kulturul memkvidreobaze bunebrivi katastrofebis...
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kulturul memkvidreobaze bunebrivi katastrofebis zemoqmedebis analizis midgomis SemuSaveba zemo svaneTis regionis magaliTze entoni alkaraz taragueli 2011 wlis marti
Transcript of kulturul memkvidreobaze bunebrivi katastrofebis...
kulturul memkvidreobaze bunebrivi
katastrofebis zemoqmedebis analizis
midgomis SemuSaveba zemo svaneTis
regionis magaliTze
entoni alkaraz taragueli
2011 wlis marti
kursi: geo-informaciuli da dedamiwis
Semswavleli mecnierebebi garemosdacviTi
modelirebisa da marTvisTvis done: MSc kursis periodi: 2009 wlis seqtemberi – 2011 wlis marti konsorciumi: sauThemptonis universiteti (didi
britaneTi
lundis universiteti (SevedeTi)
varSavis universiteti (poloneTi)
tventes universiteti, ITC fakulteti
(niderlandebi)
kulturul memkvidreobaze bunebrivi katastrofebis
zemoqmedebis analizis midgomis SemuSaveba zemo svaneTis
regionis magaliTze
entoni alkaraz taragueli
i
reziume
bunebrivi safrTxeebis SesaZlo zemoqmedeba kulturul
memkvidreobaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, romlisTvisac
aucilebelia mravalprofiliani midgomis gamoyeneba.
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis Sefaseba mowyvladobis Sefasebis umniSvnelovanes
elements warmoadgens. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva
bunebrivi safrTxeebisgan moiTxovs yovlismomcvel strategias,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs rikis Sefasebas da adgilobrivi
Temis monawileobas. winamdebare kvlevis mizania kulturul
memkvidreobaze mewyrebisa da zvavebis SesaZlo zemoqmedebis
Sefasebis midgomis SemuSaveba. agreTve, igi miznad isaxavs
kulturuli memkvidreobis gegmebSi riskis elementebis
integrirebis SesaZleblobis Seswavlasac. sakvlev
teritoriebad SeirCa zemo svaneTSi mdebare ori Temi (uSguli
da mulaxi) maT farglebSi bunebrivi safrTxeebisadmi mowyvlad
teritoriebze mdebare kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
arsebobis gamo.
kulturuli memkvidreobis 60 obieqtis mowyvladoba Sefasda
konservaciis indeqsis gaangariSebiT, romelic gamoyenebul iqna
sawyis monacemad sivrciT mravalkriteriumian SefasebaSi ILWIS-is kompiuteruli programis saSualebiT. sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis saSualebiT
safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis gamosaTvlelad gamoyenebul iqna
mewyrisa (daxriloba, niadagsafari, liTologia da
hidrografiuli qselis simWidrove) da zvavis (daxriloba,
eqspozicia, ferdobis simrude da niadagsafari) faqtorebis
parametrebi. safrTxis riski gamoangariSebul iqna
safrTxisadmi sensitiuri teritoriebisa da kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis mowyvladobis gaerTianebiT.
kulturuli memkvidreobisa da bunebrivi safrTxeebis Sesaxeb
informaciis misaRebad gamoyenebul iqna rogorc adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis, aseve eqspertebis codna.
kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, rom Seswavlili obieqtebi ar
imyofebian mewyrebisa da zvavebis SesaZlo zemoqmedebis qveS.
maTi dazianebisa da ganadgurebis mizezs, ZiriTadad, saTanado
movlis ararseboba warmoadgens.
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Cvens mier Seswavlil iqna marTvis arsebuli gegmebi, raTa
dagvedgina is, Tu ramdenad aris gaTvaliswinebuli maTSi
riskis elementebi. Seswavlis Sedegebma aCvena, rom, rogorc
wesi, kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis gegmebSi safrTxeebis
riski gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.
bolos mocemulia saxelmZRvanelo principebi da
rekomendaciebi sakvlev teritoriebze arsebul bunebriv
safrTxeebsa da kulturul memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebiT.
am kvleviT Cven vcdilobT vaCvenoT, Tu rogor SeiZleba
araprofesiuli midgomis gamoyeneba kulturuli memkvidreobis
mowyvladobis SefasebisTvis da, Sesabamisad, prioritetuli
zomebis miRebisTvis. ZiriTadi terminebi: kulturuli memkvidreoba; konservaciis
indeqsi; adgilobrivi codna; eqspertTa codna; mewyeri; zvavi;
sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefaseba; mravlobiTi safrTxis
rukebi; marTvis gegmebi.
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Sinaarsi
1. Sesavali ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. kvlevis safuZveli da mniSvneloba .......................................... 1 1.2. kvlevis sagani .................................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Seswavlili Senobebis unikaluroba ............................... 6 1.3. zogadi mizani ..................................................................................... 6 1.4. specifiuri miznebi da kiTxvebi ................................................. 7 1.5. hipoTeza ................................................................................................ 8 1.6. Tezisis gegma ...................................................................................... 9
2. literaturis mimoxilva ....................................................................... 10 2.1. kulturuli memkvidreoba ........................................................... 10
2.1.1. ganmartebebi................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. kulturuli memkvidreoba da bunebrivi safrTxeebi
11 2.1.3. konservaciis mdgomareobis Sefaseba ............................ 13
2.2. mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis Sefaseba ................................ 16 2.2.1. ganmartebebi................................................................................... 16 2.2.2. riskis Sefaseba ....................................................................... 18 2.2.3. sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodi
safrTxisa da mowyvladobis SefasebisTvis ................................ 19 2.2.4. safrTxis indikatorebi ....................................................... 22 2.2.5. adgilobrivi codna da eqspertebis codna
safrTxeebis SefasebaSi ........................................................................ 27 3. sakvlevi teritoria ................................................................................ 29
3.1. istoria ................................................................................................ 29 3.2. mdebareoba .......................................................................................... 29 3.3. klimati ................................................................................................ 30 3.4. topografia da geomorfologia .............................................. 31 3.5. geologia da liTologia ........................................................... 32 3.6. niadagsafari da miwaTsargebloba .......................................... 32 3.7. adamianisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba ................................. 33
4. kvlevis meTodologia ........................................................................... 34 4.1. meTodis mimoxilva ......................................................................... 34
4.1.1. sawyisi monacemebi .................................................................. 35
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4.2. kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis mdgomareobis
Sefaseba ............................................................................................................ 37 4.2.1. anketis SemuSaveba .................................................................. 37 4.2.2. monacemTa Segroveba ............................................................. 37 4.2.3. konservaciis mdgomareobis raodenobrivi
gamosaxuleba ............................................................................................. 38 4.2.4. konservaciis mdgomareobis ruka .................................... 40
4.3. monacemebis Segroveba TemSi arsebuli/eqspertebis
codnis safuZvelze ..................................................................................... 41 4.3.1. gamokiTxva ...................................................................................... 41 4.3.2. savele dakvirvebebi ............................................................... 42 4.3.3. sqematuri rukebi .................................................................... 42
4.4. mTavari saavtomobilo gzis Sefaseba ................................... 43 4.4.1. “cxeli wertilebis” aRricxva GPS –iT da rukis
Seqmna 43 4.5. mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis analizi sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis (SMCE) gamoyenebiT . 43 4.5.1. safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis ruka ................................. 44 4.5.2. sensitiurobis analizi ........................................................ 48 4.5.3. riskis qveS myofi elementebi da mowyvladobis
ruka 49 4.5.4. mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis ruka................................ 52
5. zemo svaneTis kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis
mdgomareoba ......................................................................................................... 54 5.1. kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis tipologia da
funqcia ............................................................................................................. 54 5.1.1. eklesia ........................................................................................ 54 5.1.2. koSki ............................................................................................ 55 5.1.3. maCvibi .......................................................................................... 55 5.1.4. cixe-saxli ................................................................................. 55
5.2. kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis raodenobrivi Sefasebis Sedegebi ........................... 56 5.2.1. dazianebis Sefaseba ............................................................... 57 5.2.2. konservaciis mdgomareobis ruka .................................... 60
5.3. ganxilva .............................................................................................. 62
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6. riskis Sefaseba sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis
meTodis gamoyenebiT ........................................................................................ 68 6.1. mravlobiTi safrTxis Sefaseba ............................................... 68
6.1.1. eqspertebis gamokiTxva/ adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
gamokiTxva ................................................................................................... 68 6.1.2. savele dakvirvebebi/sqematuri rukebi .......................... 69 6.1.3. safrTxis faqtorebis rukebi ............................................ 71 6.1.4. mravlobiTi safrTxis rukebis Seqmna da analizi . 71 6.1.5. ganxilva .......................................................................................... 73
6.2. mowyvladobis Sefaseba ................................................................ 77 6.2.1. eqspertebis gamokiTxva/ adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
gamokiTxva ................................................................................................... 77 6.2.2. ZiriTadi gzis CaketviT gamowveuli arapirdapiri
riski 78 6.2.3. mowyvladobis rukis Seqmna da analizi ...................... 79 6.2.4. ganxilva .......................................................................................... 81
6.3. riskis Sefaseba ................................................................................ 83 6.3.1. riskis rukebis Sedgena da analizi .............................. 83 6.3.2. ganxilva .......................................................................................... 85
7. marTvis dagegmva ....................................................................................... 87 7.1. marTvis arsebuli gegmebi da angariSebi ............................. 87 7.2. safrTxis riskis integrireba kulturis marTvis
gegmebSi ............................................................................................................. 89 7.2.1. mimoxilva ........................................................................................ 89 7.2.2. zemo svaneTis marTvis gegmebSi safrTxis riskis
elementebis integrireba ...................................................................... 92 7.3. dacvis RonisZiebebi ....................................................................... 93
7.3.1. bunebrivi safrTxeebisgan dacvis RonisZiebebi ........ 93 7.3.2. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis RonisZiebebi ..... 94
8. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ............................................................... 96 8.1. daskvnebi .............................................................................................. 96 8.2. rekomendaciebi .................................................................................. 99 8.3. SezRudvebi ....................................................................................... 100
gamoyenebuli literatura ......................................................................... 101 danarTi 1 ............................................................................................................ 109 danarTi 2 ............................................................................................................ 116
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danarTi 3 ............................................................................................................ 119
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naxazebi
nax. 2.1: riskisa da misi Sedegebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba (Alexander, 2002, cited in Castellanos Abella, 2008a)............................................. 18 nax 2.2: analitikuri ierarqiis procesze damyarebuli sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis sqema (Castellanos Abella, 2008a, van Westen, 2009). ....................................................................................... 21 nax. 3.1: sakvlevi teritoria ......................................................................... 30 nax. 3.2: sakvlevi teritoriebis samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
.................................................................................................................................. 32 nax. 4.1: kvlevis procesis sqematuri gamosaxuleba ........................... 35 nax. 4.2: safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis analizis midgoma (mewyris
magaliTi) .............................................................................................................. 44 nax. 4.3: mowyvladobis analizis midgoma (uSgulis magaliTze) .. 49 nax. 4.4: winamdebare kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli mravlobiTi riskis
analizis midgoma .............................................................................................. 52 nax. 5.1: konservaciis mdgomareobis Sefasebis Sedegebi .................. 57 nax. 5.2: kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis saxuravis
dazianeba .............................................................................................................. 58 nax. 5.3: uSgulis soflebis kulturuli memkvidreobis 30
obieqtis konservaciis mdgomareoba ........................................................ 61 nax. 5.4: mulaxis soflebis kulturuli memkvidreobis 30
obieqtis konservaciis mdgomareoba ........................................................ 61 nax. 6.1: zvavebisa da mewyrebis mdebareoba da moZraobis gzebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan miRebuli informaciis Tanaxmad:
(a) mulaxi; (b) uSguli ...................................................................................... 70 nax. 6.2: safrTxisadmi sensitiuroba sakvlev teritoriaze.
mulaxi: mewyeri, zvavi da mravlobiTi safrTxe (A, B da C Sesabamisad). uSguli: mewyeri, zvavi da mravlobiTi safrTxe (D, E da F Sesabamisad). ........................................................................................... 72 nax. 6.3: 1987 wels Camowolili zvavi sofel JamuSSi (suraTi B mogvawoda irakli megreliZem) ................................................................... 75 nax. 6.4: adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier naCvenebi bunebrivi
safrTxeebis moZraobis gzebis gadafarva mravlobiTi safrTxis
analizis SedegebiT ......................................................................................... 76
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nax. 6.5: riskis qveS myofi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Tanaxmad (mulaxi) .................................... 78 nax. 6.6: 61 gamovlenili “cxeli wertilebi” mestia-uSgulis gzis
gaswvriv ................................................................................................................. 79 nax. 6.7: (A) qvaTacvenis; (B) gzis gadamkveTi nakadis; (C) mewyris “cxeli wertilebis” magaliTebi ............................................................... 79 nax. 6.8: uSgulis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
mowyvladoba zvavebisa da mewyrebis mimarT ........................................ 80 nax. 6.9: mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
mowyvladoba zvavebisa da mewyrebis mimarT ........................................ 80 nax. 6.10: uSgulis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
mravlobiTi safrTxe (mewyeri da zvavi) ................................................ 84 nax. 6.11: mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
mravlobiTi safrTxe (mewyeri da zvavi) ................................................ 84
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cxrilebi
cxrili 2.1: kulturuli memkvidreobis klasifikacia (UNESCO, 1972). ........................................................................................................................ 11 cxrili 2.2: kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis
saxelmZRvanelo principebi (Abhas, 2010). ................................................. 13 cxrili 2.3: kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis SefasebaSi gamoyenebuli parametrebi (Canuti et al. 2009). ........................................................................................................................ 15 cxrili 2.4: dazianebis indeqsis gamoTvlis magaliTi erT-erTi
SenobisaTvis (Lazzari et al. 2009). ...................................................................... 16 cxrili 2.5: riskis Sefasebis meTodebi (Castellanos Abella, 2008a) ...... 19 cxrili 2.6: mravalkriteriumiani gadawyvetilebis matrica
(Triantaphyllou, 2000). ............................................................................................. 20 cxrili 2.7: garemos faqtorebis mimoxilva da mati mniSvneloba
mewyruli mowyvladobisa da safrTxis SefasebisTvis (van Westen et al., 2008). (H=Zalian mniSvnelovani, M=zomierad mniSvnelovani, da L=naklebad mniSvnelovani). .................................................................... 23 cxrili 3.1: mestiis klimatis maxasiaTeblebi (GPAP, 2008) .............. 31 cxrili 4.1: sawyisi monacemebi ..................................................................... 36 cxrili 4.2: konservaciis mdgomareobis indeqsis (SCIx) gaangariSebis magaliTi ................................................................................. 39 cxrili 4.3: kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli ganmsazRvravi faqtorebi ...... 44 cxrili 4.4: uSgulis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebuli faqtorebis
sensitiurobis analizis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo da maRali
safrTxis teritoriis procentuli maCvenebeli (NA: ar exeba) ... 49 cxrili 4.5: konservaciis mdgomareobis klasi da mowyvladobis
done (1=yvelaze maRali; 6=yvelaze dabali) ........................................ 50 cxrili 4.6: kulturuli memkvidreobis klasebi mdinaris mimarT
maTi mdebareobisa da mowyvladobis donis Sesabamisad
(1=yvelaze maRali; 2=yvelaze dabali) ................................................... 51 cxrili 4.7: gamoyenebuli indikatorebis standartizacia da
Sewonva (uSguli) .............................................................................................. 51 cxrili 4.8: riskis Sefasebis matrica ..................................................... 53 cxrili 5.1: kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlili obieqtebi .... 54
x
cxrili 5.2: ICOMOS-is mier sofel CaJaSSi Sefasebuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi ..................................................... 64 cxrili 5.3: kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis mdomareobis
Sedarebis Sedegebi .......................................................................................... 64 cxrili 6.1: safrTxis procentuli maCvenebeli orive TemSi ........ 73 cxrili 7.1: kulturuli memkvidreobis riskis marTvis
principebi (Taboroff, 2000) ................................................................................. 91 cxrili 7.2: saxelmwifo politikisTvis gasavleli aucilebeli
etapebi kulturuli memkvidreobis efeqturi marTvis misaRwevad
(Mitsakaki and Laoupi, 2009)................................................................................... 91
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1. Sesavali
1.1. kvlevis safuZveli da mniSvneloba
kulturuli memkvidreoba warmoadgens kacobriobis ganuyofel
nawils. uflebas kulturul memkvodreobaze gansazRvravs
gaerTianebuli erebis sayoveTao deklaracia adamianis
uflebebis Sesaxeb (Mitsakaki and Laoupi, 2009). kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCuneba Zalian mniSvnelovania,
vinaidan igi warmoadgens dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianebis
memkvidreobas da, aseve, asaxavs adamianis moRvawobas sxvadasxva
pirobebsa Tu garemoSi (Canuti et al., 2009). miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli memkvidreoba TandaTanobiT qreba
mTeli msoflios masStabiT, gansakuTrebiT ki – ganviTarebad
qveynebSi. Tu es procesi kvlavac gagrZeldeba, samudamod
daikargeba kacobriobis istoriis amsaxveli umniSvnelovanesi
kulturuli Zeglebi (Global Heritage Fund, 2009). msoflio memkvidreobis fondis (2009) Tanaxmad, ukanaskneli
aTwleulis manZilze ganadgurda mravali uZvelesi Zegli, maT
Soris, Senobebi, arqeologiuri ubnebi, da mTeli istoriuli
qalaqebi da naqalaqrebi, romlebmac asobiT da aTasobiT
weliwads gauZles. kulturuli memkvidreobis ubnebis
ganadgurebis masStabebi da mniSvneloba SegviZlia SevadaroT
saxeobebis ganadgurebis masStabebs. kulturuli memkvidreobis
dakargva “dRevandel da momaval Taobebs waarTmevs
kacobribios istoriis manZilze dagrovil sibrZnesTan ziarebis
SesaZlebobas” (De Silva, 2003). miuxedavad imisa, rom am krizis Sesaxeb cnobierebis done
rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise adgilobriv doneze jer kidev
dabalia (Global Heritage Fund, 2009), kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebis sakiTxi aqtualobas inarCunebs, vinaidan igi
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan resurss kulturis, turizmisa da
ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis (Lollino and Audisio, 2006). mravali
arqiteqturuli Zegli, romelsac gaaCnia maRali mxatvruli da
kulturuli Rirebuleba, ganadgurebis pirasaa sxvadasxa
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mizezebis gamo (Canuti et al., 2009). mewyrebi, wyaldidobebi da
miwisZvrebi zemoqmedebas axdenen kulturuli memkvidreobis
ubnebze da xandaxan iwveven maT srul ganadgurebasac ki.
magaliTad, 2002 wels centralur evropaSi mimxdarma
gamanadgurebelma wyaldidobam Zalian daaziana msoflio
memekvidreobis iseTi qalaqebis, rogoricaa CeSski krumlovi da
praRa, kulturis Zeglebi (Taboroff, 2003). 2002 wels BBC ase
gadmoscemda datborili drezdenidan: “qalaqis mcxovreblebi
erTnairad Relaven rogorc TavianT kerZo sakuTrebaze, ise
istoriuli Senobebis momavalze”. 2003 wels miwisZvris Sedegad
mTlianad ganadgurda UNESCO-s kulturuli memkvidreobis
ubnis – iranuli qalaqis, bamis – 2000-wliani galavani, romelic
iTvleoboda erT-erT yvelaze kargad SemorCenil Tixis
galavnad (BBC News, 2003). klimatis cvilebasTan erTad mosalodnelia bunebrivi
katastrofebis sixSirisa da intensivobis zrda (World Bank, 2006), rac aucileblad uaryofiTad aisaxeba msoflios kulturul
memkvidreobaze.
prevenciuli RonisZiebebisTvis saWiro saxsrebisa da codnis
arqonis gamo, mxolod zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana Tu
moaxerxebs bunebrivi katastrofebisagan sakuTari kulturuli
memkvidreobis saTanadod dacvas (Global Heritage Fund, 2009). Tumca,
sakmarisi saxsrebisa da codnis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia iseTi
saTanado strategiebisa da riskis marTvis gegmebis SemuSaveba,
romlebic Seva qveynebis ganviTarebis generalur gegmebSi.
magram, arsebuli suraTi, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebad
qveynebSi, miuTiTebs imas, rom prioritetebis cvlilebisa da
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebis mxridan enTuziazmis
naklebobis gamo, am qveynebSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
ugulebelyofilia riskis marTvis gegmebi (De Silva, 2003). meierisa da vilis (2007) Tanaxmad, gamocdileba kulturuli
memkvidreobisa da bunebrivi katastrofebis marTvis sferoSi
gafantulia sxvadasxva dargis eqspertebs Soris, amitom
aucilebelia ganisazRvros ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, maT Soris
riskis Sefaseba; bunebrivi katastrofebisadmi gamZleobis
uzrunvelsayofad istoriuli Senobebis teqnikuri adaptaciisa
da modifikaciis SesaZleblobebi da zRvrebi; da mowyvladobis
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aRmofxvra prevenciis saSualebiT. garda amisa,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos iseTi eTikuri aspeqtebi,
rogoricaa SesaZlo winaaRmdegoba adamianebis dacvasa da
kulturuli Rirebulebebis dacvas Soris (Meier and Will, 2007). taborofi (2000) ambobs, rom kulturuli memkvidreoba bunebrivi
safrTxeebiT gamowveuli riskis qveS dgas, gansakuTrebiT es
Rarib qveynebs exeba. igi Tvlis, rom riskis zrdas xels uwyobs
riskis Sefasebisa da Semcirebis saTanado RonisZiebebis
ararseboba. taborofis (2000) Tanaxmad, kulturuli
Rirebulebebis riskis marTvis araefeqturoba ganpirobebulia
am Rirebulebebis arasaTanado codniT, danakargis Rirebulebis
gaangariSebis unaris arqoniT da mravali kulturuli
memkvidreobis ZeglisaTvis sabazro Rirebulebis miniWebis
sirTuliT. katastrofebis riskis Semcirebis erT-erT gzad
abasi (2010) Tvlis kulturuli memkvidreobisaTvis socialur-
ekonomikuri Rirebulebis gansazRvras. Zeglebisa da
RirsSesaniSnaobebis saerTaSoriso sabWos (ICOMOS) mier 14
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom
kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis gegmebi, rogorc wesi, ar
moicaven bunebrivi safrTxeebis riskis analizs. es niSnavs imas,
rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi kidev ufro naklebad arian mzad
bunebrivi katastrofebisagan kulturuli memkvidreobis
dasacavad (Taboroff, 2003).
1.2. kvlevis sagani
saqarTvelom, iseve, rogorc yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva
respublikebma, sabWoTa periodis gavlena ganicada, stalinis
mmarTvelobisTvis (1929-1953) damaxasiaTebeli iyo
ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba da gavlena oficialur kulturasa
da ideologiaze. post-sabWoTa periodSi, gansakuTrebiT ki 1993-
2003 wlebSi, saqarTvelo rTul finansur mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda, rasac Tan daemata politikuri reformebi, mimarTuli
nacionaluri da liberalur-demokratiul ideebis
dasabalanseblad. sabWoTa periodidan SemorCenili kulturuli
infrastruqtura reformirebas moiTxovda. saqarTveloSi ar
arsebobda kulturuli politikis Camoyalibebuli strategia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kultura erT-erT mTavar saxelmwifo
4
prioritetad miiCneoda. kulturuli politikis sistemuri
cvlilebebi 2003 wlis bolodan daiwyo. mTavrobis
prioritetebad ganisazRvra instituciuri cvlileba,
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva da kulturuli
infrastruqturis reabilitacia (COMPENDIUM, 2010). zemo svaneTis mTiani regioni mdebarobs saqarTvelos Crdilo-
dasavleT nawilSi. saqarTvelos es kuTxe gamoirCeva mdidari
kulturuli memkvidreobiT da tradiciebiT, romlebsac icavs
adgilobiriv mosaxleobis - svanebis umetesoba (Engel et al., 2006). svaneTSi mravali mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli Zeglia, maT
Soris gamorCeuli eklesiebis, sadac SemorCenilia Sua
saukuneebis freskebi; sacxovrebeli/damcavi arqiteqtura
koSkebis saxiT da cixe-saxlebi, romelTa didi nawili Sua
saukuneebiT TariRdeba (GPAP-saqarTvelos daculi
teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqti, 2008). sofeli CaJaSis (uSgulis 4 Temidan erT-erTi, mestiis raioni,
zemo svaneTi) kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
kulturuli da esTetikuri Rirebulebis dacvis mizniT, 1996
wels CaJaSi Setanil iqna UNESCO-s msoflio memkvidreobis
siaSi (UNESCO, 2010). saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, kerZod,
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli
saagento da sxva erovnuli da saerTaSoriso organizacaiebi,
rogoricaa ICOMOS saqarTvelo, saqarTvelos xelovnebisa da
kulturis centri da Tavad UNESCO cdiloben am Temebis
kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebas (Engel et al., 2006). Tumca,
ralurad ar arsebobs rogorc marTvis saTando struqtura da
Sesamabisi kadrebi, aseve zemo svaneTis kulturuli
memkvidreobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro saxelmwifo dafinanseba
(marina yenia, ICOMOS saqarTvelo, piradi saubari, 2010 wlis 14
seqtemberi). ar gakeTebula am teritoriis kulturuli
memkvidreobis aRwera, ar arsebobs informacia kulturuli
memkvidreobis Zeglebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (COMPENDIUM, 2010), garda ICOMOS-is mier sofel CaJaSSi 2001 wels
ganxorcielebuli konservaciis gegmisa (ICOMOS, 2001a). Sedegad gamovlinda, rom zemo svaneTSi arsebuli kulturuli Zeglebi
TandaTanobiT nadgurdeba.
5
klimaturi, topografiuli da geomorfologiuri pirobebis
gamo zemo svaneTis teritoria mowyvladia bunebrivi
safrTxeebis mimarT (Engel et al., 2006). aqedan gamomdinare,
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi, SesaZloa, imyofebodnen
bunebrivi katastrofebis safrTxis riskis qveS obieqtebis
mdgomarebis Sesabamisad. mocemul teritoriaze riskis qveS
myof elements warmoadgens mestiisa da uSgulis SemaerTebeli
erTaderTi saavtomobilo gza, vinaidan igi xSirad iketeba
mewyrebiTa da zvavebiT, gansakuTrebiT – zamTarsa da
gazafxulze, daaxloebiT 8 Tvis manZilze (uSgulis mcxovrebi,
piradi saubari, 2010 wlis 21 seqtemberi). Sedegad, uSgulis Temi
xSirad mowyvetilia gare samyaros (ICOMOS, 2001a). saqarTvelos
kulturul memkvidreobaze zemoqmedebis mqone SesaZlo
bunebrivi safrTxeebis kvlevis procesSi, abasi (2010) gvTavazobs
seismuri movlenebisgan kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da
SenarCunebis iseT zomebs, rogoricaa Senobebis gamagreba da
Zveli xelnawerebis arqivebSi dacva. zemo svaneTSi
wyaldidobebi, zvavebi da mewyrebi bunebrivi safrTxeebis
ZiriTad saxeebs warmoadgens (Engel et al., 2006). zemo svaneTis
daculi teritoriebis marTvis gegma (2008) mewyrebTan, zvavebsa
da qvaTacvenasTan erTad regionis kulturuli memkvidreobis
erT-erT mTavar safrTxed seismur movlenebsac ganixilavs.
iseve rogorc kulturuli memkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi,
informacia zemo svaneTSi gavrcelebuli bunebrivi safrTxeebis
Sesaxeb Zalian mwiri da dabali xarisxisaa (giorgi
gafrindaSvili, garemos erovnuli saagento, piradi saubari,
2010 wlis 14 seqtemberi). zogadi masStabis rukebze mocemulia
Zalian mwiri Tematuri informacia. aseve, TiTqmis ar arsebobs
istoriuli informacia warsulSi momxdari bunebrivi
procesebis Sesaxeb. amis gamo, winamdebare kvlevis mniSvnelovan
sainformacio wyaros adgilobrivi codnidan miRebuli
informacia warmoadgens.
aucilebelia iseTi strategiebis SemuSaveba, romlebic
kulturuli memkvidreobisa da bunebrivi katastrofebis Sesaxeb
informacias Tavs mouyrian zemo svaneTis miwaTsargeblobisa da
garemosdacviTi marTvis erTian gegmebSi. amisaTvis aucilebelia
bunebrivi procesebis, kulturuli memkvidreobisa da riskis
qveS myofi sxva elementebis gamovlena da analizi.
6
1.2.1. Seswavlili Senobebis unikaluroba
sakvlev teritroiaze gamoiyofa Senobebis sami gansxvavebuli
jgufi: 1. Sua saukuneebis (istoriuli svanuri arqiteqtura);
adgilobrivi xalxuri arqiteqtura (meoce saukunis pirveli
naxevari); 3. Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi Senobebi (meoce
saukunis meore naxevari) (ICOMOS, 2001a). winamdebare kvlevaSi Seswavlili Senobebi (koSkebi; eklesiebi;
maCvibebi - zamTris sacxovrebeli saxlebi; da cixe-saxlebi) (ix.
danarTi 2) miekuTvnebian Sua saukuneebis jgufs. maT aqvT
gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli, arqiteqturuli da istoriuli
Rirebuleba, rogorc erovnul, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze. es
Senobebi saukuneebis manZilze svanebis identurobis niSnis
matarebeli iyo. amJamad, kulturuli memkvidreobis es
obieqtebi, ulamazes landSaftebTan erTad izidavs turistebsa
da mogzaurebs, rasac garkveuli Semosavali moaqvs
adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, am
Zeglebis dazianeba uaryofidad aisaxeba adgilobrivi Temebis
keTildReobaze.
sxvadasxva saxis Zeglebs Soris eklesiebsa da koSkebs yvelaze
maRali Rirebuleba gaaCniaT. Zlieri religiuri rwmenis mqone
sazogadoebaSi eklesiebs gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT.
garda amisa, eklesiebSi daculia unikaluri xatebi, mxatvrobis
nimuSebi da freskebi. koSkebi warmoadgenen regionis
ganmsazRvrel mTavar arqiteqturul Taviseburebas. koSkebi
svaneTis simbolodac ki iTvleba (ICOMOS, 2001a).
1.3. zogadi mizani
winamdebare kvlevis mTavari mizania bunebrivi
katastrofebisadmi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
mowyvladobis analizis midgomis SemuSaveba. garda amisa,
kvleva miznad isaxavs marTvis gegmebSi kulturuli
memkvidreobis Zeglebis riskebis aspeqtebis integrirebis
SesaZleblobis Sefasebasac. winamdebare kvlevaSi ganvixilavT
uSgulisa da mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs.
7
1.4. specifiuri miznebi da kiTxvebi
1. kulturuli memkvidreobis, rogorc riskis qveS myofi
fizikuri elementebis gamosavlenad da dasaxarisxeblad
a. ra tipis kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi gvxvdeba
da sad?
b. riskis qveS myofi romeli sxva (kulturul
memkvidreobasTan garkveulwilad dakavSirebuli)
elementebis gamovlenaa SesaZlebeli?
c. rogoria kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
konservaciis statusi (da rogor icvleba is drois
ganmavlobaSi)?
2. safrTxeebis gamovlenisa da safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis
Sefasebis Casatareblad
a. ra safTxeebs hqonda adgili da ra safrTxeebi
SeiZleba moxdes momavalSi sakvlev teritoriaze?
b. romeli teritoriebi SeiZleba aRmoCndnen saSiSi
movlenebis zemoqmedebis qveS momavalSi?
c. riskis qveS myofi romeli gamovlenili (ix. mizani 1)
elementi aris mowyvladi bunebrivi safrTxis mimarT?
3. bunebrivi safrTxeebis mimarT kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis mowyvladobis Sesafaseblad sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT
a. rogoria kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
riskis done, rogorc bunebrivi safrTxeebis funqcia?
b. kulturuli memkvidreobis ubnebis, iseve rogorc
kulturuli memkvidreobis calkeuli obieqtebis,
prioritetizacia bunebrivi safrTxeebis mimarT maTi
mowyvladobis Sesabamisad
c. mowyvladobis ra donea misaRebi?
8
4. kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciisa da marTvis
arsebul gegmebSi riskis marTvis elementebis CasarTavad
a. rogor unda SevimuSaoT iseTi midgoma, romelic ar
iqneba damyarebuli eqspertul codnaze, da romlis
gamoyenebac SesaZlebeli iqneba kulturuli
memkvidreobis ubnebis konservaciis mdgomareobis
(safrTxeebis konteqstSi) Sefasebisa da
monitoringisaTvis?
b. rogor SeiZleba adgilobrivi codnisa da eqspertTa
codnis erTobliobis gamoyenebiT sakvlev
teritoriaze bunebrivi safrTxeebis gamovlena da
Sefaseba?
c. dacvis romeli zomebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
kulturuli memkvidreobis safrTxeebisadmi
mowyvladobis da/an maTi ganadgurebis tempis
Sesamcireblad?
1.5. hipoTeza
kulturuli memkvidreobis, rogorc riskis qveS myofi fizikuri
elementebis, konservaciis (da monitoringis) mdgomareoba
warmoadgens mravlobiTi safrTxis mimarT sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodiT kulturuli
memkvidreobis mowyvladobis Sefasebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefaseba warmoadgens
moxerxebul saSualebas kulturuli memkvidreobis ubnebis
mowyvladobis prioritetizaciisaTvis. garda amisa, kulturuli
memkvidreobis dagegmvaSi integrirebuli mravlobiTi safrTxis
riskis Sefaseba gasagebi da mosaxerxebeli iqneba yvela
eqpertisTvis, maT Soris imaTTvisac, vinc ar muSaobs bunebrivi
safrTxeebis sferoSi.
9
1.6. Tezisis gegma
Tezisi Sedgeba 8 Tavisgan. pirvel oTx Tavi daTmobili aqvs
kvlevis Sesavals, literaturis mimoxilvas, sakvlevi
teritoriis aRwerasa da meTodologiis mimoxilvas. mexuTe Tavi
moicavs kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis analizs; Seswavlilia Senobebis teqnikuri
maxasiaTeblebi da mocemulia kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobis raodenobrivi Sefaseba.
Tavi eqvsi exeba riskis qveS myofi ZiriTadi fizikuri
elementebis mowyvladobis riskis Sefasebis process da
safrTxis Sefasebas kulturuli mekvidreobis mowyvladobaze
aqcentiT. Tavi Svidi ganixilavs kulturuli memkvidreobis
konservaciisa da marTvis gegmebSi riskis marTvis elementebis
CarTvis SesaZleblobebs. bolo TavSi mocemulia daskvnebi da
rekomendaciebi. kvlevis ZiriTadi Tavebia 4-7.
10
2. literaturis mimoxilva
2.1. kulturuli memkvidreoba
2.1.1. ganmartebebi
kulturuli memkvidreoba: Zvelad kulturul memkvidreobad
iTvleboda Zeglebi, areqologiuri ubnebi da moZravi
memkvidreobis koleqciebi, amJamad es ganmarteba aseve moicavs
istoriul qalaqebs, xalxur memkvidreobas, kulturul
landSaftebs da sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis memkvidreobasac ki
(Abhas, 2010). ICOMOS (2002) kulturul momkvidreobas
gansazRvravs rogorc “Temis erTi Taobidan meoreze
gadacemuli cxovrebis wesis gamoxatuleba, romelic moicavs
wes-Cveulebebs, adgilebs, obieqtebs, sagnebs, mxatvrul
gamosaxulebebsa da Rirebulebebs”. kulturul momkvidreobas
aqvs “materialuri” da “aramaterialuri” gamoxatuleba.
aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba moicavs
“tradiciuli da xalxuri kulturis, aseve koleqtiuri Sromis
yvela formas, romelic safuZvels iRebs konkretul TemSi da
emyareba tradiciebs” (ICOMOS, 2002). materialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba moicavs kacobriobis
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegs, maT Soris, adamianis
sacxovrebel adgilebs, soflebsa da qalaqebs, Senobebs,
nagebobebs, xelovnebis nimuSebs, dokumentebs, gamoyenebiT
sagnebs, musikalur sakravebs, avejs, tansacmelsa da samkaulebs,
religiur, ritualur da samgloviaro nivTebs, iaraRebs,
maqanebsa da aRWurvilobas da sawarmoo sistemebs” (ICOMOS, 2002). cxrilSi 2.1 mocemulia kulturuli memkvidreobis klasifikacia
msoflio kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis dacvis
Sesaxeb konvenciis mixedviT (UNESCO, 1972).
11
cxrili 2.1: kulturuli memkvidreobis klasifikacia (UNESCO, 1972).
klasi ganmarteba
Zeglebi arqiteqturis, monumenturi qandakebisa da mxatvrobis
nimuSebi, arqeologiuri xasiaTis elementebi an nagebobebi,
warwerebi, gamoqvabulebi an sxva nimuSebi, romlebsac
gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli istoriuli, mxatvruli an
samecniero Rirebuleba msoflio mniSvnelobiT.
SenobaTa
jgufebi
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli an gancalkevebuli Senobebi,
romlebsac arqiteqturis, erTgvarovnebis an landSaftSi
mdebareobis gamo gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli istoriuli,
mxatvruli an samecniero Rirebuleba msoflio
mniSvnelobiT.
ubnebi adamianis, an adamianisa da bunebis moRvaweobis nimuSebi da
teritoriebi, maT Soris arqeologiuri ubnebi, romlebsac
gaaCniaT istoriuli, esTetiuri, eTnologiuri an
anTropologiuri Rirebuleba msoflio mniSvnelobiT.
Tavis erT-erT bolo kvlevaSi hua (2010) xazs usvams
kulturuli memkvidreobis klasifikaciis dazustebis
aucileblobas, vinaidan arsebuli klasifikacia sakmaod
bundovania da Seicavs damabnevel koncefciebs. hua moiTxovs
kulturuli memkvidreobis xelaxal klasifikacias
“kulturuli memkvidreobis bunebisa da funqciebis, dacvis
meTodebis, marTvasa da sajaro CvenebasTan dakavSirebuli
moTxovnebis mixedviT”.
2.1.2. kulturuli memkvidreoba da bunebrivi safrTxeebi
safrTxeebi, romlebsac bunebrivi procesebi uqmnis kulturul
memkvidreobas, mraval kvlevaSia aRwerili (Shapira, 1986, Lanza, 2003, Fukuoka et al., 2005, Lollino and Audisio, 2006, Sánchez et al., 2007, Gizzi, 2008, Canuti et al., 2009, Iriarte et al., 2010). kulturul memkvidreobaze
zemoqmedebis moxdena sxvadasxva saxis bunebriv safrTxes
SeuZlia. magaliTad, lanca (2003) akeTebs wyaldidobis mier
italiis qalaq genuas istoriuli centrisTvis Seqmnili
safrTxis analizs. GIS-is gamoyenebiT lancam Seadgina
datborvisadmi mowyvladi teritoriebis ruka mxolod
istoriul monacemebze dayrdnobiT hidrologiuri da
hidravlikuri monacemebis ararsebobis gamo. lancas midgoma
adasturebs, rom miuxedavad monacemebis simcirisa,
12
SesaZlebelia garkveuli sizustis saimedo Sedegis miReba.
holikim da sikoram (2010) Seiswavles 2002 wels CexeTis
respublikaSi momxdari wyaldidobis zemoqmedeba kulturul
memkvidreobaze. herlem (2010) Seiswavla kulturuli
memkvidreobis wyaldidobebiT gamowveuli geoteqnikuri
problemebi.
kulturul memkvidreobas safrTxes mewyrebic uqmnis (Bromhead et al. 2006). Seswavlilia mewyrebis zemoqmedeba kulturul
memkvidreobaze da misi gavlena konservaciasa da riskis
Semcirebaze (Canuti et al. 2009). aRniSnul naSromSi moyvanilia
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxis, mag., moskovis (ruseTis),
slovakeTis, maCu piCus (peru) da umbrias (italia), magaliTebi.
kulturuli memkvidreobisa da bunebrivi safrTxeebis
problemis mimarT naSromSi moyvanili midgomebis simravle
metyvelebs am sakiTxis mimarT did dainteresebaze.
literaturaSi aRwerilia kulturul memkvidreobaze
zemoqmedebis mqone bunebrivi safrTxeebis problemis mogvarebis
sxvadasxva gzebi. magaliTad, Catarda mewyris safrTxis
Sefaseba CineTis imperatorebis uZvelesi dasasvenebeli
adgilis, liSanis, ferdobebze (Fukuoka et al. 2005). detalurad iqna
Seswavlili ferdobebis mdgradoba, Tumca am kvlevaSi ar aris
ganxiluli kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis struqturuli
mdgradoba safrTxeebis zemoqmedebis mimarT. abasi (2010) gvTavazobs kulturuli memkvidreobis bunebrivi safrTxeebisgan
dacvis 6 mTavar princips (cxrili 2.2).
taborofi (2003) aRniSnavs, rom kulturuli memkvidreobis
bunebrivi safrTxeebisgan dacvis erTaderT gzas warmoadgens
kulturuli memkvidreobis gaTvaliswineba bunebrivi
katastrofebis Serbilebisa da marTvis midgomebSi. mzadyofnisa
da Serbilebis efeqturi strategiebis SesamuSaveblad
aucilebelia saxelmwifo struqturebis, kulturuli
memkvidreobis marTvisa da katastrofebis marTvis sferoSi
momuSave specialistebis erToblivi muSaoba (Taboroff, 2003).
13
cxrili 2.2: kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (Abhas, 2010).
principi aRwera
1 kulturuli memkvidreobis konservacia exmareba Temebs ara
marto ekonomikuri Rirebulebis mqone fizikuri obieqtebis
dacvaSi, aramed xel uwyobs Temebis wes-Cveulebebis, istoriis,
garemosa da Temebis mTlianobisa da identurobis SenarCunebas
2 kulturuli memkvidreobisTvis SeiZleba ufro saxifaTo iyos
bunebrivi katastrofis meoradi efeqti, vidre Tavad
katastrofa, amitom aucilebelia gadaudebeli zomebis miReba 3 xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi asaxaven socialuri da
garemos cvlebebTan, maT Soris, bunebriv katastrofebTan,
sazogadoebis mudmivi adaptaciis istorias. am informaciis
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia axali samSeneblo an modernizaciis
proeqtebisaTvis Serbilebis strategiebis SesamuSaveblad.
4 miuxedavad imisa, rom konsensusis miRweva ar iqneba advili,
Temebma unda moaxdinon dasacavi kulturuli Rirebulebebis
prioritetizacia maTi kulturuli da ekonomikuri
Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
5 kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis gegmebi unda
SemuSavdes bunebrivi katastrofis dadgomamde, magram, maTi
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kulturul memkvidreobaze
pasuximgebelma uwyebebma erToblivad unda SeimuSaon
kulturuli memkvidreobis katastrofis Semdgomi konservaciis
strategiebi. 6 vinaidan xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebs Zeglebs xSir SemTxvevaSi
SeuZliaT gauZlon adgilobrivi klimatis cvalebadobas, maTi
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia axlomdebare Temebis droebiT
TavSesafrad.
lacari (Lazzari et al. 2009) da kanuti (Canuti et al. 2009) xazs usvamen im faqts, rom kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis codna Zalian mniSvnelovania bunebrivi
katastrofebis riskis Sefasebis konteqstSi maTi mowyvladobis
SefasebisTvis.
2.1.3. konservaciis mdgomareobis Sefaseba
kulturuli memkvidreobis konteqstSi Senobebis konservaciis
mdgomarebis Sefasebis midgomebis kvlevebi ar aris
mravalricxovani. arsebuli kvlevebi, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas
amaxvileben Cveulebrivi Senobebis Sefasebaze
14
arqiteqturuli/sainJinro perspeqtividan. Cveulebriv, samuSao
procedurebi sakmaod rTulia da moiTxovs Rrma codnas, rasac
Cvens mier moyvanili magaliTebi adasturebs.
kulturuli memkvidreobis konteqstSi arsebuli zogierTi
kvleva exeba istoriuli Senobebis seismuri mowyvladobis
Sefasebas. magaliTad d’aiala da speranza (2002) seismuri
safrTxisadmi mowyvladi urbanuli teritoriebis istoriuli
Senobebis konservaciis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb monacemebis
Sesagroveblad iyeneben eleqtronul formas. maT SeimuSaves
eleqtronuli forma, romelsac SeuZlia Senobis
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb iseTi sxvadasxva monacemebis,
rogoricaa fasadisa da Riobebis geometriuli maxasiaTeblebi
da strquturuli maxasiaTeblebi, mogroveba. eleqtronuli
formiT Segrovebuli informacia inaxeba monacemTa bazaSi.
Senobis seismuri mowyvaldobis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia on-lain
reJimSi (D’Ayala and Speranza, 2002). kulturis Zeglebis Sesaxeb
monacemTa Segrovebis es meTodi sakmaod efeqturia, Tumca
moiTxovs mniSvnelovan resursebs eleqtronuli programis,
eleqtronuli formisa da monacemTa bazis Sesaqmnelad.
kulturuli memkvidreobis Senobebis konservaciis mdgomareobis
Sefasebis kidev erTi, sakmaod rTuli, meTodi mocemuli aqvs
grinzatos (Grinzato et al. 2002). am kvlevaSi istoriuli Senobebis
monitoringisaTvis gamoyenebulia infrawiTeli Termografi.
aRniSnuli proceduris mizania kedlis struqturisa da Senobis
tenianobis monitoringi da Sefaseba cifruli da analizuri
Termuli modelirebisa da Termografiuli aparaturis
gamoyenebiT. grinzato (Grinzato et al. 2002) Tvlis, rom istoriuli
Senobebis tenianobis monitoringi warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes
parametrs konservaciis mdgomareobis SefasebisTvis. mas miaCnia,
rom SenobaSi wylis arseboba da misi mdgomareobis cvlileba
(myari-Txevadi-orTqli) mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs Senobis
dazianebas. grinzatos Tanaxmad, kedlebSi wylis Semcvelobis
codna, gansakuTrebiT civ klimatur pirobebSi, Zalian
mniSvnelovania Senobebis dazianebis analizisTvis. aRniSnuli
procedurac sakmaod efeqturia, Tumca miTxovs did codnas da
ZviradRirebul aparaturas.
kanutim (Canuti et al. 2009) maCu piCuSi (peru) mdebare kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis mewyrebis mimarT maTi mowyvladobis
15
kuTxiT konservaciis mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad ufro martivi
midgoma gamoiyena. riskis qveS myofi TiTouuli elemntisTvis
man gansazRvra dazianebis sidide in situ aRweris katalogze
dayrdnobiT. cxrilSi 2.3 mocemulia is parametrebi, romlebic
gamoyenebul iqna kulturuli memkvidreobis sxvadasxva
obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad. es meTodi
iTvleba efeqturad SezRuduli resursebis SemTxvevaSi,
gansakuTrebiT Znelad misadgom adgilebSi arsebuli
obieqtebisaTvis, vinaidan igi ar saWiroebs ZvradRirebul
aparaturas da rTul procedurebs.
cxrili 2.3: kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis SefasebaSi gamoyenebuli parametrebi (Canuti et al. 2009).
parametri aRwera
geometriuli
Taviseburebebi
kedlebis simaRle da sisqe am monacemebis ferdobis
swrafi moZraobis Zalis zemoqmedebasTan
korelaciisaTvis
Zveli aRdgeniTi
samuSaoebis
mniSvnelovania rogorc Zveli dazianebebis, aseve
mocemuli intensivobis mewyrebis mimarT Senobis
mdgradobis dasadgenad
saxuravis arseboba an
ararseboba
mniSvnelovani parametri Senobebze eroziis
zemoqmedebis dasadgenad
bzarebis arseboba Senobisa da grunts Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebiT
gamowveuli zianis gamosasworeblad
daZabulobis arseboba daweva, amoweva, gadaxra
tenianobis/biologiuri
degradaciis arseboba
mzidi nawilebis dasusteba
winamdebare kvlevaSi (ix. Tavi 4.2) Catarebuli konservaciis
mdgomareobis Sefaseba iyenebs lacaris (Lazzari et al. 2009) gamocdilebas da aseve kanutis (Canuti et al. 2009) calkeul
elementebs (ix. cxrili 2.2). lacarim (Lazzari et al. 2009) SeimuSava samxreT italiaSi mdebare Sua saukuneebis soflis istoriuli
Senobebis konservaciis mdgomareobis raodenobrivi Sefasebis
meTodi. savele kvlevisa da winaswar Sedgenili formis
saSualebiT man Seagrova calkeuli Senobebis tipologiuri
maxasiaTeblebi. miRebuli monacemebi warmoadgenen GIS-ze damyarebuli analizis safuZvels, romlis mizania Seswavlili
Senobebis aRdgenisa da marTvis prioritetebis dadgena
geomorfologiur da anTropologiur riskebTan mimarTebaSi.
16
istoriuli Senobebis mowyvladoba Sefasebulia dazianebis
indeqsis (DIx) gaangariSebis safuZvelze (cxrili 2.4).
winamdebare kvlevisTvis SevarCieT aRniSnuli meTodi, vinaidan
is iZleva imis saSualebas, rom kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobis obieqturi kvleva
ganaxorcielon adamianeba, romlebic ar arian kulturuli
memkvidreobis specialistebi. garda amisa, kvlevis Sedegebis
Setana SesaZlebelia GIS-Si, imisaTvis rom dadgindes samoqmedo
prioritetebi bunebrivi safrTxeebis mimarT kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis mowyvladobaze dayrdnobiT.
cxrili 2.4: dazianebis indeqsis gamoTvlis magaliTi erT-erTi
SenobisaTvis (Lazzari et al. 2009).
2.2. mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis Sefaseba
2.2.1. ganmartebebi
bunebrivi safrTxe: katastrofebis Semcirebis gaerTianebuli
erebis saerTaSoriso strategia UNISDR (2009) ganmartavs
bunebriv safrTxes, rogorc “bunebriv process, romelsac
SeuZlia gamoiwvios adamianebis sikvdili, sxeulis dazianeba an
sxva saxis zemoqmedeba adamianis janmrTelobaze, qonebis
dazianeba, Semosavlis wyaros dakargva, socialuri da
ekonomikuri rRveva, an garemos dazianeba”. im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac am bunebriv safrTxeebs aqvT Zlieri zemoqmedeba
17
adamianebze, xdeba bunebrivi katastrofa (Blaikie et al., 1994). van vesteni (van Westen 2009) ganmartavs bunebriv safrTxeebs, rogorc
“bunebriv procesebs an movlenebs dedamiwis sistemaSi
(liTosfero, hidrosfero, biosfero an atmosfero), romlebsac
SeuZliaT gamoiwvion damangreveli movlenebi (miwisZvra,
vulkanis amofrqveva, qariSxali). mowyvlad sazogadoebaSi
bunebriv safrTxe SeiZleba gadaizardos bunebriv
katastrofaSi”.
mowyvladoba: literaturaSi arsebobs mowyvladobis mravali
ganmarteba, vinaidan gansxvavebul jgufebs, rogoricaa
sxvadasxva samecniero dargebis, katastrofebis marTvis
uwyebebis da samSeneblo korporaciebis warmomadgenlebi,
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqondeT. (van Westen, 2009). katastrofebis Semcirebis gaerTianebuli erebis saerTaSoriso
strategia - UNISDR (2009) mowyvladobas ganmartavs, rogorc
“Temis, sistemisa an obieqtis maxasiaTeblebsa da mdgomareobas,
romlebic ganapirobeben maTze safrTxis damangrevel
zemoqmedebas. bleikis (Blaikie et al. 1994) Tanaxmad mowyvladoba
aris “adamianisa an adamianTa jgufis maxasiaTebeli, romelic
gansazRvravs maT SesaZleblobas winaswar gansazRvron,
gaumklavdnen da gauZlon safrTxes da gamoasworon misi
Sedegebi”. zogierTi ganmarteba exeba mxolod fizikur
mowyvladobas (UNDRO, 1991), maSin, rodesac sxva ganmartebebi
aseve iTvaliswineben ekonomikur, socialur da garemosdacviT
faqtorebsac (Blaikie et al., 1994, Villagrán de León, 2006). riski: katastrofebis Semcirebis gaerTianebuli erebis
saerTaSoriso strategia UNISDR (2009) ganmartavs risks, rogorc “arasasurveli Sedegebis, am mosalodneli danakargebis
(adamianTa sikvdilis, sxeulis dazianebis, qonebis, Semosavlis
wyaroebisa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis moSlis an garemos
dazianebis) albaTobas, gamowveuls mocemul teritoriaze da
drois mocemul momentSi arsebuli safrTxeebisa (bunebrivi,
anTropogenuli) da mowyvladobis urTierTqmedebiT. riski
gamoisaxeba Semdegi ZiriTadi tolobiT:
riski = safrTxe * mowyvladoba / SesaZlebloba
18
naxazze 2.2 mocemulia riskis grafikuli gamosaxuleba. am
SemTxvevaSi riski warmoadgens im ares, sadac mowyvladoba da
safrTxe erTmaneTs emTxveva safrTxisa da mowyvladobis
mixedviT riskis qveS myofi elementebis erTierTTanakveTis
Sedegad (Crozier and Glade, 2005).
riskis qveS myofi elementebi: UNISDR-is (2004) Tanaxmad, riskis
qveS myofi elementebia: mosaxleoba, qoneba, ekonomikuri
saqmianoba an sxva Rirebulebebi, romlebic mocemul
teritoriaze imyofebian safrTxis qveS. riskis qveS myof
elementebs aseve SeiZleba ewodos obieqtebi. maTi gamoxatva
SesaZlebelia rogorc raodenobrivad (Senobebi, adamianebi),
monetarulad (adgilmonacvleobis xarjebi, sabazro fasebi),
farTobiT an aRqmiT (riskis qveS myofi elementebis
mniSvneloba).
nax. 2.1: riskisa da misi Sedegebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba (Alexander,
2002, cited in Castellanos Abella, 2008a).
2.2.2. riskis Sefaseba
katastrofebis Semcirebis gaerTianebuli erebis saerTaSoriso
strategia UNISDR (2009) riskis Sefasebas aRwers, rogorc
“meTodi, romelic adgens riskis xasiaTsa da masStabebs im
SesaZlo safrTxeebis analizisa da arsebuli mowyvladobis
Sefasebis gziT, romelTaAerTobliobasac SeuZlia zianis
miyeneba adamianebisTvis, qonebisTvis, saqmianobebisTvis,
Semosavlis wyaroebisTvis da im garemosTvis, romelzedac isini
arian damokidebuli”.
19
riskis Sefaseba (da Sesabamisi riskis rukebis Sedgena) moicavs:
safrTxis iseTi maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa
safrTxis adgilmdebareoba, intensivoba, sixSire da albaToba;
safrTxisadmi ganwyobisa da mowyvladobis analizs, romelic
moicavs fizikur, socialur, janmrTelobis, ekonomikur da
garemosdacviT ganzomilebebsac; da safrTxisadmi Seguebis
upiratesi da alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis analizs riskis
SesaZlo scenarebis SemTxvevaSi (UNISDR, 2009). zogadad. safrTxis Sefasebis meTodebi iyofa raodenobriv da
xarisxobriv meTodebad (Aleotti and Chowdhury, 1999, Ayalew and Yamagishi, 2005a). ukanasknel dros Sefasebis midgomebi daiyo sam
jgufad: xarisxobriv, naxevrad-raodenobriv da raodenobriv
meTodebad (Chowdhury and Flentje, 2003) (cxrili 2.5). kastelanos
abelas (2008a) Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba xarisxobriv da
naxevrad-raodenobriv meTodebs Soris mdgomareobs garkveuli
krteriumebis mixedviT wonebis miniWebaSi. winamdebare kvlevaSi
mowyvladobis Sesafaseblad gamoyenebulia sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis naxevrad-raodenobrivi midgoma
Sewonili indeqsebis/parametrebis rukebis kombinaciis
gamoyenebiT.
cxrili 2.5: riskis Sefasebis meTodebi (Castellanos Abella, 2008a)
meTodi principi
xarisxobrivi emyareba riskis klasebs, gansazRvruls eqspertebis mier.
riskis klasebi: maRali, saSualo da dabali
naxevrad-
raodenobrivi
emyareba garkveuli kriteriumebis mixedviT miniWebul
rangebsa da wonebs. riskis indeqsi: rangis sidideebi (0-1, 0-10
an 0-100)
raodenobrivi emyareba mosalodneli zaralis albaTobas an procentul
maCvenebels. riskis sidide: monetaruli an adamianuri
danakargebis garkveuli moculobis albaTuri sidideebi (0-1)
2.2.3. sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodi safrTxisa da mowyvladobis SefasebisTvis
sivrciTi mravalkriteriumaini Sefasebis meTodi (SMCE) emyareba saatis (1980) mier SemuSavebul analitikuri ierarqiis
process (AHP). analitikuri ierarqiis procesi aris
20
mravalmizniani, mravalkriteriumiani gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi, romelic momxmarebels aZlevs alternativebis
sistemidan upiratesobis mixedviT dalagebuli Sedegebis
miRebis saSualebas (Yalcin, 2008). analitikuri ierarqiis procesi
farTod gamoiyeneba adgilis SerCevis, Sesabamisobis analizis,
regionuli dagegmarebisa da bunebrivi safrTxeebis mimarT
analizis dros (Ayalew et al., 2005b). gadawyvetilebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT mravalkriteriumiani
Sefaseba SeiZleba gamoxatos matricis saxiT (Triantaphyllou, 2000) (cxrili 2.6). matrica A Seicavs kriteriumebs, romlebic
ganlagebulia erT RerZze (C1 - Cn), da im SesaZlo
alternativebis CamonaTvlas, saidanac unda SeirCes
gadawyvetileba meore RerZze (A1 - Am). matricis TiToeuli
ujredi (aij) aRniSnavs calkeuli alternativis efeqturobas
garkveuli kriteriumis mimarT (Triantaphyllou, 2000).
cxrili 2.6: mravalkriteriumiani gadawyvetilebis matrica (Triantaphyllou, 2000).
matricis TiToeuli ujredis mniSvneloba miRebulia garkveuli
alternativisTvis kriteriumis standartizebuli sididis (0-dan
1-mde) gamravlebiT am kriteriumTan dakavSirebul wonaze (W1 - Wn). marticis Sevsebis Semdeg saboloo sididis miReba
SesaZlebelia calkeuli alternativisTvis sxvadasxva
kriteriumebis ujredebis sidideebis SekrebiT (mag.: a11-dan a1n-
mde A1 alternativisTvis) (Triantaphyllou, 2000). imisaTvis, rom es matrica gamoviyenoT analitikuri ierarqiis
procesis mixedviT, aucilebelia 3 principuli etapis gavla: i) daSla, ii) SedarebiTi msjeloba da iii) prioritetebis sinTezi (Malczewski, 1996). pirvel etapze xdeba problemis (da wonebis)
21
daSla ierarqiul struqturad. meore iTvaliswinebs Sewonvis
process, romelic gulisxmobs kriteriumebis analizs
dawyvilebis meTodiT, xolo sinTezi iTvaliswinebs gamravlebis
operaciebs ierarqiuli doneebis Soris. garda amisa, am
proceduris sivrciTi saxiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi (nax. 2.3), yvela kriteriumi (Cj) gadaiqceva rastrul fenad, xolo
saboloo ganzogadebuli indeqsis rukis yvela wertili (an
wertilebis erToblioba) gaxdeba Aj alternativa (Malczewski, 1999). mizani (riskis indeqsi) daSlilia kriteriumebis CL1 da CL2
doneebad. Sualdeduri doneebs xSirad uwodeben qve-miznebs an
amocanebs (mag.: 1 doneze qve-miznebs warmoadgens “safrTxis
indeqsi” da “mowyvladobis indeqsi”). TiToeuli donis TiToeul
kriteriums unda hqondes miniWebuli Sesabamisi wona. aqedan
gamomdinare, Sualeduri doneebis fenebis sidideebi miiReba
ufro dabal doneebze myofi alternativis efeqturobis
gaangariSebiT. vinaidan kriteriumebi Sedgeba rastruli
rukebisagan, maTi sivrciTi efeqturoba (aij) da alternativa (Ai) ganisazRvreba calkeuli rastruli ujredebisTvis (Malczewski, 1999).
nax 2.2: analitikuri ierarqiis procesze damyarebuli sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis sqema (Castellanos Abella, 2008a, van
Westen, 2009).
22
riskis ganzogadebuli indeqsis ruka miiReba Sefasebis wesiT
(xandaxan mas gadawyvetilebis wessac uwodeben), romelic
gamoiTvleba calkeuli alternativisTvis sxvadasxva
kriteriumebis (aij) ujredebis sidideebis efeqturobis SekrebiT.
Tumca, matricis TiToeuli elementis efeqturoba (aij) sxvanairad iangariSeba:
[toloba 2.1]
am tolobaSi vij aris (Ai) alternativisTvis (Cj) kriteriumis
standartizebuli sidide, wlj wona aRniSnavs (Cj) kriteriumis
wonas L donisTvis (0-h doneebi). analizis dros sasurvelia (xandaxan aucilebelic ki wl
j wonebis ukeTesad gansasazRvrad) kriteriumebis Sualeduri rukebis Seqmna (Malczewski, 1996). am
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba zemoTmoyvanili tolobis gamoyeneba,
vinaidan wonebis gamravleba standartizebul sidideebze
saWiroa mxolod gansazRvruli donis Sualeduri rukebisaTvis.
aseve SesaZlebelia Sualeduri rukebis kombinireba sxvadasxva
meTodebis gamoyenebiT (van Westen, 2009). ukanasknel dros
sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodi gamoiyeneba
safrTxisadmo mowyvladobisa da riskis Sefasebis kvlevebSi
(Ayalew et al., 2005b, Castellanos Abella and Van Westen, 2008b, Yalcin, 2008, Akgun and Türk, 2010).
2.2.4. safrTxis indikatorebi
literaturaSi mravlad moipoveba safrTxis ganmsazRvravi
zogadi indikatorebi. van vesteni (van Westen et al. 2008) aRwers garemos faqtorebs da maT mniSvnelobas mewyruli
mowyvladobisa da safrTxis SefasebisTvis (cxrili 2.7). winamdebare kvleva emyareba parametrebis im sistemas, romelic
SeirCa monacemebis xelmisawvdomobisa da savele kvlevebis
safuZvelze. esenia: ferdobis daxriloba ferdobis daxriloba iTvleba ferdobze gravitaciuli
moZraobis ganmsazRvrel yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad,
vinaidan ferdobze masalis Camocureba pirdapir kavSirSia
23
ferdobis daxrilobasTan (Dai et al., 2002, Liu JG et al., 2004, van Westen et al., 2008). ferdobis daxriloba adgilobriv masStabebSi
gavlenas axdens niadagis tenianobaze, iseve rogorc forovan
wnevaze, rac iwvevs ferdobis arastabilurobas (Ayalew and Yamagishi 2005a). liTologia liTologia mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens mewyrebis
ganviTarebaze, vinaidan sxvadasxva ZiriTad qanebs eroziis
sxvadasxva xarisxi gaaCniaT, riTac ganapirobeben mewyris
masStabebs (Carrara et al., 1991, Zeng and Wang, 2009, Wati et al., 2010). magaliTad, mkvrivi da masiuri qanebi mdgradia eroziis mimarT,
maSin, rodesac qviSaqvebiT agebuli qanebi ufro advilad
eqvemdebarebian erozias da, Sesabamisad, sensitiurebi arian
mewyrebis mimarT (Wati et al., 2010).
cxrili 2.7: garemos faqtorebis mimoxilva da mati mniSvneloba mewyruli mowyvladobisa da safrTxis SefasebisTvis (van Westen et al., 2008). (H=Zalian mniSvnelovani, M=zomierad mniSvnelovani, da L=naklebad
mniSvnelovani). jgufi monacemTa done
da tipi
mniSvneloba mewyruli mowyvladobisa
da safrTxeebis SefasebisTvis
analizis
masStabi
reg
ionu
li
saS
ual
o
vrcel
i
det
aluri
cif
rul-sas
imaRlo mo
del
i
ferdobis
daxriloba
yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori
gravitaciuli gadaadgilebis
SemTxvevaSi
L H H H
ferdobis
mimarTuleba
SeuZlia gansazRvros niadagis
tenianoba da mcenareuli safari
H H H H
ferdobis
sigrZe/forma
ferdobis hidrologiis indikatori M H H H
nakadis
mimarTuleba
gamoiyeneba ferdobis hidrologiur
modelirebaSi
L M H H
nakadis
dagroveba
gamoiyeneba ferdobis hidrologiur
modelirebaSi
L M H H
gare reliefi mcire masStabis SefasebaSi reliefis
tipis indikatori
H M L L
hidrografiuli
qselis
simWidrove
mcire masStabis SefasebaSi reliefis
tipis indikatori
H M L L
24
geo
logia
qanis tipi qanis tipis sainJinro Tvisebebis
safuZvelze
H H H H
gamofitva profilis siRrme warmoadgens
mniSvnelovan faqtors
L M H H
wyvetebi wyvetebi da maTi maxasiaTeblebi L M H H
struqturuli
aspeqtebi
geologiuri agebuleba ferdobis
kuTxis/mimarTulebasTan mimarTebiT
H H H H
rRvevebi manZili aqtiur rRvevebamde da an
rRvevis zonebis sigane
H H H H
niadag
ebi
niadagis saxeebi sainJinro niadagebi genetikuri an
geoteqnikuri TvisebebiT
M H H H
niadagis siRrme niadagis siRrme WaburRilebis,
geofizikisa da gaSiSvlebebis
safuZvelze
L M H H
geoteqnikuri
Tvisebebi
marcvlis zoma, SeWideba, xaxunis
kuTxe, moculobiTi simkvrive
L M H H
hidrologiuri
Tvisebebi
forebis moculoba, gajerebuli
wyalgamtaroba, PF mrudi L M H H
hidrologia
miwisqveSa wylis
done
miwisqveSa wylis sivrciTi da droiTi
siRrme
L L M H
niadagis
tenianoba
niadagis sivrciTi da droiTi
tenianoba
L L M H
hidrologia winaRoba, jamuri aorTqleba, naleqi,
zedapiruli nakadebi
M H H H
nakadebis qseli nakadebis garSemo arsebuli buferuli
zonebi
H H H L geo
morfologia
fiziografiuli
erTeulebi
reliefis pirveli dayofa zonebad H M L L
reliefis ruka liTologiurad da
geomorfologiurad erTgvarovani
erTeulebi
H M L L
geomorfologia ZiriTadi reliefwarmomqmneli
procesebis genetiuri klasifikacia
H H M L
ferdobis
zedapiri
reliefis geomorfologiuri dayofa
ferdobebis zedapirebad
H H H L
miwaT
sar
gebloba
miwaTsargeblobi
s ruka
miwaTsargeblobis/
niadagsafaris tipi
H H H H
miwaTsargeblobi
s cvlileba
miwaTsargeblobis/
niadagsafaris cvlileba droSi
M H H H
mcenareuli
safari
tipi, saburveli, fesvTa sistemis
siRrme, fesvebis moWideba, wona
L M H H
gzebi buferuli zonebi CamoWril
ferdobebze gayvanili gzebis gaswvriv
M H H H
Senobebi ferdobebis CamoWra mSeneblobebisTvis M H H H
25
niadagsafari van vestenis (van Westen et al. 2008) Tanaxmad, niadagsafari
warmoadgens erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors ferdobis stabilurobis
analizisTvis. niadagsafari, rogorc mewyris ganmsazRvravi
faqtori, mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas ganicdis adamianis
saqmianobebis mxridan, vinaidan misi Secvla da marTva advilad
SeiZleba (Akgun and Türk, 2010). iTvleba, rom mcenareuli safari
dadebiT rols asrulebs ferdobis mdgradobis
uzrunvelyofaSi (van Westen et al., 2008). hidrografiuli qselis simWidrove
hidrografiuli qselis simWidrove warmoadgens nakadis
mTliani sigrZis Sefardebas wyalSemkrebis teritoriis
fardobTan gamosaxuli km/km2-Si (Yalcin, 2008). hidrografiuli
qselis simWidrovis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba zedapiruli
gadaadgileba wylis STanTqmis unaris Semcirebis gamo, ramac,
SesaZloa, mewyeri gamoiwvios (Pachauri et al., 1998; Nagarajan et al., 2000; Cevik and Topal, 2003; Yalcin, 2005), (Yalcin, 2008). literaturaSi mravladaa zvavis safrTxis gamomwvevi
indikatorebi:
ferdobis daxriloba ferdobis daxriloba iTvleba yvelaze mniSvnelovan
topografiul parametrad arsebuli zvavebis Seswavlisa da
momavali zvavebis prognozirebisaTvis, vinaidan ferdobis
daxriloba uSualo kavSirSia gravitaciul ZalebTan, romlebic
gansazRvraven masis gadaadgilebas ferdobze. (Gruber, 2001, Kriz, 2001, Maggioni and Gruber, 2003, Ghinoi and Chung, 2005, Nadim et al., 2006, Gruber and Bartelt, 2007, Barbolini et al., 2009, Wright, 2009, Biskupič and Barka, 2010).
eqspozicia (mdebareoba mzis mimarT) zvavis Sesaxeb klvevebSi eqspoziciac mniSvnelovan parametrad
iTvleba, vinaidan igi ganapirobebs zedapirze moxvedrili mzis
siTbos raodenobas (Maggioni and Gruber, 2003, Ghinoi and Chung, 2005, Wright, 2009, Biskupič and Barka, 2010). zamTarSi, rodesac temperatura
dabalia, civi Tovlis safarSi ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
arsebobs susti fenebi, vidre ufro Tbil Tovlis safarSi.
Sesabamisad, zvavebi ufro gavrcelebulia CrdiloeTi da
aRmosavleTi eqspoziciis ferdobebze, romlebic iReben nakleb
26
mzis siTbos, gansakuTrebiT ki Sua zamTarSi (Wright, 2009). es procesi gansakuTrebiT kargadaa gamovlenili 30º - 55º ganedze (Wright, 2009). sakvlevi teritoria mdebareobs daaxloebiT 43º ganedze da, Sesabamisad, eqceva aRniSnul zRvrebSi. eqspozicia (qaris datvirTva) qaris datvirTvac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs zvavebis
safrTxis rukebis SeqmnaSi (Wright, 2009), vinaidan qedebis
qarisgan dacul adgilebSi SeiZleba dagrovdes mTis wveridan
qaris mier Camotanili an sxva mxridan gadmotanili Tovlis
masa. am process datvirTvis gadanawileba ewodeba.
ferdobis simrude fedrobis simrude iTvleba zvavebis mowyvetis adgilebis
sivrciTi arealis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad (Maggioni and Gruber, 2003, Ghinoi and Chung, 2005, Barbolini et al., 2009, Wright, 2009, Biskupič and Barka, 2010). Cazneqili reliefze bevrad ufro mosalodbelia
zvavebis ganviTareba, vinaidan masSi grovdeba qaris mier yvela
mimarTulebidan motanili Tovli, maSin, rodesac, amozneqil
zedapirebs aqvT ufro mcire sisqis Tovlis safari da,
Sesabamisad, aq naklebia zvavis ganviTarebis Sansi (Barbolini et al., 2009). niadagsafaris tipi niadagsafari, rogorc zedapiris uswormasworobis
maxasiaTebeli, warmoadgens Tovls miwis zedapirze Semakaveben
erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors. (Ghinoi and Chung, 2005, Barbolini et al., 2009, Biskupič and Barka, 2010). magaliTad, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT tyian
teritorias da balaxiT dafarul teritorias, tyiT dafaruli
teritoria akavebs zvavis did masas, vinaidan tye gavlenas
axdens rogorc Camotanili Tovlis moculobaze, iseve Tovlis
mdgradobaze (Barbolini et al., 2009). simaRle
ginoi da Cangi (Ghinoi and Chung, 2005) simaRles iyeneben damatebiT
parametrad zvavebisadmi mowyvladobis rukis Seqmnis dros,
vinaidan isini Tvlian, rom simaRle gavlenas axdens Tovlis
raodenobaze. Tovlis safari
leningi (Lehning et al.,1999) da ginoi da Cangi (Ghinoi and Chung, 2005) zvavebisadmi sensitiurobis kvlevebSi iyeneben Tovlis safaris
27
faqtorsac, vinaidan es parametric Seicavs mniSvnelovan
informacias mocemul teritoriaze arsebuli Tovlis safaris
Sesaxeb. Tumca, am faqtoris gamoyeneba ar aris advili, vinaidan
saWiro informaciis misaRebad aucilebelia Tovlis mzomi
sadgurebis farTo qseli (rac ar arsebobs qveynebis umetes
nawilSi).
2.2.5. adgilobrivi codna da eqspertebis codna safrTxeebis SefasebaSi
bunebrivi katastrofis riskis mdgomareobis gagebisa da saTemo
prevenciuli zomebis SesamuSaveblad Zalian mniSvnelovania
TemSi arsebuli da cakleuli adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis
codna. (Dekens, 2007, Mc Call, 2008). Tumca, am codnis gamoyeneba,
Cveulebriv, advili ar aris, vinaidan adgilobriv Temebs ara
aqvT am informaciis sxvebTan gaziarebis gamocdileba (Mc Call, 2008). arsebobs am mniSvnelovani informaciis miRebis sxvadasxva
meTodi da saSualeba. magaliTad, petersi (2008) TemebSi riskis
SefasebisTvis sqematur rukebs iyenebs. am meTodis gamoyenebis
idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adgilobrivebTan erTad xdeba
warsulSi momxdari bunebrivi safrTxeebis, riskis qveS myofi
elementebis da/an damcavi nagebobebis Caxatva sqematur rukaze
(IFRC, 2008). adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan saWiro informaciis
miRebis kidev erT saSualebas naxevradstruqturirebuli
interviuebi warmoadgens (Mustelin et al., 2010, Pittman et al., 2010). am meTodiT SesaZlebelia Semdegi saxis informaciis miReba: riskis
aRqma Temis mier; riskis qveS myofi elementebi da mzadyofna
Temis doneze (Peters, 2008). eqspertTa codnidan informaciis misaRebad saWiroa
konsultaciebis gavla Sesabamisi dargis eqspertebTan. amis
gakeTeba SesaZlebelia rogorc interviuebiT, aseve
literaturis Seswavlis gziTac. Tavad eqspertebs SeuZliaT
samecniero informaciis miReba adgilze ufro daxvewili
saSualebebiT, rogorcaa mobiluri GIS, GPS da inklinometri.
magaliTad, GPS-Tan mierTebuli mobiluri GIS-is saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia saintereso wertilebis cifrul formatSi
gadayvana, rac mogvcems warsulSi momxdari safrTxeebisa da
riskis qveS myofi elementebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas.
informaciis misaRebad aseve gamoiyeneba distaciuri
28
zondirebisa da GIS meTodebi. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia
mewyrebis interpretireba stereo gamosaxulebebidan, GIS-Si cifruli monacemebis Seyvana da Semdeg misi velze gamoyeneba
sazRvrebisa da mewyris sxva maxasiaTeblebis Sesamowmeblad.
(van Westen, 2009).
29
3. sakvlevi teritoria
3.1. istoria
svaneTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriul-
geografiuli mxarea. geografiuli da klimaturi pirobebis
gamo svaneTi istoriulad izolirebuli iyo mezobel mxareebSi
mimdinare movlenebisgan, Tumca misi ganviTareba qarTuli
saxelmwifos paralelurad mimdinareobda (ICOMOS, 2001a). aman svaneTi rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucxouri warmomavlobis,
kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebis erTgvar xelSeuxebel
adgilad aqcia. garda amisa, svaneTi iyo mniSvnelovani
kulturuli centri, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargebi: mxatvroba, Weduroba da gansakuTrebiT,
saeklesio da xalxuri xuroTmoZRvreba (ICOMOS, 2001a).
3.2. mdebareoba
svaneTi mdebareobs didi kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTebze,
xolo sakvlevi teritoria – zemo svaneTis regionSi (nax. 3.1).
sakvlevi teritoria Sedgeba uSgulisa da mulaxis Temebisa da
uSgulis mestiasTan damakavSirebeli saavtomobilo gzisagan.
Temebis sazRvrebis dasadgenad gamoyenebul iqna oficialuri
monacemebi.
30
nax. 3.1: sakvlevi teritoria
uSgulis Temi mdebareobs zemo svaneTis samxreT-aRmosavleT
nawilSi. misi farTobi daaxloebiT 130 km2-ia. igi Sedgeba 4
dasaxlebisgan: murymeli, CaJaSi, Cvibiani da Jibiani. mulaxis
Temi mdebareobs zemo svaneTis centralur-aRmosavleT nawilSi.
misi farTobi daxloebiT 38 km2-ia da Sedgeba 11 soflisgan.
praqtikuli misazrebebiT, kvlevisTvis SeirCa 6 sofeli:
arcxeli, laxiri, JamuSi, Cvibiani, JabeSi da mursxeli.
3.3. klimati
zRvis donidan 3000 m-is qvemoT klimati xasiaTdeba maRali
naleqianobiT, civi xangrZlivi zamTriT da SedarebiT xanmokle
grili zafxuliT. zRvis donidan 3000 m-is zemoT
gavrcelebulia teniani klimati mudmivi TovliTa da
myinvarebiT. cxrilSi 3.1 mocemulia mestiis klimatis
maxasiaTeblebi.
31
cxrili 3.1: mestiis klimatis maxasiaTeblebi (GPAP, 2008)
sadguri
HsimaRle zRvis
donidanL (m)
saSualo temperatura (ᵒC) fardobiTi tenianoba
(%) naleqi (mm)
ianvari agvisto wliuri saSualo wliuri
wliuri zafxuli
zamTari
mestia 1441 -6 16.4 5.7 75 992 243 226
3.4. topografia da geomorfologia
sakvlevi teritoria rTuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba (nax. 3.2). uSgulis teritoriis daaxloebiT 72% warmoadgens cicabo
ferdobebs, romelTa daxriloba meryeobs 20 º - 40 º farglebSi.
msgavsi suraTia mulaxis teritoriis daaxloebiT naxevarze
(55%). uSgulis yvela dasaxleba mdebareobs dablob
teritoriebze, maSin, rodesac mulaxis eqvsi soflidan oTxi,
Cvens mier monaxulebuli, ganlagebulia ferdobebze; danarCeni
ori – ufro mosworebul reliefze. zRvis donidan 1500 m-ze
maRla sakvlevi teritoriis farglebSi ganviTarebulia
paleoglacialuri reliefi Rrma xeobebiTa da morenebiT.
aRsaniSnavia eroziuli formaciebic; isini gavrcelebulia
yofili myinvarebis adgilebze. am formaciebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia viwro da Rrma xevebi da xeobebi. eroziul
xevebSi gvxvdeba gamotanis mravalricxovani konusebi,
warmoqmnili perioduli Rvarcofebis Sedegad. calkeul
adgilebSi aseve gvxvdeba sxvadasxva simaRleebze ganlagebuli
mdinarispira terasebi (GPAP-saqarTvelos daculi
teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqti, 2008).
32
nax. 3.2: sakvlevi teritoriebis samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
3.5. geologia da liTologia
1:50,000 masStabis geologiuri rukis mixedviT sakvlevi
teritoria moicavs oTx geologiur periods (1) meoTxeuls –
lodebi, RorRi da kenWnari; (2) carculs – kirqva da mergelebi;
(3) iuruls – Tixa, fiqali da qviSaqva, da (4) devonurs -
graniti, kvarci da migmatiti (liTologiuri ruka ix. danarTi
1-Si).
3.6. niadagsafari da miwaTsargebloba
sakvlev teritoriaze, gansakuTrebiT ki uSgulSi, sadac
teritoriis 67% procenti saZovari an saTibia,
miwaTsargeblobis ZiriTad saxes soflis meurneoba da
mesaqonleoba warmoadgens. mulaxSi saTibi da saZovari
teritoriis daaxloebiT 40%-s Seadgens. sakvlevi teritoriis
darCenili farTobi dafarulia tyiT (naZvi, fiWvi, evropuli
verxvi, wifeli, ifani, mdgnali, mTis bokvi), buCqnariT,
kldovani gaSiSvlebebiT da myinvarebiT.
33
3.7. adamianisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba
sakvlevi teritoria moicavs iseT garemosdacviT da socialur-
ekonomikur parametrebs, romlebic gansazRvraven adamianebisa
da maTi garemomcveli garemos rTul urTierTqmedebas.
adgilobrivi Temebis miwaTsargeblobis ZiriTad saxes
mesaqonleoba warmoadgens, rac, sabolood, Seqmnis gadaZovebis
problemas. gavrcelebulia tyis Wra SeSis (sakvebis
mosamzadeblad, gasaTbobad) dasamzadeblad. garemosdacviTi
marTvis saTanado strategiebis ararseboba gamoiwvevs bunebrivi
resursebis Warb eqspluatacias, rac Tavis mxriv, gaaZlierebs
am teritoriaze bunebrivi safrTxeebis zemoqmedebas.
mniSvnelovani kulturuli memkvidreobis mqone regionis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis konservaciis mdgomareoba.
turistebis nakadebi, romlebsac izidavs mdidari kulturuli
memkvidreoba, gansakuTrebiT zafxulis periodSi, regionis
ekonomikisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. Tumca, kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis dazianebam, ZiriTadad, mouvlelobis
gamo, SeiZleba gamoiwvios turistebis raodenobis Semcireba,
rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba adgilobriv ekonomikaze.
rTuli klimaturi pirobebi da bunebrivi safrTxeebis sixSire
zemoqmedebas axdens regionis socialur-ekonomikur pirobebze.
magaliTad, uSgulisa da mulaxis Temebis qalaq mestiasTan
damakavSirebeli erTaderT gza xSirad iketeba Tovlis,
qvaTacvenisa da mcire mewyrebis gamo. Sedegad, dasaxlebuli
punqtebi zamTris periodSi mowyvetilia gare samyaros, xandaxan
Tveebis ganmavlobaSic ki, rac amcirebs turistul nakadebs,
arTulebs kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis movla-
patronobas da xels uSlis regionis socialur-ekonomikur
ganviTarebas. aRniSnulma garemoebebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis migracia ukeTesi ekologiuri da
socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis mqone sxva regionebSi. amitom,
aucilebelia svaneTis regionisTvis marTvis iseTi strategiebis
SemuSaveba, romelSic gansazRvruli iqneba soflis meurneobis,
turizmis, kulturuli memkvidreobisa da bunebrivi
katastrofebis mdgradi marTvis RonisZiebebi.
34
4. kvlevis meTodologia
4.1. meTodis mimoxilva
winamdebare kvlevis meTodologiis sqematuri gamosaxuleba
warmodgenilia nax. 4.1-ze. igi Sedgeba sami
urTierTdakavSirebuli blokisgan:
• pirveli bloki warmoadgens kulturuli memkvidreobis,
rogorc riskis qveS myof winaswar gansazRvruli
elementis (ix. Tavi 4.2), konservaciis mdgomareobis
Sefasebas. procesi iwyeba kulturuli memkvidreobis
calkeuli obieqtebis adgilze SefasebiT da sruldeba
maTi konservaciis mdgomareobis SefasebiT garkveuli
kriteriumebis mimarT. • meore bloki exeba sakvlevi teritoriis mravlobiTi
safrTxis Sefasebas sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani
Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT (ix. Tavi 4.5). Cvens
SemTxvevaSi safrTxeebisa da mowyvladobis faqtorebis
rukebi Seqmnilia SerCeul ganmsazRvrav faqtorebsa da
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebze, rogorc riskis
qveS myof winaswar gansazRvrul elementebze,
dayrdnobiT. saboloo Sedegs warmoadgens informacia
sakvlevi teritoriis kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis Sesaxeb. garda
amisa, damatebiTi kvleva Cautarda sakvlevi teritoriis
mTavar saavtomobilo gzasac. gamovlenil da rukaze
datanil iqna “cxeli wertilebi”, raTa gveCvenebina gzis
gaswvriv arsebuli bunebrivi procesebisadmi yvelaze
mowyvladi ubnebi da maTi SesaZlo arapirdapiri
zemoqmedeba kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
konservaciis mdgomareobaze.
• mesame bloki exeba kulturuli memkvidreobisa da
bunebrivi safrTxeebis marTvis arsebuli gegmebis
Seswavlasa da analizs (ix. Tavi 7). aRniSnuli kvlevis
mizania xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebisTvis rCevis
micema imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moxdes am
35
ori komponentis gaTvaliswineba marTvis strategiebis
gasaumjobeseblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom warmodgenili meTodologia
fundamenturi xasiaTisaa, igi mizanSewonilia ZiriTadad im
mosazrebis gamo, rom misi gamoyeneba SeuZlia im eqspertebsac,
romlebic ar muSaoben bunebrivi katastrofebisa da
kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis sakiTxebSi.
nax. 4.1: kvlevis procesis sqematuri gamosaxuleba
4.1.1. sawyisi monacemebi
kvlevis sawyisi monacemebi Sedgeba pirveladi da meoradi
monacemebisagan (cxrili 4.1). monacemTa xarisxi Semowmda ArcGis 10-Si sxvadasxva doneebis analizis gziT, raTa aRmogveCina
nebismieri saxis gadaxrebi, rogoricaa topologiuri
arakanonzomierebebi, eqstremaluri sidideebi da sxvadasxva
sakoordinato sistemebi.
36
cxrili 4.1: sawyisi monacemebi
pirveladi monacemebi
aRwera tipi wyaro miReba
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi –
mulaxis Temi
wertili – savele
samuSao
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi –
uSgulis Temi
wertili – savele
samuSao
cxeli wertilebi mestia-uSguli saavtomobilo
gzis gaswvriv
wertili – savele
samuSao
Rvarcofebisa da zvavebis gzebi orive TemSi wyvetili
wiri
– savele
samuSao
mestia-uSguli saavtomobilo gza wyvetili
wiri
– savele
samuSao
meoradi monacemebi
aRwera tipi wyaro miReba
zemo svaneTis sqema poligoni CENN zemo svaneTis niadagsafaris tipebi poligoni topografiuli
rukebi 1:50.000.
1985 weli
CENN
zemo svaneTis Temebi poligoni - CENN zemo svaneTis wrfivi hidrologiuri
obieqtebi wyvetili
wiri topografiuli
rukebi 1:50.000.
1985 weli
CENN
niadagebi – zemo svaneTi 1:500.000 poligoni geologiuri
rukebi 1:50,000.
1958 weli
garemos
erovnuli
saagento cifrul-sasimaRlo modeli – zemo
svaneTi 20x20 rastri topografiuli
rukebi 1:50.000.
1985 weli
CENN
topografiuli rukebi – zemo svaneTi
1:50,000. 1985 weli
rastri - CENN
geologiuri rukebi – zemo svaneTi
1:50,000. 1958 weli rastri - garemos
erovnuli
saagento
uSgulis Temis Google Earth gamosaxuleba
rastri Google Earth, 2006 wlis
ivnisi
-
37
4.2. kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis mdgomareobis Sefaseba
4.2.1. anketis SemuSaveba
kulturuli memkvidreobis calkeuli obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad Seiqmna specialuri anketa (ix.
danarTi 3) kanutis (Canuti et al., 2009), lacaris (Lazzari et al., 2009) (ix. Tavi 2.1.3) da Senobebis aRdgenisa da konservaciis qarTveli
eqspertis, nino kublaSvilis, naSromebze dayrdnobiT. anketa
Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan: pirveli nawilis mizania
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis Sesaxeb iseTi zogadi
informaciis mogroveba, rogoricaa obieqtis tipologia,
sarTulebis raodenoba, Catarebuli aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi,
gamoyeneba da topografiuli mdebareoba. meore nawili exeba
obieqtis dazianebis xarisxs “Zalian mZime” dazianebidan “mcire”
dazianebamde. Sefaseba xdeba iseTi parametrebis, rogoricaa
bzarebi, nawilobrivi ngreva, daweva, gadaxra, saxuravis
dazianeba, nestiT gamowveuli degradacia da biologiuri
degradacia. Sefasebuli obieqtebis martivi struqturis gamo es
parametrebi sakmarisia konservaciis mdgomareobis sabaziso
SefasebisTvis (Lazzari et al. 2009).
4.2.2. monacemTa Segroveba
zemoT naxsenebi anketis gamoyenebiT Segrovda monacemebi
uSgulisa da mulaxis Temebis teritoriaze arsebuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. Sesafasebeli
obieqtebi SeirCa SemTxveviTi SerCevis principiT. es obieqtebi
moicavs sxvadasxva dasaxlebebSi arsebuli obieqtebis yvela
tipologias (koSkebi, maCvibebi, cixe-saxlebi da eklesiebi).
uSgulis teritoriaze Sefasebul iqna Temis oTx sofelSi
arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis 30 obieqti. zemo svaneTis
daculi teritoriebis marTvis gegmaSi (GPAP, 2008) arsebuli
istoriuli kulturuli Zeglebis siis Tanaxmad, uSgulSi
dafiqsirebulia kulturuli memkvidreobis 116 Zegli. aqedan
gamomdinare, Cvens mier Sefasebul iqna uSgulis Temis
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis 26%.
38
mulaxis Temis teritoriaze Sefasebul iqna Temis TerTmeti
soflidan eqvs sofelSi arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis 30
Zegli. am dasaxlebebSi dafiqsirebulia 99 Zegli (GPAP, 2008), rac imas niSnavs, rom Cvens mier Sefasda mulaxis Temis
kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis 30%. saqarTvelos
municipaluri ganviTarebis fondis (2010) Tanaxmad, zemo
svaneTSi aris daaxloebiT 311 koSki, 150 eklesia da 100-ze meti
maCvibi. mopovebuli monacemebi warmodgenil iqna cxrilebis
saxiT.
4.2.3. konservaciis mdgomareobis raodenobrivi gamosaxuleba
lacaris naSromze dayrdnobiT (Lazzari et al., 2009) (ix. Tavi 2.1.3), gamoiTvala konservaciis mdgomareobis indeqsi (SCIx) kulturuli memkvidreobis TiToeuli obieqtisTvis.
gaangariSeba ganxorcielda MS Excel cxrilSi anketebidan
miRebuli informaciiT cifruli formis (cxrili 4.2) Sevsebis
saSualebiT. ganxilul iqna dazianebis oTxi ZiriTadi klasi:
• saxuravis dazianeba: saxuravis, saidanac, rogorc wesi,
iwyeba dazianeba, konservaciis mdgomareobas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs istiriuli Senobebis mTlianobis
SenarCunebisaTvis (Gonçalves et al., 2009). • dazianeba araswori gamoyenebis Sedegad: kulturuli
obieqtebis gamoyenebam cxovelebis sadgomad SeiZleba
uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba iqonios am obieqtebze,
gansakuTrebiT ki Senobebis saZirkvelze, vinaidan
eqskrementebi da Sardi Zalian azianebs iatakebsa da
kedlebs (ICOMOS, 2001a, UNECE, 2003). • dazianeba nestis mier gamowveuli
degradaciis/biologiuri degradaciis gamo: nesti da
biologiuri aqtivoba did zemoqmedebas axdens istoriul
Senobebze. kedlebSi dargovili nesti zamTarSi iyineba,
xolo gazafxulze dneba da azianebs duRabs, ris
Sedegadac xdeba Senobis nawilebis erTmaneTisgan
39
gancalkeveba da Senobis dasusteba (Canuti et al., 2009, Lazzari et al., 2009, UNECE, 2003).
• struqturuli dazianeba: bzarebi, nawilobrivi
Camongreva, daweva da gadaxra umniSvnelovanesi
parametrebia kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
konservaciis mdgomareobis SefasebisTvis (Canuti et al., 2009, Lazzari et al., 2009).
cxrili 4.2: konservaciis mdgomareobis indeqsis (SCIx) gaangariSebis
magaliTi
konservaciis mdgomareobis indeqsi – Senoba #4, uSguli
saxuravi (dazianeba mouvlelobis gamo)
dazianeba arasaTanado gamoyenebis gamo
dazianeba nestis/biologiuri degradaciis
gamo
struqturuli dazianeba (bzarebi,
nawilobrivi Camongreva, daweva, aweva)
(x6)
(x3)
(x3)
(x6)
X
= 6
X
= 9
X
= 12
X = 12
sarTulebis raodenoba (f) 4
čcoef 22 sruli Sewonili
qula (Wt)
39
konservaciis mdgomareobis indeqsi (SCIx) 1.77 dazianebis done konservaciis mdgomareobis Sefaseba
1
Zalian
mZime
2
mZime
3
saSualo
4
susti
0,89-mde nangrevi 0,90-1,83 Zalian cudi X 1,84-2,22 cudi 2,23-2,82 saSualo 2,83-3,51 kargi 3,52-4,00 Zalian kargi
konservaciis indeqsi miiReba sruli Sewonili qulis (Wt) koeficientebis jamisa (čcoef) da sarTulebis (f) raodenobis jamze
gayofiT.
gamoTvlaSi Semdeg etaps warmoadgens wonebis miniWeba
zemoTCamoTvlili dazianebis TiToeuli klasisTvis. wonebis
miniWeba moxda dazianebis donis mixedviT, romelic izomeba
“Zalian mZime” – “susti” farglebSi, xolo Semdeg wonebi
gamravlda literaturis (Canuti et al., 2009, Lazzari et al., 2009, UNECE,
40
2003), eqspertTa mosazrebebis da anketebis saSulebiT
Segrovili informaciis safuZvelze gansazRvrul siZlieris
koeficientze (“qulaze”) (ix. Tavi 5.4). Sesabamisad, “arasaTanado
gamoyenebiT gamowveuli dazianebis” da “nestisa da biologiuri
aqtivobiT gamowveuli dazianebis” wonebi gamravlda 3-is tol
siZlieris koeficientze, maSin, rodesac “saxuravis dazianebisa”
da “struqturuli dazianebis” wonebi gamravlda 6-ze, vinaidan
isini warmoadgenen ufro mniSvnelovan pirobas istoriuli
Senobebis konservaciisaTvis.
rogorc cxrili 4.2-dan Cans, SCIx miRebul iqna sruli Sewonili
qulis (Wt) koeficientebis jamisa (čcoef) da sarTulebis (f) raodenobis jamze gayofiT:
Wt SCIx = ————, sadac čcoef = 18+4 čcoef
sarTulebis raodenobis damateba qulebis jamze
ganpirobebulia im mosazrebiT, rom Senobis simaRle
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs Senobis konservaciis mdgomareobas.
Senobis simaRle warmoadgens mniSvnelovan struqturul
maxasiaTebels bunebrivi safrTxeebisadmi Senobebis
mowyvladobis Sesafaseblad (van Westen, 2009), vinaidan rac ufro maRalia Senoba, miT ufro mowyvladia is masis gadaadgilebis
mimarT. garda amisa, sarTulebis raodenoba (simaRle) aseve
kavSirSia saxuravis mdgomareobasTan (ramdenad advilia
saxuravis movla). kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
konservaciis mdgomareobis raodenobrivi Sefaseba meryeobs 0-4
farglebSi da dayofilia 6 jgufad “nangrevidan” “Zalian
kargamde”.
4.2.4. konservaciis mdgomareobis ruka
kulturuli memkvidreobis ToToeuli Seswavlili obieqtis
koordinatebis dasadgenad gamoyenebul iqna GPS-Tan
mierTebuli mobiluri GIS (Ipaq ESRI-ArcPad 7-iT). garda amisa, gakeTda kulturuli memkvidreobis ToToeuli obieqtis
fotoebi. savele kvlevidan dabrunebis Semdeg GPS wertilebi
gadatanil iqna ArcGis10-Si da Seivso specialuri cxrili
Semdegi informaciiT: kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis
41
saxeli; soflis dasaxeleba; Temis dasaxeleba; obieqtis tipi;
da konservaciis mdgomareobis indeqsi. gadaRebuli fotoebi
miemagra ArcGis-is kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis fenas,
ise, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyo maTi
daTvaliereba. Seiqmna ori fena: erTi asaxavs uSgulis TemSi
mdebare kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobas, xolo meore - mulaxis TemSi mdebare
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobas. es fenebi warmoadgenen sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis sawyis monacemebs (ix. Tavi 4.5.3).
4.3. monacemebis Segroveba TemSi arsebuli/eqspertebis codnis safuZvelze
4.3.1. gamokiTxva
savele kvlevebis dawyebamde TbilisSi Catarda ori
“arastruqturirebuli” interviu (Tarjimnis daxmarebiT)
kulturuli memkvidreobisa da bunebrivi safrTxeebis sferos
or eqspertTan.
2010 wlis 13 seqtembers Catarda interviu mTavar geolog
WiWiko janeliZesTan (CENN) sakvlev teritoriaze arsebuli
ZiriTadi bunebrivi safrTxeebisa da maTi ganviTarebis mTavari
mizezebis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad.
2010 wlis 14 seqtembers Catarda interviu kulturuli
memkvidreobis mTavar eqspertTan, marina yeniasTan, (ICOMOS-saqarTvelo) zemo svaneTis kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb
zogadi informaciis misaRebad.
aseve gaimarTa naxevradstruqturirebuli interviuebi uSgulisa
da mulaxis Temis warmomadgenlebTan (ix. danarTi 3) bunebrivi
safrTxeebisa da riskis qveS myofi elementebis Sesaxeb
adgilobriv doneze arsebuli codnis gaziarebis mizniT
(Tarjimnis daxmarebiT). TiToeuli interviu moicavda Semdeg
sam nawilad dayofil 19 SekiTxvas:
• zogadi informacia safrTxis Sesaxeb
• informacia safrTxisadmi mowyvladobis Sesaxeb
42
• safrTxis aRqma.
rogorc wesi, interviuebi TemebSi jgufuri ganxilvis xasiaTs
iRebda da saWiro iyo garkveuli improvizacia sasurveli
Sedegebis misaRebad.
4.3.2. savele dakvirvebebi
savele dakvirvebebis mizani iyo warsulSi arsebuli bunebrivi
safrTxeebis gamovlena da aRricxva, aseve Sesabamisi
damadasturebeli/sawinaaRmdego informaciis miReba
adgilobrivi Temebidan. warsulSi momxdari bunebrivi
movlenebis dadgena SesaZlebeli gaxda Senobebis
bzarebis/napralebis, reliefis bzarebis/napralebis, reliefze
SemorCenili natani masalis (qanebis namtvrevebi,
gadaadgilebuli qvebi), mcenareulobis dazianebebis,
mcenareuli safaris arsebobis/ararsebobis da gadaRunuli
anZebis Seswavlis safuZvelze. warsulSi momxdari zvavebisa da
mewyrebis kvalis koordinatebis dasadgenad gamoyenebul iqna
GPS–Tan mierTebuli mobiluri GIS.
4.3.3. sqematuri rukebi
sqematuri rukebi Seiqmna adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan erTad
warsulSi momxdari zvavebisa da mewyrebis moZraobis
traeqtoriisa da riskis qveS myofi elementebis Sesaxeb
informaciis misaRebad. amocanis gasaadvileblad uSgulis
TemSi gamoyenebul iqna Google Earth gamosaxuleba. mulaxis
TemisTvis ver moiZebna saTanado rezoluciis gamosaxuleba.
agreTve gamoyenebul iqna sakvlevi teritoriis 1:50,000 masStabis
qaRaldis topografiuli rukebi, romelic movipoveT kerZo
qarTuli kompaniisgan (GeoLand). GPS–Tan mierTebuli mobiluri GIS gamoyenebul iqna sqematuri rukebis Sedgenis dros CvenTvis
saintereso wertilebis koordinatebis dasadgenad da miRebuli
informaciis cifrul formatSi gadasayvanad.
43
4.4. mTavari saavtomobilo gzis Sefaseba
4.4.1. “cxeli wertilebis” aRricxva GPS –iT da rukis Seqmna
uSguli-mestia saavtomobilo gza iTvleba riskis qveS myof
erT-erT mTavar elementad, vinaidan is aris am ori punqtis
erTaderTi damakavSirebeli saSualeba. zogadad, gza Zalian
cud mdgomareobaSi da gadaadgileba gaZnelebulia. imisaTvis,
rom dagvedgina is ubnebi, romlebic yvelaze metad imyofebian
Caketvis riskis qveS bunebrivi procesebis Sedegad, gzis
gaswvriv Cvens mier Seswavlil iqna e.w. “cxeli wertilebi”.
amisaTvis manqaniT gaviareT asfaltis safaris armqone 43.7 km
sigrZis gza da GPS-is saSualebiT davafiqsireT is wertilebi,
sadac naTlad Cans Zveli/axali qvaTacvenisa da mewyrebis
kvali. aseve davafiqsireT gzis gadamkveTi wylis nakadebi,
vinaidan isini iwveven gzis erozias da CamoaqvT didi
raodenobiT natani wvimebis dros. am movlenasac SeuZlia gzis
gadaketva. Tavad gza gadayvanil iqna cifrul formatSi GPS-Tan
mierTebuli mobiluri GIS–is gamoyenebiT (Ipaq ESRI ArcPad7-iT) uSgulidan mestiaSi mgzavrobis dros, xolo cxeli
wertilebisTvis igive gakeTda ukana gzaze. 87 km-is gasavlelad
dagvWirda daaxloebiT 5 saaTi reliefis sirTulis gamo, rac
Zalian aZnelebs gadaadgilebas. velze mopovebuli cifruli
wertilebi gadayvanil iqna ArcGis10-Si da fenis Sesatyvis
cxrilSi wertilebs ganesazRvaT saxelebi: “qvaTacvena”,
“mewyeri” da “gadamkveTi nakadi”.
4.5. mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis analizi sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis (SMCE) gamoyenebiT
monacemTa simcirisa da dabali xarisxis da SezRuduli vadebis
gamo gadawyda mravlobiTi safrTxis indeqsis naxevrad-
raodenobrivi analizis Catareba mewyrebisa da zvavebis kuTxiT ILWIS-Si (miwisa da wylis integrirebuli sainformacio sistema)
integrirebuli sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis
meTodis gamoyenebiT. mravlobiTi safrTxis indeqsi iyenebs
eqspertebisa da adgilobrivi codnisa da erovnuli
sainformacio wyaroebidan miRebul indikatorebis rukebs.
44
4.5.1. safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis ruka
uSgulisa da mulaxis TemebisTvis Catarda safrTxisadmi
sensitiurobis analizi mewyrebisa da zvavebis kuTxiT. orive
Temis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul iqna erTi da igive meTodologia
(nax. 4.2), gansxvavebulia mxolod mewyrisa da zvavis
ganmsazRvravi faqtorebi.
nax. 4.2: safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis analizis midgoma (mewyris
magaliTi)
cxrili 4.3-Si mocemulia mewyrebisa da zvavebis winamdebare
kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli ganmsazRvravi faqtorebi. es faqtorebi
mocemulia Cvens mier ganxiluli literaturis umetes nawilSi
(ix. Tavi 2.2.4) da migvaCnia, rom isini yvelaze mniSvnelovania
monacemebis xelmisawvdomobis, sakvlevi teritoriisa da
samuSaos specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. zogierTi sxva faqtori
ugulebelyofilia monacemebis ararsebobisa da sakvlevi
teritoriisaTvis maTi umniSvnelobis gamo.
cxrili 4.3: kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli ganmsazRvravi faqtorebi
safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis analizis faqtorebi mewyeri zvavi
ferdobis daxriloba
liTologia
ferdobis daxriloba eqspozicia (mdebareoba mzis mimarT)
niadagsafari
ferdobis simrude
hidrografiuli qselis simWidrove niadagsafari
45
ganmsazRvravi faqtorebi (ix. Tavi 2.2.4 da danarTi 1
rukebisaTvis), gamoyenebuli uSgulisa da mulaxis Temebis
mewyruli safrTxis SefasebaSi:
ferdobis daxriloba ferdobi miRebul iqna 20x20 m arsebul cifrul-sasimaRlo
modelidan. miRebul fenas mieniWa klasi mewyruli
sensitiurobis rukebis Sedgenis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis
(Akgun and Türk, 2010, Ayalew and Yamagishi, 2005a, Yalcin, 2008) safuZvelze; TiToeuli klasi warmoadgens mewyris
ganviTarebisadmi sensitiurobis dones.
niadagsafari gamoyenebul iqna 1:50,000 masStabis topografiuli rukidan
miRebuli niadagsafaris ruka. fena miRebul iqna MATRA-s
proeqtidan. topologiis mxriv misi xarisxi dabali iyo da
amitom saWiro gaxda misi dafiqsireba ArcGis 10-Si. Semdeg moxda fenis vizualuri Sedareba Google earth (2006 wlis ivnisi)
gamosaxulebasTan niadagsafarSi cvlilebebis gamosavlenad.
aRmoCnda, rom cvlilebebi ar aris, radgan am teritoriaze
mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri saqmianobebi TiTqmis ar
Secvlila ukanaskneli saukuneebis manZilze. Semowmeba saWiro
iyo niadagsafaris klasebis ukeT dasadgenadac. Tavdapirveli
klasifikacia garkveulwilad ar iyos zusti, amitom moxda
xelaxali dayofa 5 ufro gasageb klasad mewyris
ganviTarebisadmi sensitiurobis donis Sesabamisad. gauqmda
“patara qalaqis” klasi, vinaidan CaiTvala, rom igi ar
warmoadgenda garemosTan dakavSirebul parametrs, amitom
“patara qalaqs” mieniWa misi garemomcvelis, anu ”mindvris”
klasi. amis Semdeg moxda veqtoruli fenis rastrireba da
ArcGis10–dan importireba ILWIS–Si.
liTologia
winamdebare kvlevaSi gamoyenebul iqna 1958 wels yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi Seqmnili 1:50,000 masStabis geologiuri ruka,
romelic monacemTa erTaderTi wyari aRmoCnda. moxda rukis
skanireba da gadamowmeba saqarTvelos garemos erovnul
saagentoSi. agreTve, moxda rukis danawevreba da cifrul
46
formatSi gadayvana, ris Semdegac Sesabamisi cxrili Seivso
liTologiuri informaciiT. veqtoruli fenebis xelaxali
klasifikacia ganxorcielda Semdegi Sromebis Sedegebis
safuZvelze: Ayalew and Yamagishi (2005), Yalcin (2008), Hofmann (2009) and Akgun and Türk (2010); TiToeuli klasi Seesabameba mewyrebis
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul sensitiurobas gamofitvisadmi.
hidrografiuli qselis simWidrove vinaidan sakvlevi teritoria xasiaTdeba mravalricxovani
zedapiruli nakadebiT, romlebic uerTdebian mTavar mdinares,
CavTvaleT, rom hidrografiuli qselis simWidroves
mniSvnelovani roli unda hqonoda mewyrebis ganviTarebis
saqmeSi. hidrografiuli qselis simWidrovis rukis Sesaqmnelad
gamoyenebul iqna ArcGis10. pirvel rigSi, aRebuli sivrciT-
sasimaRlo modelis, rogorc wyaro fenis, gamoyenebiT
sakvlevi teritoria daiyo auzebad. amis Semdeg, TiToeuli
auzis hidrografiuli qselis simWidrovis gamosaTvlelad
gamoviyeneT hidrografiuli qselis pirveli, meore da mesame
xarisxis nakadebi. Semdeg moxda fenis xelaxali klasifikacia
Semdegi literaturuli wyaroebis safuZvelze: Luo et al. (2007), Nithya da Prasana (2010) da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
hidrografiuli qselis maRali simWidrove ganapirobebs
mewyrebis warmoqmnis met albaTobas. amis Semdeg moxda
veqtoruli fenis rastrireba da ArcGis10–dan ILWIS-Si importi.
sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis procesis gasaiolebad
saWiro gaxda zemoTnaxsenebi sawyisi fenebis standartizacia 0-
1-is farglebSi. vinaidan yvela zemoTCamoTvlili faqtori ukve
iyo warmodgenili garkveuli sidideebis saxiT sensitiurobis
donis mixedviT, gamoyenebul iqna ILWIS-is ranJirebis meTodi.
klasebis ranJireba ganxorcielda sensitiurobis donis
Sesabamisad (ix. qvemoTmoyvanili cxrilebi). bolos, Tavi 2.2.4_Si
aRniSnul literaturul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT faqtorebis
rukebs mieniWaT wonebi, raTa gveCvenebina maTi mniSvneloba
erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi. gamoyenebul iqna wyvilebis Sedarebis
meTodi 0.04 koeficientiT.
47
uSgulisa da mulaxis TemebSi zvavis safrTxis SefasebisTvis
gamoyenebuli ganmsazRvravi faqtorebi (ix. Tavi 2.2.4 da danarTi
1 rukebisaTvis):
ferdobis daxriloba zvavisTvis gamoyenebul iqna ferdobis igive fena, rac mewyrebis
analizSi, magram am SemTxvevaSi Catarda sxva saxis
klasifikacia Tavi 2.2.4-Si aRniSnul literaturul wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT. TiToeuli klasi warmoadgens zvavis
warmoqmnisadmi sensitiurobis dones. amis Semdeg moxda ArcGis10–dan fenis importi ILWIS-Si.
eqspozicia (mdebareoba mzis mimarT) eqspozicia miRebul iqna arsebuli sivrciT-sasimaRlo
modelidan da moxda misi xelaxali dayofa rva klasad Tavi
2.2.4-Si aRniSnul literaturul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT.
TiToeuli klasi warmoadgens zvavis warmoqmnisadmi
sensitiurobis dones. amis Semdeg moxda ArcGis10–dan fenis
importi ILWIS-Si
ferdobis simrude idea mdgomareobda qedebisa da xramebis (Cazneqili da
amozneqili zedapirebi) gaangariSebaSi. gamoyenebul iqna raitis
(Wright, 2009) mier SemoTavazebuli procedura. ferdobis simrude
miRebul iqna arsebuli cifrul-sasimaRlo modelidan
samganzomilebiani ArcGis10-is gamoyenebiT. miRebuli rastruli
fena daiyo klasebad yvelaze gamokveTili qedebisa da xramebis
da, Sesabamisad, zvavisadmi sensitiurobis donis saCveneblad. es
klasebi asaxavs im faqts, rom qedebi (dadebiTi sidideebi)
naklebad mowyvladia zvavebis mimarT, vidre xramebi (uaryofiTi
sidideebi), da rac ufro mkveTradaa gamoxatuli qedi, miT
ufro naklebad mowyvladia zvavis mimarT.
niadagsafaris tipi literaturul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 2.2.2)
ganisazRvra, rom mewyrebis analizSi gamoyenebuli
niadagsafaris fenis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda zvavebis
analizisTvisac. am SemTxvevaSi es fena warmoadgens zedapiris
48
uswormasworobis funqcias. mulaxis TemSi arsebobs
niadagsafaris mxolod sami klasi.
niadagsafaris TiToeul klass mieniWa sensitiurobis donis
sidideebi zvavis warmoqmnisadmi maTi mowyvladobis Sesabamisad.
standatrizacia da Sewonva ganxorcielda igive procedurebiT,
rac mewyris SemTxvevaSi. gamoyenebul iqna wyvilebis Sedarebis
meTodi 0.06 koeficientiT. nax. 4.13-ze mocemulia am proceduris
grafikuli gamosaxuleba.
bolos, TiToeuli TemisTvis moxda ESewonili faqtorebis
yvela rukis gaerTianeba ILWIS-SMCE modulSi safrTxeebis ori
damoukidebeli xis formiT. Seiqmna uSgulisa da mulaxis
mewyris, zvavebisa da mravlobiTi safrTxis indeqsebis rukebi.
rukebi daiyo sam klasad: maRali, saSualo da dabali safrTxis
klasad.
4.5.2. sensitiurobis analizi
Catarda sensitiurobis analizi sakvlevi teritoriis
farglebSi mewyrebisa da zvavebis gamomwvevi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani faqtorebis dasadgenad.
amisaTvis, uSgulis SemTxvevaSi, ILWIS-Si Catarda sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefaseba, romlis drosac xdeboda erT-
erTi sawyisi faqtoris ugulebelyofa da saSualo da maRali
safrTxis teritoriis procentuli maCveneblis gaTvaliswineba.
Sedegebi warmodgenilia cxrili 4.14-Si. cxrilis saSualebiT
SegviZlia davadginoT, rom faqtorebis ugulebelyofa, garda
ferdobis faqtorisa, did gansxvavebas ar iZleva. es niSnavs
imas, rom mewyrebis SemTxvevaSi ferdobi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs, xolo rac Seexeba zvavebs, cxadia, rom aq yvelaze
mniSvnelovani ferdobis faqtoria, romelic gansazRvravs maT
ganviTarebas.
49
cxrili 4.4: uSgulis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebuli faqtorebis sensitiurobis analizis Sedegad miRebuli saSualo da maRali
safrTxis teritoriis procentuli maCvenebeli (NA: ar exeba)
sawyisi faqtorebi saSualo da maRali safrTxis teritoria
(%) mewyrebi zvavebi
yvela faqtori 94.2 94.2 ferdobis gamoklebiT 89.2 71.3
liTologiis gamoklebiT 94.2 NA
niadagsafaris gamoklebiT 93.3 92.2
hidrografiuli qselis simWidrovis gamoklebiT
94.2 NA
eqspoziciis (mzis mimarT mdebareobis) gamoklebiT
NA 93.8
ferdobis simrudis gamoklebiT NA 93.4
4.5.3. riskis qveS myofi elementebi da mowyvladobis ruka
winamdebare kvlevaSi mowyvladoba gamosaxulia mowyvladobis
indikatorebis (ZiriTadad, kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareoba) safuZvelze
gansazRvruli mowyvladobis indeqsebiT.
uSgulisa da mulaxisTvis Catarda mowyvladobis ori analizi.
nax. 4.3-ze warmodgenilia mowyvladobis analizis midgoma.
Vulnerability indicators Standardized vulnerability
indicators Weighted vulnerability indicators
StandardizationParameter weighting
Combination of the weighted parameters by Weighted Linear
Combination Model
Vulnerability Index Map
ReclassificationVulnerability
Map
State of conservation of cultural heritage objects
Cultural heritage objects location to river
State of conservation of cultural heritage objects
Cultural heritage objects location to river
State of conservation of cultural heritage objects
Cultural heritage objects location to river
nax. 4.3: mowyvladobis analizis midgoma (uSgulis magaliTze)
50
analizSi gamoyenebul iqna mowyvladobis Semdegi indikatorebi:
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareoba: winamdebare kvlevaSi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi
warmoadgenen riskis qveS myof obieqtebs (ix.Tavi 4.2.2). rogorc
Tavi 4.2-Si aRvniSneT, Seiqmna wertilebis ori fena, romelic
aCvenebs uSgulisa da mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobas. fenebi daiyo klasebad
kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlili obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis Sesabamisad. mowyvladobis analizisTvis
TiToeuli klasi warmoadgens mowyvladobis dones imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom rac ufro cudia kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtis konservaciis mdgomareoba, miT ufro
maRalia am obieqtis mowyvladoba (cxrili 4.15). Semdeg moxda
fenis rastrireba 20x20 m zomis piqselis gamoyenebiT
mravlobiTi riskis analizSi gamoyenebul danarCen rastrul
fenebTan SesabamisobaSi mosayvanad. amis Semdeg moxda ArcGis10–dan fenis importi ILWIS-Si.
cxrili 4.5: konservaciis mdgomareobis klasi da mowyvladobis done (1=yvelaze maRali; 6=yvelaze dabali)
konservaciis mdgomareobis klasi mowyvladobis donis ranJireba
nangrevi 1 Zalian cudi 2
cudi 3 saSualo 4 kargi 5
Zalian kargi 6 kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis mdebareoba mdinaris mimarT
(mxolod uSguli):
savele dakvirvebebidan da adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan
miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze dadginda, rom uSgulSi,
mdinare enguris marcxena napirze mdebare kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebi naklebad mowyvladia, vidre mdinaris
marjvena napirze mdebare obieqtebi. mewyrebisa an zvavebis
SemTxvevaSi mdinare warmoadgens bunebriv zRudes, romelic
icavs kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebsa da dasaxlebebs
mewyrebisa da zvavebis zemoqmedebisagan. am faqtis
51
dasafiqsireblad Seiqmna ruka, romelzedac gamoikveTa ori
klasi: pirveli klasi, romelic moicavs mdinaris marjvena
mxares da niSnavs maRal mowyvladobas, da meore klasi,
romelic moicavs mdinaris marcxena mxares da niSnavs dabal
mowyvladobas (cxrili 4.16). amis Semdeg moxda fenis
rastrireba da importi ILWIS-Si ArcGis10–dan.
cxrili 4.6: kulturuli memkvidreobis klasebi mdinaris mimarT maTi mdebareobisa da mowyvladobis donis Sesabamisad (1=yvelaze maRali;
2=yvelaze dabali) kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtis mdebareoba mdinaris mimarT klasi
mowyvladobis donis ranJireba
marjvena mxare 1 marcxena mxare 2
vinaidan yvela zemoTCamoTvli indikatori ukve iyo
warmodgenili garkveuli sidideebis saxiT mowyvladobis donis
mixedviT, standartizaciisTvis gamoyenebul iqna ILWIS-is ranJirebis meTodi (ix. zemoTmoyvanili cxrili da cxrili 4.17).
bolos, uSgulis SemTxvevaSi, indikatorebis or rukas mieniWa
wonebi erTmaneTs Soris fardobiTi mniSvnelobis safuZvelze
(cxrili 4.17). ganisazRvra, rom kulturuli meმkvidreobis konservaciis mdgomareoba “SedarebiT ufro mniSvnelovania”
vidre am obieqtebis mdebareoba mdinaris mimarT.
cxrili 4.7: gamoyenebuli indikatorebis standartizacia da Sewonva (uSguli)
mowyvladobis indeqsi
indikatorebi standartizacia Sewonva
sidide meTodi
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis konservaciis
mdgomareoba ranJireba
0.75 dawyvile
biT kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis mdebareoba
mdinaris mimarT 0.25
mulaxis Temis SemTxvevaSi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis
mdinaris mimarT mdebareobis indikatori mniSvnelovani ar iyo.
bolos, uSgulis TemisTvis moxda ESewonili faqtorebis yvela
rukis gaerTianeba ILWIS-SMCE modulSi safrTxeebis xis
formiT. mulaxis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul iqna mxolod
52
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mdgomareobis indikatori.
Seiqmna mowyvladobis indeqsis ori ruka: erTi uSgulisTvis da
meore mulaxisTvis. rukebi daiyo sam klasad: maRali, saSualo
da dabali mowyvladobis klasad.
4.5.4. mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis ruka
mravlobiTi safrTxis rukis mizania warmoadginos mewyrebisa
da zvavebis SesaZlo safrTxis Sedegad kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis mosalodneli dazianeba safrTxis qveS
myofi yvelaze mowyvladi obieqtebis identificirebis gziT. nax.
4.4-ze warmodgenilia winamdebare kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli
mravlobiTi safrTxis riskis analizis midgoma.
nax. 4.4: winamdebare kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli mravlobiTi riskis
analizis midgoma
winamdebare kvlevaSi ganxilulia riskis ori saxe: pirdapiri
danakargis riski (kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
ganadgureba mewyrebisa da zvavebis uSualo zemoqmedebiT); da
arapirdapiri danakargis riski (kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebi SesaZloa moeqcnen arapirdapiri zemoqmedebis qveS,
magaliTad, kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebTan misasvleli
gzis dazianeba, ris Sedegadac garTuldeba am obieqtebis
movla). kulturuli memkvidreoba iTvleba aramaterialur
danakargad (van Westen, 2009).
53
safrTxeebisadmi sensitiurobisa da mowyvladobis miRebuli
rukebis gamoyenebiT Seiqmna matrica mewyrebisa da zvavebis
riskis gamosaangariSeblad (cxrili 4.8). am matricis Tanaxmad,
erT mocemul teritoriaze SeiZleba arsebobdes mowyvladobis
gansxvavebuli donis mqone kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi.
magaliTad, Tu kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqti Sedis maRali
safrTxis klasSi da amave dros gaaCnia mowyvladobis maRali
klasi, aseTi obieqtis riski maRalia. qvemoT mocemulia
matricis ferebis axsna.
wiTeli: arsebobs kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
ganadgurebis SesaZlebloba narinjisferi: mosalodnelia kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis dazianeba, magram ara ganadgureba yviTeli: mosalodnelia kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
umniSvnelo dazianeba. cxrili 4.8: riskis Sefasebis matrica
dabali safrTxe
saSualo safrTxe
maRali safrTxe
dabali mowyvladoba
dabali riski dabali riski dabali
riski saSualo mowyvladoba
dabali riski
saSualo riski
saSualo riski
maRali mowyvladoba
dabali riski maRali riski maRali riski
Seiqmna sami sxvadasxva riskis ruka: mewyris riskis ruka, zvavis
riskis ruka da am oris kombinacia – mravlobiTi riskis ruka.
riskis rukebis misaRebad moxda safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis
rukebis krosireba mowyvladobis rukebTan ILWIS kompiuteruli
programis gamoyenebiT. saboloo rukebi daiyo sam - maRal,
saSualo da dabal klasad riskis donis mixedviT. riskebis
saboloo rukebis misaRebad gamoyenebul iqna ori midgoma.
pirveli midgomis SemTxvevaSi mewyrisa da zvavis rukebi
miRebul iqna erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad (kriteriumebis
gansxvavebuli xeebi TiTeouli safrTxisaTvis), xolo meore
midgomis SemTxvevaSi Catarda mravlobiTi safrTxis analizi
erTdroulad orive safrTxisaTvis (kriteriumebis erTi da
igive xe orive safrTxisaTvis). am ori midgomis gamoyenebiT
54
SesaZlebeli gaxda riskTan dakavSirebuli informaciis miReba
am ori safrTxisaTvis rogorc cal-calke, aseve erToblivad.
5. zemo svaneTis kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis mdgomareoba
kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlil iqna kulturuli memkvidreobis
60 obieqti, 30-30 TiToeul TemSi. cxrili 5.1-Si mocemuli am
obieqtebis CamonaTvali tipologiis mixedviT.
cxrili 5.1: kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlili obieqtebi
Temi raodenoba koSki maCvibi cixe-
saxli
eklesia sul
uSgu
li
raodenoba 17 5 3 5 30
TemSi Seswavlilis % 56.7 16.7 10.0 16.7 100
Seswavlilis % 28.3 8.3 5.0 8.3 50
mula
xi
raodenoba 20 7 0 3 30
TemSi Seswavlilis % 66.7 23.3 0.0 10.0 100
Seswavlilis % 33.3 11.7 0.0 5.0 100
sul % 61.7 20.0 5.0 13.3 100
5.1. kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis tipologia da funqcia
Semdeg qveTavebSi mocemulia sakvlev teritoriaze Seswavlili
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis zogadi mimoxilva
tipologiis, funqciisa da konstruqciuli maxasiaTeblebis
kuTxiT da ICOMOS (2001a) da savele dakvirvebebis safuZvelze.
suraTebi ix. danarTi 2-Si.
5.1.1. eklesia
eklesiebi warmoadgenen mcire zomis (daaxloebiT 4x4m) erTsarTulian TaRovan Senobebs. maTi kedlebis sisqe
daaxloebiT 50 sm-ia. isini agebulia lodebiT da dafarulia
kiriT. zogierTi eklesia dRemde inarCunebs Zvel, fiqalis
saxuravs, zogi - ki TunuqiTaa gadaxuruli. fanjara arc erT
eklesias ara aqvs, mxolod viwro Wrilebia datovebuli
55
ventilaciisaTvis. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba eklesiebs
regularulad iyenebs saeklesio ritualebis Casatareblad.
5.1.2. koSki
koSkebi warmoadgenen vertikalur nagebobebs, romelTa zoma
saZirkvelTan daaxloebiT 5x5 m-ia da zemoT TandaTanobiT
viwrovdeba. koSkebi ZiriTadad oTx/xuT sarTuliania (12-15 m),
Tumca arsebobs eqvssarTuliani koSkebic. sarTulebi
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia WerSi gaWril xvrelebSi gadebuli
xis kibeebiT. Senobebis tradiciuli dacviTi funqciis
Sesabamisad fanjrebi Zalian viwroa da marTkuTxedis forma
aqvT. koSkebis kedlebis sisqe erT metrsac ki aRwevs. isini
aSenebulia lodebiT (qveda nawilSi datanebulia didi zomis
lodebi) da dafarulia kiriT. kedlis wyobaSi aseve SeimCneva
kirqva da riyis qvebi. koSkis erTqanobiani saxuravi awyobilia
xis koWebze da, tradiciulad, dafarulia fiqalis filebiT.
Tumca, ukanaknel dros fiqalis filebi Seicvala ficrebiT an
Tunuqis naWrebiT. amJamad, koSkebi gamoiyeneba rogorc
damatebiTi sasawyobe saTavsoebi.
5.1.3. maCvibi
maCvibebi warmoadgenen sxvadasxva zomis orsarTulian
marTkuTxa Senobebs. kedlebis sisqe aRwevs 1 metrs. isini
agebulia 15-20 sm sisqis qvebisgan (kirqvisa da riyis qvis
damatebiT) da dafarulia kiriT. maCvibebs aqvT erTqanobiani an
orqanobiani saxuravebi, dafaruli fiqalis filebiT, rac maT
gasakuTrebul simtkices uzrunvelyofs. zogierTi saxuravi
Secvlilia Tunuqis naWrebiT.
maCvibebi tradiciulad gamoiyeneboda ojaxisa (pirveli
sarTuli) da saqonlis (sardafi) zamTis sacxovreblad. amJamad
maCvibebi gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis sadgomi da sasawyobe
damatebiTi struqtura.
5.1.4. cixe-saxli
cixe-saxlebi warmoadgenen sam an oTsarTulian Senobebs,
romlebic mxolod uSgulSi gvxvdeba. zogadad, es aris tipiuri
56
svanuri koSki Secvlili proporciebiT (ufro dabali da
ganieri, zoma saZirkvelTan 9x9 m). cixe-saxlis kedlebi da
saxuravi maCvibis kedlebisa da saxuravis analogiuria.
cixe-saxli tradiciulad iTavsebda sacxovrebel da TavdacviT
funqciebs da warmoadgenda Zalian kompaqtur da funqcionalur
Senobas. amJamad cixe-saxlebi gamoiyeneba saqonlis sadgomad,
sasawyobe saTavsod da muzeumadac ki (sofeli CaJaSi).
5.2. kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobis raodenobrivi Sefasebis Sedegebi
uSgulisa da mulaxis TemebSi Segrovda informacia
kulturuli memkvidreobis 60 obieqtis Sesaxeb (30 obieqti TiTo
TemSi). uSgulSi dafiqsirebulia kulturuli memkvidreobis 116
obieqti (GPAP, 2008). kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlil iqna
uSgulis Temis teritoriaze arsebuli kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis 26%. imave wyaros Tanaxmad, mulaxis
TemSi dafiqsirebulia kulturuli memkvidreobis 99 obieqti.
aq Seswavlil iqna obieqtebis 30%. uSgulis erTi da mulaxis
xuTi obieqti Sefasda rogorc “nangrevi”. Seswavlili
obieqtebis naxevarze meti (61.7%) warmoadgenda koSkebs, xolo
20% - maCvibebs. eklesiebma da cixe-saxlebma Seadgina 13.3% da
5% Sesabamisad. nax. 5-ze mocemulia konservaciis mdgomareobis
Sefasebis Sedegebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba.
57
nax. 5.1: konservaciis mdgomareobis Sefasebis Sedegebi
5.2.1. dazianebis Sefaseba
kulturuli memkvidreobis 54 obieqtisTvis (6 obieqts mieca
nangrevis klasifikacia) Catarda dazianebis Sefaseba
elementebis standartuli sistemis mimarT (detaluri
SedegebisTvis ix. suraTebi danarTi 2-Si da cxrilebi da
grafikebi danarTi 3-Si):
saxuravis dazianeba 54 Seswavlili obieqtidan mxolod 35.2%-s ar aReniSneboda saxuravis dazianeba; mcire da saSualo dazianeba dafiqsirda obieqtebis 22.2%-ze; xolo obieqtebis 42.6%-is saxuravi Zalian dazianebulia, an saerTod aRar arsebobs. am bolo kategoriaSi vardeba 15 koSki. Tu am or Tems erTmaneTs SevadarebT, saxuravis Zlieri dazianebisa da saxuravis ararsebobis procenti ufro maRalia mulaxSi (24.1%), vidre uSgulSi (18.5%). eklesiebis saxuravebi TiTqmis ar aris dazianebuli (Sefasebuli 8 eklesiidan 7-s saerTod ar aRmoaCnda dazianeba). Sedegebi mocemulia nax. 5.2-ze.
58
nax. 5.2: kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis saxuravis dazianeba
Seswavlili obieqtebidan 23-s aRmoaCnda saxuravis Zlieri
dazianeba an saxuravis ararseboba. am obieqtebis umetesobis
konservaciis mdgomareoba an Zalian cudia, an nangrevis saxiT
aris warmodgenili.
struqturuli dazianeba (bzarebi) Seswavlili obieqtebis 31.5%-s aReniSneba mcire raodenobis
bzarebi; bzarebis saSualo raodenoba dafiqsirda obieqtebis
33.3%-Si. didi da Zalian didi raodenobis bzarebi aReniSneba
Seswavlili obieqtebis 35.2%-s. am bolo kategoriaSi vardeba 12
koSki. didi da Zalian didi raodenobis bzarebi aReniSneba
uSgulis Zeglebis 20.4%-s da mulaxis Zeglebis 14.9%-s.
tipologiis mixedviT, yvelaze naklebi bzarebiT xasiaTdeba
eklesiebi (8-dan 6).
struqturuli dazianeba (nawilobrivi ngreva) Seswavlili obieqtebis mxolod 13%-s aReniSneba seriozuli
nawilobrivi ngreva. 18.6%-ze fiqsirdeba saSualo nawilobrivi
ngreva. obieqtebis 68.5%-s am saxis dazianeba saerTod ar
aReniSneba. uSgulSi Seswavlili obieqtebis 46.3%-ze fiqsirdeba
nawilobrivi ngreva, xolo mulaxSi – obieqtebis 22.2%-ze.
tipologiis mixedviT nawilobrivi ngreva aReniSnebaT koSkebsa
da maCvibebs (Sesabamisad 11 da 6 obieqti).
struqturuli dazianeba (daweva)
59
Seswavlili obieqtebis 74.1%-ze daweva ar fiqsirdeba. mcire da
da saSualo daweva aReniSneba obieqtebis danarCen 25.9%-s. am
kategoriaSi vardeba 9 koSki (aqedan 6 koSki mdebareobs
mulaxSi) da 5 maCvibi (aqedan 3 mdebareobs mulaxSi).
struqturuli dazianeba (gadaxra) Seswavlili obieqtebis 64.8% ar aris gadaxrili. mcire da
saSualo gadaxra fiqsirdeba obieqtebis 27.8%-ze. obieqtebis
mxolod 7.4%-ia Zlier gadaxrili. am kategoriaSi vardeba 4
koSki (3 uSgulSi da 1 mulaxSi).
nestiT gamowveuli dazianeba Seswavlili obieqtebis mxolod 3.7%-ze aRmoCnda nestiT
gamowveuli Zleri dazianebis niSnebi. nestiT gamowveuli mcire
da saSualo dazianeba fiqsirdeba Seswavlili obieqtebis 88.9%-
ze, xolo 7.4%-ze nestiT gamowveuli dazianebis niSnebi ar aris.
nestiT gamowveuli dazianebis mxriv ukeTesi mdgomareobaa
mulaxSi (46.4%), vidre uSgulSi (53.7%). nestiT gamowveuli
dazianebis sxvadasxva doneebi fiqsirdeba yvela tipologiis
obieqtze. degradaciis yvelaze maRali done dafiqsirda
uSgulSi arsebul or maCvibze.
biologiuri zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli dazianeba Seswavlili obieqtebis mxolod 5.6%-ze aRmoCnda biologiuri
zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli Zlieri dazianebis niSnebi.
biologiuri zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli mcire da saSualo
dazianebebi fiqsirdeba Seswavlili obieqtebis 87.1%-ze, xolo
7.4%-s amgvari dazianeba ar aReniSneba. biologiuri
zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli dazianebis mxriv ukeTesi
mdgomareobaa mulaxSi (46.4%), vidre uSgulSi (53.8%).
biologiuri zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli dazianebis sxvadasxva
doneebi fiqsirdeba yvela tipologiis obieqtze. am mxriv
yvelaze mZime mdgomareoba aRiniSneba uSgulis erT koSkze, erT
maCvibsa da erT eklesiaze.
araswori gamoyenebiT gamowveuli dazianeba Seswavlili obieqtebis 50% gamouyenebelia. obieqtebis 27.8%-Si
mowyobilia saqonlis sadgomi, xolo 3.7%-Si – sasoflo-
60
sameurneo nawarmis sawyobi. yvela eklesia (8) aris moqmedi,
xolo erTi obieqtSi (uSgulSi mdebare coxe-saxli)
ganTavsebulia muzeumi. uSgulis 7 koSkSi, 4 maCvibsa da 1 cixe-
saxlSi (obieqtebis 22.2%) mowyobilia saqonlis sadgomi.
mulaxSi saqonlis sagomad gamoiyeneba mxolod 3 maCvibi
(Seswavlili obieqtebis 5.6%).
aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis kvali aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis kvali aRiniSneba kulturuli
memkvidreobis Seswavlili obieqtebis 51.9%-ze (28 obieqti).
aqedan 15 mdebareobs uSgulSi, xolo 13 – mulaxSi. aRdgeniTi
samuSaoebis kvali ufro metad SeiniSneba koSkebsa da
eklesiebze (Sesabamisad 15 da 7).
ferdobis daxriloba obieqtis mdebareobis adgilze Seswavlili obieqtebis 59.2% mdebareobs swor an mcired
daxril ferdobze. saSualod daxril ferdobze mdebareobs
obieqtebis 46.3%, xolo cicabo ferdobze ganlagebulia
obieqtebis mxolod 5.6%. am kategoriaSi vardeba mulaxis 3
koSki.
5.2.2. konservaciis mdgomareobis ruka
nax. 5.1 da 5.2-ze mocemulia uSgulisa da mulaxis Temebis
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareoba. rukebze kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
konservaciis mdgomareoba aRniSnulia “Zalian kargidan”
“nangrevamde”, da aseve mocemulia obieqtebis tipologia.
magaliTad, rukaze sofel murymelSi (uSguli) arsebuli 2
koSki aRniSnulia wiTlad, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi
konservaciis mdgomareoba Zalian cudia; eklesiis (jvriT
aRniSnuli) mwvane feri aRniSnavs konservaciis Zalian karg
mdgomareobas; xolo ori koSki xasiaTdeba konservaciis kargi
da saSualo doniT (Ria mwvane da yviTeli Sesabamisad). mulaxis
Temis kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis mdgomareobis
rukisTvis ver moiZebna saTanado xarisxis gamosaxuleba.
61
nax. 5.3: uSgulis soflebis kulturuli memkvidreobis 30 obieqtis
konservaciis mdgomareoba
nax. 5.4: mulaxis soflebis kulturuli memkvidreobis 30 obieqtis
konservaciis mdgomareoba
62
5.3. ganxilva
Sefasebis parametrebi winamdebare kvlevaSi kulturuli memkvidreobis dazianebis
Sesafaseblad gamoyenebul iqna gansxvavebuli parametrebi.
yvela Segrovili monacemis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom
“saxuravis dazianeba” warmoadgens Senobebis konservaciis
mdgomareobaze yvelaze didi gavlenis mqone elements (ix. nax.
5.2 da danarTi 3: saxuravis dazianeba - konservaciis
mdgomareoba). SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom dazianebuli saxuravis
mqone Senobis, an saxuravis armqone Senobis konservaciis
mdgomareoba ufro cudia, vidre kargad gadaxuruli Senobisa.
rogorc wesi, Senobis degradacia iwyeba saxuravidan da Semdeg
swrafad vrceldeba mTel Senobaze (Sarissky, (n.d.), Lourenço et al., 2006, Gonçalves et al., 2009). sakvlevi teritoriis mkacri garemo
pirobebis (gansakuTrebiT ki zamTris periodSi) gamo es
faqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania. yovel zamTars zemo svaneTSi
fiqsirdeba didi raodenobis naleqi Tovlisa da wvimis saxiT (GPAP, 2008). Tovlis simZime iwvevs ukve dazianebuli saxuravebis
ngrevas. cudi gadaxurvis mqone SenobebSi wvimac aRwevs. teni
avsebs Senobis kedlebSi arsebul bzarebs da nel-nela, magram
serozulad azianebs Senobas gayinvisa da dnobis Sedegad.
sakvlev teritoriaze arsebuli Senobebis saxuravebis
dazianebas sxva mizezebic iwvevs. pirvel rigSi, finansuri
resursebis naklebobis gamo ver xerxdeba Senobebis movla. es
kargad Cans CaJaSisa da sxva dasaxlebebis magaliTze. imis gamo,
rom CaJaSi warmoadgens msoflio memkvidreobis ubans, am
soflis kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebisTvis resursebi
ufro xelmisawvdomia, rac aisaxeba CaJaSis kulturuli
memkvidreobis Zeglebis konservaciis ukeTes mdgomareobaze sxva
dasaxlebebis ZeglebTan SedarebiT. meore, iseTi maRali
Senobebis, rogoricaa koSkebi, saxuravebis movla rTulia
miudgomlobis gamo. Senobis Sida nawilis dazianebis gamo,
SesaZlebelia, ver moxerxdes saxuravamde asvla Sida
kibeebiTac. yvelaferi es arTulebs mcire masStabis saremonto
samuSaoebis warmoebas.
konservaciis mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovani gavlenis mqonea
kidev erTi parametric – “bzarebiT gamowveuli dazianeba (ix.
63
danarTi 3: bzarebiT gamowveuli dazianeba – konservaciis
mdgomareoba). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, nestis saxiT Senobis
kedlebSi moxvedrili wlis gayinva da dnoba mniSvnelovnad
uwyobs xels bzarebis gadidebas, rasac SeiZleba Senobis
nawilobrivi an sruli dangreva mohyves (Sarissky, (n.d.)). rac Seexeba danarCen parametrebs, maTsa da kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobas Soris
pirdapiri kavSiri ar myardeba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom am
parametrebis erToblioba sxvadasxva donis zoqmoqmedebas
axdens Sefasebuli obieqtebis konservaciis zogad
mdgomareobaze.
gansxvaveba Temebs Soris uSgulisa da mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis
konservaciis mdgomareobis Sedarebis dros SeiniSneba
garkveuli gansxvavebebi Temebs Soris. uSgulis farglebSi
arsebuli sofel CaJaSis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
konservaciis mdgomareoba ukeTesia, vidre am Temis sxva
soflebSi arsebuli Zeglebisa. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
CaJaSis ZeglebisTvis gamoyofili iyo SedarebiT meti saxsrebi.
mulaxis TemSi arsebuli soflebis – arcxelisa da laxiris
(ix. nax. 5.4) Zeglebis konservaciis mdgomareoba sagangaSoa,
gansakuTrebiT ki laxirSi, sadac Seswavlili 3 obieqtidan
samive nangrevs warmoadgens. uSgulis TemSi arsebuli
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareoba
ukeTesia, vidre mulaxis TemSi arsebuli Zeglebisa, rac
mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia CaJaSSi Seswavlili Senobebis
konservaciis saSualo an kargi mdgomareobiT.
gansxvaveba tipologiebs Soris Seswavlili obieqtebis topologiis kuTxiT gansakuTrebuli
adgili eklesiebs uWiravT. yvela Sefasebuli eklesiis
konservaciis mdgomareoba an kargia, an Zalian kargi. es
metyvelebs imaze, rom sakvlev teritoriaze eklesiebis
SesakeTeblad da mosavlelad meti resursebi iyo
xelmisawvdomi. yvela Seswavlil eklesias aRmoaCnda ukanasknel
wlebSi Secvlili saxuravi, ramac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesa
am Senobebis zogadi mdgomareoba. is, rom eklesiebi ukeT aris
64
movlili da SenarCunebuli aixsneba imiT, rom yvela es eklesia
moqmedia da maTSi daculia uZvirfasesi xatebi, freskebi da
mxatvrobis nimuSebi.
Sedegebis Sedareba ICOMOS-is (ICOMOS, 2001a) mier uSgulis Temis sofel CaJaSSi
Catarebuli kvlevis farglebSi Sefasda 39 obieqti da daiyo 4
kategoriad: Zalian cudi; cudi; saSualo; da kargi (cxrili 5.2).
cxrili 5.2: ICOMOS-is mier sofel CaJaSSi Sefasebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi
tipologia raodenoba
koSki 14
maCvibi 21
cixe-saxli 3
eklesia 1
kvlevaSi monawileobdnen arqiteqtorebi da kulturuli
memkvidreobis specialistebi. cxrili 5.3-Si naCvenebia
gansxvaveba Cvens mier (ix. nax. 5.1: CaJaSi) da ICOMOS-is mier
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebs Soris.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegebs Soris ar aRiniSneba
mniSvnelovani sxvaoba, Sedarebidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
winamdebare kvleva Senobebis fizikur mdgomareobas ukeTes
Sefasebebs aZlevs. ar aris cnobili, Tu ra procedura
gamoiyena ICOMOS-ma Senobebis fizikuri mdgomareobis
Sesafaseblad. aqedan gamomdinare, Sefasebebi erTmaneTs zustad
ver daemTxveva.
cxrili 5.3: kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis mdomareobis
Sedarebis Sedegebi
# obieqti winamdebare kvleva ICOMOS
1 koSki saSualo cudi
2 cixe-saxli cudi cudi 3 koSki saSualo cudi 4 koSki kargi saSualo
65
5 koSki cudi cudi 6 cixe-saxli kargi cudi 7 maCvibi saSualo saSualo 8 koSki nangrevi Zalian cudi 9 koSki kargi saSualo 10 koSki saSualo saSualo 11 maCvibi Zalian cudi cudi 12 koSki kargi cudi 13 cixe-saxli kargi kargi 14 koSki kargi kargi 15 koSki kargi saSualo 16 eklesia Zalian kargi kargi
Tumca, Cveni kvlevis farglebSi CaJaSis kulturuli
memkvidreobis Zeglebis konservaciis mdgomareobis
araeqspertuli midgomiT ganxorcielebuli Sefasebis Sedegebi
TiTqmis identuria ICOMOS-is specialistebis mier miRebuli
Sedegebisa.
dadebiTi/uaryofiTi mxareebi kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis mdgomareobis Sefasebis
winamdebare kvlevaSi SemuSavebul midgomas gaaCnia rogorc
dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi.
dadebiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom am midgomis
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia martivi arqiteqturuli Zeglebis
araeqspertuli Sefaseba. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, am midgomiT
miiReba Sedegebi, romlebic mcired gansxvavdeba eqspertebis
mier miRebuli Sedegebisgan. garda amisa, misi saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia iseTi mniSvnelovani informaciis miReba martivad
da swrafad, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZliaT xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebs kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis
SekeTebisa an aRdgenisTvis saWiro biujetis gamosaTvlelad. am
midgomiT aseve SesaZlebelia im informaciis swrafad gadayvana
cifrul formatSi, romelic gamoiyeneba GIS-Si Semdgomi
geografiuli analizisTvis.
uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom am midgomas
SeiZleba gaaCndes subieqturobis garkveuli xarisxi, vinaidan
66
yvela parametris Sefaseba vizualuri dakvirvebiT xdeba. am
naklis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa ufro detaluri Semowmeba,
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani parametrebis (saxuravi, bzarebi),
Sefasebis dros; magaliTad, Senobebis bzarebis gazomva,
saZirkvelsa da kedlebSi arsebuli nestis moculobis
gansazRvra da saxuravebis xis CarCoebis mdgomareobis
Seswavla. magaliTad, sariski (Sarisski (n.d.)) gansazRvravs
ramdenime ZiriTad moments, romelic gaTvaliswinebul unda
iqnes saxuravis mdgomareobis Sefasebis dros: didi zomis
dampali koWebi, romlebic iwveven saxuravis nawilobriv
daSlas; soko da mwerebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT azianeben
SeerTebis adgilebs; da saxuravis qveS arsebuli cxovelebis
agresiuli eqskrementebi (eqskrementebi iwveven nel qimiur
cvilebebs xis masalaSi da asusteben saxuravs). rac Seexeba
bzarebs, magaliTad, Sekeri (čeker et al., 1998) iyenebs cifrul
kameras Senobebis miwisZvrebiT gamowveuli bzarebis
dasafiqsireblad. GIS-is saSualebiT xdeba monacemebis Senaxva,
damuSaveba da analizi saboloo produqtis - dazianebis
analizis avtomaturi sistemis asagebad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es midgoma Zalian sainteresoa, misi gamoyeneba ver moxerxda,
vinaidan igi saWiroebs maRali donis fotogrammetriul codnas.
kidev erT problemas warmoadgens miudgomel adgilebSi
mdebare kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis Sefaseba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia distanciur zondirebaze damyarebuli
sxva midgomebis gamoyeneba.
magaliTad, gonSalvesi (Gonçalves et al., 2009) portugaliis qalaqis,
koimbras, istoriuli centris Senobebis saxuravebis
konservaciis mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad iyenebs Zalian maRali
sivrciTi rezoluciis (VHSR) mravalspeqtrul aero
gamosaxulebebs. miRebuli Sedegebi tardeba 2 wlis
ganmavlobaSi 800 Senobis adgilze Catarebuli kvlevebis
Sedegad miRebul monacemebs, riTac dgindeba rom sizuste 78%-
is tolia. gonSalvesis kvleva adasturebs imas, rom saTanado
monacemebisa da resursebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxuravebis
konservaciis mdgomarebis dadgena SesaZlebelia Zalian maRali
sivrciTi rezoluciis (VHSR) mravalspeqtrul aero
gamosaxulebebis saSualebiT.
67
miuxedavad imisa, rom es midgoma Zalian sainteresoa, misi
gamoyeneba ver moxerxda monacemebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, sakvlevi
teritoriis maRali rezoluciis aerogamosaxulebebis
ararsebobis gamo.
68
6. riskis Sefaseba sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT
6.1. mravlobiTi safrTxis Sefaseba
6.1.1. eqspertebis gamokiTxva/ adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gamokiTxva
eqspertebis gamokiTxva 2010 wlis 13 seqtembers Sedga interviu WiWiko janeliZesTan
(CENN), cnobil mecnierTan geografiisa da geologiis
dargebSi. misi interviudan miRebuli informacia mocemulia
qvemoT:
ZiriTadi bunebrivi katastrofebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT zemo
svaneTis kulturuli memkvodreobis obieqtebis dazianeba, aris
mewyrebi da zvavebi. wyaldidobebi ar uqmnian saSiSroebas
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebs, vinaidan isini Segnebulad
agebulia iseT teritoriebze, sadac amgvari safrTxe ar
arsebobs. miwisZvrebic ar warmoadgenen safrTxes zemo
svaneTisaTvis. mezobel regionSi – raWaSi miwisZvrebi sakmaod
xSiria. mewyrebisa da zvavebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebia
tyis gaCexva da infrastruqturis (gansakuTrebiT gzebis)
mSenebloba.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gamokiTxva gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRo 29 adamianma (ix. Tavi 4.3.1): 11
uSgulSi (4 interviu) da 18 mulaxSi (5 interviu).
interviuebidan miRebuli informacia mocemulia qvemoT:
informacia safrTxeebis Sesaxeb ZiriTad safrTxeebs zvavebi da mewyrebi warmoadgenen. isini
weliwadSi erTxel an ramdenjer xdeba, ZiriTadad, gazafxulze
(aprili/maisi) da emTxveva Tovlis intensiur dnobasa da
temperaturis matebas. zvavebisa da mewyrebis mier Senobebis
dazianebis SemTxvevebi aRwerili ar aris, garda 1987 wels
69
momxdari zvavis SemTxvevisa. informacia ar aris sakvlev
teritoriaze momxdari miwisZvrebis Sesaxebac. gamokiTxul iqna
65 wlis adgilobrivi mkvidri, romelsac ar axsovs am
teritoriaze momxdari miwisZvra.
informacia safrTxisadmi mowyvladobis Sesaxeb iTvleba, rom uSgulSi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi
riskis qveS ar imyofebian. mulaxSi riskis qveS aris mxolod
ori obieqti (nax. 6.5). orive TemSi mcire zvavebisa da mewyrebis
Sedegad regularulad, gansakuTrebiT zamTarsa da
gazafxulze, ziandeba gzebi.
informacia safrTxis aRqmis Sesaxeb
zvavebisa da mewyrebis mTavar gamomwvev mizezad iTvleba Warbi
naleqebi Tovlisa da wvimis saxiT. uSgulSi mdinare enguris
orive mxares mdebare ferdobebi iTvleba mowyvladad zvavebisa
da mewyrebis mimarT (nax. 6.1). mulaxis oTx sofelSi Tvlian,
rom safrTxe momdinareobs uSualod soflebis Tavze mdebare
ferdobebidan (nax. 6.1), xolo or sofelSi (JabeSi da Cvabiani)
safrTxes samxreTis ferdobebidan elian (nax. 6.1). adgilobriv
mosaxleobisTvis xeebis dargva da qvis kedlebis (gabionebis)
aSeneba zvavebisa da mewyrebisagan Tavdacvis ZiriTad
saSualebas warmoadgens.
6.1.2. savele dakvirvebebi/sqematuri rukebi
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis azriT, mewyrebis ganviTarebis ubans
warmoadgens uSgulis samxreTisken mimarTul ferdobze ori
zvavis moZraobis gzebs (adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier
naCvenebi) Soris mdebare teritoria (ix. nax. 6.1a). Cvens mier
Seswavlil iqna aRniSnuli teritoria mewyrebis
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli reliefis iseTi Taviseburebebis
aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa napralebi da mcenareulobis dazianeba.
Cvens mier ver iqna aRmoCenili verc erTi niSani, romelic
miuTiTebda aRmoCenili mewyrebis ganviTarebas. uSgulSi
mdebare CrdiloeTisken mimarTul ferdobze, romelzedac aseve
migviTiTes adgilobrivebma (ix. nax. 6.1a), aRmoCenil iqna
gadaadgilebuli qanebi da qvebi, rac adasturebs warsulSi
momxdar masis gadaadgilebis faqts. mulaxSi warsulSi
70
momxdari zvavebis kvali yvelaze mkafiod dafiqsirda sofel
JamuSSi (natani da dazianebuli mcenareuloba) (nax. 6.1a da 6.3). sqematuri rukebi Seiqmna adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad
(ix. Tavi 4.3.3). sqematuri rukis magaliTi SegiZliaT ixiloT
danarTi 1-Si. aRniSnuli sqematuri ruka faravs mulaxis Temis
JamuSisa da laxiris soflebs (ix. nax. 6.1a). rukaze naCvenebia
zvavebis moZraobis gzebi 1987 wels JamuSSi momxdari zvavis
CaTvliT. masze agreTve naCvenebia is, Tu rogorc icavs tye
laxirs da rogor SeuZlia zvavs tyis ganadgureba, moZraobis
gagrZeleba ferdobze da adamianebisa da Senobebis dazianeba. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da eqspertebis codnidan da savele
dakvirvebebidan miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze sakvlev
teritoriaze gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi bunebrivi safrTxe –
zvavebi da mewyrebi. nax. 6.1-ze mocemulia adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisagan miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze
gansazRvruli zvavebisa da mewyrebis mdebareoba da moZraobis
gzebi.
nax. 6.1: zvavebisa da mewyrebis mdebareoba da moZraobis gzebi
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan miRebuli informaciis Tanaxmad: (a) mulaxi; (b) uSguli
71
6.1.3. safrTxis faqtorebis rukebi
sivrciTi mravalkriteriumaini Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT
sakvlevi teritoriis mewyrebisa da zvavebisadmi sensitiurobis
modelirebisaTvis Seiqmna safrTxis faqtorebis rukebi (ix. Tavi
4.5.1) mewyrebisTvis Seiqmna faqtorebis oTxi ruka: 1. ferdobis
daxriloba; 2. liTologia; 3. niadagsafari; da 4.
hidrografiuli qselis simWidrove. zvavebisaTvis Seiqmna
faqtorebis oTxi ruka: 1. ferdobis daxriloba; 2. eqspozicia
(mdebareoba mzis mimarT); 3. ferdobis simrude; da 4.
niadagsafari. rukebi SegiZliaT ixiloT danarTi 1-Si.
6.1.4. mravlobiTi safrTxis rukebis Seqmna da analizi
mravlobiTi safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis analizi
ganxorcielda ILWIS-is sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis
meTodis gamoyenebiT. analizis Sedegad TiToeuli TemisTvis
Seiqmna 3 ruka: mewyrisadmi sensitiurobis ruka; zvavisadmi
sensitiurobis ruka; da mravlobiTi safrTxisadmi
sensitiurobis ruka (mewyrisa da zvavisadmi sensitiurobis
kombinirebiT) (nax. 6.2 A, B da C mulaxisTvis; D, E da F uSgulisTvis). cxrili 6.1-Si mocemulia safrTxis TiToeuli
tipisa da orive safrTxisadmi (mravlobiTi safrTxe) dabali,
saSualo da maRali sensitiurobis mqone farTobebis
procentuli maCvenebeli. nax. 6.2 da cxrili 6.1 ganxilul iqneba
Semdeg TavSi.
72
nax. 6.2: safrTxisadmi sensitiuroba sakvlev teritoriaze. mulaxi:
mewyeri, zvavi da mravlobiTi safrTxe (A, B da C Sesabamisad). uSguli: mewyeri, zvavi da mravlobiTi safrTxe (D, E da F Sesabamisad).
73
cxrili 6.1: safrTxis procentuli maCvenebeli orive TemSi Temi safrTxe farTobi (%)
dabali
safrTxe
saSualo
safrTxe
maRali
safrTxe
uSguli mewyeri 5.8 15 79.2
zvavi 5.8 55.9 38.2
mravlobiTi
safrTxe
5.5 30.8 63.6
mulaxi mewyeri 4.9 33 62.1
zvavi 13 72.6 14.4
mravlobiTi
safrTxe
6.2 60.6 33.2
6.1.5. ganxilva
gamokiTxva
sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo orive TemSi arc ise bevri
gamokiTxvis Catareba moxerxda. umTavresi mizezi mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom sakvlevi teritoriebi gamoirCeva mosaxleobis
simciriT (ver moxerxda sakmarisi raodenobis adamianebis naxva
da gamokiTxva). garda amisa, savele kvlevebi daemTxva
zamTrisTvis saqonlis sakvebis damzadebis periods (Sua
seqtemberi – Sua oqtomberi). Sesabamisad, yvela mamakaci mTeli
dRis ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli iyo mindvrebSi, xolo qalebi –
saSinao saqmeebiT. miuxedavad amisa, mosaxleobis garkveulma
raodenobam gamoiCina gulisxmiereba da dagvTanxmda
gavsaubrebodiT maT Ramis saaTebSi mZime samuSao dRis Semdeg.
garda amisa, organizaciuli mizezebis gamo, ver moxerxda
jgufuri ganxilvebisa da mosaxleobasa da xelisuflebasTan
formaluri Sexvedrebis winaswar dagegmva, amis gamo saWiro
gaxda garkveuli improvizacia, raTa migveRo sasurveli
Sedegebi spontanuri Sexvedrebisa da saubrebidan.
29 gamokiTxulma adamianma msgavsi pasuxebi gasca dasmul
SekiTxvebs. gamokiTxvebidan miRebuli ZiriTadi informacia
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sakvlevi teritoriis ZiriTadi
safrTxeebia zvavebi da mewyrebi. yvela gamokiTxulma aRniSna,
rom kulturuli memkvidroebis obieqtebi ar imyofebian am
bunebrivi safrTxeebis gansakuTrebuli riskis qveS.
74
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan miRebuli informacia didwilad
daemTxva geologisa da kulturuli memkvidroebis eqspertis
mier ramdenime dRiT adre TbilisSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebs (ix.
Tavi 6.2.1). unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
mewyrebad miiCnevs ferdobze masis gadadilebis yvela saxes,
garda zvavebisa.
savele dakvirvebebi/sqematuri rukebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan miRebuli informacia, rogorc
wesi, unda dadasturdes savele dakvirvebebiT eqspertTa
daskvnebis safuZvelze. Tumca, am amocanis Sesruleba sakmaod
rTuli aRmoCnda, vinaidan am teritoriaze wlebis ganmavlobaSi
ar momxdara raime mniSvnelovani bunebrivi movlena, da,
Sesabamisad, maTi kvali reliefze TiTqmis aRar arsebobs.
aqedan gamomdinare, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier mowodebuli
yvela informaciis dadastureba ver moxerxda. Tumca,
SesaZlebeli gaxda warsulSi momxdari calkeuli bunebrivi
movlenebis kvalis dafiqsireba. dadasturebul iqna ramdenime
mcire masStabis bunebrivi movlena Senobebze arsebuli
bzarebis saSualebiT, aseve mulaxis TemSi 1987 wels
Camowolili mZlavri zvavi, romelmac gamoiwvia ramdenime
Senobis dangreva da 27 adamianis sikvdili. mewyris moculobam
Seadgina 1500000 m3, xolo misi simaRle 80-100 sm-s aRwevda
(irakli megreliZe, piradi saubari, 2010 wlis 13 ianvari). nax.
6.3-ze asaxulia 1987 wlis zvavis Sedegebi: (A) adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis mier naCvenebi zvavis moZraobis gza (wiTeli
isari); (B) zvaviT gamowveuli ngreva misi Camowolidan mokle
xanSi; (C) zvavis kvali (nangrevebi, natani).
75
nax. 6.3: 1987 wels Camowolili zvavi sofel JamuSSi (suraTi B
mogvawoda irakli megreliZem)
sqematuri rukebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda velze
dafiqsirebuli obieqtebis mdebareobis gansazRvra cifrul
formatSi.
sensitiuroba mravlobiTi safrTxis mimarT mravlobiTi safrTxis analizis Sedegebma aCvena, rom sakvlev
teritorias gaaCnia sensitiurobis mniSvnelovani done (nax. 6.2
da cxrili 6.1). Catarebuli analizis Tanaxmad, uSgulis
teritoriis 79.2% xasiaTdeba mewyrisadmi sensitiurobis maRali
doniT. aseTi maRali procentuli maCvenebeli ganpirobebulia
aq arsebuli, ZiriTadad balaxeuliT dafaruli cicabo
ferdobebiT da liTologiiT (Tixa, fiqali, qviSaqva, kirqva da
mergeli (ix. Tavi 4.5.1 da danarTi 1 faqtorebis rukebisaTvis).
uSgulTan SedarebiT mulaxSi mewyrisadmi sensitiurobis done
SedarebiT dabalia (62.1%), rac gamowveulia aq arsebuli
SedarebiT damreci ferdobebiT da meti tyiani teritoriebiT.
orive TemisTvis zvavebi warmoadgenen saSualo safrTxes. am
SemTxvevaSic mulaxSi sensitiurobis done ufro dabalia, vidre
uSgulSi mulaxis ferdobebis naklebi simrudisa da meti tyiani
76
farTobebis arsebobis gamo, romlebic uzrunvelyofen garkveul
dacvas zvavebisagan. zogadad, mravlobiTi safrTxis analizi
gviCvenebs, rom uSguls, mulaxTan SedarebiT, gaaCnia
safrTxisadmi sensitiurobis ufro maRali done. miRebuli
Sedegebi vizualurad Sedarda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier
naCvenebi bunebrivi safrTxeebis moZraobis gzebis gadafarvis
gziT (nax. 6.4). Sedarebidan Cans, rom gamokiTxuli adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis mier naCvenebi zvavebisa da mewyrebis moZraobis
gzebi ZiriTadad emTxveva analizis Sedegad miRebul mewyrebisa
da zvavebisadmi sensitiurobis maRali donis mqone
teritoriebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
sivrciT mravalkriteriumian SefasebaSi gamoyenebuli
safrTxeebis faqtorebis rukebi warmoadgens swor arCevans,
iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva faqtorebisTvis miniWebuli wonebi.
nax. 6.4: adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier naCvenebi bunebrivi safrTxeebis moZraobis gzebis gadafarva mravlobiTi safrTxis analizis SedegebiT
77
6.2. mowyvladobis Sefaseba
6.2.1. eqspertebis gamokiTxva/ adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gamokiTxva
eqspertebis gamokiTxva interviu kulturuli memkvidreobis eqspertTan, marina
yeniasTan (ICOMOS-saqarTvelo) Catarda 2010 wlis 14 seqtembers.
intervius mizani iyo zogadi informaciis miReba zemo svaneTis
kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb. intervius Sedegad gairkva
is, rom sakvlev teritoriaze arsebuli kulturuli
memkvidreobis Zeglebi ar imyofebian bunebrivi safrTxeebis
gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedebis qveS. marina yenias azriT,
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mTavar safrTxes
warmoadgens maTi movlisTvis saWiro saxsrebis ararseboba.
intervius dros dasaxelda klimaturi faqtorebic, rogoricaa
naleqi (Tovli/wvima) da gayinva/dnobis efeqti, romlebic
gatrkveul zemoqmedebas axdenen kulturuli memkvidreobis
Zeglebis konservaciis mdgomareobaze.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gamokiTxva adgilobrivi mosaxleobidanac msgavsi informacia iqna
miRebuli. uSgulis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Tanaxmad,
kulturuli memkvidreobis arc erTi Zegli ar imyofeba
zvavebisa da mewyrebis riskis qveS. rac Seexeba mulaxs,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TqmiT, aq aris riskis qveS myofi
ramdenime obieqti (nax. 6.5): obieqti Id 17 da obieqti Id 29. obieqti Id 29 aris 1987 wels momxdar zvavs gadarCenili koSki. obieqtebi
6, 7 da 8 arian nangrevebad qceuli koSkebi. isini mdebareoben
zvavebisa da mewyrebis moZraobis gzaze.
78
nax. 6.5: riskis qveS myofi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Tanaxmad (mulaxi)
6.2.2. ZiriTadi gzis CaketviT gamowveuli arapirdapiri riski
gzis Caketvis gamomwvevi bunebrivi safrTxeebis gamovlenis
mizniT Catarda mestia-uSgulis SemaerTebeli gzis vizualuri
Semowmeba. drois simcirisa da reliefis sirTulis gamo ver
moxerxda mulaxis Temis dasaxlebebTan misasvleli gzebis
Semowmeba. nax. 6.6-ze naCvenebia mestia-uSgulis SemaerTebeli
gzis gaswvriv gamovlenili 61 “cxeli wertili”, romlebsac
SeuZliaT gzis Caketva da, Sesabamisad, arapirdapiri
zemoqmedebis moxdena kulturul memkvidreobaze (ix. Tavi 3.7 da
4.4.1).
79
nax. 6.6: 61 gamovlenili “cxeli wertilebi” mestia-uSgulis gzis
gaswvriv
nax. 6.7: (A) qvaTacvenis; (B) gzis gadamkveTi nakadis; (C) mewyris “cxeli
wertilebis” magaliTebi
6.2.3. mowyvladobis rukis Seqmna da analizi
nax. 6.8 da 6.9-ze naCvenebia uSgulisa da mulaxis kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis mowyvladoba zvavebisa da mewyrebis
mimarT.
80
nax. 6.8: uSgulis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mowyvladoba
zvavebisa da mewyrebis mimarT
nax. 6.9: mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mowyvladoba
zvavebisa da mewyrebis mimarT
81
uSgulis SemTxvevaSi mowyvladoba gamoiTvala kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobisa da
mdinaris mimarT maTi mdebareobis safuZvelze. 30 obieqtidan 19-
s aReniSneba dabali mowyvladoba, xolo erTs – maRali
gansakuTrebiT cudi mdgomareobis gamo. mowyvladobis maRali
donis mqone obieqtebidan ori mdebareobs murymelSi, mdinare
enguris marjvena mxares da, Sesabamisad, mowyvladobis ufro
maRali xarisxi gaaCnia. uSgulis kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis saerTo mowyvladobis sakmaod dabalia
(gansakuTrebiT sofel CaJaSSi), vinaidan maT Catarebuli aqvT
sareabilitacio samuSaoebi. mulaxis 30 obieqtidan 12-s aqvs
mowyvladobis dabali done, xolo 4-s - maRali. eklesiebi,
rogorc wesi, mowyvladobis dabali doniT gamoirCevian.
6.2.4. ganxilva
gamokiTxva
sakvlev teritoriaze riskis qveS armyofi kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis gansazRvris kuTxiT eqspertebisa da
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier mowodebuli informacia,
ZiriTadad, msgavsia. magaliTad, 1987 wels zvavs gadarCenili
koSki axsena rogorc marina yeniam TbilisSi Catarebuli
intervius dros, aseve mulaxis adgilobrivma macxovreblebma,
rodesac isini xazs usvamdnen nagebobebis simtkices. ver
moxerxda imis dadgena, namdvilad daangria Tu ara bunebrivma
movlenebma zvavebisa da mewyrebis moZraobis gzaze mdebare
nangrevebad qceuli koSkebi (nax. 6.5). gamokiTxul adamianebs
Soris ar arsebobda erTi azri am koSkebis ngrevis gamomwvev
mizezebze. zogierTma maTganma aRniSna, rom isini daingra
warsulSi momxdari zvavebis Sedegad, zogierTma ki saerTod ar
icoda mizezi.
savele kvlevebis Sedegad Segrovil masalebze dayrdnobiT
Sefasda sakvlevi teritoriis kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis bunebrivi safrTxeebiT gamowveuli SesaZlo riskebi
(ix. Tavi 6.3), raTa miRebuli Sedegebi Segvedarebina kulturuli
memkvidreobis eqspertis, marina yeniasa da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis mier mowodebul informaciasTan.
82
mestia-uSgulis gza adgilobrivi mosaxleobam erTxmad daasaxela gzebi, rogorc
riskis qveS myofi elementi. gzebi regularulad iketeba mcire
zvavebisa da mewyrebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT zamTris periodSi,
rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs adgilobriv Temebze. aqedan
gamomdinare, gzebis Caketva arapirdapir, magram mainc
uaryofiTad moqmedebs kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebze,
radgan gzebis Caketvis dros SeuZlebeli xdeba kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebTan misvla maT Sesamowmeblad da/an
gasamagreblad.
gzis gaswvriv arsebuli niadagebis Seswavlam aCvena (ix. ruka
danarTi 1-Si), rom gzis umetesi nawili gayvanilia aluviur da
koluviur naleqebze (qviSa, kenWnari da Tixa). susti
struqturis gamo es naleqebi gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebareba masis
gadaadgilebas, gansakuTrebiT ki wyliT gajerebuli pirobebis
SemTxvevaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom niadagis rukebma ver mogvca
detaluri informacia niadagebis Sesaxeb maTi Zalian mcire
masStabis (1:500000) gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, gzis gaswriv
arsebuli niadagebis Sesaxeb ufro zusti informacii misaRebad
aucilebelia ufro detaluri rukebi da savele kvlevebi.
mowyvladobis rukebis Seqmna da analizi winamdebare kvlevaSi kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi
winaswar ganisazRvra riskis qveS myof elementebad.
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis fizikuri mowyvladoba
ganisazRvra sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodiT
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis safuZvelze, romelic gansazRvravs am obieqtebis
daucvelobis dones mewyrebisa da zvavebis mimarT. winamdebare
kvlevaSi mowyvladoba warmoadgens fizikuri zemoqmedebis
SesaZleblobas erTnairi struqturis da, Sesabamisad, msgavsi
dazianebebis mqone kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebze. am
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis ekonomikuri da
socialuri Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswineba mowyvladobis
analizSi Zalian mniSvnelovania, Tumca, monacemebis
ararsebobisa da drois simciris gamo Cvens kvlevaSi ver
moxerxda am parametrebis gaTvaliswineba.
83
garda amisa, winamdebare kvlevaSi mewyrebisa da zvavebisadmi
mowyvladi teritoriebi ganisazRvra mxolod im parametrebis
safuZvelze, romlebic miuTiTeben mxolod im ubnebs, sadac
SesaZlebelia am bunebrivi safrTxeebis ganviTareba.
mowyvladobis safuZvliani analizisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania
zvavebisa da mewyrebis moZraobis gzis gaangariSeba, romlis
safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxdeba imis gansazRvra, eqneba Tu ara
fizikuri zemoqmedeba mewyrebsa da zvavebs kulturuli
memkvidreobis ama Tu im obieqtze. magram, monacemebis
ararsebobisa da drois simciris gamo Cvens kvlevaSi ver
moxerxda amis ganxorcieleba.
6.3. riskis Sefaseba
6.3.1. riskis rukebis Sedgena da analizi
sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT
TiToeuli TemisTvis Seiqmna sam-sami ruka, romlebzedac
naCvenebia mewyrebis, zvavebisa da orive safrTxis (mravlobiTi
safrTxe) mier kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebisaTvis
Seqmnili riski.
nax. 6.10 da 6.11-ze naCvenebia kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebisaTvis mewyrebisa da zvavebis (mravlobiTi riski) mier
Semqnili riski (ix. danarTi 1 TiToeuli Temis kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebisaTvis mewyrebisa da zvavebis mier cal-
cakle Seqmnili riskis rukebisaTvis).
84
nax. 6.10: uSgulis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mravlobiTi
safrTxe (mewyeri da zvavi)
nax. 6.11: mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mravlobiTi
safrTxe (mewyeri da zvavi)
85
6.3.2. ganxilva
riskis analizis Sedegebi analogiuria mowyvladobis
analizidan miRebuli suraTisa. magaliTad, Tu SevadarebT
mravlobiTi riskisa da mowyvladobis Sedegebs orive TemisTvis,
vnaxavT, rom 60-dan 58 SemTxvevaSi kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebs aqvT mowyvladobisa da riskis erTi da igive done.
gamonakliss warmoadgens 2 obieqti: murymelis (uSguli)
samxreTiT mdebare koSki, romelsac aqvs mowyvladobis maRali
da riskis dabali done; da JabeSis (mulaxi) aRmosavleTiT
mdebare koSki, romelsac aqvs mowyvladobis saSualo da riskis
dabali done. es gamowveulia imiT, rom orive obieqti moeqca
dabali safrTxis piqselSi sivrciT mravalkriteriumian
analizSi. aRniSnuli faqti adasturebs imas, rom sakvlevi
teritoriis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis riskebis
mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli maT mowyvladobis, da,
Sesabamisad, maTi konservaciis mdgomareobaze. aqedan
gamomdinare, sivrciT mravalkriteriumian analizSi
mowyvladoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre safrTxisadmi
sensitiuroba riskis saerTo analizSi.
miRebuli Sedegebi emTxveva marina yeniasa da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis mosazrebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom sakvlevi
teritoriis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi ar imyofebian
bunebrivi safrTxeebis mniSvnelovani zemoqmedebis qveS.
winamdebare kvleva aCvenebs, rom kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebi mdebareoben mewyrebisa da zvavebisadmi saSualo da
dabali sensitiurobis mqone teritoriebze. obieqti SeiZleba
mdebareobdes “usafrTxo” adgilze, Tumca SeiZleba moeqces
mTis Tavze ganviTarebuli zvavisa an mewyris zemoqmedebis qveS.
magaliTad, 1987 wlis zvavma (ix. Tavi 6.1.4) garkveul
obieqtebamde miaRwia. aqedan gamomdinare, kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis riskis ufro zustad gamosaTvlelad
aucilebelia iseTi fundamenturi parametric, rogoricaa
mewyrisa da zvavis moZraobis gza. mewyrisa da zvavis moZraobis
gzis gaTvaliswineba analizSi mniSvnelovnad Secvlis
teritoriis sensitiurobis miRebul maCveneblebs.
garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom riskis analizi ufro zusti iyos,
aucilebelia ufro zusti informacia am Senobebis Tvisebis –
86
gauZlon masis gadaadgilebis zemoqmedebebs – Sesaxeb. arsebobs
sul mcire, erTi magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor gauZlo koSkma
zvavis zemoqmedebas (1987 weli). savaraudod, mas Semdeg, rac es
Senobebi aSenda, am teritoriaze mravali bunebrivi movlena
moxda. is faqti, rom am Senobebis umetesi nawili jer kidev
arsebobs, adasturebs imas, rom isini aSenda momavali bunebrivi
safrTxeebis zemoqmedebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
riskis rukebis Sedgena da vizualizacia Zalian mniSvnelovania
safrTxis riskis SefasebaSi (Castellanos Abella, 2008a). winamdebare kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia martivi dayofa sam klasad yviTeli,
narinjisferi da wiTeli ferebis gamoyenebiT sensitiurobis,
mowyvladobisa da riskis sxvadasxva doneebis saCveneblad.
vizualizaciis es forma gankuTvnilia araspecialistebisTvis
da sxva iseTi momxmareblebisTvis, rogorebic arian samoqalaqo
Tavdacvisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi (Castellanos Abella, 2008a).
87
7. marTvis dagegmva
winamdebare TavSi mimovixilavT marTvis arsebul gegmebsa da
angariSebs da, aseve, kulturis marTvis gegmebSi safrTxis
riskis elementebis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobebs. aq aseve
ganxilulia bunebrivi safrTxeebisgan dacvisa da kulturuli
memkvidreobis konservaciis zomebi.
7.1. marTvis arsebuli gegmebi da angariSebi
qvemoT mocemulia zemo svaneTTan dakavSirebuli marTvis
gegmebisa da angariSebis mimoxilva, romlis mizans warmoadgens
kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciasTan dakavSirebuli
safrTxeebis riskis marTvis elementebis arsebobis/ararsebobis
dadgena.
sofeli CaJaSi – konservaciis gegma ICOMOS saqarTvelos mier (ICOMOS, 2001a) SemuSavebul
konservaciis gegmaSi mocemulia sofel CaJaSis (uSguli)
zogadi mimoxilva dasaxlebaSi arsebuli Senobebis
konservaciis mdgomareobaze aqcentiT. gegmis ZiriTadi idea
mdgomareobs kulturuli memkvidreobis potencialis
maqsimalurad gamoyenebaSi rogorc Temis, aseve mTeli regionis,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRorZinebisaTvis. konservaciis
gegma SeimuSaves arqiteqtorebma da kulturuli memkvidreobis
specialistebma. kvlevaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli arc
bunebrivi safrTxeebis riskis qveS myofi elementebi da arc
kulturuli memkvidreobis SesaZlo safrTxeebi.
sofeli CaJaSi – RirsSesaniSnaobis ganviTarebis strategiuli
miznebi konservaciis gegmasTan paralelurad, ICOMOS saqarTvelom
(ICOMOS, 2001b) Caatara uSgulis Temis mravalprofiliani kvleva
sofel CaJaSze aqcentiT, romlis mizanic iyo
RirsSesaniSnaobis aRorZinebis saxelmZRvanelo principebis
SemuSaveba konservaciis strategiebis safuZvelze. am kvlevaSi
88
riskisadmi mzadyofna iTvleba konservaciis “gadaudebel”
prioritetad. aseve naxsenebia dagegmarebis procesSi
geologebis CarTvis aucilebloba. aqedan gamomdinare,
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
bunebrivi procesebis (romlebsac SeuZliaT zemoqmedebis
moxdena rogorc zogadad dasaxlebaze, aseve kulturul
memkvidreobaze) gaTvaliswineba.
zemo svaneTis daculi teritoriebis marTvis gegma zemo svaneTis daculi teritoriebis marTvis gegmis (GPAP, 2008) Seqmnis mizans warmoadgenda am teritoriebis bunebrivi da
kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba. marTvis gegmaSi
bunebrivi safrTxeebi moixsenieba rogorc istoriuli
kulturuli Zeglebis konservaciis SesaZlo safrTxe. Tumca
kulturuli Zeglebis inventarizaciis, aRricxvisa da
konservaciis saxelmZRvanelo principebSi saerTod ar aris
naxsenebi safrTxis riskis elementebi. gegmis avtorebis mier
SemoTavazebulia specialistTa gundis Camoyalibeba
kulturuli Zeglebis konservaciis programis
gansaxorcielebad. SemoTavazebuli gundis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedian arqiteqtorebi da xelovnebis specialistebi.
gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris bunebrivi safrTxeebis
specialistebis, geologebisa an sxva sabunebismetyvelo dargis
eqspertebis monawileoba.
mTiani regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiuli
variantebi: zemo svaneTis magaliTi am sakonsultacio proeqtis (Engel et al., 2006) mizani iyo zemo
svaneTis mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi strategiebis
SemuSaveba. am angariSSi bunebrivi safrTxeebi mniSvnelovan
sakiTxadaa miCneuli imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maT SeuZliaT
mniSvnelovani zemoqmedebis moxdena regionis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebze. proeqtis farglebSi ar Catarebula detaluri
kvlevebi da ar Seqmnila riskis rukebi. kulturuli
memkvidreoba, iseve rogorc kulturul memkvidreobis
konservaciasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxis riskis elementebi,
mxolod gakvriT aris naxsenebi.
89
7.2. safrTxis riskis integrireba kulturis marTvis gegmebSi
7.2.1. mimoxilva
literaturidan (Taboroff, 2000, Taboroff, 2003, Spennemann, 2005, Lazzari et al., 2006, Mitsakaki and Laoupi, 2009, Abhas, 2010) Cans, rom kulturuli
memkvidreobis marTvis gegmebSi, rogor wesi, ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli safrTxis riski. es gansakuTrebiT exeba iseT
qveynebs, rogoricaa saqarTvelo, sadac SezRuduli erovnuli
biujetebis gamo ver xerxdeba sakmarisi saxsrebis gamoyofa
kulturuli memkvidreobisaTvis, vinaidan igi ar iTvleba
prioritetulad. Tumca, kulturul memkvidreobas aqvs
unikaluri xasiaTi, ris gamoc dazianebis SemTxvevaSi is
Seucvleli xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, kulturuli
memkvidreobis obieqtebis marTva unda ganxorcieldes
iseTnairad, rom acilebul an Semcirebul iqnes bunebrivi
safrTxeebis SesaZlo uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba (Spennemann, 2005). kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis erovnuli gegmebi unda
warmoadgendnen kulturuli obieqtebis dacvisa da SenarCunebis
ZiriTad saSualebas. gegmebis erT-erTi mTavari amocana unda
iyos kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis dazianebisa da
safrTxis problemebis monitoringisa da diagnostikis
meTodebis gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo principebis SemuSaveba
(Mitsakaki and Laoupi, 2009). taborofi (2000) gvTavazobs sistemebis rigis gamoyenebas
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis SesaZlo dazianebis
gamovlenisa da SemcirebisaTvis: riskis rukebis Seqmna riskis rukebi warmoadgenen riskis Sefasebis geografiul
komponents, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia
prognozirebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba. erovnuli inventarizacia istoriuli adgilebis erovnuli inventarizacia Zalian
mniSvnelovania kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvisTvis, vinaidan
sakuTari resursebis codna warmoadgens warmatebuli dacvis
unmiSvnelovanes winapirobas. geoinformaciuli sistemebisa (GIS) da distanciuri zondirebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
swrafi, masStaburi da efeqturi inventarizaciis
90
ganxorcieleba. GIS-is monacemTa baza iZleva zust informacias
mdebareobis Sesaxeb istoriuli obieqtisa da sensitiuri
teritoriebis miTiTebiT. garda amisa, GIS-is gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia bunebriv katastrofaze reagirebis procesSic.
misi gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia resursebis identificireba,
bunebrivi da kulturuli resursebis amsaxveli detaluri
rukebis Sedgena da monacemTa bazebis Seqmna obieqtebis
Semdgomi movlis procesis gasaadvileblad.
obieqtis ID obieqtis ID warmoadgens aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standarts,
romelic iZleva xelovnebisa da istoriuli Zeglebis
identificirebis SesaZleblobas. katastrofebis kontqstSi misi
mniSvneloba sakmaod didia, vinaidan xelovnebis iseTi
nimuSebis, rogoricaa Zveli xatebi da naxatebi, dakargva
gansakuTrebul zians ayenebs ganviTarebad qveynebs.
gadaudebeli samuSaoebi da sakonsultacio samsaxurebi gadaudebeli samuSaoebis da sakonsultacio samsaxurebis
mizania daexmaros mesakuTreebs ucabed katastrofebTan da
gauTvaliswinebel SedegebTan gamklavebis saqmeSi da ar
dauSvas Senobisa an Zeglis mniSvnelovani dazianeba. aRniSnuli
moicavs konsultaciebsa da adgilze gasvlebs da
iTvaliswinebs im samuSaoebs, romelTa ganxorcielebac
aucilebelia istoriuli Senobis mdgradobisa an mTlianobis
dasacavad, an calkeuli obieqtebis SesanarCuneblad.
katastrofebis individualuri gegmebi kulturuli memkvidreobis riski mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli mis adgilmdebareobaze, rac amcirebs erovnuli
da saerTaSoriso direqtivebis ganxorcielebis efeqturobas.
amitom, Zalian mniSvnelovania katastrofebis individualuri
gegmebis SemuSaveba.
saWiroa orientaciis gadatana calkeuli Zeglebidan
kulturul memkvidreobaze mis ufro farTo fizikur da
socialur konteqstSi. cxrili 7.1-Si mocemulia principebi,
romlebic aucilebelia kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis
gegmebSi safrTxis riskis elementebis efeqturi
integraciisaTvis.
91
cxrili 7.1: kulturuli memkvidreobis riskis marTvis principebi (Taboroff, 2000)
principi aRwera
1 kulturuli memkvidreobis ubnis katastrofebis dagegmva unda
moicavdes mTel ubans Senobebis, nagebobebis, maTSi Semavali
obieqtebisa da lanSaftebis CaTvliT
2 dagegmvaSi, kerZod ki katastrofisadmi mzadyofnisa da Serbilebis
strategiaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos kulturul
memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebi
3 kulturuli memkvidreobis ubnebze mzadyofnasTan dakavSirebuli
moTxovnebi unda Sesruldes ise, rom gamoiwvios rac SeiZleba
naklebi uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebze
4 kulturuli memkvidreobis ubnebisa da mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTeblebis aRwera da katastrofebze reagirebis istoria
warmoadgens katastrofebis saTanado dagegmvis safuZvels
5 istoriuli ubnebis ganviTarebis gegmebi unda iTvaliswinebdnen
kulturuli memkvidreobis riskebs
6 kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mesakuTreebi da
momxmareblebi uSualod unda iyvnen CarTuli sagangebo situaciebze
reagirebis gegmebis SemuSavebaSi
7 sagangebo situaciebis dros kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa prioritets unda warmoadgendes
8 katastrofis Semdeg Zalebi unda iqnes mimarTuli dazianebuli an
ganadgurebuli nagebobebisa da sxva obieqtebis SesanarCuneblad da
SesakeTeblad
9 konservaciis principebi integrirebuli unda iyos katastrofebis
dagegmisa da Serbilebis yvela etapze
amasTan erTad, aucilebelia saxelmwifo strategiebis
gadaxedva, raTa acilebul iqnes kulturuli memkvidreobis
Semdgomi ganadgureba da uzrunvelyofil iqnes konservaciis
saTanado done. cxrili 7.2-Si mocemulia micakakis da laoupis
(2009) mier SemoTavazebuli etapebi, romelic unda gaiaros
saxelmwifo politikam am miznis misaRwevad.
cxrili 7.2: saxelmwifo politikisTvis gasavleli aucilebeli etapebi kulturuli memkvidreobis efeqturi marTvis misaRwevad (Mitsakaki and
Laoupi, 2009) etapi aRwera
1 kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis integrireba garemosdacviT
marTvaSi ise, rom mkafiod ganisazRvros xangrZlivvadiani
92
urTierTqmedeba DdRevandel da warsul Taobebsa da maT garemos
Soris
2 kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis ufro efeqturi da saerTaSoriso
doneze miRebuli politikisa da kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba
3 kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvisTvis saxsrebis gamoyofa erovnuli
fiskaluri programebidan
4 kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informaciis
gavrceleba da cnobierebis amaRleba, agreTve adgilobrivi Temebis
CarTva kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis yvela etapze
5 koordinacia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobasan aucilebeli
dafinansebis miRebisa da saerTaSoriso principebTan,
kanondeblobasTan da profesiul standartebTan Sesabamisobis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT
7.2.2. zemo svaneTis marTvis gegmebSi safrTxis riskis elementebis integrireba
literaturuli wyaroebisa (Taboroff, 2000, ICOMOS, 2001b, Spennemann, 2005, Abhas, 2010) da kvlevis procesSi miRebuli
informaciisa da codnis safuZvelze SemuSavebul iqna zemo
svaneTTan dakavSirebuli marTvis gegmebis Semqnis/srulyofis
da safrTxis riskis elementebis integrirebis saxelmZRvanelo
principebi
• erovnul, regionul da adgilobriv doneze kulturuli
memkvidreobis marTvis procesis SeqmnaSi monawile
mTavari moqmedi pirebis identificireba.
• kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis gegmebis
SesamuSaveblad mravalprofiliani gundebis
Camoyalibeba, romlebSic sxva eqspertebTan erTad
gaerTianebuli iqnebian katastrofebis marTvis
specialistebi.
• prioritetis miniWeba kulturuli memkvidreobis
sayovelTao aRwerisa da bunebrivi katastrofebis
inventarizaciisaTvis.
• GIS-is da distanciuri zondirebis meTodebis gamoyeneba
marTvis dagegmvis iseT sxvadasxva procesebSi,
rogorebicaa safrTxeebis rukebis Sedgena, analizi da
monacemTa bazebis Seqmna.
• landSaftis CarTva kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis
gegmaSi.
93
• adgilobrivi Temis CarTva marTvis procesSi. • treningebis Catareba regionSi kulturuli memkvidreobis
ubnebis movlisa da turizmis marTvis sakiTxebSi.
• kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb cnobierebis amaRleba
axalgazrdebs Soris regionis skolebis saswavlo
programebis saSualebiT.
• bunebrivi katastrofebis Sesaxeb cnobierebis amaRleba
axalgazrdebs Soris saganmanaTleblo programebis
saSualebiT.
7.3. dacvis RonisZiebebi
qvemoT mocemulia riskis Serbilebis variantebi bunebrivi
safrTxeebis (mewyrebi da zvavebi) da kulturuli memkvidreobis
konteqstSi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, ar aris Sesuli marTvis
arsebul gegmebSi.
7.3.1. bunebrivi safrTxeebisgan dacvis RonisZiebebi
struqturuli RonisZiebaa nebismieri fizikuri nageboba,
romelic amcirebs an acilebs safrTxeebis SesaZlo
zemoqmedebebs da moicavs sainJinro RonisZiebebs da
safrTxeebis mimarT mdgradi da damcavi nagebobebisa da
infrastruqturis mSeneblobas (UNISDR, 2004). dacvis zomebi
SeiZleba moicavdes Semdegs (van Westen, 2009): mewyrebi: • sayrdeni kedlebi, romlebic awvebian ferdobis Zirs da
amiT xels uSlian masis gadaadgilebas.
• gamagreba, qanis damagreba, niadagis damagreba qanisa da
niadagis mdgradobis gazrdis mizniT. • drenaJis mowyoba ferdobebze. • ferdobebis dateraseba.
zvavebi: • Tovlis zvavebisgan damcavi galereebis mowyoba gzebze • Tovlis zRudarebi / Tovlis badeebi
• tyeebis aRdgena
94
sakvlev teritoriaze ar dafiqsirebula struqturuli
RonisZiebebi, garda ramdenime gabionisa sofel CvabianSi
(mulaxi) (ix. nax. 6.1), romlebic mimarTulebas ucvlian SesaZlo
mewyrebs. winamdebare kvlevis konteqstSi yvelaze misaReb
RonisZiebad ganisazRvra ferdobze drenaJis mowyoba da
dateraseba (mewyrebisgan dacva) da Tovlis zRudarebi da tyis
aRdgena (zvavebisgan dacva), vinaidan am RonisZiebebis
ganxorcieleba ar moiTxovs did xarjebsa da codnas.
arastruqturuli RonisZiebebia strategiebi, cnobiereba, codna,
adamianebis damokidebuleba, meTodebi da praqtika, maT Soris
Tanamonawileobis meqanizmebi da informaciis miwodeba, rac
amcirebs risks da Sesabamis zemoqmedebas. maTi mizania
safrTxiT miyenebuli zianisadmi sensitiurobis Secvla da/an
adamianebsa da Temze safrTxis zemoqmedebis Secvla (UNISDR, 2004). winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi arastruqturuli
RonisZiebebi, ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia fizikuri gegmebis
SemuSavebaze, romlebic axdenen ganaSenianebas daqvemdebarebuli
da safrTxeebisgan daculi miwaTsargeblobis zonebis
identificirebas; infrastruqturis (Senobebi, gzebi) sainJinro
standartebisa da samSeneblo normebis SemuSavebaze; Warbi
Zovebis kontrolze; tyeebis aRdgenaze; da Temebis ganaTlebaze
7.3.2. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis RonisZiebebi
kulturuli memkvidreoba warmoadgens sakvlev teritoriaze
mcxovrebi Temebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes
elements. am konteqstSi, kulturuli memkvidreobis am
obieqtebis dacva da konservacia Zalian mniSvnelovania.
literaturul wyaroebze (Taboroff, 2000, ICOMOS, 2001b, Lazzari et al., 2006, Gonçalves et al., 2009, Mitsakaki and Laoupi, 2009, Abhas, 2010) dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia Semdegi dacviTi RonisZiebebis
gaTvaliswineba:
saqonlis gadaadgilebis kontroli: ukontrolobis gamo
mravali istoriuli Senoba gadaqceulia saqonlis sadgomad.
dagrovili narCenebi iwvevs kedlebisa da saZirkvlis qimiur
daSlas da Senobis dazianebas.
mcenareulobis kontroli: mcenareulobis ukontrolo zrda
seriozul safrTxes uqmnis mitovebul Senobebs. aucilebelia
mcenareulobis regularuli moSoreba.
95
infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba: gansakuTrebiT sagzao
infrastruqturis, rac gaaadvilebs SenobebTan misvlas da
waaxalisebs turizms. regularuli teqnikuri Semowmeba da movla: Seqcevadi
dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebisTvis Sesaferisi masalebis gamoyeneba:
aRdgeniTi samuSaoebisTvis gamoyenebul unda iqnes
tradiciuli/bunebrivi masalebi, raTA SenarCunebul iqnes
istoriuli Senobebis bunebrivi saxe. saxuravis movla/aRdgena: gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mieqces saxuravebis movlasa da aRdgenas, vinaidan Senobis es
elementi Zalian mniSvelovania kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtis konservaciis zogadi mdgomareobisaTvis.
dacvis politika: unda SemuSavdes yvela doneze –
centraluridan adgilobrivamde.
Temebis monawileoba: Temebis monawileoba da cnobiereba maTi
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da konservaciis saqmeSi
sasargebloa yvela mxarisTvis.
96
8. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
8.1. daskvnebi
winamdebare kvleva Catarda saqarTvelos zemo svaneTis
regionis uSgulisa da mulaxis TemebSi. kvlevis ZiriTad
amocanebs Seadgenda:
1. kulturuli memkvidreobis, rogorc riskis qveS myofi
fizikuri elementis, identificireba da diferencireba • winamdebare kvlevis sagans warmoadgendnen Sua saukuneebis
nagebobebi, rogorc rikis qveS myofi winaswar gansazRvruli
elementebi.
• mestia-uSgulis damakavSirebeli gza warmoadgens riskis qveS
myof mniSvnelovan elements. • mulaxis TemSi Sefasebuli obieqtebis 60%-s gaaCnia
konservaciis cudi da Zalian cudi mdgomareoba, an
warmoadgens nangrevs. uSgulSi am katergoriaSi eqceva
obieqtebis 36.6%. • Senobebis saxuravebis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs obieqtis saerTo konservaciis mdgomareobas.
• migvaCnia, rom Sefasebuli obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareoba droTa ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro gauaresdeba. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba im obieqtebs, romlebsac aqvT
dazianebuli saxuravi, an saxuravi saerTod aRar aqvT.
• dacvis saTanado RonisZiebebisa da strategiebis ararseboba
warmoadgens kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
dazianebis mTavar mizezs. • konservaciis indeqsis meTodi warmoadgens moxerxebul
saSualebas, romelic iZleva araprofesiuli, swrafi da
Tanamimdevruli Sefasebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas
resursebis prioritetizaciis mizniT. 2. safrTxeebis indentificireba da safrTxeebisadmi
sensitiurobis Sefaseba
97
• sakvlev teritoriaze yvelaze gavrcelebul bunebriv
safrTxes mewyrebi da zvavebi warmoadgenen. • mewyrebi, ZiriTadad, viTardeba 20-40º daxrilobis mqone
ferdobebze, romelTa niadagebic Sedgeba Tixisgan,
fiqalisgan, qviSaqvisgan da mergelebisgan; da Raribi
mcenareulobiT (balaxeuloba) dafarul teritoriebze. • zvavebi, ZiriTadad, viTardeba 28-45º daxrilobis mqone
CrdiloeT, Crdilo-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT eqspoziciis
ferdobebze; Txemebze; da Raribi mcenareulobiT dafarul
teritoriebze. • uSgulis teritoriis 63.6% da mulaxis teritoriis 33.2%
gamoirCeva mravlobiTi safrTxisadmi maRali sensitiurobiT.
• sakvlevi teritoriis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi ar
arian bunebrivi safrTxeebis mniSvnelovani zemoqmedebis qveS.
kulturuli memkvidreobis dazianebis mTavari mizani maTi
arasaTanado movlaa.
• gzebi, gansakuTrebiT ki mestia-uSgulis damakavSirebeli gza,
imyofeba xSiri qvaTacvenis, zvavebisa da gzis gadamkveTi
wylis nakadebiT gamowveuli eroziuli procesebis
zemoqmedebis qveS.
• Temebze damyarebili da codnaze damyarebuli midgomebis
kombinacia warmoadgens safrTxeebis Sesaxeb swrafi,
adekvaturi da ekonomiurad gamarTlebuli informaciis
miRebis mosaxerxebel saSualebas.
• saWiroa ufro meti adamianis gamokiTxva/jgufuri
ganxilvebis mowyoba safrTxeebis Sesaxeb ufro dazustebuli
informaciis mosapoveblad. • kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis bunebrivi
safrTxeebisadmi mowyvladobis Sefaseba sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani meTodis gamoyenebiT • kulturuli memkvidreobis 60 Seswavlili obieqtidan 54
gaaCnia riskis dabali an saSualo done mewyrebisa da
zvavebis mxridan.
• kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis mowyvladoba pirdapir
kavSirSia maTi konservaciis mdgomareobasTan.
98
• mulaxi ufro mowyvladia safrTxeebis riskis mimarT,
vinaidan mulaxSi uSgulTan SedarebiT konservaciis
mdgomareoba uaresia.
• kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlil obieqtebs Soris meti
Zalisxmeva unda moxmardes maRali da saSualo mowyvladobis
mqone obieqtebs (30 obieqti). • migvaCnia, rom kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis
mowyvladobis done bunebrivi safrTxeebis kuTxiT misaRebia,
ZiriTadad, imis gamo, rom kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebi ar imyofebian mewyrebisa da zvavebis pirdapiri
zemoqmedebis qveS.
• kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlili obieqtebis
mowyvladobis done, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia maTi
konservaciis mdgomareobasTan, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
misaRebad regionis ganviTarebisaTvis.
• sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefaseba warmoadgens
sasargeblo saSualebas potenciuri mewyrebisa da zvavebis
ganviTarebis ubnebis Sesafaseblad iseT situaciebSi,
rodesac arasakmarisi resursebiT saWiroa zusti Sedegebis
miReba. • sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis gamoyeneba
Zalian mcire adgilobrivi masStabiT zedmetad gamartivebul
Sedegebs iZleva. aucilebelia mravali sxva faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebac, gansakuTrebiT - geomorfologiasa da
istoriul movlenebTan dakavSirebuli parametrebis. 3. riskis marTvis elementebis CarTva kulturuli
memkvidreobis konservaciisa da marTvis gegmebSi • kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli midgoma iZlena elementaruli da
swrafi Sefasebis gakeTebis saSualebas, romlis safuZvelzec
SesaZlebeli xdeba aRdgenisa da movlis RonisZiebebisaTvis
saWiro saxsrebis gansazRvra. aRniSnuli meTodi iZleva
zogad warmodgenas kulturuli memkvidreobis ubnebis
konservaciis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
• aRniSnuli meTodi aerTianebs kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobasa da safrTxeebis
Sesaxeb informaciis sivciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis
99
garemoSi, romlis integrireba kulturuli memkvidreobis
marTvis gegmebSi sirTules ar warmoadgens.
• kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvam, rogorc procesma,
romlis mizania istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvnelobis
mqone obieqtebisa da adgilebis dacva, unda gaiTvaliswinos
bunebrivi safrTxeebiT Seqmnili saSiSroebebi. savaldebulo
unda gaxdes kulturuli memkvidreobis marTvis gegmebSi
safrTxeebTan dakavSirebuli riskebis Sesaxeb Tavis CarTva.
• Cvens mier Seswavlili gegmebi ar iTvaliswineben bunebriv
safrTxeebs. obieqtebis dazianeba miewereba iseT sxva
mizezebs, rogoricaa klimati da mouvleloba. • generalur gegmebSi aqcenti unda gakeTdes kulturuli
memkvidreobis calkeuli ubnebis gegmebis SemuSavebaze,
romlebSic Sesuli iqneba ubnisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
riskebis Sefaseba.
8.2. rekomendaciebi
• adgilobriv informaciaze damyarebuli safrTxeebis
inventarizaciisa da monitoringis (bunebrivi movlenebis
moZraobis gzebis Sesaxeb informaciis CaTvliT) da riskis
Sefasebis CarTva kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis
standartuli elementis saxiT.
• kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis detaluri da sruli
aRweris Catareba. am amocanis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia
distanciuri zondirebiT (ix. Tavi 7.2.1). • kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlili obieqtebis
ekonomikuri Rirebulebis gaangariSeba gazrdis
mowyvladobis Sefasebis sizustes.
• sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis garda
iseTi sxva meTodebis, rogorebicaa rukebis Sedgena
geomorfologiuri da istoriuli movlenebis safuZvelze, an
modelireba, gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis ganxilva. • regionSi safrTxeebis sruli inventarizaciis Catareba
xelmisawvdomi resursebis gamoyenebiT (GIS da distanciuri
zondirebis teqnologiebi). • kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis
mdgomareobis gasaangariSeblad sivrciTi
100
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobis ganxilva, rac mogvcems meti daskvnebis
gakeTebis saSualebas kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodiT.
8.3. SezRudvebi
• monacemebis simcirisa da zemo svaneTis rTuli geografiuli
pirobebidan gamomdinare gadaadgilebis problemebis gamo
ver moxerxda winamdebare kvlebis ganvrcoba mTel regionze.
• ver moxerxda uSualo kontaqti respondentebTan, saWiro
gaxda Tarjimnebis gamoyeneba. amis gamo SeiZleba
dakarguliyo informaciis garkveuli nawili. • saWiro gaxda gamoyenebuli meoradi monacemebis
topologiuri uzustobebis gasworeba, ramac garkveuli dro
wagvarTva.
• didi dro daikarga sivrciTi mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis
meTodis ILWIS-is gamoyenebaSi, vinaidan kompiuterul
programaSi arsebuli problemebis gamo garTulda programis
gaSveba.
101
gamoyenebuli literatura
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109
danarTi 1
mewyris faqtorebis rukebi:
110
111
zvavis faqtorebis rukebi:
112
niadagebis tipebi mestia-uSgulis gzis gaswvriv:
113
zvavebisa da mewyrebis riski uSgulis kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebisaTvis:
114
zvavebisa da mewyrebis riski mulaxis kulturuli memkvidreobis
obieqtebisaTvis:
115
winamdebare kvlevaSi Seqmnili sqematuri rukis nimuSi
116
danarTi 2
tipologia eklesia
koSki
maCvibi
cixe-saxli
117
dazianebis magaliTebi
118
119
danarTi 3
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis konservaciis mdgomareobis
SefasebisTvis gamoyenebuli anketa
120
gamokiTxvis anketa da kiTxvebi
interviu # TariRi adgili
intervius Catarebis adgili kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtTan
saxlTan velze
informacia safrTxis Sesaxeb
1. romeli bunebrivi safrTxeebia gavrcelebuli Tqvens raionSi? (mewyeri, zvavi, Rvarcofi, wyaldidoba, miwisZvra)
2. sad xdeba bunebrivi safrTxeebi? (geografiuli adgilmdebareoba)
3. ra sixSiriT xdeba bunebrivi safrTxeebi?P 4. weliwadis ra dros aris bunebrivi safrTxeebi? 5. wyaldidobis SemTxvevaSi: ramden xans grZeldeba? 6. sad viTardeba/iwyeba bunebrivi safrTxe? 7. rogor moZraoben? 8. sadamde aRweven? (moZraobis gza) 9. SegiZliaT Tu ara gviCvenoT erTi romelime momxdari safrTxis
magaliTi?
informacia safrTxisadmi mowyvladobis Sesaxeb 10. raSi mdgomareobs kulturuli memkvidreobis riski? 11. rogor migaCniaT, kulturul memkvidreobaze yvelaze did
zemoqmedebas bunebrivi safrTxeebi axdenen? 12. imyofebian kulturuli memkvidreobis calkeuli obieqtebi
rikis qveS? 13. SegiZliaT daasaxeloT es obieqtebi? 14. ra saSiSroeba arsebobs soflis saxlebisaTvis? 15. SeiZleba, rom es saxlebi daziandnen bunebrivi safrTxis
Sedegad? o ki/ara o Tu ki: rodis? o dazianda: ar dazianda umniSvelod Zalian sxva 16. arian Tu ara gzebi bunebrivi safrTxeebis zemoqmedebis qveS? o ki/ara o Tu ki, ra masStabisaa ziani?
safrTxis aRqma 17. ra aris Tqvens raionSi gavrcelebuli bunebrivi safrTxeebis
gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? (Warbi) wvima
Tovlis dnoba, myinvaris dnoba tyeebis ganadgureba seismuri aqtivoba
klimatis cvlileba samSeneblo samuSaoebi
121
soflis meurneoba/mecxoveleoba/gadaZoveba
SemTxveva
18. garemomcveli reliefis romeli nawilebia yvelaze saxifaTi?
19. dacvis ra RonisZiebebi unda ganxorcieldes bunebrivi
safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg?
20.
dazianebis Sefaseba
saxuravis dazianeba
saxuravi
ar aqvs
Zalian
mZime
mZime saSualo dabali ar aris
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 3 5.6 3 5.6 0 0.0 1 1.9 3 5.6 6 11.1
maCvibi 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9 0 0.0
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.7
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 4 7.4
sul
uSgulSi
4 7.4 4 7.4 2 3.7 2 3.7 5 9.3 12 22.2
m
u
l
a
x
i
koSki 5 9.3 3 5.6 1 1.9 1 1.9 2 3.7 3 5.6
maCvibi 0 0.0 3 5.6 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6
sul
mulaxSi
5 9.3 6 11.1 2 3.7 2 3.7 3 5.6 7 13.0
sul 9 16.7 10 18.5 4 7.4 4 7.4 8 14.8 19 35.2
cicabo ferdobebi mdinareTa/nakadebis
kalapotebi xramebi sxva
122
saxuravis dazianeba – konservaciis mdgomareoba
obieqtis ID obieqti konservaciis
mdgomareoba
saxuravis
dazianeba
4 koSki Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
5 koSki Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
6 maCvibi cudi Zalian mZime
7 koSki cudi Zalian mZime
8 koSki Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
14 maCvibi Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
18 koSki cudi Zalian mZime
21 cixe-saxli cudi Zalian mZime
26 koSki Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
29 koSki Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
32 koSki Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
33 koSki Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
35 koSki cudi mZime
39 koSki Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
40 maCvibi cudi Zalian mZime
42 maCvibi cudi Zalian mZime
43 maCvibi cudi mZime
48 maCvibi Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
49 koSki cudi Zalian mZime
51 koSki cudi Zalian mZime
52 koSki Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
54 koSki Zalian cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
58 koSki cudi saxuravi ara aqvs
struqturuli dazianeba (bzarebi)
Zalian mZime mZime saSualo dabali
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
ra
od
Seswavl
ilis %
rao
d
Seswavli
lis %
ra
od
Seswavlili
s %
ra
od
Seswavlili
s %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 3 5.6 4 7.4 5 9.3 4 7.4
maCvibi 3 5.6 0 0.0 2 3.7 0 0.0
cixe-
saxli
1 1.9 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.9
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 4 7.4
sul
uSgulSi
7 13.0 4 7.4 9 16.7 9 16.7
m
u
l
a
koSki 2 3.7 3 5.6 6 11.1 4 7.4
maCvibi 1 1.9 2 3.7 0 3.7 2 3.7
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 0 0.0
123
x
i
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 2 3.7
sul
mulaxSi
3 5.6 5 9.3 9 16.7 8 14.8
sul 10 18.5 9 16.7 18 33.3 17 31.5
bzarebiT gamowveuli dazianeba – konservaciis mdgomareoba
obieqtis ID obieqti konservaciis
mdgomareoba
bzarebiT
gamowveuli
dazianeba
4 koSki Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
5 koSki Zalian cudi mZime
6 maCvibi cudi Zalian mZime
7 koSki cudi mZime
8 koSki Zalian cudi mZime
14 maCvibi Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
18 koSki cudi Zalian mZime
21 cixe-saxli cudi Zalian mZime
26 koSki Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
27 koSki saSualo mZime
29 koSki Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
32 koSki Zalian cudi mZime
39 koSki Zalian cudi Zalian mZime
40 maCvibi cudi mZime
42 maCvibi cudi mZime
43 maCvibi cudi Zalian mZime
51 koSki cudi Zalian mZime
52 koSki Zalian cudi mZime
54 koSki Zalian cudi mZime
124
struqturuli dazianeba (nawilobrivi ngreva)
Zalian
mZime
mZime saSualo dabali ar aris
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9 0 0.0 13 24.1
maCvibi 1 1.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 7.4
cixe-
saxli
1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 7.4
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 5.6
sul
uSgulSi
2 3.7 1 1.9 1 1.9 0 0.0 25 46.3
m
u
l
a
x
i
koSki 1 1.9 1 1.9 3 5.6 3 5.6 6 13.0
maCvibi 0 0.0 2 3.7 3 5.6 0 0.0 2 3.7
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6
sul
mulaxSi
1 1.9 3 5.6 6 11.1 3 5.6 12 22.2
sul 3 5.6 4 7.4 7 13.0 3 5.6 37 68.5
125
struqturuli dazianeba (daweva)
Zalian
mZime
mZime saSualo dabali ar aris
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6 13 24.1
maCvibi 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.7 3 5.6
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 9.3
sul
uSgulSi
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 9.3 24 44.4
m
u
l
a
x
i
koSki 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.7 4 7.4 9 16.7
maCvibi 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 2 3.7 4 7.4
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6
sul
mulaxSi
0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6 6 11.1 16 29.6
sul 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6 11 10.4 40 74.1
126
struqturuli dazianeba (gadaxra)
Zalian
mZime
mZime saSualo dabali ar aris
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 0 0.0 3 5.6 1 1.9 5 9.3 7 13.0
maCvibi 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.9 3 5.6
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.7 1 1.9
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 9.3
sul
uSgulSi
0 0.0 3 5.6 2 3.7 8 14.8 16 29.6
m
u
l
a
x
i
koSki 0 0.0 1 1.9 0 0.0 3 5.6 11 20.4
maCvibi 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.7 5 9.3
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6
sul
mulaxSi
0 0.0 1 1.9 0 0.0 5 9.3 19 35.2
sul 0 0.0 4 7.4 2 3.7 13 24.1 35 64.8
127
nestiT gamowveuli dazianeba
mZime saSualo dabali ar aris
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
raod Seswavl
ilis %
rao
d
Seswav
lili
s %
rao
d
Seswavli
lis %
raod Seswavl
ilis %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 0 0.0 2 3.7 14 25.9 0 0.0
maCvibi 2 3.7 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 1 1.9 2 3.7 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6 2 3.7
sul
uSgulSi
2 3.7 4 7.4 20 37.0 3 5.6
m
u
l
a
x
i
koSki 0 0.0 5 9.3 10 18.5 0 0.0
maCvibi 0 0.0 1 1.9 6 11.1 0 0.0
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9
sul
mulaxSi
0 0.0 7 13.0 17 31.5 1 1.9
sul 2 3.7 11 20.4 37 68.5 4 7.4
128
biologiuri degradaciiT gamowveuli dazianeba
mZime saSualo dabali ar aris
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
raod Seswavl
ilis %
rao
d
Seswav
lili
s %
rao
d
Seswavli
lis %
raod Seswavl
ilis %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 1 1.9 3 5.6 12 22.2 0 0.0
maCvibi 1 1.9 0 0.0 3 5.6 1 1.9
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 1 1.9 2 3.7 0 0.0
eklesia 1 1.9 0 0.0 2 3.7 2 3.7
sul
uSgulSi
3 5.6 4 7.4 19 35.2 3 5.6
m
u
l
a
x
i
koSki 0 0.0 5 9.3 10 18.5 0 0.0
maCvibi 0 0.0 1 1.9 6 11.1 0 0.0
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.9 1 1.9
sul
mulaxSi
0 0.0 7 13.0 17 31.5 1 1.9
sul 3 5.6 11 20.4 36 66.7 4 7.4
129
adamianis mier gamoyenebiT gamowveuli dazianeba
ar aris cxovelTa
sadgomi
s/s
produqciis
sawyobi
religiuri muzeumi
T
e
m
i
tipologi
a
r
a
o
d
Seswa
vlil
is %
r
a
o
d
Seswav
lilis
%
rao
d
Seswav
lili
s %
ra
od
Seswav
lili
s %
ra
od
Seswav
lili
s %
u
S
g
u
l
i
koSki 8 14.8 7 13.0 1 1.9 0 0.0 0 0.0
maCvibi 1 1.9 4 7.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
cixe-
saxli
1 1.9 1 1.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.9
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 9.3 0 0.0
sul
uSgulSi
10 18.5 12 22.2 1 1.9 5 9.3 1 1.9
m
u
l
a
x
i
koSki 13 24.1 0 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.9 0 0.0
maCvibi 4 7.4 3 5.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
cixe-
saxli
0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 5.6 0 0.0
sul
mulaxSi
17 31.5 3 5.6 1 1.9 4 7.4 0 0.0
sul 27 50.0 15 27.8 2 3.7 9 16.7 1 1.9
130
aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis arseboba/ararseboba
aris ar aris
Temi tipologia raod Seswavlilis
%
raod Seswavlilis
%
uSguli koSki 8 14.8 8 14.8
maCvibi 1 1.9 4 7.4
cixe-saxli 2 3.7 1 1.9
eklesia 4 7.4 1 1.9
sul uSgulSi 15 27.8 14 25.9
mulaxi koSki 7 13.0 8 14.8
maCvibi 3 5.6 4 7.4
cixe-saxli 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 3 5.6 0 0.0
sul mulaxSi 13 24.1 12 22.2
sul 28 51.9 26 48.1
131
kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi – ferdobis daxriloba
(vizualuri Sefaseba)
vake damreci saSualo
daxriloba
cicabo
Temi tipologia ra
od
Seswavl
ilis %
ra
od
Seswavli
lis %
ra
od
Seswavli
lis %
ra
od
Seswavli
lis %
uSg
uli
koSki 4 7.4 6 11.1 7 13.0 0 0.0
maCvibi 1 1.9 2 3.7 2 3.7 0 0.0
cixe-saxli 1 1.9 2 3.7 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 2 3.7 0 0.0 3 5.6 0 0.0
sul uSgulSi 8 14.8 10 18.5 12 22.2 0 0.0
mul
axi
koSki 1 1.9 9 16.7 7 13.0 3 5.6
maCvibi 0 0.0 3 5.6 4 7.4 0 0.0
cixe-saxli 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
eklesia 1 1.9 0 0.0 2 3.7 0 0.0
sul mulaxSi 2 3.7 12 22.2 13 24.1 3 5.6
sul 10 18.5 22 40.7 25 46.3 3 5.6
