Scenerio in Nepal and Challenges ahead in Fire Risk Management) af/] cWoogsf]

clGtd k|ltj]bg

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jftfj/0f tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg s]Gb|, s'k08f]n, nlntk'/

Center for Environment and Fire risk Management (CEDIM)

Kupandole, Lalitpur,

Kff]i6 aS; g+M @)(@^, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

AAN CEDIM 1

Kfmf]g g+M @!!@!#*, Kfm\ofS; g+M %@#^$^

AdminDraft

AdminNot For Public Release

ljifo ;"lr

ljifo k]h g+

cWoog k[i7e"ld / o;sf] pkfb]otf (

u|Gy k''g/fjnf]sg !$

g]kfndf cfunfuL vt/fsf] kl/ro #*

g]kfnsf ljleGg gu/kflnsfdf cfunfuL 36gfsf] kl/b[Zo tyf

cfunfuLsf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg Ifdtf $$

cfunfuL hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLlt, lgod, sfg'gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ^&

;du| ljZn]if0f *@

l;kmfl/zx?/cufl8sf] af6f] **

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ($

kl/lzi6

:ynut cWoogsf qmddf s]xL gu/kflnsfx?sf af?0foGq

zfvfsf sd{rf/L;Fusf] s/fsfgL, 5nkmnsf l6kf]6x? (*

gof+ ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg gLlt !!*

;r]tgf ;fdfu|L !#!

AAN CEDIM 2

s]xL zAbfjnLx? (Glossary)

k|sf]k (Disaster): ;d"bfodf pknAw ;|f]t / cfkm\g} Ifdtfn] 6fg{ cyjf kf/ kfpg g;Sg]

vfnsf] s'g} 36gf eof] eg], To;nfO{ k|sf]k elgG5 . To:tf k|sf]kn] ;d"bfo cyjf ;dfhsf]

dfgljo, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo kIfdf Jofks Iflt k"¥ofPsf] x'G5 .

vt/f (Hazard): s'g} klg ef}lts cyjf dfgjLo ultljlw h;n] 7"nf] dfqfdf Iflt k'¥ofpg

;S5 / h;n] dfgjLo Iflt, ;DklQ gf;, ;fdflhs–cfly{s kIfdf tx;gx; / jftfj/0fdf

;d:of pTkGg ub{5 .

Go"gLs/0f (Mitigation)M s'g} klg ;+/rgfut / ;+/rgfljlxg pkfo cjnDag u/]/ k|sf]k

cyjf vt/faf6 x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] IfltnfO{ sd ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Go"gLs/0f elgG5.

cfuf]M clS;hg (Oxygen) / OGwg (Fuel) ;Fu 3if{0f (Friction) jf tfk (Heat) ldl;+bf x'g] /;folgs

k|ltlqmofaf6 pTkGg zlQmsf] cg'e'ltnfO{ cfuf] elgG5 .

clUg lgoGq0f (Fire Prevention): cfunfuL x'g'af6 aRgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] jrfjsf

pkfox¿nfO{ g} clUg lgoGq0f -Fire Prevention_ elgG5 .

clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL (Fire Brigade)M cfunfuLsf] a]nf cfuf];Fu n8\]/ ;d'bfodf hg / wg b'j}sf] 7"nf] Iflt x'gaf6 hf]ufpgsf nflu u7g ul/Psf] cTofjZos ;+:yf xf] . clUg lgoGq0f

;]jf (Fire Brigades) n] ;'/Iff lgodcGtu{t a;]/ cfuf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu sfd ub{5 . cfuf] lgefpg] oGq (Fire Extinguisher): kfgL, kmf]d, t/n Uof; / ;'Vvf /;fog jf kfgL /

kmf]d, t/n Uof; ;'Vvf /;fog ;a}sf] k|of]u u/L] cfuf] lgefpg k|of]u ul/Gf] oGq .

AAN CEDIM 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Nepal is considered quite vulnerable to various types of natural fire risks such as earthquake,

floods, landslides, fires, lightening, avalanche, glacier lake outburst (GLOFs) and so on.

Among them, floods, landslides and fire hazards claim large number of lives and properties

every year. A wide array of physiographical, geological, ecological, meteorological,

demographic factors, awareness of people and others contributes to the disaster occurrence in

the country. Major factors contributing to disasters are rapid population growth, slow

economic development, a high degree of environmental deterioration, fragility of the land

mass, high elevation of the mountain slopes and inadequate efforts in disaster preparedness.

Fire hazard is one of the disaster causing loss of large number of lives and properties every

year in Nepal. Country has paid heavy price due to fire outbreaks occurred time to time in the

past for hundreds of years. It has also severe type of social and economic implications in the

society. The number of small fire incidents has a cumulative effect throughout the country.

For every some years, there’s incident of major fire outbreak causing significant loss of lives

and properties in Nepal. Incidence of fire outbreaks in Manglung, districts headquarter of

Terhathum and Pashupatinagar, eastern town in Ilam district before some years ago can be

taken as examples of major fire outbreaks. Every year hundreds of our settlements in the

southern plain of Terai suffer from fire outbreaks in the months of thunder and windstorms.

Majority of the village huts are composed of dry straw and wooden framework, most of them

are more susceptible to fire and spread of such a hazard destroys maximum of its settlements.

Most of the fire fire risks occur during summer, when temperatures are high and strong winds

occur. Most of the fire problems occur during March to May.

AAN CEDIM 4

In this background, the major objectives of this study are scenario of fire hazard in Nepal,

review of the policy, law and legislation related to fire hazard particularly focusing the impact

of emergency and fire risk and institutional capacity of various municipalities of Nepal to

fight with fire hazard. The study methodology includes review of secondary documents;

designing of instruments (checklist, guide questions), interaction with duty bearers, right holders

and stakeholders associated with fire risk management; collection of field data, and analysis and

reporting.

Every year, several cases of fire outbreaks in rural and urban area of Nepal have been

recorded by Ministry of Home Affairs. Rural area of Terai region has suffered much more

from frequent incidences of fire outbreaks. Most of the fire incidences have been found to be

occurred in dry and summer season, festive season and crop harvesting period and

loadshedding time. Fire outbreaks in rural area are due to various reasons: e.g. poor handle of

fire for cooking and other purposes, and lack of adequate fire safety measures. Similarly,

incidence of fire outbreaks in urban area has also caused heavy loss every year. Electric short

circuit, poor wiring system, poor handling of gas cylinder, stoves and human negligence are

the major contributing factors for incidence of fire outbreak in urban area. There could be

number of reasons for frequent occurrence of fire outbreak in Nepal such as widespread use of

easily combustible construction materials, wind, low awareness among people about safe

handling of fire. In Nepal, shelter (building) is taken as major property of individual family

and people have to lose their shelter along with other valuable properties in fire outbreaks that

could ultimately lead them into vicious circle of poverty.

The fire service in Nepal is known by the ‘Barun Yantra Karyalaya'. The fire service started

its first office in Nepal in Kathmandu, the capital city of the country in 1937 with a single

‘MORISH’ (England made) Vehicle. Slowly, it was extended to other city areas also. Fire

service has been, however, reached only in 32 cities of the country. Adequate service has not

been provided to the people even in those places where the offices of the service have been

established due to the lack of the adequate trained manpower, economic resources and other

facilities. Significant percent of the city people have a little idea about this service. Most of

the people living in the remote and rural area have not heard even the name of this service.

AAN CEDIM 5

There has been done very little in dissemination of the knowledge, the importance of this

service to the various sections of the society. How to prevent the fire from being caught, what

protection measures should be taken, how to control fire and how can be reduced the loss of

life and property caused by fire each year are not known to majority of the people of the

country. If fire is caught people follow the conventional method of fighting with fire. But,

because of the increasing population, urbanization, industrialization, the use of chemicals,

electric ties, forests, aerodrome and the construction of big buildings, the fire occurrences are

increasing day by day and the conventional ways of fighting with it may not function well

sometimes. Limited capacity and resources available in fire brigade section of various

municipalities are not sufficient to cope with these ever increasing incidents of fire.

Firefighters have to risk their lives to extinguish the fire in normal uniform. Very few of them

are skilled and most of them have not received any proper training. Some of the established

firefighter services are being closed because of the resource constraint and the people are

deprived of it. Many of the fire brigades are also lacked of facilities for communication and

other necessary fire safety measures. It has been also found that most of the municipalities

also do not have any provisions for emergency water tank, emergency phone number to

inform about fire incidence, implementing building code and proper city that can facilitate

emergency rescue and response in case of fire outbreaks.

There has not been a significant progress in the fire risk management endeavor in Nepal.

Though there is a provision of Natural Disaster Relief Act (NDRA) 1982 of Government of

Nepal, strong commitment from the government machinery still lacks. In Nepal, some

initiation on formulation of strategy and legislation are seen to cope with the fire hazard

problems. There are various plans, strategies, policies and legislation that have been spelt out

for the provision of the fire outbreaks under fire risk management. These policies, plans and

strategies includes Disaster Preparedness Plan of Government of Nepal, Tenth Five Year Plan

(2002-2007), National Action Plan (NAP), Local Self-Governance Act (1999), Building Act

(1987) and Building Conservation Act (1993). New Disaster Management Strategy, Policy

and Disaster Management Act have been also drafted about one year ago (in 2007) by

Ministry of Home Affairs in association with OXFAM Nepal and NCDM. Till now, the

government has limited its effort on rescue and relief tasks and it makes no sense unless due

AAN CEDIM 6

attention is paid to fire risk preparedness, planning and mitigation measures. However,

various community based fire risk preparedness programs have been initiated in support of

Nepal Red-Cross Society and other I/NGOS working in development and fire risk field in

recent years. These programs have been focused to strengthen the capability of community’s

coping mechanism in fire risk preparedness including fire hazard.

People have little knowledge about national policy, strategy and Acts. To cope with fire risk

effects, people participation and the role of civil society and broad range of stakeholders’

interaction are needed. Community based fire risk management initiatives are still poor. There

is no appropriate preparedness approach for fire risk in advance mobilizing the human and

natural resources. For this, the knowledge of local people is vital so inter-stakeholders

interaction meetings have to organise time-to-time to share the ideas and expertise/technical

backstopping. The indigenous knowledge, skills and experience of the local people are also

very much instrumental for fire risk management.

There are many problems and challenges that are considered as obstacles in managing the fire

outbreaks in time. Problems and challenges are categorised in to four folds i.e. institutional,

social, administrative and technical. The institutions involved in the rescue and relief work

are inactive because of poor institutional capability. Though policies clearly spelled the

provision of adequate support and rescue effort, but the committees are not providing relief to

the affected people. Lacks of sufficient resources are the major problems. The agencies

involved during rescue and relief have no clear-cut job description. Lack of technical

manpower available on time is also the problem. Due to difficult geo-physical condition,

inadequacy of infrastructure facilities, the transportation materials are difficult to deliver.

Emergency management trainings are necessary to the people who have to involve directly in

the emergency not for the people who work in the centre and just guide others. It is equally

important to disseminate the information on how emergency and risks could be mitigated at

local level through series of public education materials in form of pamphlets, posters,

emergency manual, documentary show and miking. It is equally necessary to organize the

formal and informal meetings at local level to review the findings of the past studies and

AAN CEDIM 7

research. It helps to change the perspectives of people and motivate them in action. Fire risk

management issues have to be addressed both at community level through the literacy text and

to university level through text book.

Adequate funds and resources are needed for repair and maintenance of infrastructure but

before it, concrete plans should be formulated specifying the role of agencies involved.

Effective coordination among the central and local government is necessary to translate the

plan in to action. The low-cost technologies are needed to establish the early warning systems,

risk mapping of fire hazard prone areas. Fire risk management component should be

incorporated in five-year plans more minutely as priority sector. It is better to allocate a

separate agency (autonomous) to deal all sorts of fire risk preparedness, mitigation and

rehabilitation works. The government should formulate the plan of action to enforce the

Building code and disseminate its major provisions to all.

There is need to detail study on how the society is gradually developed by managing the

various types of fire hazard and emergencies, what were the coping strategies in the past and

which can be still viable to replicate etc. Fire risks can be managed if the actors opens to

interact, discuss with the victims to identify the common problems and effective resource

management. For it, awareness, institutional development and political commitment are

needed. Fire risk management programs should be also dealt with economic and right based

prospective. The role of NGOs should be widened in managing the relief as much as simple.

AAN CEDIM 8

g]kfndf cfunfuL vt/fsf] kl/b[io / cfunfuL hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf cufl8 b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?M cWoog k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

AAN CEDIM 9

Kfl/R5]b !

cWoog k[i7e"ld, pkfb]otf / cWoog ljlw

cWoog k[i7e"ld (Study Background) ljZj kl/b[Zodf x]bf{ klg ;'Vvf rflxF k|fs[lts k|sf]kx? dWo] ;aeGbf vt/gfs dflgP klg

s]xL b]zx? h:t}M ci6«]lnof, cd]l/sf cflbdf eg] cfuf] vt/gfs dflgPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf] ;'Vvf

jg, rl/r/0f ug]{ 7fpF / emf8Lx?df cfuf] nfUgfn] o:tf] cfuf]nfO{ vt/gfs -hazard)

dflgPsf] 5 . ci6«]lnofdf x'g] c? k|fs[lts k|sf]k eGbf emf8Ldf nfUg] cfuf] rflx+ Psbd}

8/nfUbf] x'G5 . !%) jif{sf] k|sf]k Oltxf; x]bf{ s'g} /fIf;;Gtfgsf aRrfx?sf] gfdx?sf ;'lr

h:t}} Black Friday, Black Tuesday, Ash Wednesday cflb agfpg ;lsG5 . oL gfdx?

Fire Fighter, State Emergency personnel and Victims x?nfO{ ;Demfof] eg] sy} syf

n]Vg ldN5 xf]nf . o"/f]k / ;f]leot ;+3 h:t} pQ/L cd]l/sf klg cfuf]sf] rk]6fdf g/fd|/L

em'nl;Psf] 5 . zx/sf glhs k|r'/ ag km8fgLsf sf/0f zx/x? rflx cfunfuLaf6 ar]sf]

eg] s'/f zx/x?df a:g] dfG5]x?nfO{ nfUg ;S5 . cfuf] nflu k|fo;M v'Nnf ag h|+undf

cyjf blIf0fL Soflnkmf]{lgof (California) cyjf blIf0fL k|mfG;df hxfF zx/Ls/0fn] kxf8L agx?

cltqmd0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . t/ jf:tjdf ;'Vvfu|:t If]qx? Rfflx+ a9L cfunfuLaf6 k|efljt

x'G5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df e"sDk, af9L, klx/f] cfunfuL, lxdkft, lxdtfn, km'6\g] h:tf ljleGg

lsl;dsf] k+|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5. k+|To]s jif{ af9L klx/f] /

cfunfuLn] 7"Nf]f wghgsf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gf x'Fbf w]/}

36\g'df oxfFsf] ef}uf]lns, ef}uf]lns jftfj/0fLo hnjfo' ljljwtf, hg;+Vofsf sf/0fx?,

hgr]tgf / cGo sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\. hg;+Vof j[l4, ;':t cfly{s j[l4b/, pRr kof{j/0fLo

x|f;, hdLgsf] sdhf]/ e"cjl:ylt tyf kxf8x?sf] le/fnf]kg / prfO{, k|sf]k k"j{ tof/Lsf

nflu ePsf ckof{Kt k|of;x? klg k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf k|d'v sf/stTjsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

cfunfuL g]kfndf jif]{gL 7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt u/fpg] k|fs[lts k|sf]k dWo Ps xf] .

cfunfuLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnn] ;lbof}+b]lv 7"nf] d"No r'sfpFb} cfpg'k/]sf] 5. o;sf sltko

;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;'wf/af6 klg xfd|f] ;dfh k|efljt ePsf] 5 .


AAN CEDIM 10

s]xL jif{cl3 k"jL{ g]kfndf t]x|y'dsf] ;b/d'sfd Dofªn'ª, kz'klt gu/df ePsf cfunfuLsf]

36gf nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . To;}u/L udL{ ofddf t/fO{sf s}of}{ JolQmx? x/]s jif{ cfunfuLsf

36gfaf6 k|tfl8t 5g\ . w]/}h;f] u|fdL0f a:tL 3/x? v/, k/fn / sf7af6 agfOg] x'gfn]

cfunfuLsf] pRr hf]lvddf 5g\ / x'/L atf; rNbf cfunfuLn] clwstd Iflt k'/\ofpg]

u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|foh;f] cfunfuLsf] 36gfx? udL{ df};ddf 36\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h'g a]nf

tfkqmd pRr x'G5 / xfjfx'/L klg a9L rNg] ub{5 . kmfu'gb]lv c;f/;Dd cfunfuLsf

36gfx? a9L ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof s/La *% k|ltzt dflg; u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af;

ug]{ ub{5g\ . hxfF 3/x? v/ / k/fnn] 5fPsf x'G5g\ / ljz]ifu/L tL a:tLx?df cfunfuLsf

36gf ;fdfGo 7xl/Psf] 5 . u|fdL0f a:tLdf cfunfuL x'g'sf ljleGg sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ .

h:tf vfgf ksfpFbf jf c? sfddf cfuf]sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;fjwfgL gckgfpg'm cfunfuL af6

aRg] pkfosf] kof{Kt 1fg gx'g' cflb . To;}u/L zx/L Onfsfdf klg cfunfuLn] ubf{ jif]{gL

7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljB't ;6 ;ls{6, jfOl/ªsf] cj:yf /fd|f] gx'g', :6f]e, UofF;

l;ln08/sf] /fd|f];Fu k|of]u gug'{, dfgjLo nfk/jfxLx? zx/L If]qdf cfunfuL x'gfsf] k|d'v

sf/stTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . To;sf] cnfjf cfunfuL / To;sf Go"gLs/0fsf ljifodf

s]Gb|Lt /x]/ ljutdf To:tf] s'g} cWoog cg';Gwfgx? klg vf;} ePsf] kfO{b}g . g]kfndf sf7

nufotsf k|HjngzLn kbfy{x?sf] 3/lgdf{0fdf ul/g] k|of]u, xfjfx'/L, cfuf]nfO{ k|of]u ubf{

ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgL ;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] sdL tyf cGo y'k|} sf/0fx?n] ubf{ g]kfndf

cfunfuLsf 36gfx? k|z:t 3l6/fv]sf] x'g;S5g\ . g]kfndf cfjf;nfO{ JolQmut kl/jf/sf]

Ps k|d'v ;DklQsf] ?kdf lnOg] ul/G5 / cfunfuLaf6 cfjf;sf ;fy} cGo dxTjk"0f{ ;DklQ

gi6 x'Fbf dflg;x? ul/aLsf] b'irqmdf km:g] u/]sf 5g\ .

To;}u/L g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf h+unx?df lgotjz jf cGhfgjz cfunfuL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

dflg;x?n] kxf8sf af6f]x?df ;Nnfsf] kftn] lx+88'n ubf{ lrKng ;Sg] ePsf]n] cfuf]

nufpFbf To;af6 7"nf Iflt ePsf pbfx/0fx? klg 5g\ .

r6\ofªn] ubf{ klg h+undf cfunfuL eP/ k|To]s jif{ s}of}+ x]S6/ jg ;vfk x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf b}jL k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf s]xL jif{ otf y'k|} k+|of;x? ePsf 5g= . ;g\ !(*@

df g]kfn ;/sf/n] b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]g NofP klg ;/sf/L ;+oGqdf bx|f] k|lta4tfsf] cefj

v6\lsPsf] 5 . cem;Dd ;/sf/L k|of;x? /Iff ug]{ (rescue) / ;xfotf ug]{ (relief)

sfo{qmddf dfq l;ldt 5 / olb k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgf th'{df tyf k|sf]ksf] Go"gLs/0fsf


AAN CEDIM 11

ljifodf k"0f{tf Nofpg ;Sb}g . tyflk s]xL jif{otf /]8s|; tyf cGo /fli6«o cGt//fli6«o u}/

;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u / ;dGjodf ljleGg ;d'bflos ;+3;+:yfx?n] k+|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf

If]qdf ultljlwx? ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] slt sfo{qmdx? ;d'bfosf] cfunfuL ;d]t

ljleGg k|sf]kx?sf] k"j{ tof/Lsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{x? klg kb{5g\ .

cWoogsf] pkfb]otfM(Rationale of the Study);/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 cfunfuLsf] cfktsfnLg p4f/ tyf cfunfuL k|sf]ksf]

Go"lgs/0f tyf k"j{tof/Lsf nflu ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ cTolws g]kfnsf] cfunfuLsf]

;d:of, o;sf lgoGq0fsf nflu b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?, cfunfuLsf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] nflu

ug'{kg]{ sfo{ cflbsf af/]df yf]/}dfq cWoog cg';Gwfg ePsf] kfOG5 . cfunfuLsf] Go"lgs/0f

nflu ;/sf/L gLlt lgodx?sf] k+|efjsf/Ltf / pko'Sttfsf] af/]df klg Tolt cWoog ePsf]

5}g . To;sf/0f g]kfndf cfunfuL k|sf]ksf] kl/b[io tyf o;sf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf af/]df

cWoog ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . tfls o;af6 g]kfnsf] cfunfuL k|sf]ksf nflu k"j{tof/L

Go"lgs/0f / cfktsfnLg p4f/sf nflu pko'St tyf ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfo /0fgLltx?sf]

nflu w]/yf]/ dfu{lgb]{zg ug{ ;S5 .

cWoogsf p2]Zox? (Objectives)

o; cWoogsf k|d'v p2]Zo g]kfndf cfunfuL k|sf]ksf] Joj:yf af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf a'em\g'

/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ cfunfuL Go"lgs/0fsf nflu pko'St pkfox? klxNofpg ;lsof];\ . o;

p2]Zosf nflu cWoogsf cGo lglb{i6 p2]Zox? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

• cfunfuL ;DaGwL gLlt, lgod, sfg"gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ • b]zdf cfunfuLsf] cj:yf, o;sf] lj:tf/ tyf 36gf k|s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ • cfunfuLsf sf/0f / o;sf c;/x? vf]tNg] • cfunfuL k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ ljBdfg ;xeflutfd"ns ;fd'bflos Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f

ug]{

• cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu k"j{tof/L Go"lgs/0f, / cfktsfnLg p4f/sf nflu pko'Qm pkfox? ;'emfpg] .

cWoog ljlw(Study Methodology)


AAN CEDIM 12

g]kfndf cfunfuL k|sf]ksf] cj:yfaf/] a'‰g], cfunfuL k|sf]ksf] Go"lgs/0f, lgoGq0f tyf p4f/sf nflu ag]sf lgod sfg"gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ cfunfuL hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg txdf ePsf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ / Ifdtfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, tYof+s cflb ;+sng ug{ o; cWoogdf k|fylds / bf]>f] >f]tx? b'j}sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] >f]tsf ?kdf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf, sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt ;fdfu|Lx?, tYof+s, ;"rgfx?nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .

u|Gy k'g/fjnf]sgM cfunfuL k|sf]k / lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt k':ts, k|ltj]bg, klqsf cflb klg ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 ;+sng ug]{, cfunfuL 36gf / To;sf] lgoGq0fnfO{ cem /fd|f];Fu a'‰g tL ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 . cfunfuL ;DaGwL gLlt, lgod, sfg"g, lgoGq0fsf /0fgLltx?af/] a'‰g tt\;DaGwL sfuhkq / k|ltj]bgx? klg ;+sng / k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5 .

;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw jf JolQm;Fusf] e]63f6 / 5nkmnM cfunfuL k|sf]ksf] cj:yf / o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ePsf] kxnaf/]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ hfGg o; If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?, ;/sf/L lgsfosf JolQmx/, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg If]qdf ;+nUg JolQmx? / ljz]if u/L ljleGg gu/kflnsfsf tyf ljdfg:yndf ljleGg txdf /x]/ sfo{/t clUg lgoGqs (Fire Fighter) x?;Fu e]63f6, 5nkmn, s'/fsfgL tyf cGt/lqmof ug]{ sfo{ eof] . oL e]63f6, cGt/lqmofx?sf] p2]zo cfunfuL k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f÷Go"lgs/0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?sf] af/]df cem :ki6 aGb} eljiodf ;'wf/ ug{ rflng' kg]{ sbdx? klxNofpg'df s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] .

:ynut cWoog tyf lg/LIf0fM cem;Dd g]kfndf cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf] nflu ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ jf Ifdtf ljz]if u/L gu/kflnsfx?;Fu dfq /x]sf] x'Fbf cfunfuL k|sf]k lgoGq0fdf a9L e"ldsf /x]sf] jf a9L lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{kg]{ pQ/bfloTj af]s]sf gu/kflnsfsf af?0foGq zfvfx? h:t} sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf gu/kflnsf / lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg :ynsf af?0foGq zfvfx? tyf t/fO{ If]qsf clwsf+z gu/kflnsfx?sf] af?0foGq zfvf ToxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/L / af?0foGqsf af/]df :ynut cWoog tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ eof] . o;qmddf cfunfuL 36gfsf ;+Vof, k|s[lt tyf To;sf sf/0fx?, cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu ljBdfg k"jf{wf/ / ;+:yfut Ifdtf tyf To;df b]lvPsf sl7gfO{ / r'gf}tLx?sf jf/]df klg lj:t[t 5nkmn eof] . o;sf ;fy} g]kfndf cfunfuL hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ cem Jojl:yt agfpg rflng'kg]{ sbdsf af/]df /fo, ;'emfjx? ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ klg ul/of] .

ljZn]if0f tyf k|ltj]bg n]vgM u|Gy k'g/fjnf]sgsf qmddf k|fKt ;"rgf, tYof+s tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?sf] cWoog ug{, cGt/lqmof, e]63f6 tyf :ynut cWoogaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ To;nfO{ Jojl:yt t'NofP/ k|ltj]bgsf ?kdf 9fNg] sfo{ o; r/0fdf eof] .


AAN CEDIM 13

cWoog qmddf cfjZos / ;fGble{s 7xl/Psf sltko ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ kl/lzi6sf ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cWoog tyf k|ltj]bg n]vgsf r/0fdf PS;g P8 g]kfnaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj, k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ klg o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 .

cWoogsf ;Lldttfx? (Limitations)

g]kfndf ljleGg k|s[ltsf cfunfuLsf 36gfx? 36\g] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] zx/L / u|fdL0f

If]qdf x'g] cfunfuLsf] k|s[lt, To;sf] c;/ k|efj, 36gfsf sf/0fx? klg km/s km/s x'g]

u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] clwsf+z hg;+Vof u|fdL0f a:tL df a:g] ePklg cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf

nflu cfjZosf kg]{ k"jf{wf/ ;]]jf / ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ / sltko gofF gu/kflnsf /

gu/f]Gd'v If]q klg ;dfg kl/l:ylt af6 u'lh|Psf] kfOG5 . sltko gu/kflnsf If]qsf ;a}

a:tLdf jf?0foGqsf] kx'Fr ;d]t k'Ug g;Sg] l:ylt /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Gbe{df o;

cWoogdf cfunfuL k|jsf]k Hofbf b]lvPsf] / b]lvg] ;Defjgf a9L ePsf gu/kflnsfx/ dfq

s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qeGbf t/fO{If]qdf cfunfuLdf 36gf a9L 36\g]

u/]sf]n] o; cWoogdf t/fO{If]qsf gu/kflnsfx? 5flgPsf 5g=\ . To:t} cfunfuL hf]lvd

Joj:yfkg sf nflu gu/kflnsfx?;+u ePsf] ;+:yfut >f]t, ;fwg / Ifdtfx?nfO{ cWoogn]

cfkm\gf] s]Gb|ljGb' agfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf ;d'bfoaf6 :jtM:km"t{ jf ;+ul7t ?kdf cfunfuL

hf]lvd Joj:yfkgdf ckgfpg] pkfo tyf v]Ng] e"ldsf af/]df oxfF lj:t[t cWoog ul/Psf]

5}g .

Kfl/R5]b @


AAN CEDIM 14

u|Gy k''g/fjnf]sg (Literature Review)

b}jL k|sf]k

;}4flGts lrgf/LM b}jL k|sf]k eGg] zAbsf] cy{nfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ …b}jLÚ eGgfn] b]jL–b]jtf /

…k|sf]kÚ eGgfn] clt /L; jf qmf]w -;+:s[t efiffdf …sf]ifÚ sf] cy{ …qmf]wÚ df …k|Ú pk;u{ nfu]/

ag]sf] …k|sf]kÚ+_ eGg] cYof{pF5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf b}jL eGgfn] lbJo, r}t\Go, pHofnf], ;To /

sf]if eGgfn] /L;, cGwsf/, lju|x cflbnfO{ cYof{Psf] klg kfOG5 . cyf{t\ b]jLb]jtfnfO{ clt

/L; p7]/ 36fOg] Wj+;fTds lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ b}jLk|sf]k eGg] zAb xfd|f] hglha|f]df cfPsf]

a'lemG5 .

jf:tjdf xfd|f] b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg hghfltsf ;f+:s[lts k/DK/fnfO{ l;+xfjnf]sg ug]{

xf] eg] s'g} klg JolQm, ;d'bfo jf ;dfhnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg] b'MvbfoL 36gf 36] jf 36\g]

;+efjgfsf] k"j{;+s]t ePdf To:tfsf] /f]syfdsf nflu b]jLb]jtfnfO{ v';L kfg{ cfh klg

efsn, k"hfcfhf ug]{ rng rln/x]sf] xfdL kfpF5f} . cem eGg] xf] eg] JolQmut tyf

;fd'bflos hLjgdf dfq geP/ b]zdf s'g} lj£gjfwf tyf clgi6 x'g] k"j{ ;+s]tsf] cfef;

ePdf jf e};s]sf] v08df klg :jl:t zflGtsf] nflu k"hfkf7, hk, xf]d cflb ug]{ u/]sf]

tYonfO{ klg gsfg{ ldNb}g . To;}n] b}jLk|sf]k eGgf;fy xfdL clwsf+zsf] dfg;k6ndf

b]jLb]jtfn] 36fpg] 36gf xf] eGg] k"j{;f]rfO x'g' :jfefljs} x'g cfpF5 .

jf:tjdf ;do ;fk]IftfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ljrf/ ubf{ b}jLk|sf]k eGgfn] af9L, klx/f],

cfunfuL, e"sDk, dxfdf/L cflb h:tf 36gfaf6 x'g] wghgsf] tx;gx; tyf Ifltsf]

l:yltnfO{ dfq k|sf]kdo l:ylt dfGg] k/Dk/fut ;f]rfO{ abn]/ ca bLuf] ljsf;sf] nflu cl3

;fl/g] sNof0fsf/L dfu{df cfsl:ds tyf dGb ultdf cj/f]w pTkGg u/L k|ToIf jf k/f]If

Iflt jf b'Mv pTkGg u/fpg] 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d]t k|sf]ksf] kl/efiffleq ;d]6\g'kg]{ cfjZostf

cfh xfd|f] ;fd" 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]lvO;s]sf] 5 .

lsgls k|sf]k eg]sf] cfunfuL, e"sDk, af9L, dxfdf/L cflb h:tf 36gfaf6 tTsfn x'g]

wghgsf] Iflt tyf a]3/af/ x'g' dfq geP/ xfdLn] ug]{ ljelGg k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkaf6 s]


AAN CEDIM 15

s:tf] k|efj kg{ uPsf] 5, xfdLn] ;+rfng u/]sf cfof]hgfn] s] s:tf ljs[lt k}bf ul//x]sf

5g\, xfdLn] :yfkgfg u/]sf pBf]u wGbfx¿n] jftfj/0f tyf hghLjgdf s] s:tf c;/

kfl//x]sf 5g\, xfdLn] /f]h]sf hgk|ltlgwaf6 b]zsf] /fhg}lts l:ylt stf pGd'v x'Fb}5 /

xfdLn] ul/cfPsf o:tf w]/} cGo lqmofsnfkaf6 xfd|f] /xg;xg / k|s[ltaLr s] s:tf ljs[lt

k}bf eO{ xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ –hn, :yn, cfsfz, jtfj/0f, hLjhGt', jghËn, dfgj:jf:Yo

cflb_ slt;Dd Ifltk/s eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg]tkm{ klg k|sf]ksf] kl/efiffn] ;d]l6g' h?/L

eO;s]sf] 5 .

To;f] t k|sf]k zAbnfO{ cYof{pg] ;Gbe{df klg ljleGg k]zfdf ;+nUg ljz]if1x¿n] cf–cfkm\gf]

cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] kfoG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu e"sDkljb\, k|zf;s, /fhgLlt1,

:jf:YosdL{, ;dfh;]jL, jftfj/0fljb\ cflbsf] b}jLk|sf]kaf/] kl/efiff km/s km/s cYof{pg] x'g

;S5g\ . o;}u/L o; If]qdf sfo{/t s]xL cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] kl/efiffnfO{ x]bf{ klg s]xL g

s]xL km/s dfGotf /fv]sf] kfOG5 -x]g'{xf];\ jfs; @=!_ . t/ h] xf];\, xfd|f] ;Gbe{df eg] o;sf]

s'g} pko'Qm gfdsf] Gjf/fg geP;Dd b}jL k|sf]k eGg] zAbnfO{ g} xfdLn] :jLsfg'{kg]{ afWotf

gsfg{ ;lsFb}g .

jfs; @=! Some selected definitions of Disaster

1. Disaster is a sudden event that has very unfortunate consequence for those affected by it (The World Book Encyclopedia, 1996). 2. Disaster means any unfortunate event causing widespread damage or suffering (New Webster's Dictionary, 1981). 3. A serious disruption of the functioning of the society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected people to cope using its own resources. Disasters are often classified according to their cause (Natural or man-made (UNDP/UNDRU, 1992). 4. A disaster is any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area (World Health Organization: 1995). 4. A serious disruption to community life which threatens or causes death or injury in that community and/or damage to property which is beyond the day-to-day capacity of the prescribed statutory authorities and which requires special mobilization and organization of resources other than those normally available to those authorities (NDO, 1987).

jfs;df lbOPsf kl/efiffx¿tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ b}jnfO{ 7f8} bf]if glbP/ s'g} klg :yfg ljz]ifdf

s'g} 36gf 36g uO{ wghgsf] Iflt tyf;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf pyn k'yn k'Ug hfG5 / To;nfO{

;fDo kfg{ jfXo ;xfotfsf] ;d]t ck]Iff ul/G5 eg] To:tf] l:yltnfO{ k|sf]kdo l:yltsf] ;+1f


AAN CEDIM 16

lbOPsf] kfoG5 . t/ klg jfs; @=! df lbOPsf kl/efiffx¿n] s]xL xb;Dd cf–cfkm\gf]

;+:yfsf] d"n nIonfO{ k|ltlalDat u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] ;dli6ut ¿kaf6 oxF b}jL k|sf]knfO{

tn lbOP cg'¿k kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

s'g} klg :yfg jf If]qljz]ifdf clk|o 36gf 36g\uO{ To;n] wghgsf] Iflt u/fpgsf ;fy} b'Mv jf cfkt ljkt Nofpg] /

To:tf] kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ aflx/L ;xof]usf] ;d]t ck]Iff ul/G5 eg] To:tf] l:yltnfO{ k|sf]kdo l:ylt dfGg' kb{5 .

k|sf]k pTklQsf] sf/0f

k|sf]k pTkGg u/fpg] sf/s d'Vot b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} cjwf/0ffaf6 cl3 ;fl/Psf] / tL x'g\M s_

wfld{s cjwf/0ff / -v_ xfnsf] cjwf/0ff .

-s_ wfld{s cjwf/0ff cg';f/

wfld{s cjwf/0ffsf] cfofdnfO{ lnP/ s'/f ubf{ s]xL d'Vo d'Vo wfld{s bz{gx¿df k|sf]ksf]

pTklQaf/] s] s:tf] cfVofg ul/Psf] 5 eGg]tkm{ Wofg lbg' pko'Qm x'gfn] oxfF s]xL k|d'v

wfld{s bz{gx¿df k|sf]ksf] pTklQaf/] OlËt ul/Psf kIfx¿nfO{ cl3 ;fg]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

lxGb" cjwf/0ffcg';f/— Cuj]bsf tLgj6f ;"Qmx¿df ?b| b]jtfnfO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]sf b]jtf

dfg]/ :t'lt ul/Psf] kfoG5 . j0f{g cg';f/ ?b| b]jtfsf ;j¿k lz/fdf h6f wf/0f tyf xftdf

wg' / ah| lnPsf clt 8/ nfUbf] b]jtfsf ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ?b| b]jtfsf k|fy{gf

ub}{ Cuj]bsf] Ps dGq -!.!!$.&–*_ df Clif clË/; s'T; :t'lt u5{g\ æx] ?b| Û qmf]wdf cfP/

tkfOF{ xfdL pkf;sx¿, xfd|f dftflktf, xfd|f ;Gtfg / kl/hgx¿, xfd|f] ;DklQ tyf

kz'wgnfO{ Iflt gk'¥ofpg'xf];\Æ -ljBfn+sf/M !(($_ .

k|sf]ksf] k|;ËnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFbf lxGb" bz{gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] sd{sf] l;4fGtn] klg k|sf]k

pTkGg x'g'sf] sf/0f 68\sf/f] ¿kdf k|i6\ofPsf] kfoG5 . of] l;4fGtcg';f/ æh;n] h:tf] vfg],

ug]{ tyf ;f]Rg] sd{ -sfd_ u¥of] p;nfO{ cfkm"n] u/] cg';f/sf] sd{sf] kmn k|flKt x'G5Æ eg]sf]

kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu b"lift vfg]s'/f vfP/ :j:y aGg] cfz /fVg, ds} 5g]{ sfd u/]/

wfgsf] kmnsf] ck]Iff ug{ tyf c;Gtf]ifsf] bnbndf 8'a]/ cfgGbsf] sNkgf ug{ ldNb}g .

cyf{t\ xfdLn] h:tf] sd{ ub{5f}F To;sf] ToxL cg'¿ksf] kmn k|fKt x'G5 .

af}4 cjwf/0ff cg';f/ — k|sf]k pTkGgsf] ;Gbe{df af}4 cjwf/0ffcg';f/ dflg; ;dfh /

k|s[ltaLr cGt/lglxt ;DaGw ePsf] / of] tLg kIf Pscsf{sf] k"/ssf] ¿kdf ePsf]

cf}+NofOPsf] kfOG5 . oL tLgdWo] ;dofg'¿k kl/jt{g x'Fb} hfg] qmddf dfgj hflt dfq o:tf]

xf] ls hf] x/]s If]qdf kl/jt{gsf] kb/km\tf/ cufl8 a9fpg rfxG54 . jf:tjdf kl/jt{g

ckl/xfo{ 5 . JolQmsf] zfGt dgl:ylt, :jR5 ljrf/ / ;t\sd{n] To:t} cg'¿ksf] kl/jf/,


AAN CEDIM 17

;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . k|s[ltdfly cgfb/ k"j{s dflg;n] nf]e / cx+sf/sf]

cf8df ug]{ v]njf8n] ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'ng vnjlng uO{ dflg;sf] dfgl;s ;Gt'ngdf

;d]t s'k|efj kg]{ x'G5 . kmn:j¿k dfgj hfltsf] cl:tTjdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] cy{,

/fhgLlt, ;+:s[lt tyf kof{j/0fdf ;d]t s'k|efj kg{ uO{ htf;'s} k|sf]kdo l:ylt k}bf x'g

k'U5 .

jf}4 wd{sf] of] 5f]6f] ;Gb]zdf dfgjs[lt k|sf]kaf6 6f9} /xg dflg; cfkm} ;'sd{df nfUg'k5{

eGg] kfOG5 . (WWF 1999: pp. 39-38)

lqmlZrog cjwf/0ff cg';f/ — lqmlZrog wd{sf] cfVofg cg';f/ cfhsf clwsf+z k|sf]kx¿

dflg; cfkm}n] u/]sf unt sfo{sf kmn x'g\ eGg] tkm{ OlËt u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] cfly{s a[l4

tyf ef}lts k|ult dfq ug]{ x]t'n] ul/g] a]nufdL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, h}ljs tyf jftfj/09fLo

ljgf;, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljgfz, nfu"kbfy{sf] s"nt, czflGt cflb h:tf k|sf]kx¿ dflg;

cfkm}n] g} lgDTofPsf x'g\ eGg] tkm{ cf}+NofPsf] kfOG5. (WWF: 1999, p. 46)

O:nfd cjwf/0ff cg';f/ — O:nfd wdf{g';f/ dflg;sf] lgs6td ;DaGw k|s[lt;Fu /x]sf] /

p;n] afFRgsf nflu k|s[ltk|bQ kof{j/0f;Fu cfa4 eP/ /xg'kg]{ / k|s[ltn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf

pkef]u tyf pkof]usf nflu pknAw u/fpg] j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf ;fy}

pkef]u÷pkof]u ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . olb k|s[ltn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf pknAw

u/fpg] ;f]t / ;fwgsf] k'gM pTkfbg ug{ g;Sg] tj/n] dflg;n] cTofqmd0f u/L Ifltu|:t

agfPdf O{Zj/åf/f p;nfO{ k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf ;hfo lbOG5 eg]sf] kfOG5 .

ljutsf @% bzsnfO{ kms]{/ x]g]{ xf] eg] dflg;n] k|s[ltdfly w]/} cGofo ul/;s]sf] 5 . xl/of

jghËnx¿sf] a9\bf] ¿kdf ljgf; ul/Fb} nluPsf] 5, vf]nfgfnf / kfgLsf ;|f]t b"lift

agfOPsf 5g\, hLjhGt' nf]kf]Gd'v agfOPsf 5g\ / o:tf w]/} clk|o sfo{x¿ jf:tjdf of]

ljZj O{Zj/ -cNnfx_ åf/f /lrPsf] xf] / dflg; klg p;}sf] ;[li6sf] Ps c+z xf] . t/ dflg;n]

o; k[YjLnfO{ cfkm\gf] g7gL clgi6 sfo{ u5{ eg] ljleGg k|sf/sf k|sf]k lgDTofpg] k|d'v

sf/s klg dflg; g} x'g cfpF5 (Ibid: pp 62-74) . lzv cjwf/0ff cg';f/ — lzv wdf{g';f/ klg k|sf]ksf] l:ylt lgDTofpgdf ;fdflhs Gofosf]

;+s6 / jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] ;+s6nfO{ k|d'v sf/ssf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 . (Ibid: p. 93)

tfcf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ — tfcf] wd{ cg';f/ x]bf{ klg k|s[ltk|lt dflg;sf] Jojxf/ b'O{ wf/df

afFl8Psf] kfOG5, / tL x'g\ M -!_ tfcf] wd{nfO{ ;txL :t/df dfq a'em\g]x¿ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]

k"0f{ pkof]u÷kl/rfng ug]{ s'/fdf ljZjf; /fV5g\ eg] -@_ ulx/fOdf a'em\g]x¿ k|s[ltsf]

lgodfg';f/ dfq ;|f]tx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{df ljZjf; /fV5g\ . o; wd{nfO{ ;txaf6 a'emg]x¿n]


AAN CEDIM 18

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] eb||uf]n lx;fan] b'¿kof]u ul//x]sf] kfOPG5 eg] ulxl/P/ a'em\g]x¿ rflxF

To:tf] eb||uf]n kf/fn] ul/g] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] b'¿kof]un] cjZod]j k|sf]k lgDTofpg] / cGTodf

dfgj cl:tTj g} d]l6g] s'/fdf ljZj:t ePsf] kfOG5 . (Ibid: p. 115)

j:t'tM h'g;'s} wd{ -lqmlZrog, a'4, h}g, O:nflds cflb_ df klg k|s[ltsf] lgod ljkl/t

lqmofsnfk ePdf dflg;n] ljsf;sf] gfddf ljgfz lgDTofO{/x]sf] x'G5 eGg] lgisif{ kfOG5 .

jf:tjdf dflg; cfkm} klg k|fs[lts k|f0fL ePsf]n] k|s[lt lj?4 wfjf af]Ng' dflg;n] cfkm"

lj?4 cfkm}n] wfjf af]Ng' xf] eGg ;lsG5 .

-v_ xfnsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/

klZrdL tyf ljsl;t b]zx¿af6 xfn cufl8 a9fOPsf] k|sf]k;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cg';f/ s'g}

klg k|sf]k 36\g'df b'O{j6f tTjsf] ;+ud x'g' cfjZos k5{ egL OlËt ul/Psf] 5, tL x'g\ M -!_

Ifltsf/s tTj / -@_ Ifltk/s j:t' .

Ifltsf/s tTj eGgfn] To;nfO{ lng'k5{ h'g tTj k|jflxt ePsf] v08df wghgsf] Iflt

k'¥ofpg] s'/fdf hlxn] klg ql;t u/fO/x]sf] x'G5 . To:t} Ifltk/s j:t' To;nfO{ lnOG5 h'g

Ifltsf/s tTj k|jflxt x'Fbf hgwgsf] cf+lzs / k"0of{tof Iflt -)=)! b]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd_

x'g hfG5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, rls{P/ n8\g nfu]sf] 3/ Ifltsf/s tTj eGg'kg]{ x'G5 eg] 3/leq /x]sf

dflg; tyf >L;DklQnfO{ Ifltk/s j:g' dfGg' kb{5 . To:t} klx/f] hfg ;Sg] af9Ln] k|efj

kfg{ ;Sg], e'OFrfnf] cfpg ;Sg], x}hf km}ng ;Sg] cflb h:tf :yfgx¿nfO{ Ifltk/s

:yfgx¿sf] >]0fLdf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] 36gf 36\g] :yfgx¿df ToxfF ePsf j;t'x¿df x'g

;Sg] IfltnfO{ Ifltk/s j:t'x¿ elgG5 .

k|sf]ksf k|sf/x¿

k|sf]kdo l:ylt lgDTofpg] sf/snfO{ d'VotM k|fs[lts, dfgjs[t / ldl>t u/L tLg efudf

/fv]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/ sltko l:yltdf ;[lhtk|sf]kx¿df s'g k|fs[lts, s'g dfgjs[t / s'g

ldl>t xf] egL 5'6\ofpg ufx|f] kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, olb jghË km8fgLsf] sf/0f af9L

klx/f]sf] k|sf]k 36]df o:tf k|sf]k em§ x]bf{ k|fs[lts h:tf] nfu] tfklg To;sf] sf/0f vf]tNb}

hfFbf xfdL dfgjs[t ePsf] kfpF5f}F .

To;}u/L olb ul/aLsf] sf/s tTj vf]tNb} hfg] xf] eg] xfdL k|fs[lts ljkGg :yfg -ju/,

kfvf], 8'jfgdf kg]{ cflb_+ df a;f]af; ug'{, cfly{s ;fdflhs, n}lËs ;dfgtf gx'g', /fhg}lts

g]t[Tjdf tyf ljsf;sf cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf gx'g' cflb h:tf h/]


AAN CEDIM 19

sf/sx¿ xd|f] ;fd" b]vf kg]{5g\ . km]/L ljkGgtf / ul/aLsf] sf/0f dflg;n] tTsfn xftd'v

hf]8\g hËn km8fgLn] af9L klx/f]sf] k|sf]k lgDTofpF5 eg] To;nfO{ k|fs[lts jf dfgjs[t jf

ldl>t s'g rflxF xf] eGg] k|Zg ax;sf] ljifo x'g hfG5 . To;}n] s'g} klg k|sf]knfO{ -s]xL

ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8]/_ k"0f{tof k|fs[lts jf dfgjs[tsf] ju{df /fVg 7f8} pko'Qm xf]nf eGg

;lsGg .

dflysf Ifltk/s j:t'x¿sf] juL{s/0fnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ Pp6f Ifltsf/s tTjsf] :j¿k, :t/ /

k|s[lt cg';f/ Ifltk/s j:t'sf] If]q / xbnfO{ klg ;fwf/0ftM OlËt ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

P8\;, cftÍjfb, e|i6frf/, e"sDk, af9Lklx/f] tyf cfunfuL h:tf k|sf]kx¿sf] nlIft

Ifltk/s j:t'x¿ w]/} xb;Dd km/s x'g ;S5g\ .

k|sf]ksf c;/ tyf k|efjx¿

k|sf]kaf6 x'g] c;/ tyf k|efjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf r/0faf6 x]g'{ pko'Qm x'g cfpF5 .

klxnf] r/0fsf k|efjx¿ — k|sf]kaf6 x'g] klxnf] r/0fsf k|efjdf dfgj Iflt tyf cËeË,

kfNt' kz'k+lIf, 3/hUuf, k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf, aflngfln, sRrf kbfy{ tyf cGo rncrn ;DklQsf]

ef}lts Ifltaf6 x'g] k|ToIf cfly{s xfgL gf]S;fgLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

bf];|f] r/0fsf k|efjx¿ — of] r/0fdf klxnf] r/0fsf] Ifltaf6 pTkGg x'g] ck|ToIf IfltnfO{

lnOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dflg;sf] d[To' tyf cËeËaf6 cfocfh{gdf x'g hfg] sdL tyf

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿df kg{ hfg] cflyt{s af]em . To:t} ;8s, k'n, s'nf], k}gL, gx/ tyf cGo

;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfd"ns ;+/rgfx¿sf] lju|xaf6 x'g] ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf s'k|efj,

ahf/ k|lqmofdf ptf/r9fj, jftfj/0fdf c;/ h:tf kIfnfO{ lng'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltaf6

k|sf]ku|:t If]qsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/kf6Ldf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ hfG5 .

clGtd r/0fsf] k|efj — of] r/0fdf eg] klxnf] / bf];|f] r/0faf6 x'g] k|efjn] b]zdf Nofpg]

pTkfbgdf x|f;, ahf/df dlGb, d'b|fl:kmlt, cfoft lgof{tdf k|lts"ntf, ul/a tyf C0fdf a[l4

cflb h:tf g/fd|f k|efjx¿ cfO{ kb{5g\ .

cGo k|efjx¿

-s_ dfgl;s k|efj — k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt x]/]/ sltko k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 ePsf wgsf] Ifltn]

Psflt/ k|sf]k kLl8tdf dfgl;s tgfj, lg/fzf, dfgl;s c;Gt'ngtf h:tf ljs[lt Nofpg

;S5 eg] csf]{lt/ kl/jf/sf sf]xL ;b:osf] cËeË jf Hofg uPsf] eP o;sf] kL8f cem

bb{gfs x'g k'U5 . o:tf] l:yltsf] s'k|efj vfln kfl/jfl/s 3]/fleq dfq ;Lldt geP/ ;dfh


AAN CEDIM 20

tyf l;Ëf] /fi6«df g} kg{ hfG5. lsgls o:tf] l:yltdf Psflt/ pTkfbg If]qdf x|f; eO/x]sf]

x'G5 eg] csf]{lt/ dfgl;s /fuLsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] nflu kl/jf/sf cGo JolQmsf] ;do tyf

vr{sf] dfqfdf TolQs} a9L /x]sf] x'G5 .

-v_ /fhg}lts k|efj — k|foM w]/}h;f] k|sf]k kl5sf] l:yltdf /fhg}lts bfpk]rsf] v]n :jtM

cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5 . j:t't k|sf]k eO/x]sf] / To;kl5sf] l:yltdf /fxt ljt/0f ug]{,

;]jf;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg], zflGt ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg], k'lgdf{0f tyf k'gjf{; u/fpg] h:tf

s'/fx¿df /fhg}lts bfpk]r tyf e|i6frf/sf dfDnfx¿n] lz/ 7f8f] kfg]{ ui/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n]

ubf{ sltko k|sf]k kLl8t kIfnfO{ k|sf]kn] ubf{ efUosf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] klg b]lvG5 eg]

sltkon] b}jLk|sf]kkl5 km]l/ /fhg}lts k|sf]ksf] kL8f;d]t v]Kg'k/]sf] kfOG5 .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg;DaGwL /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ePsf lqmofsnfk

-s_ k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;g\ !(($ sf] d] dlxgfdf hfkfgsf] of]sf]xfdfdf ;DkGg klxnf]

ljZj k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn] ;qmLo ¿kdf efu lnPsf] lyof] .

-v_ ;g\ !((% df hfkfgsf] sf]a]df :yfkgf ePsf] Asian Natural Disaster Reduction

Conference / To;kl5 ljleGg d'n'sdf ePsf j}7sdf lg0f{o eP cg';f/ b}jLk|sf]k;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ ;+sng, cWoog, ;"rgf k|jfx / b}jLk|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{;DaGwdf

cfk;L ;xof]u clea[l4sf nflu cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{ hfkfgsf] sf]a]df Asian Disaster

Reduction Center (ADRC) :yfkgf eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg ;f] s]Gb|sf] ;b:otf u|x0f u/]sf] 5 .

-u_ United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Secretariat sf] cfof]hgfdf ;g\

!(() b]lv k|To]s jif{sf] cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf] bf];|f] a'waf/ dgfpFb} cfO/x]sf] IDNDR Day 2000

hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof]df ;dfkg eO{ o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ISDR (International Strategy for

Natural Disaster Reduction-Day sf] gfdaf6 g]kfn nufot ljZjel/ g} k|To]s jif{sf]

cS6f]a/ dlxgfsf] bf];|f] a'waf/ k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd;lxt

dgfpFb} cfOPsf] 5 .

-3_ Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) j}ª\ss / u[xdGqfnosf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df CSSR, Medical First Responder, Training for Instructor h:tf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg;Fu

;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ tflnd ;~rfng eO;s]sf 5g\ .

k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ng


AAN CEDIM 21

;g\ @))% sf] hgj/L !* b]lv @@ ;Dd hfkfgsf] sf]a]df k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f;DaGwL ljZj

;Dd]ng ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf !^* d'n'ssf ;/sf/L

pRrkb:y kbflwsf/L nufot u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ;+:yf Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o

;~rf/dfWodsf] Jofks ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;Dd]ng d"n sfo{qmd, pRr:t/Lo

5nkmn / ljifout ;q u/;L tLg efudf ljeflhg lyof] . ljsl;t d'n'ssf cg'ej /

pRrk|ljlwaf6 g]kfnn] nfe lng l;Sg'kg]{ oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub]{ ;Dd]ngdf k|sf]k

Joj:Yofkg;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfonfO{ ;d]6L ;do;fk]If ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ ug]{ lbzftkm{

pGd'v /x]sf] g]kfnn] lgs6 eljiod} k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;dGjo kl/ifb\ :yfkgf

ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] lyof] . ljsl;t d'n'sn] b]vfPsf] rf;f]af6} k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ;DaGwdf

ljZjsf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ k|:tfj klg ;Dd]ngdf /flvPsf] lyof] .

o;}u/L, ;Dd]ngsf] …lbuf] ljsf;sfnflu lzIffÚ ljifos ;qdf g]kfndf klg k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf

nflu hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug{ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu lzIffsf] clt g} dxTj /x]sf] x'Fbf 1fg /

k|ljlwaf6 ;b'kof]uaf6 k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ug{ cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ ljifodf k|sfz kfl/Psf] lyof] . o;

;Gbe{df ;d'bfosf] ;'/lIft eljiosf nflu lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pRrtd\ k|of]uaf6 k|sf]k

Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsg] ljifodf cjwf/0ffkq k|:t't ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf cfXjfgdf ;g\ @))%

b]lv @)!% ;Ddsf] bzsdf …;'/lIft eljiosf nflu lzIffÚ eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;fsf/ t'Nofpg

g]kfnn] z}lIfs kf7\oqmddf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{ lqmofzLn /xg] ;d]t k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] lyof]

.

pQm ;Dd]ngdf b]xfosf ljifodf ;g\ @))% b]lv @)!% ;Ddsf nflu k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df

x\of]uf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] M

1. :yfgLo / /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf] klxrfg u/L ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f Pjd\ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

2. k|sf]k Golgs/0fsf nflu k"j{tof/L;DaGwL k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

3. ;d'bfosf] ;'/lIft eljiosf] nflu hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ .

4. ;fdflhs, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo Pjd\ e"–pkof]usf k|efjnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|sf]k

Go"lgs/0fsf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug]{ .

5. k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf] k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] ;DaGwdf ;a} txnfO{ pQ/bfoL Pjd\ ;Ifd

t'Nofpg] .


AAN CEDIM 22

k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt (UN/ISDR) n] plNnlvt sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog

Pjd\ lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ / ;Dd]ngsf pknlAwnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ Xof]uf] 3f]if0ffkfq hf/L

ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] 3f]if0ffkqdf hgfOPsf /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf b]xfosf gf} a'Fbfdf pNn]v

ul/Psf 5g\ M

!= k|sf]kkLl8tk|lt ;Dj]bgf / ;xfg'e"ltJoQm ub}{ k|sf]klj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o P]Soj4tf clea[l4

ug]{,

@= k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf ;Gbe{df ljZjJofkL ¿kd} ul/aL pGd"ngsf k|of; hf/L /fVg],

6. k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf nflu JolQmb]lv cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf ;a} tx;Dd tbg'¿k ;+:sf/sf]

ljsf; ug]{,

7. cfkm\gf] b]zsf gful/ssf] hgwgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ x/]s /fi6«sf] k|yd bfloTj ePsfn] k|sf]k

Go"lgs/0fsf lbzfdf /fli6«o :t/sf gLltlgwf{/0fd} ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg],

8. k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fdf ;g\ @))% b]lv @)!% ;Ddsf nflu cBfjlws, k|ultzLn Pjd\

sfo{d"ns ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ / To;df csf]{ bzssf nflu cfjZos k|fyldstf ;d]t

;dfj]z u/L sfo{gLlt / cg'udg k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{,

9. ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt (UN/ISDR) / k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg cGo ;+3;+:yfdfkm{t\ k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf ;Gbe{df tof/

ul/g] sfo{d"ns ;+/rgfaf6 pknAw x'g] 7f]; pknlAwsf] cg'udg kxn ug]{–u/fpg],

10. lxGbdxf;fu/df pTkGg dxfljgf;sf/L ;'gfdLkZrft\ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] g]t[Tjdf tof/

ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgfcg';f/sf] k"j{;+s]t k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{,

11. ljZjnfO{ k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg ;Da4 ;a}nfO{ ;lqmo¿kdf lqmofzLn x'g] cfJxfg;lxt

ljZj ;Dd]ngsf oyfy{ pknlAwnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cfufdL bzs / efjL ;Gtltsf nflu

;'/lIft ljZjsf] l;h{gf ug]{,

12. ljZj ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hs hfkfg ;/sf/ / cfltYo k|bfg ug]{ ;x/ Xof]uf] sf]a]sf

gful/snfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg] .

g]kfn klg pQm Xof]uf] 3f]if0ffkqsf] ;ft;b:oLo d:of}bf ;ldltdf ;dfj]z eO{ ;lqmo

;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] .

cfuf] / cfunfuL ;d:of

cfuf]M tfk / k|sfzsf] ld>0fnfO{ cfuf] elgG5 h"g s'g} klg j:t' hNbf pTkGg x'G5 . ;g\ !(&& df Pshgf k|m]Gr /;fpg zf:qL Pg6f]ogL nfef]O;Lo/ (Antoine Lavoisier) n] k|df0fLt


AAN CEDIM 23

u¥of] ls s'g} klg j:t' hNg' eg]sf] Tof] kbfy{;Fu clS;gsf] l56f] l56f] ldnfk uO/fv]sf] x'G5

. (In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier, a french chemist, proved that burning is the result of the rapid union of oxygen with other substances, As substance burns, heat and light are

produced.) ha s'g} kbfy{ aN5, ToxfF tfk / k|sfz pTkGg x'G5 . ha clS;hg s'g} klg

kbfy{;Fu clS;hgsf] ldnfk x'g] k|lqmof l9nf] l9nf] /xG5 To; cj:yfdf cfuf] pTkGg x'Fb}g,

aNb}g / To;nfO{ /;fog zf:qdf clS;hg elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ha clS;hgsf] ldnfk

k]6«f]n;Fu x'G5 ToxfF ldnfksf] sfo{ l56f] l56f] x'g hfG5 / k|ltlqmof :j?k tfk / k|sfz

lgl:sG5 t/ ha clS;ghsf] ldnfk kmnfd;Fu x'G5 . lqmof Tolt l56f] l56f] x'Fb}g, l9nf] l9nf]

x'G5 / lvof nfU5 . ToxfF aNg] cyjf hNg] sfo{ x'Fb}g t/ clS;8]zg x'G5 t/ x/]s clS;8];g

aNg] cyjf hNg] lqmof gx'g ;S5 .

cfuf]sf] ljljw kIf

wfld{s Pj+ P]ltxfl;s kIfM k|flrgsfndf cfuf]sf] k|of]u zl//nfO{ Gofgf] /fVgnfO{ ub{y] . t/ h;/L ;Eotf cuf8L a9\b} uof] To;/L g} cfuf]sf] k|of]u leGg leGg tl/sfn] ug{ yflnP .

dfG5]x?n] cfuf]n] vfgf ksfpg, xltof/ ltvf] kfg{, df6f] ksfpg / alQ afNg l;sg] . t/

k|flrg dfgjx? rflx cfuf]sf] k|of]u Psbd lj:tf/} dfq a'e\mg ;s] / To;nfO{ k|of]u ug]{

tl/sf klg ;Gtf]ifhgs rflx lyPg .

cfh xfdLn] cfuf] afNg k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf w]/} g} ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . / ljleGg lsl;dn] klg

k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . cfuf]n] d]l;g rNg] phf{ lgsfN5 / sf/vfgf lg/Gt/ rnfp5 . o;n] 6«]g

hxfh / Kn]g rnfpg zlQmsf] cfk"lt{ u5{ To:t} o;n] ljB't klg lgsfN5 . of] slxn]sfxL

v/fa j:t'x?nfO{ x6fpg / vQd kfg{ klg k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fy;fy} vlghx?af6 wft' lgsfNg

/ wft'nfO{ ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/ lbg klg Psbd} k|of]u x'G5.

;fjwfgLsf ;fy k|of]u ul/g] cfuf] Psbd kmnbfos x'G5 . t/ ;ts{tfsf] ;fy k|of]u ul/Pg

eg] of] ljWj+;sf/L klg x'g ;S5 . ;fjwfgLsf ;fy cfuf] k|of]u ePg eg] cfuf]n] xhf/f}

dfG5]x? df5{g / nfvf}sf] ;DklQ klg jjf{b ub{5 . ;g\ !&&& df n08gsf] 7"nf] efu ;g\

!*&! df l;sfuf] / ;g\ !(@# df 6f]lsof] nfO{ cfuf]n] Wj:t kf¥of] . To;sf ;fy} j[Ifx? /

emfl8x? klg jif]{gL ;vfk kf5{ .


AAN CEDIM 24

cfuf]sf] pTklQ slxn] / s;/L eof] eGg] cflwsfl/s k|efj s]xL geP klg 9'+u] o'ub]lv g}

dflg;n] cfuf]sf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] dfGotf 5 . a}lbs u|Gycg';f/ lx/0ofIsL 5f]/L ljs];Ln]

lzjhLsf] ue{wf/0f ubf{ pg}sf] sf]vaf6 clUgsf] pTklQ ePsf] dflgG5 . st} j;"–dfof{sf]

ue{af6 clUgsf] pTklQ ePsf] eGg] klg ul/G5 . t/ clUgsf] pTklQ hlxn] ePsf] eP klg

o;sf af/] clUgk"/f0fdf k|:6} syg kfOG5 .

cfhsf] lbgdf cfuf]sf] k|of]u ljgf dfgjsf] hLJg ofkgsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf

k'u]sf] 5 . vfgfksfpg, xltof/ agfpg], snf If]qdf, pHofnf] rflxPdf cfuf] geO{ x'Fb}g .

k'/fgf] ;Eotfdf cfuf]sf] k|of]u tyf pTkbg ljlwsf] ljsf;df lgs} g} dGb ultdf cuf8L

a9\of] t/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ To;df u'0ff]Q/ ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . cfhsf] ;dfhdf

pHofnf] kfg{sf] nflu dfq cfuf]sf] k|of]u ul/b}Fg . a? cGo w]/} sfdx?sf] nflu klg k|of]u

ulG5 . d]l;g, pBf]u ;~rfng ug{, /]n rnfpg, kfgL hxfh rnfpg], xjfO{hxfh rnfpg,

ljB't pTkfbg ug{, sfdgnfUg] kmf]xf]/sf y'k|fx? x6fpg jf hnfpg, w]/} h;f] vlghaf6 wft'

lgsfNg, s'g} klg wft'nfO{ rflxPsf] cfsf/ lbg cfuf]sf] k|of]u ulg5 .(Fire-The Word Book Encyclopedia (F). Page–125)

k"j{P]ltxfl;s sfndf dfgj hfltn] cfuf]sf] af/]df hfgsf/L k|s[ltaf6 g} lnPsf] x'g'k5{ .

h:tf] ls Hjfnfd'vLsf] lj:kmf]6g, ;"o{af6 lg:s]sf tfknfO{ cg'ej u/]/ x]/]/ cfuf];DaGwL

hfgsf/L kfPsf] x'g'k5{ . b'O6f 9'+ufx? Ps cfk;df 7f]sLFbf pTkGg x'g] cfuf]sf] lemNsf]af6

klg cfuf];DaGwL hfgsf/L kfPsf] x'g;S5 . hgfj/x¿ Ps cfk;df n8fO{ ubf{ tLgx?sf]

;Lª\aLrx'g] 3if{0faf6 klg pTkGg x'g] lemNsf] b]v]/ k'/fgf dfgj;Eotfn] cfuf];DaGwL

hfgsf/L kfPsf] x'g ;S5 .

kl;{og ;flxTodf cfuf]sf] vf]h;DaGwL Pp6f syf 5 . h'gdf 8«fug;Fusf] n8fOsf] k|;ª\u 5

. pSt syfdf Pp6f /fIf;n] cfˆgf]] xltof/ ljl;G5 . h'g kl5 lx/f]n] k|of]u ug{ k'U5 . lx/f]n]

pSt xltof/nfO{ Pp6f r§fg;Fu 7f]S5 . Tof] syf cg';f/ ToxLlg/ cfuf]sf] lemNsf] lgl:sG5 /

dfgj ;Eotfn] ToxLaf6 cfuf]sf] bz{g u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . k'/fgf dflg;x¿ dWo] w]/}n]

cfuf]nfO{ k|s[ltsf] cyjf OZj/sf] pkxf/ :j?k k|fKt ePsf] dflgG5 .

cfuf]nfO{ cToGt kljq dflgYof] . lsgls Tof] dfgjhutsf] enf]sf] nflu cToGt cfjZos

j:t' lyof] . k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} cfuf]sf] / ;"o{sf] k"hf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lsgls klxnf klxnf


AAN CEDIM 25

cfuf] kfpg' cToGt ufx|f] sfd lyof] . hxfF txL cfuf] kfOGgYof] . To;}n] s'g} ;fh{hlgs

7fpFdf cfuf] afn]/ /flvGYof] . h'g slxNo} lgEb}gYof] . To:tf vfnsf cfuf]sf] hf]uf8

OlhK6Log, kf;L{og, u|L; / /f]dgsf x/]s ufpFx?df ul/GYof] . o;/L x/]s ;d'bfo leqsf]

;fd'bflos :yndf cfuf] af/]/ /flvGYof] . /f]dgx?sf] /f]ddf /x]sf] j]:6fsf] dlGb/df cfuf]sf]

dxTj x]g{ ;slG5 . j]:6f rflx+ d'6'sf] OZj/ dflgG5 . h;sf] af; x/]s 3/df x'g] ub{5 eg]

dfGotf lyof] . t/ ha wd{ rflx /fHosf] ;/f]sf/sf] s'/f x'gk'Uof] . ToxfF Pp6f kljq:yndf

dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f eof] h;df cfuf]nfO{ lg/Gt/ afln /fv]sf] 5 .

cfuf]sf] j}1flgs JofVof M j}1flgs cjwf/0ffdf clS;hg (Oxygen) / OGwg (Fuel) ;Fu 3if{0f

(Friction) jf tfk (Heat) ldl;+bf x'g] /;folgs k|ltlqmofaf6 pTkGg zlQmsf] cg'e'ltnfO{ cfuf]

elgG5 . jt{dfg o"udf cfuf] b}lgs hLjgsf nflu geO{ gx'g] a:t' eO;s]sf]n] cfuf]sf]

cfˆgf]] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ o;sf] pTklQ ug]{ ljleGg pkfox? ckgfOg] ul/G5 . ;nfO{,

nfO6/, rsds, em'nf], ljB't lx6/ h:tf cfuf] pTkGg ug]{ s'g} g s'g} ;fwgsf] x/]s 3/df

b}lgs k|of]u x'G5 . o:tgf ;fwg k|of]u u/]/ h]–h;/L cfuf] pTkGg ul/g] eP klg clS;hg ±

OGwg ± 3if{0f jf tfksf] ;ld>0fsf] l;4fGtaf6 g} cfuf]sf] pTklQ ePsf] kfO{G5 . aNg]

j:t'x¿sf] u'0f / kl/df0f cg';f/ pGkGg cfuf]sf] k|ToIf u'0f jf cju'0f km/s x'G5 . cfuf]

aNbf x'g] /;folgs k|ltlqmofn] atfj/0fdf ;d]t c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . cfuf] an]sf] cj:yfdf x]bf{

w'jfF, cfuf]sf] Hjfnf, cFuf/, sf]Onf / lemNsfx? b]lvg] eP klg To;af6 sfj{g df]gf]cS;fO8,

sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8, xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8, gfO6«f]hg 8fOcS;fO8h:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf cb[Zo

ljiffSt Uof;;d]t lg:sGg . To:tf Uof;af6 gfs lvGofpg], cfFvf kf]Ng], lbdfun] sfd gug]{

h:tf c;/ b]vf kb{5g\ eg] Zjf;k|Zjf;af6 z/L/df k|j]z x'Fbf s]xL If0fd} dfgj jf hLjhGt'

j]xf]; x'g klg ;S5 . o:tf ljiffSt Uof; jftfj/0fdf ldl;g] s|dsf] lg/Gt/tfn] kof{j/0fdf

;d]t 7"nf] k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 .

cfuf]sf] k|sf/ / Joxf/ - cfuf] b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'g] ub{5 . Ps lgolGqt –lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] cfuf] cyjf s'g} Ps sf]7fdf, s'g} Ps d}gjQL, lg/Gt/ ?kdf aln/fv]sf] 5 eg] Tof] lgolGqt cfuf] xf] . To:tf] cfuf] hf] Ps vf; ult / txdf lg/Gt/

?kn] ;|f]taf6 OGwg k|fKt ul//fv]sf] x'G5 .


AAN CEDIM 26

csf]{ clgolGqt cyjf lgoGq0f g/x]sf] cfuf] . To:tf] lsl;dsf] cfuf, h;nfO{ aNgsf nflu

vf; OGwgsf] ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'Fb}g, To;}n] To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ klg ;lsFb}g t/ Tof]

cfuf] aNg yfn]kl5 cfˆgf]] af6f]df kfpFb} u/]sf] 7f]; cyjf t/n kbfy{nfO{ afNb} OGwg kfpF5 .

cfuf]n] l;h{gf dfq ub{}g . slxn] sfxLF ljgf; klg ub{5 . clgolGqt cfuf]n] aif]{gL ;of}F

kl/jf/ / dflg;nfO{ df5{ eg] xhf/f}F, nfvf}Fsf] wgdfn hnfP/ gi6 ub{5 . ;g\ !^^^ df

n08g zx/sf] 7"nf] efu cfuf]n] hn]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !*&! df lzsfuf] / ;g\ !(@# df

hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof] zx/df leif0f cfunfuL ePsf] lyof] / ck"/0fLo Iflt klg . cfuf]n] dfgjLo

Iflt dfq ub}{g, a? o;n] ;DklQ, jgh+un, OToflb jftfj/0fLo Iflt klg Jofks dfqfdf

jif]{gL ul//fv]sf] x'G5 .

;a} kbfy{x¿ Ps} k|sf/n] aNb}g . aNg], hNg] lqmof kbfy{ cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu rf/sf]nn] klg tfk t lbG5 t/ dw'/f] rdssf ;fy . ToxLlg/ c? kbfy{x¿,

h:t} sf]Onf, Uof;, DofUg]l;od, t]n, sf7, bfp/fn] klg aNbfv]l/ tfk lbG5 . t/, cfuf]sf]

lemNsf, /fksf ;fy . t;y{ o:tf] lemNsf]sf] /Fu rflxF kbfy{sf] k|sf/ / tfkqmddf e/ kg]{ s'/

x'g ljleGg kbyf{x¿sf] aNg] hNg] tl/sf klg km/s km/s x'Fbf] /x]5 .

cfuf] s;/L aN5 <

cfuf] pTkfbgsf nflu tLg j6f k"j{ zt{x¿ k"/f ePs} x'g' kbf]{ /x]5 . tL zt{x¿ x'g\M

-s_ ToxfF OGwg -hf] aNg] 5_ x'g} k5{ . OGwg ltg} k|sf/sf] x'G5M 7f];, t/n / Uof; .

-v_ pSt OGwg aNg ;Sg] of]Uosf] tfkqmd . (Ignition Temp) df x'g} k5{ . (Ignition temperature is the lowest tempeture at which combustion can bdgin and centime)

-u_ / ToxfF clS;hg k|;:t dfqfdf x'g} kb{5 . hf] ls k|fo h;f] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0faf6

cfpg] ub{5 .

x/]s OGwgsf] b'O{ k|sf/sf] k|Hjng tfkqmd x'G5 . Pp6f Tof] k|Hjng tfkqmd h;df

k|Hjngsf] pTklQ aflx/L OGwgsf] ;|f]taf6 x'Fbf] /x]5 h:tf] ls ;nfO{sf] k|of]uaf6 afNg] sfo{ .

csf]{ pRr tfkqmd hxfF lg/ cfuf] cfkm} pTkGg x'Fbf] /x]5 /, To:tf] cfuf] s'g} aflx/L OGwg

;|f]tsf] k|of]u gx'Fb} klg aN5 .

cfuf] ;'? x'g] tl/sfx? (Method of Starting Fires)


AAN CEDIM 27

k/fk"j{sfndf ljleGg t/Lsfaf6 cfuf] afNg] ul/GYof] . h;/L h'g ljwL k|of]u u/]klg cfuf]

afNgsf nflu tLg s"/fx? pknAw x'g} kYof]{ . ;nfO{sf] k|of]u x'g' cufl8 cfuf] afNgsf nflu

;a} eGbf a9L ˆnLG6 / :6Ln ljlw k|of]u x'GYof] . ˆnLG6M s8f r§fgsf] 6'qmf, :6Ln M wft' ,

/LG8/ M s6g cyjf gfOngsf] n'uf, s]xL vf; ?vaf6 agfOPsf] w"nf] .

o; ljlwaf6 cfuf] pTkfbgsf] nflu tL vf; ls;Ldsf] w'nf]nfO{ tfjfdf e'6]/ /flvGYof] . e'6\bf

Tof] cj:yf;Dd e'l6GYof] hltv]/;Dd Tof] w"nf] nueu aNg] cj:yfdf k'UYof] . To;kl5 Tof]

w'nf]nfO{ 6LG8/ afs;df /flvGYof] . hxfF lg/ cfuf] afNg' kg]{ xf] toxfF nu]/ :6Ln /

kmnLG6nfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]/n] 7f]lsGYof] / To;sf] tn 6L08/sf] w'nf] /flvPsf] x'GYof] . :6Ln

ˆnLG6sf] 3if{0faf6 km'lTsg] cfuf]sf] lemNsfn] 6l08/ w"nf]df cfuf] ;lNsGYof] / To;? cfuf]

aflnGYof] .

k"/fgf hdfgfdf cfuf] pTkfbgsf] nflu csf]{ ljlw klg k|of]u x'GYof] . tof] ljlw b'O{ a:t'

aLrsf] 3if{0fdf cfwfl/t lyof] . o; ljlwdf sf7sf] w'nf] /fv]/ s'g} Ps jf]8{df Pp6f n¶LnfO{

Tolta]nf;Dd 3if{0f u/fOGYof] hlt v]/ ;Dd Tof] w'nf]df cfuf] ;lNsb]GYof] . Tof] dl;gf] lemNsf]

/fkdf abNgsf nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf clS;hg cfk"lt{ ul/GYof] .

;nfO{sf] cflj:sf/ M hf]gjfs/ gfdsf] c+u|]h kmsf{l;i6åf/f ;g\ !*@& df klxnf] k6s

;nfO{sf] cflj:sf/ ul/Psf] xf] . ;nfO{sf] cflj:sf/ kl5 cfuf] afNg ;lhnf] ePsf] xf] .

ljleGg zx/x?df ePsf] 7"nf cfunfuLx? n08gM ;g' !^^^ / !($) df cfunfuL x'Fbf n08g zx/sf] 7"nf] efu hn]sf] lyof] . ;g\

!(^^ df n08gdf ePsf] …b u|]6 kmo/ ckm n08gÚ eGg] ul/G5 . pQm cfunfuL n08gsf]

6fj/ a|Lh glhssf] k'l8+un]g af6 ;g\ !^^^ ;]K6]Da/ @ b]vL ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] / kfFr

lbgkl5 ;]K6]Da/ & sf lbg lgoGq0f ePsf] lyof] . pQm cfunfuL n08g ;x/sf] w]/} efu

hn]sf] lyof] . / s]xL dGbL/x¿ klg ;g' !^)) df n08gdf ag]sf w]/}h;f] 3/x¿ sf7sf]

lyof] / Ps csf{;Fu 6fF;]/ ag]sf] lyof] . Tolt clUg lgoGq0fsf] s'g} 7f]; Pjd\ Joj:yLt

k|0ffnL lyPg . pQm cfunfuLn] !#,))) 3/x¿ -ahf/ If]qdf_ hn]sf] lyof] . *( j6f k]l/;

rr{x¿ / k'/fgf] ;]G6 kfpn Sofy]8n klg hn]sf] lyof] .


AAN CEDIM 28

;g\ !($) -bf];|f] ljZj o'4tfsf_ sf] l8;]Da/ @( sf lbg hd{gLsf] Po/ qmfkm\6n] dWo n08g

zx/df cToGt zlQmzfnL ad v;fn]sf] lyof] . To; 36gfn] klg n08g zx/df Jofks

hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] .

df8fuf:sf/M df8fuf:sf/ Ps clk|msL b]z xf] . of] Pp6f 6fk" If]q xf] . oxfF Psgf;sf] jiff{

x'Fb}g . klZrdL t6df cln cln kfgL k/]sf] x'G5 . Tof]klg l8;]Da/b]lv dfr{ ;Dd dfq kfgL

kb{5 . ;'Vvf df};d s'n'sn] cfunfuLsf] k|sf]k ;fdgf ug'{ k5{ . w]/} wgdfn gi6 x'G5 .

dflg;sf] d[To'sf] sf/0f klg aGb5 . cfunfuLsf] 36gfx? dWo] () k|ltzt rflx dflg;n]

36fPsf] x'G5 . To:tf] sfd rfxL ljleGg p2]Zon] u/]sf] x'g5 . r/0fsf] nflu, 7fpF v'Nnf

kfg{sf nflu, 3/ agfpgsf] nflu cyjf 5f]6f] cjwLsf] nflu hldgsf] pj{/f zlSt a9fpgsf

nflu To:tf] sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . oL ;a sf/0fn] ubf{ hldgdf bL3{sfnLg gsf/fTds c;/x¿

kg]{ u5{ . e"–Ifo a9\5 . dflg;x?sf] a;fO{ ;/fO{df j[l4 x'G5 . ul/aL a9fpF5 OTofbL,

OTofbL . oL ;a l:yltdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;g\ @))@ df hL6Lh]8n] cfuf] lgoGq0f kl/of]hgf

z'? u/]sf] lyof] .

:yfgLo af;lGbfx?, ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?, jg ljefun] ldn]/ ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / cfuf]

lgogq0f;DaGwL /0fgLlt tof/ u/]/ sfof{Gjg u/] . o:tf] sfo{qmdn] h+undf nfUg] cfunfuL

/ To;af6 ;dfhdf kg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df dflg;x¿ hfgsf/ eP .

ci6«]lnofM ;g\ @))# sf] hgj/L !* sf lbg ci6«]lnofsf] Sofgj]/f zx/df cfunfuLaf6 7"nf]

Iflt k'Uof] . h+undf ePsf] cfunfuL a9\b} uP/ zx/df klg Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . Sofgj]/f

l:yt cd]l/sL /fhb'tfj;sf cg';f/ cfunfuLsf sf/0f rf/ hgfsf] d[To' / s]xL :s'n cf}iflw

k;n ;lxt $))) 3/x¿df Iflt k'u]sf] lyof] . 36gfsf] nuQ} hgj/L @! sf lbg cd]l/sL

/fhb'tfjf;sf sfo{sf/L Dofs]nkL cf]jg]n] pSt cfunfuLaf6 ePsf] IltnfO{ k|sf]k

(Disaster) sf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ub}{ cGt/fli6«o ;xof]usf] dfu u/]sf lyP . ci6«]lnofsf] k|fs[lts

vt/fx? dWo] cfuf] rflx+ k|d'v vt/f aGg uPsf] 5 . o;n] g} ca ;aeGbf a9L wghgsf]

Iflt u5{ . clxn] ci6«]lnofdf cfuf] k|lt/Iff ug{ Pp6f /fd|f] ;+:yf eP klg @))) ;Dd

cfuf]n] rflx r'gf}lt lbg ;S5 .


AAN CEDIM 29

ef/t: ef/tdf cfunfuLsf sf/0f olb ;fFu'/f] zx/Ls/0f xf] . h:t} M cfsfz] 3/x? / Ps} 7fpFdf Psbd Tight / Flammable pocket sf] ?kdf /x]sf] emf]kl8, lj:tf/} uNg] kmf]x/n] el/Psf] Landfills, Knfli6s / kf]lnlygsf ;fdfgx?, g=kf=n] 3'; vfP/ k\mofS6«Lx?df cfuf]

;'/Iffy{ ;fwgx? gnufpgfn] . ufpF3/df rflxF agsf cfuf] k|fo;M pQ/of, hUuf ;kmf

ug{nfO{ nufOPsf] cfuf], sf7 t:s/x?n] nufpg] cfuf] cyjf c;fjwfgLk"j{s r'/f]6sf] 7'6f]

kmfNgfn] nfUg] cfuf] n] cfunfuL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

ljgf s'g} of]hgf ef/tsf zx/x?df cfsfz 5'g] 3/x?sf ;fy} a+unf / ;fgf] OG8li6«x?, 7"nf]

OlGhlgo/LË ;fwgx? 7"N7"nf k]6«f]lnod rNg] sf/vfgfx?, xjfO{ d}bfg, jGb/ufxx?, cf0fljs,

/f;folgs, h'6 tyf sk8f sf/vfgfn] el/Psf 5g . w]/} vt/f ePsf] s]lx /fi6«x? dWo] ef/t

klg kb{5 .

cfunfuL ef}lts /f;folgs k|lqmof dfq} xf]Og o;df ;fdflhs tTjx? klg Tolt g} dxTjk"0f{

5 . cfunfuLsf 36gfx?, Ifltsf] ljj/0f, cfuf] lgefpg] ljwL rflx ;a} 7fpdf leGg leGg

5g\ . To;}n] oL ;a s'x/fx? Ps 7fpFdf /fv]/ ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ .

;g\ !((& df ef/te/L !*,^$$ cfunfuL 36gfx? ePsf lyP / $,)$% dfG5] d/] eg] &,**& hgf 3fOt] eP . ef= ?= ()(=@@* s/f]8 sf] Iflt eof] . oL cfsF8fx? rflx

ufpF3/df /]s8{ gul/Psf cfsF8f ;d]6]sf 5g\ . of] Indicative data xf] .

clUg lgoGq0f (Fire Prevention): cfunfuL x'g'af6 aRgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] jrfjsf pkfox¿nfO{ g} clUg lgoGq0f -Fire

Prevention_ elgG5 . cfunfuL 7"nf] wgsf] dfq Iflt ub{}g a¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf dfgj d[To'sf]

sf/0f klg aGbf] /x]5 . ;g\ !((@ df a]nfot e/Ldf $@%))) cfunfuLsf 36gfx¿ ePsf

lyP . ToxfF &*( hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . eg] !$&)) dflg;x¿ To;}sf] sf/0f 3fO{t] klg

ePsf] lyof] . To;jif{ cfunfuLsf sf/0f Iflt ePsf] s'n ;DklQsf] d"NO *%) ldlnog

kfp08 /x]sf] lyof] . ToxL jif{ ;g\ !((@ df cd]/Lsfdf sl/a ^))) JolQm dfl/Psf] lyof]

eg] @*))) dflg;x¿ cfunfuLs} sf/0f 3fO{t] ePsf lyP . s:n ;ft c/a cd]l/sL 8n/

a/fa/sf] ;DklQ gf; ePsf] lyof] .

JolQmut, ;d'x / ;d'bfon] cfuf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ltgj6f ljlwx¿ k|of]u ug{] u5{g\ .


AAN CEDIM 30

-!_ lgod sfg"g agfP/

-@_ 3/, ejg / ;DklQx¿sf] cg'udg u/]/

-#_ cfjZos lzIff km}nfP/

w]/} b]zx¿n] laN8LË sf]8 agfP/, 3/ lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ul/g] s]xL vf; ljlw / ;fdu|Lx¿

;DaGwL dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLn] ;fj{hlgs ejgx¿sf]

cg'udg ug{] u5{ . hf]lvddf /x]sf ejgx¿sf] ;'wf/sf nflu sfdx¿ ul/G5 cyjf To:tf

sfo{sf] l;kmfl/; ul/G5 s]xL ;d'bfox¿df clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLn] 3/ dflnssf] :jLs[ltdf

lghL 3/x¿ klg cg'udg ub{5 .

lzIff Pjd\ hgr]tgf g} Pp6f o:tf] dfWod xf] . h;af6 clUg lgoGq0f Pjd\ Iflt Go"lgs/0f

ug{ ;lsG5 . clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL ;fd'bflos ;d'xx¿ ljBfnosf lzIfs Pj}+ ljBfyL{x¿

nufotsf JolQmx¿ ;a}n] ldn]/ sfd u/]sf v08df cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;lsG5

. cfuf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ljleGg 7fpFdf km/skm/s tl/sf ckgfOG5 . h:tf] ls 3/ tyf

:s'nx¿df, 3/ tyf :s'nx¿df k|of]u eO;s]sf cyjf sfd gnfUg] cgfjZos j:t'x¿nfO

y'kf/]/ /fVg' x'Fb}g . cgfjZos j:t'x¿ hlt hlt a9L y'k|}sf] x'G5, Tolt Tolt a9L

cfunfuLsf] vt/f x'G5 . To;} u/L k]6«f]n l8h]n k]G6 h:tf k|HjngzLn t/n kbfy{x¿ 3/df

g/fVbf cfunfuLsf vt/fnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k'/fgf 3/ tyf :s'nx¿df lah'nLsf]

tf/x¿ klg x]g{'kb{5 . slxn]sflxF /fd|f];Fu jfO{l/ª /fd|/L gul/Psf] cj:yfdf cyjf cGo s]xL

sf/0fn] klg cfunfuL x'g;S5 . jfO{l/ªnfO{ sfk{]6sf] d'lGt/af6 slxn]klg l5/fpg' x'Gg .

Pp6} :jLrdf w]/} Knux¿ 3';fbf{ klg cfunfuLsf] vt/f x'Fbf] /x]5 .

km]lj|s kbfu{x¿ tTsfn aNbf] /x]5 . a'l4dfg cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ 3/df ;fjwfgL

ckgfpg l;sfpF5g\ / r'Nxf] cyjf cGo s'g} cfuf] afNg] 5]p5fpdf aNg] n'uf ;fdu|Lx¿ /fVg'

x'Gg eGg] s'/f cleefjsn] aRrfx¿nfO l;sfpg'k5{ . w]/} :s'nx¿n] cfunfuL ;DaGwL

hgr]tgf tyf lzIffsf nflu ljBfyL{ hgr]tgf tyf lzIffsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿ lar syf,

sljtf, lgjGw Pjd\ lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf u/fpg] ub{5 . clUg lgoGqs ;d'xx¿n] klg

:s'ndf o:tf s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] ub{5 .

;d'bfodfM clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL / ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ cfuf] lgoGq0fsf nflu lgod sfg'g

cg'udg tyf r]tgf -lzIff_ d'ns sfo{s|dx¿ ;~rfng ug{] ul/G5 . pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;ª\3


AAN CEDIM 31

o'jf Snjx¿n] kqklqsf, kDkn]6, kf]i6/, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L u/]/

r]tgf km}nfpF5 . s]xL ;d'xx¿n] ;d'bfonfO{ k"j{ tof/Lsf] nflu s]xL vr{sf] Joj:yf ug{]

ub{5 . To;}n,] ToxfFsf dflg;x¿n] k"j{ tof/Lsf] Joj:yf ul//fv]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

3/x¿df x'g] cfunfuL 36gf rflxF a9L dfqfdf hf8f] dlxgfdf x'g] ub{5 . hlta]nf dflg;x¿

cfuf] tfKgsf nflu a9L h;f] clUg pks/0fx¿ k|of]u u5{g\ . To:tf 36gfx¿sf] d'Vo sf/0f

rflxF clUg pks/0fx¿ 7Ls cj:yfdf g/xg' / k|of]ustf{sf] c;fjwfgL g} x'G5 .

:yfgLo:t/df lgoldt ¿kdf ;/;kmfO{sf sfo{x¿ eO{/fVof] eg] tL 3/df a:g] dflg;x¿,

;fd'bflos ejgsf dflg;x¿, snsf/vfgf, :s'n sn]hsf dflg;x¿ cf-cfˆgf] 7fpF jl/kl/

/x]sf sfd gnfUg] j:t'x¿sf] ;/;kmfO{df pT;flxt x'G5 h;n] cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdnfO{

36fpF5 . o:tf] ;/;kmfO{ ;fKtflxs ¿kdf hg:t/, ;d'bfo:t/af6 eof] eg] a9L k|efjsf/L

dflgG5 . To:t} a]nfotdf x/]s jif{ cS6'a/ dlxgfdf clUglgoGq0f ;Ktfx dgfOG5 . To;

;Ktfxel/df gful/sx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0fsf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ul/G5 .

pBf]udfM pBf]udf cfuf] lgoGq0fsf] sfd Ps emGeml6nf] sfd xf] . oxfF w]/} sf/0fx¿ x'g]

ub{5g\ . To:t} To;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu klg w]/} pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{'kg{] x'G5 . d]l;gx¿sf]

l8hfOg / To;sf] h8fg a8f] ;fjwfgLk"j{s ug{'kg{] x'G5 . pBf]udf sfd ug{] sfdbf/ x¿n]

klg ljleGg /f;folgs kbfy{x¿ k|of]u ubf{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg{] x'G5, ;/;kmfO{ nufot cGo

s'/fx¿df uDeL/tf k"j{s Wofg lbg'k5{ .

clUg lgoGq0fsf] sfg"gM P]ltxfl;s sfndf cfuf] lgoGq0fsf nflu sfg"gsf] Joj:yf rfFlx

ejg lgodfjnL ;Fu} ePsf] xf]. /f]dg ;fd|fHo (Emperor) cu:t;n] 3/sf] prfO{ w]/} x'g\'sf ;fy} leQf x¿sf] df]6fO{ kftnf] x'g\kg{] eg]sf] lyof] kl5 u{P/ b'O ejgaLrsf] Go"gtd b"l/sf]

dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ #)) df zf;s h'lno;n] cfuf];Fu ;DalGwt s]xL

s'/fx¿df aGb]h nufP . pbfx/0fsf] nflu To:tf lrDgLx¿df k|ltaGw nufO{of], hxfF emg\

leQfx¿df cfuf] nfUg] uYof]{ . O6fnL / hd{gLsf /fhs'df/x¿n] pQm lgodnfO !& cf}+

ztfAbLsf] cGt;Dd k|of]udf NofPsf lyP .

cd]l/sfdf klxnf klxnf cfuf];Fu n8\g cyjf cfunfuL ePsf] a]nf ug{'kg{] sfo{x¿sf] af/]df

kl5 kl5 cfunfuLsf] a]nf lgoGq0fdf ;f]Rg' eGbf cfunfuL /f]Sg'kg{] ;DaGwdf cd]l/sL


AAN CEDIM 32

kqklqsfdf a9L rrf{ kl/rrf{ eof] . To;}sf] cfwf/df ToxfF lgod sfg'gx¿ aGof] . w]/}

b]zx¿df ljdfsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ clUg lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] th{'df ul/of] .

a]nfotdf cfuf] lgoGq0f P;f]l;P;g (Fire Protection Association-FPA) n] /fli6«o cfuf] ;'/Iff ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfd ub{5 / To:t} vfnsf @) j6f cGo ;+:yfx¿ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf

sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . Iflt lgoGq0f cfof]u (Loss Prevention Council) sf] Ps c+usf] ¿kdf a]nfotsf] /fli6«o cfuf] ;'/Iff ;+:yf sfo{/t /x]sf] 5 . a]nfotdf d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf] Iflt

lgoGq0f cfof]un] ljZj JofkL ¿kdf sfd ubf{] /x]5 .

clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL (Fire Brigade) ;d'bfosf] nflu rflxg] cTofjZos ;+:yfx¿ dWo] kmfo/ lj|u]8 klg Ps xf] . cfuf] ljefu

cyjf kmfo/ lj|u]8 cfuf];Fu n8\5 . hf] s'g} klg 7fpF 3/, sfof{no, dlGb/df nfu]sf] x'G5 .

clUg lgoGqsx¿n] cfˆgf] Hofgsf] afhL yfk]/ cfunfuLsf] a]nf hg / wg b'j}sf] 7"nf] Iflt

x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 . jf:tjdf clUg lgoGqs Ps To:tf] hf]lvdk"0f{ k]zf xf] h;nfO c¿ s'g}

k]zfx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L hf]lvdo'St dfGg ;lsG5 . dlxnf tyf k'¿if, h;n] clUg lgoGqs

;d"xdf sfd ub{5 . To;n] cfunfuLsf] lgoGq0fdf dfq xf]Og a¿ c¿ klg cfkt ljktsf]

a]nf dflg;sf] p4f/ u5{g\ . clUg lgoGq0f ;]jf (Fire Brigades) n] ;'/Iff lgodcGtu{t a;]/

cfuf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu sfd ub{5 . pgLx¿n] dflg;x¿nfO{ cfunfuLsf] ;DefJo vt/f

7fpFsf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L u/fpFb5g\ . w]/} 7fpFsf] cfunfuLsf] 36gf dflg;x¿s}

c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f x'g] ub{5 . pgLx¿n] To:tf 36gf 36\g' cufj} /f]Sg ;S5 . obL

pgLx¿nfO{ To;sf] af/]df k"j{ hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 . olb pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff ljlwx¿sf] af/]df

k"j{ hfgsf/L u/fOG5 eg] 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt /f]Sg ;lsG5 . la|6]gdf x/]s jif{ cfunfuLdf

k/]/ Ps xhf/ dflg; dfl/G5g\ . x/]s jif{ !!))) JolQm 3fOt] x'G5g\ . cfunfuLsf sf/0f

7"nf] dfqfdf ;DklQ gfz x'g] ub{5 . cfunfuLaf6 x'g ;Sg] Iflt /f]Sg jf Go"lgs/0fsf nflu

clUg lgoGq0f 6f]nLsf JolQmx¿n] ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .

clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLsf] Oltxf;

;a}eGbf klxnf clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLsf] :yfkgf /f]ddf ePsf] lyof] . jL=;L= @& df ToxfF

zf;s ePsf cu:t; (Augustus) n] Pp6f ;d"x v8f u/]sf lyP . h;sf] gfd ldlun];

/flvPsf] lyof] . Tof] ldlun; ;d"xn] uNnL uNnLdf cfunfuLsf] cg'udg ug]{ uy]{ ltgLx¿nfO{

k'ln; kmf];{sf] :6fkmsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbOPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !^^^ df a]nfosf] n08g zx/df


AAN CEDIM 33

eLif0f cfunfuL x'g' cl3;Dd o"/f]ksf ljåfgx¿n] clUg lgoGqs ;d"x÷;+:yfsf] af/]df lj/n}

;f]r]sf / hfg]sf lyP . pSt cfunfuLn] zx/sf] clwsf+z efunfO{ v/fgLdf kl/0ft ul/lbPsf]

lyof] eg] xhf/f}FnfO{ 3/af/ljxLg t'NofPsf lyP . Tof] cfunfuL eGbf cl3 a]nfotdf s'g}

Jojl:yt ;+:yf lyPg . h;n] clUg lgoGq0fdf sfd ul//fv]sf] xf];\ .

Tof] cfunfuL kZrft\ zx/sf aLdf sDkgLx¿n] lghL¿kdf clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLx¿ u7g

u/]sf lyP . cf–cfˆgf u|fxsx¿sf] ;DklQ ;'/Iffsf] nflu To:tf ;d"x¿n] aLdf ul/Psf 3/,

;DklQx¿sf] ;'/IffnfO{ dfq Wofg lbGy] . aLdf sDkgLx¿n] klg lrGgsf nflu wft'sf Kn]6x¿

cf–cfˆgf] u|fxssf] 3/ cufl8 6fF;]sf x'Gy] .

;g\ !*#) df aLdf sDkgLx¿n] ldn]/ Pp6f l;+uf] 6f]nL -n08g kmfo/ la|u]8_ :yfkgf u/] .

Tof] g} la|6]gsf] klxnf] s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL lyof] . pSt 6f]nLn] n08g zx/

leqsf] h'g;'s} 7fpFsf] cfunfuLdf v6\g] uy]{ . ToxL 6f]nL clxn];Dd rln/fv]sf] 5 .

z'¿z'¿df xftn] kfgL tfGg] / 5\ofKg] k|ljlw lyof] . clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLdf To:tf] kDk

tfGgsf] nflu 3f]8fsf] k|of]u x'GYof] . ;g\ !*))sf] z'¿b]lv jfkmåf/f ;~rfng x''g] kDksf]

k|of]u x'g yfNof] . jfkm kDk tfGgsf nflu s]xL dflg;sf] cfjZostf x'GYof] . ;g\ !()) df

:6Ld kDk/nfO{ l8h]n–k]6«f]n kDk/n] lj:yfkg u¥of] . To;a]nf b]lv clxn];Dddf k|ljlwsf]

lx;fan] w]/} k|ult eO;s]sf] 5 .

xfnsf] k|ultM ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf w]/} b]zsf ;/sf/n] clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL u7g, lj:tf/df

lj:tf/df Wofg lbOPsf 5g\ . To; sfo{sf] nflu w]/} ;do / k};f rflxF vr{ eO/f]vsf] 5 .

;g\ !(^) s} bzsb]lv dfG5]n] hfgL hfgL cfuf] nufO{ lbg] ;d:of lgs} a9\g yfNof] . ;g\

!(&& df cd]l/sfdf cf;{g(s;}n]] hfgLhfgL cfuf] nufpg] sfd) ;d:ofsf] b/ nueu #)) k|ltztn] a9]sf] kfOof] . To; ;d:of Go"lgs/0fsf] nflu clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLx¿n] cf;{g

vf]hstf{sf] ;+Vofdf a9f]Q/L u¥of] . unt ;"rgf lbP/ clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLnfO{ em'Sofpg]

;d:of klg o;If]qsf] 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . s]xL zx/sf] tYofÍcg';f/ s"n

;"rgfsf] Ps ltxfO{ unt ;"rgf cfpg] u/]sf] clUg lgoGqsx¿sf] cg'ej /x]sf] 5 .


AAN CEDIM 34

ljleGg b]zx¿sf] clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLdf dlxnf / k'¿if b'j} x'Fbf /x]5g\ . :jo+;]jL ¿kdf ;g\

!*)) b]lv g} dlxnfx¿n] o; sfo{df ;+nUg /xsf] eP tfklg ;g\ !(&) b]lv ltgLx¿nfO{

:6fkmsf] ¿kdf /fVg yflnPsf] xf] .

clUg lgoGqsn] b'O{ lsl;dsf cfunfuLnfO{ 5'§f5'§} tl/sfn] lgoGq0f ug'{ kb{5 . h:tf] ls

3/df nfu]sf] cfuf] / h+undf nfu]sf] cfuf] .

clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLsf k|sf/ (Kind of Fire Brigades)

clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLnfO{ lgDg tLg k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M

-s_ k"0f{sfnLg (Full Time) -v_ :jo+;]jL (Volunteer)

-u_ ljz]if p2]Zosf] ;fy (Special Purpose)

-s_ k"0f{sfnLg clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLM ljZjsf w]/} h:tf] zx/x¿df cfˆg} Joj:yfkgdf

k"0f{sfnLg clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLx¿ sfo{/t /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf clUg lgoGqs

6f]nLsf] nflu cfjZos P]g, lgod, sfg'g, gLlt lgodfjnLx¿ ;a} ;/sf/L dGqfnox¿n]

ub{5g\ . ToxfF Ps s]Gb|Lo clUg lgoGqs ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt (Central Fire Brigades

Advisory Council) sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ToxL ;ldlt;Fu ;Nnfx kl5 dfq clUg

lgoGq0f;DaGwL ljleGg gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df ul/G5 .

ToxfF clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLsf] cfly{s Pjd\ JoJf:yfksLo ef/ rflxF :yfgLo txnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 .

x/]s If]qsf nflu 5'§} clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL u7g ul/Psf] 5 . If]qnfO{ klg ljleGg efudf

afF8]/ 6f]nL 6f]nLaLr lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 ug]{ rng /x]5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHo el/df $))))

k"0f{sfnLg / @!))) cNksfnLg clUg lgoGqsx¿ sfo{/t /x]sf5g\ . t/ u0ftflGqs

cfo/Nof08df rflxF clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLsf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfksLo lhDdf /fHon] g} lnG5 . t/

;~rfngsf] lhDdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] x'G5 . ToxfF klg !!)) k"0f{ sflng / @))) cNksflng

clUg lgoGqsx¿ sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . ci6«]lnofdf /fHo / ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cf–

cfˆgf If]qleq j]xf]g]{ ub{5 .


AAN CEDIM 35

-v_ :jo+;]jL clUg lgoGqsM o:tf vfnsf clUg lgoGqs lgosfn] d'VotM ;fgf ;fgf zx/ /

u|fdL0f If]qdf sfd ub{5 . o:tf vfnsf 6f]nLx¿ tof/ ug]{ ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{

ul/G5 . s'g} 7fpFdf Pp6f ;d"bfonfO{ cfjZos pks/0fx¿ ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fO{ lbg] ub{5

. t/ Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf :yfgLo :t/df ul7t cj}tflgs JolQmx¿sf] 6f]nLn] ubf]{ /x]5 . tL

;b:ox¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd, ;'ljwf OToflbsf] Joj:yf /fHosf s'g} lgosfn] ug'{ kg]{ /x]5 .

o:tf 6f]nLx¿sf] d'Vo u|'k eg]s} cfunfuL x'gf;fy :jt:km"t{ ¿kdf rf/} lt/af6 ;a} 6f]nLsf

;b:ox¿ cfP/ h'6\g' xf] . sfdsf] j]nf klg To; If]qdf cj}tlgs ;b:ox¿ cfuf] lgoGq0fdf

v6\g ;S5g\ . la|6]gdf dfq %),))) clUg lgoGqsx¿ cj}tlgs ¿kdf (Volunteer) sfd ub}{5g\ .

-u_ ljz]if p2]Zosf nflu u7g ul/g] 6f]nLM vf; vf; hf]lvdo'St 7fpFc¿sf] nflu u7g

ul/g] clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL o:tf ju{df kb{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xjfO{ c•fx¿\df Joj:yf

ul/g] 6f]nLnfO{ ToxfF x'g;Sg] ;Defljt cfunfuLsf] af/]df vf; tof/Lsf] tflnd lbOPsf] x'G5

. To:t} s'g} cf}Bf]lus If]qdf a]Un} lsl;dn] tflnd lbP/ clUg lgoGqs 6f]nL u7g ul/P[sf]

x'G5 . ci6«]lnofsf] h+undf a/f]a/ x'g] cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf] nflu a]Un} lsl;dsf] 6f]nL

agfOPsf] 5 . o:tf 6f]nLnfO{ ToxL+ rflxg] s'/fsf] tflnd lbOG5 . ToxL t}gfy ul/Psf] x'G5 .

ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ dxTjk"0f{ Po/kf]6{x¿df clUg lgoGq0f 6f]nLsf] Joj:yf x'G5 .

cfuf] lgoGq0f / ;'/Iffsf nflu clUg lgoGqsn] rf/j6f k|d'v sfo{x¿ ug{'k5{ .

-!_ ;fj{hlgs 3/x¿sf] cg'udgM 3/ lgdf{0fsf] a]nf vf; vf; k|sf/sf 3/x¿sf nflu

vf; vf; k|sf/sf lgod agfOPsf] x'G5 . clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLn] a]nf a]nfdf ToxF uP/

;/sf/åf/f agfOPsf lgod sfg"g cg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g cg'udg ug{]

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5.

-@_ lghL3/x¿sf] cjnf]sgM cfunfuLdf dfl/g]x¿dWo] clwsf+z 36gf rflxF lghL3/df x'g]

ub{5 . To;}sf/0f w]/} clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLx¿n] 3/ ;'/Iff sfo{qmdx¿ agfPsf x'G5g\ .

o;sf] nflu 3/ dflnsx¿sf] cfu|x cyjf cg'dltaf6 clUg lgoGq0f 6f]nLn] cg'udg

ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . cg'udgsf] a]nf vf; u/L x]g{'kg{] s'/fx¿ s] x'G5 eg] 3/df k|of]u

ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿ cfuf]sf] nflu slt hf]lvdk"0f{ 5g\ . sy+sbflrt\ cfunfuL eO{xfNof]

eg] lgl:sgsf nflu cfkt\sfnLg åf/ 5 ls 5}g efG5f sf]7fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 cflb

OToflb .


AAN CEDIM 36

-#_ gful/sx¿nfO{ lzIffM w]/}h;f] clUg lgoGqs ;d"xx¿n] ;d'bfodf uP/ cfunfuLsf]

a]nf, To;eGbf k"j{ / kl5 ug{'kg{] sfo{x¿, ckgfpg'kg{] ;fjwfgLx¿sf] af/]df 6«]lgª,

r]tgfd'ns sfo{x¿ ul//fv]sf] x'G5 .

-$_ 5fgljgM s'g}s'g} ;d'bfodf s]xL p5[ª\vn tTjx¿n] hfgLhfgL cfunfuL u/fO{lbPsf]

x'G5 . Tof] sfdsf] vf]hljg klg cfuf] lgoGq0f 6f]nLn] g} ug{] xf] . cyf{t\ sf/0f rflxF

kQf nufpg'k5{.

clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLnfO{ rflxg] pks/0fx¿

-!_ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgsf] Joj:yf

-@_ :jrflnt hfgsf/L lbg] pks/0f

-#_ pks/0fx¿M

s_ bdsn

v_ e¥ofª

u_ p2f/sf nflu rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿

3_ cfuf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu ljz]if uf8L, Po/kf]6{df rflxg] kmf]g, /;folgs t/n, kDk

ª_ ;'/lIft n'ufM clUg lgoGqsnfO{ cfuf]sf] /fkx¿af6 aRgsf nflu ljz]if vfn] n'ufsf]

Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . pgLx¿n] ;'/lIft ;'¿jfn / cfuf]af6 ;'/lIft /xg] j:t'åf/f agfOPsf]

Hofs]6 nufPsf x'G5g\. w'Fjfaf6 aRgsf] nflu df:ssf] klg Joj:Yff ug{'k5{ h;df l;ln08/sf]

h8fg Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .

cfuf] lgefpg] oGq (Fire Extinguisher)M ;fdfGotof cfuf] lgefpg] oGq rf/ k|sf/sf

x'G5g\ .

-!_ kfgLn] lgefpg]M o:tf vfnsf oGq …PÚ Snf;sf] cfuf] lgefpgdf k|of]u ulg5 . h;df

sf7, sk8f, sfuh OToflb hln/x]sf] x'G5 .

-@_ kmf]dn] lgefpg]M o;df kfgL / kmf]d b'j}sf] k|of]u x'G5 . of] …PÚ / …jLÚ b'j} Snf;sf] cfuf]

lgefpgdf k|of]u ul/G5 . Uof; cyjf t/n OGwgdf nfu]sf] cfuf] lgefpg]df of] oGq

k|of]u x'G5 .

-#_ t/n Uof;n] lgefpg]M o;df ls t sfo{g8fOS;fO8 Uof;, ls t xfnf]hg Uof;sf] k|of]u

ul/G5 . of] oGq …jLÚ / …;LÚ Snf;sf] cfuf] lgoGq0fdf k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof ljB'tLo


AAN CEDIM 37

;fdu|L cyjf ljB't\ k|jfx x'g] j:t'df cfunfuL ePsf] v08df o:tf] oGq k|of]u ul/G5 .

xfnf]hg Uof; ePsf] 7"nf] l;ln08/ klg o; oGqdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .

-$_ ;'Vvf /;fogn] lgefpg]M o;df kfp8/ k|of]u u/]/ cfuf] lgefOG5 . of] …jLÚ cyjf …;LÚ

Snf;sf] cfuf] lgefpgdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;nfO{ ax'p2]ZoLo k|ljlw klg elgG5 . h'g;'s}

vfnsf] cfuf]df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cfuf] nfu]sf] v08df tTsfn s] ug]{ <

-!_ tTsfn 3/ 5f8\g]M olb ;fgf] If]qdf dfq cfunfuL ePsf] cj:yf afx]s cfuf];Fu le8\g jf

To;sf] lgoGq0fsf] k|of; gug{' .

-@_ tftf] dx;"; x'g] sf]7f slxn] klg gvf]Ng'M s'g} klg 9f]sf vf]Ng' cufj} To; 9f]sf dfly xft

/fVg' . olb 9f]sf tftf] /x]sf] cg'ej x'G5 eg] To;sf] csf{] kl§ cfuf] blGs/fv]sf] x'g;S5 .

olb tkfO{+n] Tof] 9f]sf vf]Ng'eof]eg] ToxfFaf6 lgl:sg] cfuf]sf] /fk w'Fjfn] tkfO{sf] d[To' klg

x'g;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf csf{] s'g} j}slNks af6f]sf] vf]hL ug{' plrt x'g]5, cyjf

;xof]usf] nflu k|tLIff ug{' /fd|f] x'g]5 .

-#_ w"Fjfn] el/Psf] If]qaf6 lx+8\g'kg{] eP la:tf/} ;"":t ultdf l3l;|g'M cfuf] nfu]sf] cj:yfdf

ToxfF ePsf UofF;x¿ tfT5g\ / dfly hfg vf]H5 . To;sf/0f To:tf] Uof;sf] txx¿ e"FO{lt/

kftnf] x'g;S5 .

-$_ olb tkfO{sf] sk8fdf cfuf] nfu]sf] 5 eg] gbu'g{'xf];\M bu'/fO{ / cfuf]sf] If]q lj:tf/df d2t

k'¥ofpF5 . cfuf] emg\ bgbgL aNg yfN5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf e"O{+df klN6P/ (Roll) ug{' a9L

kmfO{bfhgs x'G5 / dw"/f] eO{ cyjf lgefpgdf d2t u5{ .

-%_ s'g}] klg sf/0fn] cfunfuL ePsf] 3/df km]l/ gkmls{g"M 3/af6 tkfO{ lgl:sg'eP5 eg] s'g}

klg sf/0fn] 3/ kmls{g] k|of; ug{'eGbf clUg lgoGqs 6f]nLnfO{ af]nfpg' plrt x'G5 . obL

3/leq dflg;x¿ km;]sf 5g\ eg] clUg lgoGqssf] k|ltIff ug{'xf];\ .


AAN CEDIM 38

Kfl/R5]b #

g]kfndf cfunfuL vt/fsf] kl/ro

(Introducton to Fire hazard in Nepal) b]zsf] oyfl:ylt

ef}uf]lns agfj6M pQ/df rLg / blIf0f, k"j{ tyf klZrdaf6 ef/tn] 3]l/Psf] b]z g]kfn k"j{ klZrd nDafO{ *)) -**%_ ls=dL= hlt / rf}8fO{ cf}ift !^) -!(#_ ls=dL= If]qdf km}lnPsf]

kfOG5 . lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L v08 h;n] b]zsf] #% k|ltzt hlt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 /

o; v08df hDdf e""efusf] @ k|ltzt hlt dfq v]tLof]Uo hldg /x]sf] 5 . To:t} $@ k|ltzt

hlt e"efu cuf]6]sf] kxf8L v08sf] !) k|ltzt hdLg dfq v]ltof]Uo 5 . t/fO{ tyf ;dyn

v08 hxfF @# k|ltzt hlt e"efu kb{5, e"efusf] $) k|ltzt hdLg v]tLof]Uo 5 .

hnjfo'M k"j{ b]lv klZrd ;Dd km}lnP/ /x]sf] lxdfnL e]u hxf+ ;ft xhf/ ld6/ eGbf cUnf @)) eGbf a9L lxd lzv/ cjl:yt 5 g]kfndf /x]sf ;fgf 7"nf u/L ^ xhf/ eGbf a9L

vf]nfgfnfsf] hGd ynf] /x]sf] 5 / oxfFaf6 kxf8 x'Fb} t/fO{ / To;kl5 ef/tlt/ ax]sf] kfOG5

. oL vf]nfgfnfsf] s"n nDafO{ $%))) ls=dL= hlt ePsf] cGbfh ul/Psf] 5. k"j{df sf]zL,

dWoefudf u08sL / klZrddf s0ff{nL gbL of] b]zsf 7"nf gbLx¿df ulgG5g\ . b]zdf aflif{s

cf}ift !%)) ldlnld6/ jiff{ ePsf] tYofÍn] b]vfpF5 eg] &% k|ltzt b]lv *) k|ltzt jiff{

h]7sf] clGtd xKtfb]lv c;f]hsf] bf];|f] xKtf;Dd x'g] ub{5 . oxfF dg;'gL hnjfo'sf] k|e'Tj 5

.

hg;+VofM rf/ bzsleqdf g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof em08} bf]Aa/ eP klg hg;+Vofsf] rfk eg] lxdfnL tyf kxf8L e]usf] t'ngfdf t/fO{ e]udf cTolws a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 -tflnsf %=!_ .

o;}u/L ut rf/ bzsdf zx/L If]qsf] hg;+Vofsf] rfk klg bf]Aa/ ePsf] kfOG5 .

tflnsf %=! M e]ucg';f/ a;f]af;sf] k|ltzt

e]u tyf If]qcg';f/ a;f]af;sf] k|ltzt jif{ -;g\ df_ hg;+Vof bz

nfvdf lxdfnL kxf8L t/fO{ zx/L 1961 9.41 3.6 1971 11.56 9.9 (22) 52.5 (99) 37.6 (128) 4.0 (79) 1981 15.02 8.7 (25) 47.7 (117) 43. (193) 6.4 (102) 1991 18.49 7.8 (28) 45.5 (137) 46.7 (254) 9.2 (126) 2001 23.15 7.4 (33) 44.3 (330) 48.4 (330) 14.2 (157)

• sf]i6leqsf] tYofÍn] k|lt ju{ ls=dL= df ePsf] hg3gTjnfO{ cf}NofpF5 .


AAN CEDIM 39

• ;|f]t M Ministry of Population and Environment. Dfflysf] tflnsfaf6 of] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 ls pRr kxf8 tyf kxf8L e]usf] t'ngfdf t/fO{

e]udf hg;+Vof tyf hg3gTjsf] rfk lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;x/L If]qsf]

hg;+Vofdf klg lg/Gt/ a[l4 eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L a[l4 x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf kxf8L e]usf]

t'ngfdf t/fO{ e]udf v]ltof]Uo hldgsf] k|r'/tfsf ;fy} cfly{s sf/f]af/ tyf ahf/d'vL

lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xhtf x'g' / ;x/L e]usf u|fdL0f If]qsf] t'ngfdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/, clws

sf/f]af/, ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf ;'/Iff / ljljw cj;/x¿sf] pknAwtfn] cfslif{t u/]sf] tYo

ljleGg vf]hk"0f{ cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿n] cf}NofPsf] kfOG5 .

/fhg}lts l:yltM @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtn] jx'pbnLo k|hftGq Nofof] eg]/ g]kfnLx¿ ub\ulbP .

t/ Ps bzsleq g} To:tf] k|hftGq ckmfk 7fgL df6f] ;'xfpFbf] k|hftGq egL NofOPsf]

k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yf #) jif{;Dd /x\of] . km]/L k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ klg lg/+s'z zf;g

k|0ffnLlt/ cled'v ePsf] egL @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k'gM jx'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{

k'ghf{u/0f ul/of] . t/ ax'pbnLo k|hftGq NofOPsf] cfwf bzs eGbf Hofbf ;do eO;Sbf

klg b]zdf ljsf;sf cfzftLt kmn pknAw x'g'sf] ljkl/t e|i6frf/, /fhg}lts ;Qfsf]

lvrftfgL, sfg'gL /fHosf] a]jf:tf ul/g] h:tf ljs[ltx¿n] k|f]T;fxg kfO/x]sf] kfOof] .

csf]{lt/ k|fKt k|hftGqsf] /j}of;Fu ;}4flGts c;xdlt hgfO{ cfkm"nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+1f lbFb}

@)%@ ;fn kmfu'g !! ut] hËn k;]sf] Ps ljb|f]xL n8fs' ;d"xn] clxn] ;+;bLo /fhgLltnfO{

dfGg] eGb} zflGtk"0f{ nf]stflGQs Joj:yfsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] lglDt ;ft

bnsf] u7jGwg leq Og / d'n's ;+ljwfg ;eflt/ pGd'v 5 . o;/L x]bf{ jf:tjdf eGg] xf]

eg] ut 8]9 bzsdf g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]k eGbf dfgj ;[lht k|sf]ksf] ;d:of 68\sf/f]

b]vfk/]sf] kfOG5 . (Upreti ….)

cfly{s ;+/rgfM ljZjsf] cfly{s dfglrqdf xfn g]kfn Pp6 clt ul/a b]zsf] bhf{df kb{5 . ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]bg ;g @))% (World Development Report 2005) sf cg';f/ of] b]zsf

hgtfsf] aflif{s cf};t k|ltJolQm cfo @$) cd]l/sL 8n/ ePsf] / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL k/]sf]

hg;+Vof $@ k|ltzt /x]sf] cf}NofOPsf] 5 . ufpFn] tyf ;xl/of hghLjgsf] k|lt JolQm

cfonfO{ x]bf{ ufpFn]sf] eGbf ;x/jf;Lsf] k|ltJolQm cf};t cfDbfgL em08} bf]Aa/ / To;dfly

klg sf7df8f}F ;x/jf;Lsf] cf};t cfDbfgL tLg u'0ffeGbf Hofbf ePsf] s'/f tYofÍn] b]vfpF5

(CBS 1996) . s]xL bzs cufl8 dfq vfBfGg tyf gub] afnL lgof{t u/L ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g

ug{df ;Ifd /x]sf] of] b]zdf xfn ljb]zL vfBfGg tyf ljb]zL ;xfotf ljgf ljsf;sf sfd


AAN CEDIM 40

dfq geP/ b}lgs k|zf;sLo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;d]t jflxo ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ug'{kg]{ l:ylt

;[hgf x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

g]kfn / b}jL k|sf]kx?

g]kfn b}jL k|sf]kx? a9L 36\g ;Sg] vt/f ePsf] b]z dWo] Ps xf] . of] b]z cfsf/df ;fgf]

ePklg oxfF cfunfuL, e"sDk, af9L klx/f], v8]/L, cfFwL, lxpFklx/f], cl;gf, dxfdf/L,

kof{j/0fLo vt/fx? h:tf ljljw b}jL k|sf]ksf 36gfx? h'g s'g} a]nf 36\g ;S5g\ . s]xL b}jL

k|sf]ksf] 36gfx? :yfgLo / lglZrt df};ddf 36\g] k|s[ltsf 5g\ . h:t}M cfunfuL, af9L,

klx/f]x? slxn]sfxL+ 36\g ;Sg] / v8]/L e"sDk h:tf hxfF hlta]nf klg x'g ;Sg] k|s[ltsf

5g\ .

g]kfn e"sDk, af9L, klx/f] cfunfuL, lxdkft, lxdtfn, km'6\g] h:tf ljleGg lsl;dsf] k+|fs[lts

k|sf]k pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5. k+|To]s jif{ af9L klx/f] / cfunfuLn] 7"Nf]f wghgsf] Iflt x'g]

u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gf x'Fbf w]/} 36\g'df oxfFsf] ef}uf]lns, ef}uf]lns

jftfj/0fLo hnjfo' ljljwtf, hg;+Vofsf sf/0fx?, hgr]tgf / cGo sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\.

hg;+Vof j[l4, ;':t cfly{s j[l4b/, pRr kof{j/0fLo x|f;, hdLgsf] sdhf]/ e"cjl:ylt tyf

kxf8x?sf] le/fnf]kg / prfO{, k|sf]k k"j{ tof/Lsf nflu ePsf ckof{Kt k|of;x? klg

k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf k|d'v sf/stTjsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . cfunfuL g]kfndf jif]{gL 7"nf]

wghgsf] Iflt u/fpg] k|fs[lts k|sf]k dWo Ps xf] . cfunfuL sf sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnn]

;lbof}+b]lv 7"nf] d"No r'sfpFb} cfpg'k/]sf] 5. o;sf sltko ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;'wf/af6

klg xfd|f] ;dfh k|efljt ePsf] 5 .

g]kfndf cfunfuLsf] k|sf]k

g]kfnsf] t/fO{df hxfF v/n] 5fPsf] vfFlbPsf] 3/x? 5g\ k|fo;M x'G5g\ . oxfF udL{df, ha

tfkqmd w]/} x'G5 / xfjf klg hf]8n] rln/x]sf] x'G5, Tolta]nf a9L cfunfuL x'G5 . t/fO{df

cfunfuL x'g'sf ljleGg sf/0fx? 5g\, h:t}M vfgf ksfpgnfO{ k|of]u ul/g] cfuf]

;fjwfgLk"j{s gugf{n], cfunfuLaf6 ;'/lIft x'g ;fwg;|f]tx? gx'g' cflb . agsf] cfuf], 89]nf],

klg g]kfndf k|foM x'G5 . ;—;fgf] ;+Vofdf x'g] 36gfx?nfO{ -b]z el/sf]_ ;+sng u/]/ x]bf{

o;sf] c;/ 7"nf] g} b]lvG5 .


AAN CEDIM 41

s]xL jif{cl3 k"jL{ g]kfndf t]x|y'dsf] ;b/d'sfd Dofªn'ª kz'klt gu/df ePsf cfunfuLsf]

36gf nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . To;}u/L udL{ ofddf t/fO{sf s}of}{ JolQmx? x/]s jif{ cfunfuLsf

36gfaf6 k|tfl8t 5g\ . w]/}h;f] u|fdL0f a:tL 3/x? v/, k/fn / sf7af6 agfOg] x'gfn]

cfunfuLsf] pRr hf]lvddf 5g\ / x'/L atf; rNbf cfunfuLn] clwstd Iflt k'/\ofpg]

u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|foh;f] cfunfuLsf] 36gfx? udL{ df};ddf 36\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h'g a]nf

tfkqmd pRr x'G5 / xfjfx'/L kl

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