kulturis kvlevaTa instituti irakli CxaiZe eTnikuridan...
Transcript of kulturis kvlevaTa instituti irakli CxaiZe eTnikuridan...
1
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
kulturis kvlevaTa instituti
irakli CxaiZe
eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken: nacionaluri
proeqtis dinamika postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi
kulturis kvlevaTa doqtoris (PhD) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
disertacia
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori nino Ciqovani
Tbilisi
2016
avtoris stili daculia
2
Sinaarsi
Sesavali ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Tavi I. damoukideblobis gariJraJze – postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis saTaveebTan ............................................................................................................................. 29 1.1. qarTuli nacionalizmis safuZvlebi: “Tergdaleulebi” da pirveli nacionaluri proeqti ....................................................................................................................................... 29 1.2. disidenturi moZraobidan erovnul moZraobamde – saqarTvelo ............ 33 1970-1980-ian wlebSi .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Tavi 2. qarTuli nacionalizmis axali etapi: saqarTvelo 1988-1992 wlebSi ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.1. araformaluri moZraobidan xelisuflebamde (1988-1990) .................................. 42 2.2 erovnuli moZraoba xelisuflebis saTaveSi – winaaRmdegobrivi nacionaluri proeqtis maxasiaTeblebi (1990-1992) ............................................................. 59
Tavi 3. samoqalaqo nacionalizmis konturebi (1992-2003) ............................................. 104 3.1. radikalizmidan stabilurobisken – saqarTvelo 1992-1995 wlebSi .... 104 3.1.1. fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi – kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos konstitucia ................................................................................................. 139 3.2. eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken – saqarTvelo 1995-2003 wlebSi .............................................................................................................................................................................144 3.2.1. adaptacia dasavlur samyarosTan......................................................................................... 147
daskvna .................................................................................................................................................................................. 157 gamoyenebuli literatura ............................................................................................................................. 169
3
Sesavali
Tanamedrove msoflioSi nacionalizmi erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian
da angariSgasawev Zalad miiCneva. me-19 saukunidan dRemde man
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi revoluciuri cvlilebebi ganapiroba –
gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana eri-saxelmwifoebis formirebaSi,
centraluri da aRmosavleT evropuli imperiebis rRvevaSi, meore
msoflio omis gaCaRebasa da sami komunisturi saxelmwifos - sabWoTa
kavSiris, iugoslaviisa da Cexoslovakiis - daSlaSi. nacionalizmis
fenomenis siZlieresa da gavlenaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom gasuli
saukunis miwuruls, didi politikuri transformaciis periodSi, bevrma
politikosma da sazogado moRvawem daiviwya Tavisi komunisturi,
internacionaluri warsuli da mxurvale nacionalistad mogvevlina.
ukanasknel wlebSi, liberalur-demokratiul dasavleTSic ki,
nacionalisturi ideologiis matarebeli politikuri gaerTianebebi
gansakuTrebuli eleqtoraluri warmatebiT sargebloben. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, bolo periodSi dasavlur (da ara mxolod dasavlur)
samecniero wreebSi nacionalizmis da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
Seswavla gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda. maikl heCters Tu
davesexebiT, gaCnda nacionalizmis problemisadmi miZRvnili statiebisa
da wignebis „mTeli mTebi“ (heCteri 2007: 25).
mkvlevarTa didi nawili nacionalizms ukavSirebs bevr
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul faqtsa Tu movlenas, magaliTad, erTi mxriv,
safrangeTis revolucias da, meore mxriv, Tanamedrove epoqisTvis
damaxasiaTebel eTnikur wmendas, Zaladobas, samxedro danaSaulebs da
sxva. aseTi mravalferovneba naTlad aCvenebs am fenomenis
kompleqsurobas da misi Seswavlis sirTules. nacionalizmi
ambivalenturobiT da winaaRmdegobriobiT xasiaTdeba. erTi mxriv, igi
asocirdeba militarizmTan, SovinizmTan, omTan, iracionalizmTan,
homogenizaciasTan, Zaladobriv asimilaciasTan, qsenofobiasTan, eTnikur
wmendasTan, xolo meore mxriv, nacionalizmis fenomeni ukavSirdeba
demokratias, TviTgamorkvevas, politikur legitimurobas, socialur
4
integracias, solidarobas, Rirsebas, identobas, kulturul aRorZinebas,
moqalaqeobas, liberalizms. igi aerTianebs erTmaneTisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebul da xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego movlenebs, rac, Tavis
mxriv, iwvevs konceptualur orazrovnebas nacionalizmis Sefasebisas.
misi daxasiaTeba da Sefaseba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras vgulisxmobT
terminSi “nacionalizmi” (Brubaker 2006: 132).
rTulad gansasazRvria eris cnebac, romelTan dakavSirebiT bevri
gansxvavebuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazreba arsebobs. me-19
saukuneSi moRvawe britaneli eseistis valter bajeTis sityviT, “ra aris
eri, Cven viciT mxolod manam, sanam amis Sesaxeb rames gvkiTxaven” (Bagehot
1972: 20). bajeTi me-19 saukuneSi, erebisa da nacionalizmis Camoyalibebis
epoqaSi cxovrobda, rodesac mxolod fexs ikidebda am problemebisadmi
mecnieruli interesi. dRes, me-20 saukuneSi (gansakuTrebiT mis miwuruls)
ganviTarebuli mravalferovani da tragikuli procesebis fonze,
romelTa ZiriTadi aqtorebi swored erebi da eTnikuri jgufebi iyvnen,
eris/naciis cnebis miRebuli da farTod gaziarebuli definiciis migneba
mniSvnelovnad garTulda.
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, samecniero literaturaSi vxvdebiT erisa
da nacionalizmis cnebaTa klasifikaciis garkveul mcdelobebs.
naSromis Sesavalsa da Teoriul nawilSi SevecdebiT mimovixiloT
nacionalizmis kvlevis ZiriTadi tendenciebi, maTi dinamika da is
midgomebi, romlebic aprobirebulia akademiur sivrceSi. aseve
SemogTavazebT kvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli terminebis samuSao
gansazRvrebebs, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania definiciaTa siuxvis,
mravalferovnebisa da ambivalenturobis fonze.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebulma saerTaSoriso
sistemam msoflio or nawilad gahyo da ideologiuri dapirispirebis
reJimSi gadaiyvana. “socialistur banaksa” da “Tavisufal samyaros”
Soris winaaRmdegobam, TiTqos, Seasusta nacionalizmis roli da
mniSvneloba me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi. Tumca, internacionalisturi
ritorika moCvenebiT xasiaTs atarebda da mxolod niRbavda
sazogadoebebSi arsebul Zlier nacionalisturi ganwyobebs (Dieckhpff &
5
Jaffrelot 2005: 1). aRniSnul mosazrebas adasturebs is faqti, rom civi omis
dasrulebasa da komunisturi ideologiis kraxSi mniSvnelovani roli
swored nacionalurma erTobebma iTamaSes. benediqt andersoni
nacionalizms “marqsizmis erozias” uwodebs da miiCnevs, rom es is
fenomenia, romelsac mZlavrma internacionalisturma ideologiamac ki
veraferi mouxerxa. bipolaruli msoflios mosalodnelze swrafma
rRvevam radikalurad Secvala saerTaSoriso sistema da naTlad aCvena
nacionalizmis orsaxovani buneba – erovnul erTobebze dafuZnebuli
damoukidebeli da suverenuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebisa da
xaverdovani transformaciis paralelurad, msoflios sxvadasxva
wertilSi sisxlismRvreli eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi gaCaRda.
magaliTad, Tu, erTi mxriv, berlinis kedlis dangreva, germaneli eris
konsolidacia, baltiispireTis qveynebis liberalizacia Tavisuflebisa
da demokratiis namdvil zeimad iqca, meore mxriv, kavkasiasa da
balkaneTSi radikalurma nacionalurma moZraobebma uzarmazari
msxverpli, axlad warmoqmnil saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis
darRveva, eTnikuri wmenda da samoqalaqo dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia.
saqarTvelo im qveynebis ricxvSia, romlebsac damoukideblobis
gariJraJze radikalurma eTnikurma nacionalizmma mZime problemebi
Seuqmna da politikuri, socialuri da teritoriuli dezintegracia
ganapiroba. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania eris mSeneblobis kuTxiT saqarTvelos
postsabWoTa gamocdilebis Seswavla da kritikuli analizi.
nacionalizmis, rogorc akademiuri kvlevis obieqtisadmi,
ZiriTadad, ori saxis midgoma arsebobs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevarTa
interesis sagans warmoadgens misi roli damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
formirebaSi. nacionalizmis umTavresi mizani swored suverenuli
politikuri subieqtis Camoyalibebaa. klasikur samecniero
literaturaSi (benediqt andersoni, ernest gelneri, entoni smiTi da
sxvebi) erovnuli moZraobebi da eris formirebis procesebi swored am
konteqstSia ganxiluli. axali, damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnam
meoce saukunis miwuruls gansxvavebuli kvleviTi midgomis Camoyalibeba
6
gamoiwvia, romelic swavlobs, Tu rogoria nacionalizmis bedi mas
Semdeg, rac miiRweva misi ZiriTadi mizani – suverenuli qveynis Seqmna.
sakvlevi periodis saqarTvelos realobasTan mimarTebaSi orive es
midgoma validuria. me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dawyebulma erovnulma
moZraobam qveynis suverenizaciasa da damoukideblobis mopovebaSi
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, Tumca mogvianebiT, mopovebuli
damoukideblobis pirobebSi, man veRar Seuwyo xeli sazogadoebis
konsolidacias da stabiluri garemos Seqmnas, piriqiT, dezintegraciisa
da destabilizaciis ganmapirobebel erT-erT faqtorad mogvevlina.
Cveni kvleviTi hipoTeza zemoTqmulidan gamomdinareobs: 1980-iani
wlebis bolodan saqarTveloSi radikaluri eTnikuri nacionalizmi
Camoyalibda, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa damoukideblobis
mopovebaSi, Tumca 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saxelisuflebo elitis
radikalurma ritorikam daabrkola mravaleTnikuri eris mSeneblobis
procesi. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan Tavi iCina samoqalaqo
nacionalizmis formirebis tendenciebma, romlebic kidev ufro
gaZlierda 2000-iani wlebidan.
sakvlevi kiTxva Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: rogoria
qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamika postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi da
ra faqtorebma ganapiroba eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken
svlis procesi?
kvlevis mizania qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis Camoyalibebisa da
ganviTarebis procesis Seswavla, aseve im faqtorebis analizi, romlebmac
gansazRvra nacionaluri proeqtis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi. vfiqrobT,
saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi ganviTarebuli procesebis gaazreba
identobisa da nacionalizmis kvlevebis perspeqtividan xels Seuwyobs
qveynis uaxloesi warsulis ukeT gaazrebas, agreTve saqarTveloSi
mimdinare movlenebis regionuli da saerTaSoriso konteqstis mkafio
gansazRvras; kvlevis Sedegs, SesaZloa, garkveuli praqtikuli
mniSvnelobac hqondes, radgan 1990-ian wlebSi warmoqmnili problemebis
nawili dResac mwvaved dgas saqarTvelos sazogadoebis winaSe.
7
nacionalizmis fenomeni interdisciplinuri kvlevis sagania, rasac
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs misi kompleqsuroba. istoria, sociologia,
literaturaTmcodneoba, politikuri mecnierebebi, kulturis kvlevebi,
fsiqologia, lingvistika da kidev araerTi disciplina cdilobs misi ama
Tu im aspeqtis gaazrebas. aseve mravalferovania empiriuli masala,
romlis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia nacinaluri proeqtis dinamikis
analizi. kvleviTi naSromebi, sagazeTo statiebi, mxatvruli literatura,
politikosTa da sazogado moRvaweTa gamosvlebi, interviuebi
pirovnebebTan, romlebic gansazRvravdnen saxelmwifos nacionalur
politikas da sxva masala aris is faqtobrivi baza, romelsac kvleva
unda daeyrdnos.
kvlevis meTodebi. ZiriTadi meTodi, romelsac mocemuli kvleva
eyrdnoba, aris diskursis analizi. ukanasknel wlebSi diskursi erT-erT
yvelaze modur terminad iqca rogorc samecniero literaturaSi, aseve
politikuri Tu inteleqtualuri debatebis dros, Tumca misi
mniSvneloba, xSirad, mkafiod ar aris gansazRvruli. zogadad, diskursi
SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc samyaros aRqmisa da gagebis
gansakuTrebuli ena an msoflmxedveloba, romelic SemosazRvravs
sazogadoebis cxovrebis ama Tu im sferos. magaliTad, samedicino
diskursi, politikuri diskursi da a.S. (Jorgensen & Phillips 2002: 12)
diskursis analizi aris interdisciplinuri kvleviTi midgoma, CarCo,
romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sxvadasxva akademiuri disciplinis
farglebSi. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia SeviswavloT eris nacionaluri
identoba da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi konkretuli periodis
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT, anu nacionaluri identobis
diskursi, romelic saxelmZRvaneloebSia asaxuli.
Cven qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamikas vikvlevT
postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi oficialuri dokumentebis, politikuri da
inteleqtualuri elitis warmomadgenelTa sajaro gamosvlebis,
mimarTvebis, interviuebis, akademiuri Tu publicisturi naSromebis
analizis safuZvelze. postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti, iseve
rogorc, zogadad, Tanamedrove qarTuli nacionaluri diskursi,
8
konstruirebuli fenomenia, romelic elitebis mier Camoyalibda da
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze araerTi transformacia ganicada.
swored am dinamikis Tvalis midevneba da misi analizi aris Cveni kvlevis
ZiriTadi amocana.
empiriuli masalis gaazrebisas viyenebT Sinaarsobrivi analizis
(kontent analizi) meTods. am meTodis gamoyenebisas, mkvlevars
ainteresebs Sesaswavli dokumentebis konkretuli aspeqti – masSi
asaxuli specifikuri socialuri urTierTobebi, avtoris damokidebuleba
ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT Tu sxva1. Cveni kvlevis SemTxvevaSi
gvainteresebs, Tu rogor aris asaxuli zemoT dasaxelebul teqstebSi
erovnuli sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba, postsabWoTa qarTuli
nacionalizmis eTnikuri da samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi, cvlilebebi
qarTul nacionalur proeqtSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, misi
ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi.
samuSao cnebebi da terminebi. kvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebulia
Semdegi ZiriTadi cnebebi: eri, nacionalizmi, eTnikuri jgufi,
nacionaluri proeqti. აm terminebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi mwvave diskusias da azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. Tumca, cnebaTa ganmartebisas, mkvlevarTa nawili
mainc Tanxmdeba garkveul universalur maxasiaTeblebze. magaliTad,
louvel baringtonis (Lowell W. Barrington) mosazrebiT, nacionalizmis
garSemo arsebuli literatura aCvenebs, rom misi nebimieri variaciis
ganxilvisas, ori ram ar kargavs mniSvnelobas – eri da teritoria
(samSoblo) (Barrington W. Lowel 2006: 3). swored teritoriis kontrolTan
aris dakavSirebuli nacionalizmis cnobili diqotomia, romlis mixedviT
igi, erTi mxriv, gamaerTianebeli, xolo meore mxriv, dezintegraciuli
Zalis matarebelia. teritoria xSirad xdeba sxvadasxva eTnikur da
nacionalur erTobaTa dapirispirebis safuZveli. mkvlevarTa
umravlesobisTvis aseve eWvgarSea nacionalisturi ideebis
mobilizaciuri SesaZleblobebi. bolo ori saukunis istoria gvaCvenebs,
1 http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089/2385%3E#g3 (misawvdomia 19.04.2014).
9
rom nacionaluri proeqtebi elitebis mier yalibdeba da aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba garkveuli ideebis garSemo sazogadoebaTa darazmvisTvis.
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs eris cnebis Sinaarsi. aseve cxare
kamaTis sagania erebis warmoSobis dro. imisaTvis, rom gaviazroT am
cnebis arsi da samuSao definicia CamovayaliboT, aucilebelia eris
cneba sxva, masTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli terminebisgan ganvasxvavoT.
aqve davazustebT, rom warmodgenil kvlevaSi eri da nacia identuri
mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli.
rogorc louvel baringtoni aRniSnavs, eri ar unda gavaigivoT
eTnikur jgufTan an eTnikurobasTan. marTalia, erebi eTnosebis
safuZvelze yalibdebian, magram eri metia, vidre eTnikuri jgufi.
nacionalizmis modernistuli da eTnosimbolisturi Teoriis
warmomadgenlebi (benediqt andersoni, entoni smiTi, ernest gelneri,
miroslav hroSi da sxv.), romlebic ers Tanamedrove, modernuli epoqis
produqtad miiCneven, swored am Tvalsazriss iziareben. Tanamedrove
erebi Tvisebrivad gansxvavdebian maTi eTnikuri winaprebisgan. erTa
umravlesobaSi arsebobs ZiriTadi eTnosi, romelic umravlesobas
Seadgens da romlis safuZvelze yalibdeba nacia. swored am eTnosis
arsebobaa eris cnebis garSemo mimdinare debatebis erT-erTi sakvanZo
sakiTxi da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis safuZveli. mkvlevarTa nawili ers
konkretul eTnikur jgufTan aigivebs da mis wevrad gansxvavebuli
eTnosis warmomadgenlis ganxilva SeuZleblad miaCnia. sxvebi ers
moqalaqeobis ideasa da saerTo faseulobaTa sistemaze dafuZnebul
erTobad Tvlian, romelic inkluziuri fenomenia da misi wevroba
SeuZlia yvelas, vinc sazogadoebis ZiriTad faseulobebs gaiziarebs,
ganurCevlad eTnikuri Tu sxva saxis mikuTvnebulobisa. dRes, rodesac
qveynebis sruli umravlesoba mravaleTnikuria, eris gageba mWidrod
ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos da mis teritoriul mTlianobas, radgan
sakiTxisadmi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba xSir SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis qveynis stabilurobas.
suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmna erisa da nacionalizmis ZiriTadi
mizania, Tumca saxelmwifo ar aris eris arsebobis aucilebeli piroba
10
da forma. metic, saxelmwifos uqonloba nacionalizmis ganviTarebisa da
eris Camoyalibebis erT-erTi winapirobaa. magaliTad, qarTveli eri da
qarTuli nacionalizmi, am cnebis modernistuli gagebiT, me-19 saukunis
60-iani wlebidan iwyebs Camoyalibebas. mis saTaveebTan ilia WavWavaZe da
sxva Tergdaleulebi idgnen. am periodSi ruseTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi Semaval saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda kidec naciis
formirebis procesi. Tu saqarTveloSi postsabWoTa periodSi
ganviTarebul movlenebs dinamikaSi ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom eris
orive gageba relevanturia saqarTvelos SemTxvevisTvis da TiToeuli
maTgani sxvadasxva etapze did gavlenas axdenda qveyanaSi arsebul
situaciaze.
rac Seexeba eris cnebis samuSao definicias, Cvens kvlevaSi
viyenebT eris/naciis modernistul gagebas, romlis centrSi dgas ara
eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis, aramed moqalaqeobis idea.
eris cnebis msgavsad, analitikosebi sirTuleebs awydebian
nacionalizmis ganmartebisas. zogierTi mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom SeiZleba
arsebobdes am terminis imdenma ganmarteba, ramdeni mkvlevaric swavlobs
nacionalizms da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. baringtoni aRniSnavs,
rom aucilebelia nacionalizmi ganvasxvavoT patriotizmisgan. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi vsaubrobT loialurobaze saxelmwifos mimarT, xolo
meoreSi _ eris, naciis mimarT. Tumca garkveuli teritoriis kontroli,
saxelmwifos Seqmna da misi gaZliereba nacionalizmis umTavresi mizania.
aseve azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris
nacionalizmi _ idea, koncefcia, rwmena, ideologia Tu politikuri
moZraoba. avtorTa nawili miiCnevs, rom nacionalizmi aris politikuri
idea teritoriuli TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb da kulturuli idea eris,
rogorc identobis umTavresi safuZvlis Taobaze, aseve moraluri idea,
romelic gulisxmobs sakuTari eris uflebebisa da faseulobebis
dacvas. am mimarTulebis momxre avtorTa Soris yvelaze cnobilia ernest
gelneris ganmarteba. misi azriT, nacionalizmi aris principi, romlis
mixedviT politikuri da erovnuli sazRvrebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes
(gelneri 2003: 119).
11
meore midgomis mixedviT, nacionalizmi aris organizebuli procesi
an moZraoba, romlis mizani im teritoriaze kontrolis damyarebaa,
romelsac nacionaluri erToba sakuTar teritoriad miiCnevs. mocemuli
naSromis farglebSi, samuSao definicia orive aRniSnul komponents
aerTianebs, Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, smitis da hatCinsonis, xolo meore
mxriv, gelneris Sexedulebebs daveyrdnobiT da nacionalizms
ganvmartavT rogorc ideologias da moZraobas, romlis mizani
saxelmwifos Zliereba da erovnuli da politikuri sazRvrebis
urTierTdamTxvevaa.
nacionalizmis problemisadmi miZRvnil samecniero literaturaSi
mravlad vxvdebiT misi tipologizaciis mcdelobebs. magaliTad, entoni
smiTi Tavis wignSi „nacionalizmis Teoriebi“ erT SemTxvevaSi
nacionalizmis eqvs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi Tormet tips gamoyofs.
yvelaze xSirad Semdegi saxis klasifikaciebs vxvdebiT:
voluntaristuli da organuli, subieqturi da obieqturi, politikuri
da kulturuli, liberaluri da araliberaluri da sxv. aseTi saxis
dayofaTa safuZvels da klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas
warmoadgens nacionalizmis eTnikuri (eqskluziuri) da samoqalaqo
(inkluziuri) gageba, romelzec qvemoT visaubrebT.
rac Seexeba nacionaluri proeqtis cnebas, es aris saxelmwifos
mowyobis da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gegma, romelsac politikuri da
inteleqtualuri elita sakuTar xalxs sTavazobs. nacionaluri
proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRweuli unda iqnas konkretuli
mizani, rac qveynis usafrTxoebas, keTildReobas da stabilurobas
ganapirobebs. proeqtis ganxorcielebis gzaze nabijebis gadasadgmelad
elitas sazogadoebis mxardaWera Wirdeba, rac ama Tu ideis garemo
nacionaluri konsolidaciis gziT miiRweva. konstruqtivistebi
nacionalizms politikuri elitis mier marTul fenomenad miiCneven,
romelic maT mier SeTavazebuli nacionaluri proeqtis mxardasaWerad
Rvivdeba da aqtiur ideologiur moZraobad gadaiqceva (nodia 2006: 56).
zogieTi avtori Tavad nacionalizmsac proeqtad moixseniebs. lia
grinfildis azriT, nacionalizmi aris ara obieqturad arsebuli
12
maxasiaTeblebis/elementebis erToblioba, aramed garkveuli
organizebuli principebi, romlebic ama Tu im elementis
prioritetulobas gansazRvravs (Greenfeld 1993: 7). magaliTad, Tu
sazogadoebis an saxelmwifos liderebis mizani eTnikuri nacionalizmis
gaRvivebaa, maSin ganmsazRvreli xdeba iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogorebicaa
saerTo warmomavlobis idea, avtoqtonoba, sisxlismieri naTesaoba,
jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobis bunebrivad arseboba da sxva. Tu
nacionalizmis ZiriTadi idea mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebis formireba
da samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebaa, SesaZloa, prioriteti iseT
elementebs mieniWos, rogorebicaa eris wevrobis arCevanis Tavisufleba,
moqalaqeoba, saxelmwifos mimarT loialuroba, da sxva.
uolker konoris SexedulebiT, eris mSenebloba nacionaluri
proeqtia, romelic saxelmwifos mier xorcieldeba. swored saxelmwifo
institutebia is ZiriTadi aqtorebi, romlebic gegmaven da axorcieleben
nacionalur proeqts im modelis mixedviT, romelic prioritetulia
arsebuli politikuri elitisTvis (Connor 1993: 40). aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, naTelia, rom nacionaluri proeqti cvalebadi da dinamiuri
fenomenia, masze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas axdens politikuri koniunqtura
da igi xSirad icvleba arastabiluri politikuri konteqstis pirobebSi.
swored politikuri konteqstis cvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba
postsocialisturi tranziciis periodSi myofi qveynebi, maT Soris
saqarTvelo, rac, vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresos xdis qarTuli
nacionaluri proeqtis dinamikis gaazrebas.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, SeuZlebelia im obieqturi garemoebebisa
da faqtorebis ugulebelyofa, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
nacionalizmis formirebasa da eris mSeneblobis procesze. nacionaluri
proeqtis xasiaTze mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs obieqturi realobebi,
rogorc damoukidebeli cvladi, romelic elitasa Tu sazogadoebaSi
arsebul ganwyobebsa da damokidebulebebs ayalibebs. aseTad SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, didi politikuri trasformacia, rogoric iyo
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla, ramac axladSeqmnil damoukidebel
saxelmwifoebSi procesebis radikalizacia da eTnikuri nacionalizmis
13
aRmoceneba ganapiroba. ernest gelneris SexedulebiT, erebi da
nacionalizmi SemTxveviTobaa, romlebic Sesabamis drosa da viTarebaSi
yalibdeba (Gellner 1983: 6). qarTuli nacionalzmis formasa da dinamikaze
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina im “SemTxveviTma”, obieqturma
garemoebebma, romlis winaSe qveyana postsabWoTa tranziciis sxvadasxva
etapze aRmoCda. Sesabamisad, qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti subieqturi
da obieqturi faqtorebis produqtia.
kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli. cnobili amerikeli mkvlevari
rojers brubeikeri aRniSnavs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
nacionalizmis gamococxlebam post-socialistur sivrceSi myisierad
ganapiroba am fenomenisadmi akademiuri interesis zrda. SemuSavda
mravali Teoriuli midgoma, romelic cdilobs axsnan nacionalizmis
warmoSobis mizezebi, ganviTareba, misi roli dRevandel msoflioSi da
samomavlo perspeqtivebi (Brubaker 1998: 233). am mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi
martivi eqsperimentis meSveobiT davrwmundebiT: Tuki google-is saZiebo
sistemaSi CavwerT sityvaTa kombinacias “theories of nationalism”
(nacionalizmis Teoriebi), Sedegad camet milionze met erTeul
informacias miviRebT. naTelia, rom am STambeWdavi moculobis
informaciaSi orientireba da kvlevisTvis sasurveli Teoriuli
safuZvlis moZieba arcTu martivia.
mkvlevarTa nawili cdilobs TeoriaTa klasifikacias da
sxvadasxva kriteriumis mixedviT dajgufebas. magaliTad, jozef lobera
naSromSi “nacionalizmis Tanamedrove Teoriebi” paradigmaTa sam jgufs
gamoyofs:
1. primordialisturi da sociobilogiuri Teoriebi. am midgomaTa
mixedviT, nacionaluri identoba imTaviTve gansazRvruli
mocemulobaa, Sesabamisad, erebi da nacionalizmi kacobriobis
gaCenis dRidan arsebobs. primordialuri identoba srulad
grZnobebze da emociebzea damyarebuli, romelic individs
dabadebidanve aqvs mocemuli. Tanamedrove akademiur sivrceSi
primordialisturi midgomebi naklebad aris gaziarebuli,
radgan miiCneva, rom ers da nacionalizms ar SeiZleboda earseba
14
kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze; maTi CamoyalibebisaTvis
aucilebelia garkveuli garemo-pirobebis arseboba.
2. instrumentalisturi Teoriebi. am midgomebis mixedviT, eTnikuri
da nacionaluri identobebi moqnili da cvalebadia, maTi
Sinaarsi droisa da garemos cvalebadobazea damokidebuli.
nacionalizmis instrumentalisturi Teoria damyarebulia
ideaze, rom erovnuloba da eTnikuroba politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebis Sedegia. individi ar aris
mijaWvuli konkretul erTobaze, mas SeuZlia Seicvalos
nacionaluri identoba, an iyos erTze meti erTobis wevri.
3. modernistuli Teoriebi. Sexeduleba nacionalizmis modernul
epoqaSi Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove samecniero sivrceSi
yvelaze metad aris gaziarebuli. ori popularuli Teoriuli
midgoma, nacionalizmis modernistuli Teoria da
eTnosimbolizmi, miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli sxvaobebisa,
erebsa da nacionalizms modernul fenomenebad miiCnevs.
modernistuli Teoriebis mixedviT, erebi da nacionalizmi
ganixileba rogorc tradiciuli sazogadoebis modernul
sazogadoebad gardaqmnis Sedegi. modernistul paradigmaSi
gamoiyofa Sida mimarTulebebi: mkvlevarTa nawilisTvis
mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, sxvaTaTvis _ politikuri
da kulturuli transformaciis procesebi da sxva.
nacionalizmis TeoriaTa SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciis msgavs
dayofas gvTavazobs cnobili britaneli mecnieri entoni smiTic:
primordializmi, perenializmi (romelic didad ar gansxvavdeba
primordialuri midgomisgan), eTnosimbolizmi, modernizmi.
nacionalizmis kvlevis instrumentalisturi, modernistuli da
eTnosimbolisturi midgomebi konstruqtivistul TeoriaTa ricxvs
ganekuTvneba, Cveni kvlevis erT-erTi amosavali swored
konstruqtivistuli midgomaa. am TeoriaTa avtorebi miiCneven, rom
nacionalizmi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis aRmocenebas sxva garemoebebic
unda uwyobdes xels, elitebis mier konstruirebuli fenomenia.
15
sazogadoebis politikuri da inteleqtualuri liderebi qmnian
nacionalur proeqtebs, romelTa ganxorcielebis Sedegad yalibdeba
nacionalizmis esa Tu is forma. zogjer nacionaluri proeqti mxolod
nawilobriv xorcieldeba an Sedegebi ar aris proeqtis avtorTa miznebis
Sesabamisi.
instrumentalisturi midgomis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
mimarTulebaa nacionalizmis klasifikacia eTnikuri da samoqalaqo
formis mixedviT. aseTi dayofa araxalia da misi sawyisebi jer kidev hans
konis (Hans Kohn) SexedulebebSi SegviZlia veZeboT. koni (1891-1971)
nacionalizmis kvlevis saTaveebTan idga da erT-erTma pirvelma
ganaviTara nacionalizmis eTnikuri da samoqalaqo gagebis idea. Tavis
erT-erT mTavar SromaSi „nacionalizmis idea: misi warmoSobisa da
safuZvlebis kvleva“, romelic 1944 wels gamovida, koni cdilobda epova
gansxvavebebi dasavleTSi arsebul nacionalizmis ufro “keTil” formasa
da mis aradasavlur saxesxvaobebs Soris. nacionalizmis dasavluri
formebi dafuZnebuli iyo ideaze, rom nacia warmoadgens moqalaqeTa
racionalur asociacias, gaerTianebuls saerTo kanonebiT da saziaro
teritoriiT, maSin rodesac misi aradasavluri saxesxvaobebi saerTo
kulturisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis rwmenas efuZneba da nacias
ganixilavs rogorc urRvev, erTian, organul, individualur wevrebze
maRla mdgom organizms, romelic dabadebidan dagyveba da nacionalur
daRs gasvams.
entoni smiTis SexedulebiT, msgavsi klasifikaciis wyaro
nacionalur moZraobaTa gansxvavebul klasobriv SemadgenlobaSi unda
veZeboT. misi azriT, aradasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, dasavleTSi Zlier
da Tavis TavSi darwmunebul burJuazias SeeZloa aeSenebina masobrivi
samoqalaqo suliskveTebis mqone moqalaqeTa nacia (smiTi 2004: 70). avtori
saubrobs aseTi dayofis pirobiTobaze. igi mimoixilavs frangul
nacionalizms, romelic, avtoris azriT, evropuli samoqalaqo
nacionalizmis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. safrangeTSi samoqalaqo
nacionalizmi gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa mier dominanturi (franguli) enis
Seswavlas, saqmis warmoebas am enaze, umravlesobis istoriisa da
16
literaturis Seswavlasa da deklamacias, franguli tradiciebis dacvas,
franguli simboloebisa da instituciebis aRiarebas da a.S. amis naTeli
gamoxatulebaa jer kidev 1790 wels safrangeTis asambleaze klermon-
tones mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi: „ebraels, rogorc individs, Cven
vaZlevT yvelafers, ebraels, rogorc ebraels – arafers“. smiTi miiCnevs,
rom daaxloebiT msgavsi politika tardeba liberalur-demokratiuli
saxelmwifoebis did nawilSi, samoqalaqo nacionalizmi Sorsaa iqidan,
rom gansxvavebuli kulturebis mqone jgufTa moTxovnilebani srulad
daakmayofilos. namdvili multikulturuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis
tendenciebi mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SeimCneva XX saukunis
60-iani wlebis bolodan, sadnobi Rumelis ideologiaze uaris Tqmis
Semdeg. Tumca, faqtobrivad, SeerTebuli Statebi protestantuli
inglisuri „eTnies“ safuZvelze aSenda (smiTi 2004: 73).
dasavleT evropuli nacionalizmis calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad
nacionalizmis samoqalaqo formad warmodgenas aseve ewinaaRmdegeba
rojers brubeikeri. igi asaxelebs dasavleTevropul sivrceSi
aRmocenebuli nacionalizmis saxeebis ukiduresad „eqskluziur“
magaliTebs, romlebmac ganapirobes konfliqti CrdiloeT irlandiaSi,
mzardi eTnopolitikuri konfliqti belgiaSi, baskuri da kataloniuri
nacionalizmi da a.S. am kuTxiT aseve mniSvnelovania garkveul qveynebSi
qsenofobiuri ideebis matarebeli politikuri partiebis eleqtoraluri
warmateba. Sesabamisad, avtori Tvlis, rom SeuZlebelia kritikis gareSe
vaRiaroT dasavleT evropuli nacionalizmis „samoqalaqo“ xasiaTi
(Brubaker 2006: 134). brubeikeri gvTavazobs alternatiul klasifikacias –
saxelmwifo (state-framed) da kontr-saxelmwifoebrivi (counter-state)
nacionalizmi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, eri da saxelmwifo erTmaneTTan
SesabamisobaSia rogorc instituciuri, aseve teritoriuli
TvalsazrisiT. meore SemTxvevaSi ki eri eqskluziuri fenomenia, romlis
sazRvrebi ar emTxveva an, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos
instituciur da teritoriul sazRvrebs (Brubaker 2006: 144). brubeikeri
SedarebiT neitralur terminebs gvTavazobs da xazs usvams im faqts,
rom ar aris aucilebeli saxelmwifo nacionalizmi samoqalaqo formisa
17
iyos, antisaxelmwifoebrivi ki – eTnikuris. is aseve emijneba
nacionalizmis ama Tu im saxesxvaobis mkacr geografiul determinizms
da miiCnevs, rom geografiul arealze mniSvnelovani elitebis mier
Camoyalibebuli nacionaluri proeqtebia, romlebic, Tavis mxvriv,
nacionalizmis formas gansazRvravs.
miuxedavad eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis diqotomiis
kritikisa, igi mainc inarCunebs WeSmaritebis marcvals. naciis
„voluntaristul“ (samoqalaqo) koncefciaSi individebi floben
garkveul Tavisuflebas. marTalia, „naciaTa msoflioSi“ da nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis arsebobis pirobebSi, isini ama Tu im nacias unda
ganekuTvnebodnen, magram, principSi, maT SeuZliaT Tavi miakuTvnon
sasurvel nacias. naciis „organul“ koncefciaSi amgvari arCevani
gamoricxulia. individebi naciaSi arian Sobilni da, sadac ar unda
wavidnen, mainc maTi dambadebeli naciis ganuyrel nawilad rCebian.
(smiTi 2004: 70).
Cveni kvlevisTvis mniSvnelovania rogorc eTnikuri da samoqalaqo
nacionalizmis gansxvaveba, aseve brubeikeris mier SemoTavazebuli
alternatiuli diqotomia. me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebidan
Camoyalibebuli qarTuli nacionalizmi, erTi mxriv, calsaxad eTnikuri
xasiaTis matarebeli iyo, xolo, meore mxriv, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda
damoukidebeli mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelos teritoriul da
instituciur sazRvrebTan. mogviano periodSi, eTnikuridan samoqalaqo
nacionalizmisken transformaciis procesSi, mniSvnelovani roli
saxelmwifo institutebis gaZlierebam iTamaSa.
SemoTavazebuli Teoriuli CarCo, isev rogorc cnebebisa da
terminebis mkafio gansazRvra xels uwyobs gamokvlevis erTgvar
“Semofargvlas”, rac konkretuli SemTxvevis kvlevis (case study) erT-erTi
aucilebeli pirobaa. naSromSi ganxiluli faqtobrivi masala, romlis
safuZvelze SevecadeT postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis
eTnikuri da samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi da maTi dinamika Segveswavla,
warmodgenili Teoriuli safuZvlis farglebSia SerCeuli da
gaanalizebuli.
18
literaturis mimoxilva
pirvel rigSi, SevexebiT nacionalizmis kvlevebis sferoSi arsebul
klasikur literaturas, konkretulad, benediqt andersonis, ernest
gelneris, entoni smiTis, erik hobsbaumis Sromebs. epoqis kvlevis
TvalsazrisiT, am avtorTa naSromebi CvenTvis nakleb sayuradReboa.
isini, ZiriTadad, me-18-19 saukuneebSi, erebisa da nacionalizmis
formirebis epoqaSi ganviTarebul procesebs asaxavs. CvenTvis
sainteresoa avtorTa mier SemoTavazebuli zogierTi Teoriuli
debuleba, romlebic adreuli nacionaluri proeqtebis Camoyalibebas da
nacionalizmis konstruirebulobas exeba.
benediqt andersonis (Benedict Anderson) cnobili naSromi
„warmosaxviTi sazogadoebani: mosazrebani nacionalizmis warmoSobisa da
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb“ (2003)2 erT-erTi klasikuri publikaciaa, romelic
safuZvlad daedo nacionalizmis modernistul Teorias. andersoni
erebsa da nacionalizms calsaxad axal movlenad miiCnevs, romelic
safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdeg evropul sivrceSi iwyebs
Camoyalibebas da did gavlenas axdens araevropul sivrceebSi mimdinare
procesebze. eri, avtoris azriT, aris warmosaxviTi politikuri
sazogadoeba. igi warmosaxviTia imitom, rom yvelaze mcire eris
SemTxvevaSic ki, SeuZlebelia pirovneba icnobdes sakuTari erTobis
warmomadgenelTa ramdenadme mniSvnelovan raodenobas, Tumca maT
sakuTari eris wevrebad miiCnevs (andersoni 2003: 3). nacionalizmi ki,
andersonis SexedulebiT, kulturuli sistemaa, romelic qmnis safuZvels
Semdgomi politikuri miznebisa da moZraobebisaTvis (andersoni 2003: 4).
avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriuli debulebebidan CvenTvis
sayuradReboa mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, nacionalizmis formirebis
erT-erT umTavres winapirobad nacionalisturad ganwyobili elitis
arseboba miiCneva. aseTi elitebi sazogadoebis axalgazrda
liderebisagan, e. w. „piligrimebisgan“ Sedgeba, romlebmac ganaTleba
2 klasikuri literaturis nawili arsebobs qarTul enaze, Sesabamisad, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, vuTiTebT qarTuli gamocemis wels.
19
sazRvargareT miiRes da, sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunebulebma, modernuli
nacionaluri proeqtebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes. swored aseTi
proeqtebis ganxorcielebis Sedegia imperiul sivrceebSi nacionalizmis
gaRviveba. saqarTvelos realobaSi, SeiZleba, me-19 saukunis 60-iani
wlebidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli qarTveli „Tergdaleulebi“
andersoniseul „piligrimebs“ SevadaroT, maT mier Camoyalibebuli
„erovnuli programa“ ki adreul qarTul nacionalur proeqtad
miviCnioT (am sakiTxs qvemoT kvlav davubrundebiT).
aRniSnuli naSromis analizis safuZvelze naTelia politikuri da
inteleqtualuri elitebis gansakuTrebuli roli nacionalizmis
formirebis procesSi, rac mniSvnelovania Cveni gamokvlevis Teoriuli
safuZvlis moZiebisTvis.
cnobili Teoretikosi ernest gelneri (Ernest Gellner) naSromSi
„erebi da nacionalizmi“ (2003), andersonis msgavsad, nacionalizmis
formirebaSi ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas kulturas aniWebs. igi
aanalizebs agraruli sazogadoebebis industriul sazogadoebebad
gardaqmnis xangrZliv process da nacionalizmis gaCenis xanad swored
industriul periods miiCnevs, rodesac, kulturuli tranformaciis
Sedegad, erebi da nacionalizmi iwyebs Camoyalibebas. gelneriseuli
gansazRvrebis mixedviT, nacionalizmi aris principi, romlis Tanaxmad
erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes erovnuli da politikuri sazRvrebi.
nacionalizmis mizanic suverenuli politikuri erTeulis Seqmnaa
(gelneri 2003: 4).
britaneli mecnieri entoni smiTi (Antony D. Smith) naSromSi
„nacionalizmi: Teoria, ideologia, istoria“ (2004) kvleviT sferoSi
arsebul Teoriul konceptebs da midgomebs ajamebs da maT safuZvelze
sakuTar xedvas aviTarebs. wigni kargi saxelmZRvaneloa nacionalizmis
TeoriebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. paradigmebis, cnebebisa da
terminebis analizis Semdeg, naSromSi ganxilulia nacionalizmis
momavali Tanamedrove msoflioSi, eri-saxelmwifoebis roli da
perspeqtivebi. publikacia CvenTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac smiTi
nacionalizms, upirveles yovlisa, ideologiad da socialur moZraobad
20
miiCnevs, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebuli simboluri ena
da ritorika (smiTi 2004: 21). empiriuli masalis ganxilvisas davinaxavT,
rom somboloebs da elitebis ritorikas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi.
cnobil britaneli mkvlevari erik hobsbaumi (Eric Hobsbawm)
naSromSi „erebi da nacionalizmi 1780 wlidan: programa, miTi, realoba“
iziarebs nacionalizmis Sesaxeb gelneris Sexedulebas da, Tavis mxriv,
amatebs, rom naciis wevroba adamians akisrebs valdebulebas im erTobis
winaSe, romlis wevric aris. es valdebuleba, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT,
aRemateba yvela sxva valdebulebas. swored es garemoeba ganasxvavebs
Tanamedrove nacionalizms jgufuri identobis yvela sxva formisgan
(hobsbaumi 2012: 17).
CvenTvis aseve sayuradReboa hobsbaumis da reinjeris
redaqtorobiT 1983 wels gamocemuli wigni „tradiciebis gamogoneba“.
naSromis Sesaval nawilSi hobsbaumi aRniSnavs, rom nacionalizmis
gaRvivebisa da sazogadoebis mobilizaciisaTvis saWiroa tradiciis
Seqmna, an ukve arsebuli ama Tu movlenisTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis miniWeba. avtoris azriT, zogierTi, TiTqosda xangrZlivi
istoriis mqone tradicia sruliad axali an, sulac, gamogonebulia
(Hobsbawm & Ranger (eds) 1983: 1). es Teoriuli debuleba kargad miesadageba
postsabWoTa nacionalizmebs, kerZod, qarTul nacionalizms, razec
qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
bolo wlebSi gamocemuli kvlevebidan unda aRiniSnos oqsfordis
nacionalizmis istoriis saxelmZRvanelo (Oxford Handbook of the Hostory of
Nationalism, 2013), romelic nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis kvlevis
sferoSi Seqmnili erT-erTi yvelaze kompleqsuri da masStaburi
naSromia. masSi, Teoriuli sakiTxebis analizTan erTad, warmodgenilia
mdidari empiriuli masala, araerTi konkretuli SemTxvevis kvleva
msoflios sxvadasxva regionidan. aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelodan CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa jon hatCinsonis (John Hutchinson) statia
„kulturuli nacionalizmi“ („Cultural Nationalism“) (Hutchinson 2013: 75-94),
21
romelSi asaxuli Teoriuli debulebebi sainteresod esadageba
saqarTvelos magaliTs.
literaturidan, romelic Cveni kvlevis uSualo Teoriul
safuZvels warmoadgens, upirveles yovlisa, unda SevexoT rojers
brubeikeris (Rogers Brubaker) naSromebs3. 2006 wels gamocemul
gamokvlevaSi „eTnikuroba jgufebis gareSe“ („Ethnicity Without Groups“)
avtori eTnikurobas, erebs, sxvadasxva saxis jgufur identobebs
konstruirebul fenomenebad miiCnevs. brubeikeris azriT, erebisa da
eTnikuri jgufebis kvlevisas yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT praqtikul
kategoriebze, situaciebze, kulturul idiomebze, diskursze, politikur
proeqtebze, jgufurobis cvalebadobaze (Brubaker 2006: 27). misi
SexedulebiT, iseTi fenomenebi, rogorebicaa eTnosi, eri, rasa,
Tanamedrove epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialuri da politikuri
procesebis Sedegia (Brubaker 2006: 87). naSromSi calke Tavi eTmoba
eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis diqotomias. brubeikeri
aRniSnavs, rom msgavsi klasifikaciis dros xSirad vxvdebiT analitikur
da normatiul orazrovnebas, geografiul determinizms, rac, udaod,
kritikas imsaxurebs. miuxedavad amisa, igi iziarebs eTnikuri da
samoqalaqo nacionalizmis gansazRvrebaTa ZiriTad postulatebs da
SedarebiT neitralur alternativas gvTavazobs, razec Sesaval nawilSi
ukve gvqonda saubari.
sayuradReboa brubeikeris meore naSromi „xelaxla gaazrebuli
nacionalizmi: eri da erovnuli sakiTxi axal evropaSi“ („Nationalism
Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe“, 1996). avtoris
SexedulebiT, meoce saukunis bolos nacionalizmis gaRviveba da didi,
mravalerovani saxelmwifoebis daSla Tavad am saxelmwifoebis mier
eTnikurobis institucionalizaciam ganapiroba. brubeikeri did
yuradRebas uTmobs postsabWoTa nacionalizmebs da miiCnevs, rom
„perestroikamde“ didi xniT adre ganxorcielda naciebisa da eTnikuri
jgufebis institucionalizacia, ramac imTaviTve Seuqmna safuZveli me-20
3 aRniSnuli gamokvlevebi, samwuxarod, ar aris Targmnili qarTul enaze, amitom, vamjobineT, maTi dasaxelebebi originalis (inglisur) enazec SemogveTavazebina.
22
saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ganviTarebul politikur procesebs (Brubaker
1996: 18). sabWoTa reJimi krZalavda nacionalizmis yovelgvar politikur
gamovlinebas, magram, amave dros, qmnida teritoriuli da kulturuli
institucionalizaciis formebs. msgavsma midgomam eTnikuroba
fundamentur socialur kategoriad aqcia da postsabWoTa periodSi
eTnikuri nacionalizmis „afeTqeba“ gamoiwvia.
Tanamedrove nacionalizmis formebis, Teoriuli midgomebis,
cnebebisa da terminebis analizis TvasazrisiT, didi daxmareba gagviwia
alan dikhofis (Alain Dieckhoff) da kristof jefrelotis (Christophe Jaffrelot)
redaqciiT gamocemulma naSromma „nacionalizmis xelaxali gaazreba“
(„Revisiting Nationalism: Theories and Processes“, 2005). publikaciis avtorebi
farTod ganixilaven nacionalizmis, multikulturalizmis, demokratiis,
religiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs. didi yuradReba eTmoba
eTnopolitikur konfliqtebs da nacionalizmis rols maT aRmocenebaSi.
mniSvnelovan naSromebs moicavs louel baringtonis (Lowell
Barrington) redaqtorobiT gamocemuli krebuli „damoukideblobis Semdeg:
eris Seqmna da dacva postkoloniur da postkomunistur sazogadoebebSi“
(„After Independence: Making and Protection the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist
states“, 2006). aq ganxilulia sxvadasxva postsocialisturi saxelmwifos,
maT Soris, saqarTvelos SemTxveva. Sesaval nawilSi, romlis
saxelmwodebaa „Nationalism & Independence“, redaqtori ayalibebs
nacionalizmis kvlevis axal, postsocialisturi epoqisTvis
mniSvnelovan amocanas – Seswavlil iqnas nacionalizmis roli da
funqcia mas Semdeg, rac is miaRwevs umTavres mizans – suverenuli
saxelmwifos Seqmnas. avtori aseve vrclad mimoixilavs erisa da
nacionalizmis cnebaTa garSemo mimdinare Tanamedrove debatebs.
yuradRebas iqcevs amave krebulSi gamoqveynebuli ian bremeris (Ian
Bremmer) statia „postsabWoTa erebi damoukideblobis Semdeg“ („The Post-
Soviet Nations After Independence“). avtori miuTiTebs, rom damoukideblobis
ZiebaSi nacionalurma elitebma masebis mobilizacia moaxdines eris,
samSoblos, istoriuli identobis, suverenulobis ideebis garSemo,
Tumca damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg axlad aRmocenebuli eri-
23
saxelmwifoebi sruliad axali gamowvevebis, miznebis, TamaSis wesebis
winaSe aRmoCndnen, rac elitebis mxridan gansxvavebuli midgomebis
SemuSavebas moiTxovda (Bremmer 2006: 141). axal pirobebSi masebis
mobilizacia sakmarisi aRar iyo warmatebis misaRwevad, radgan
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba da gaZliereba bevri sxvadasxva
saxis problemis gadawyvetas moiTxovda.
aRniSnuli krebulidan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
kavkasiis regionis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevris, stiven jonsis (Stephen
Jones) statia „saqarTvelo: nacionalizmi nangrevebidan“ („Georgia:
Nationalism from Under the Rubble“). avtori postsabWoTa qarTuli
nacionalizmis ganviTarebis tendenciebs aanalizebs. statiis arss
mokled SevexebiT, radgan stiven jonsma postsabWoTa saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb sakuTari naSromebi Seajama axlad gamoqveynebul monografiaSi
„saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis Semdeg“ (2013),
romelsac qvemoT mimovixilavT. rac Seexeba aRniSnul statias, avtori
1990-ian wlebSi qarTuli nacionalizmis marcxze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
am periodSi saqarTvelom gamoiara samoqalaqo omi, xelisuflebis
SeiaraRebuli gziT damxoba, ori eTnopolitikuri konfliqti, dakarga
teritoriebi. qveyana postsabWoTa transformacias usisxlod ver
gadaurCa, rac, avtoris azriT, damoukidebeli qveynis pirobebSi qarTuli
nacionalizmis (igive nacionaluri proeqtis) warumateblobaze miuTiTebs
(Jones 2006: 249).
rac Seexeba stiven jonsis zemoxsenebul monografias, wignSi
gaazrebulia saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli politikuri procesebi 1985-
2011 wlebSi; gaanalizebulia erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodi,
damoukideblobis mopoveba, Semdgomi destabilizacia da dezintegracia,
SevardnaZis epoqa da bolos, „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgomi periodi.
naSromi kompleqsuri gamokvlevaa da bevr problemur sakiTxs exeba, maT
Soris, qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis formirebas da nacionalizmis
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. wignSi calke qveTavia gamoyofili,
saxelwodebiT „qarTuli nacionalizmis miTi“, sadac saubaria dasavlur
politikur da akademiur wreebSi arsebuli miTis Sesaxeb, romelic
24
gadaWarbebiT negatiur Sefasebas aZlevs qarTul nacionalizms da mas
postsabWoTa saqarTvelos yvela ubedurebis saTaved miiCnevs (jonsi 2013:
303).
natalia sabanaZis inglisur enaze Sesrulebuli monografia
„globalizacia da nacionalizmi: saqarTvelosa da baskeTis SemTxvevebi“
(„Globalization and Nationalism: the Cases of Georgia and the Basque Country“, 2010)
sainteresoa rogorc meTodologiis, aseve empiriuli masalis kvlevis
TvalsazrisiT. sabanaZe postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis sam fazas
gamoyofs: 1. nacionaluri fundamentalizmi – gamsaxurdias epoqa,
rodesac radikaluri eTnikuri nacionalizmi aRmocenda. 2. nacionaluri
apaTia – SevardnaZis periodi, deradikalizaciis procesi da
stabilurobisaken swrafva. 3. nacionalizmis konkurentuli variaciebi –
1990-iani wlebis miwuruli da „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgomi periodi,
rodesac, Zlieri samoqalaqo diskursis paralelurad, sazogadoebis
garkveul nawilSi radikaluri ganwyobebi iwyebs Camoyalibebas (Sabanadze
2010: 48).
natalia sabanaZes ekuTvnis kidev erTi naSromi – „saqarTvelos
eTnikuri mravalferovneba: gamowveva saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaTvis“
(„Georgia’s Ethnic Diversity: A Challenge to State-building“), romelic gamoqveynda 2012
wels gamocemul krebulSi „Tanamedrove saqarTvelos Seqmna: 1918-2012“
(„The Making of Modern Georgia: 1918-2012“). avtori eTnikuri mravalferovnebis
marTvas saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis umTavres gamowvevad
miiCnevs. igi mimoixilavs sabWoTa memkvidreobas da postsabWoTa
saqarTvelos nacionalur politikas, romelzec, sabanaZis azriT, did
gavlenas axdens sabWoTa periodSi ganxorcielebuli eTnikurobis
institucionalizacia. multikulturalizmis miTis Seqmnis
paralelurad, Rvivdeboda eTnikuri nacionalizmi da akademiur sivrceSi
primordialuri midgomebi dominirebda (Sabanadze 2014: 120).
mcirea postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionalizmis Tematikaze qarTul
enaze Sesrulebuli naSromebis ricxvi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT
calkeul statiebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs fundamenturi
gamokvleva. amis mizezi, albaT, isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi, mkacri
25
ideologiuri reJimis pirobebSi, erebisa da nacionalizmis formirebis
kvleva ukiduresad SezRuduli gaxldaT. msgavs sakiTxebTan Sexeba
mxolod marqsistul-leninuri midgomebis farglebSi iyo SesaZlebeli.
postsabWoTa epoqaSi, miuxedavad ideologiuri wnexis ararsebobisa,
mainc SenarCunda akademiuri kvlevis Zveli midgomebi. rCeba
STabeWdielba, rom qarTveli mkvlevrebi eridebian nacionalizmis
Tematikis ganxilvas, an, kvleviTi tradiciis arqonis gamo, jer ar aris
dagrovili Sesabamisi Teoriuli codna. 2000-iani wlebidan SeiniSneba
garkveuli Zvrebi am mimarTulebiT, Tumca qarTvel avtorTa naSromebi,
ZiriTadad, me-19 saukuneSi da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi qarTveli eris
firmirebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs exeba.
2008 wels gamoica dimitri SveliZis monografia „politikuri
dapirispirebebi da erovnuli xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-
1992). avtori gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis da erovnul
moZraobaSi ganxeTqilebis mizezebs ikvlevs da, garkveulewilad,
mimoixilavs nacionalizmTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. naSromi,
ZiriTadad, politikur process aanalizebs da samoqalaqo omis mizezebis
Sesaxeb obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenas cdilobs. misi mizania
mecnierulad Seiswavlos „1987-1992 wlebSi mimdinare dapirispirebebi jer
erovnul moZraobaSi, Semdeg damoukidebel saqarTveloSi arsebul
politikur partiebs, Semdeg ki opoziciasa da xelisuflebas Soris“
(SveliZe 2008: 2), gaarkvios, Tu ra iyo permanentuli konfrontaciis
mizezebi, winapirobebi da ratom ganviTarda movlenebi aseTi dramatuli
scenariT.
mokled exeba Tanamedrove qarTul nacionalizms da mis istoriul
wanamZRvarebs zurab daviTaSvili 2003 wels gamocemul monografiaSi
„nacionalizmi da globalizacia“. misi SexedulebiT, radikalurma
eTnikurma nacionalizmma negatiuri roli Seasrula da mniSvnelovnad
ganapiroba 1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos marcxi
(daviTaSvili 2003: 388). aRniSnuli naSromidan CvenTvis sainteresoa
meTormete Tavis pirveli qveTavi „Tanamedrove qarTuli nacionalizmi da
misi istoriuli wanamZRvrebi“, sadac avtori mokled mimoixilavs
26
qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istorias. zurab
daviTaSvilis SexedulebiT, erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri frTis mier
gatarebuli politikis da eTnikuri nacionalizmis marcxma bunebrivad
Seuwyo xeli samoqalaqo nacionalizmze gadasvlis process. avtori
ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebs damoukideblobis mopovebas, rodesac
miRweuli iqna nacionalizmis umTavresi mizani – suverenuli
saxelmwifos Seqmna. arsebuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba da ganmtkiceba
eTnikuri nacionalizmis saxelmwifo nacionalizmad transformirebas
moiTxovs da aqcents ara eTnikurobaze, aramed saxelmwifoebriobaze
akeTebs (daviTaSvili 2003: 404)E
Cveni kvlevisTvis sayuradReboa gia nodias statia „saqarTvelo:
mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi“, romelic dabeWdilia 2006 wels gamocemul
krebulSi „saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba: saqarTvelo „vardebis
revoluciis“ Semdeg“. avtors gamoyofili aqvs calke qveTavi
saxelwodebiT „saqarTvelos erovnuli proeqti“, sadac nodia cdilobs
gansazRvros erovnuli proeqtis cneba da gaanalizos Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. avtori
aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi rogorc politikuri da inteleqtualuri
elitisTvis, aseve mosaxleobisTvis erovnuli proeqti „normalur“
evropul qveynad qcevas da aRiarebas gulisxmobs. am mxriv,
saqarTvelosTvis misabaZi magaliTi, SesaZloa, baltiis saxelmwifoebi,
poloneTi an, Tundac, serbeTi iyvnen (nodia 2006: 58-59). gia nodias azriT,
ar arsebobs konkretuli kulturulad axlobeli qveyana, romelic aseT
modelad gamodgeba da saqarTvelosTvis misabaZi zogadad evropaa. es
naSromi saqarTvelos realobaSi Seqmnili is erT-erTi iSviaTi
gamonaklisia, sadac Semotanilia erovnuli (nacionaluri) proeqtis
cneba da gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos SemTxveva. Tumca, aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom igi ar emyareba mniSnelovan empiriul masalas da avtori
mxolod zogadi Teoriuli msjelobiT Semoifargleba.
unda SevexoT ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis mier 2009
wels gamocemul krebuls „qarTveli eris dabadeba“, sadac 2007 wels
ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis masalebia dabeWdili. am
27
krebulidan sayuradReboa daviT afrasiZis statia „saxelmwifosa da eris
formireba Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi: dausrulebeli proeqti?“ avtoris
azriT, 1990-iani wlebidan dRemde saqarTveloSi pasuxgaucemelia
saxelmwifosa da eris mSeneblobis sakvanZo kiTxvebi – sad, ra
geografiul sivrceSi iqmneba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da vin Seadgens
qarTvel ers? (afrasiZe 2009: 93). avtoris mizania, gaanalizos da
gamokveTos mTavari gamowvevebi qarTveli politikuri eris formirebis
gzaze, sadac umTavresi gamowveva qarTveli xalxis (saqarTvelos
teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamianTa erTobis) homogenurobis miRwevaa. am
miznis ganxorcieleba ki mxolod saxelmwifos formirebis proeqtis
warmatebis probebSia SesaZlebeli.
aRniSnul krebulSi dabeWdilia gia nodias kidev erTi statia
„qarTuli erovnuli ideis komponentebi: zogadi monaxazi“. naSromis
mizania „zogadad moxazos qarTveli eris Tanamedrove ideis evoluciis
traeqtoria“ (nodia 2009: 116). mocemul naSromSi avtori kvlav aviTarebs
zemoaRniSnul Teziss da Tvlis, rom qarTvelebisTvis nacionalizmi da
evropaSi integrirebis wyurvili organulad erwymis erTmaneTs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi inteleqtualis SexedulebiT, evropa
„postnacionalur“ xanaSia da nacionalizms iq ukve yavli gauvida,
qarTvelebma ar unda „daimorcxvon“ imis gamo, rom maTi nacionalizmi
arasakmarisad postmodernulia da ar unda Secvalon erovnuli proeqtis
saxe. gia nodia Tvlis, rom evropuli postmodernizmi mxolod
inteleqtualebis gonebaSi arsebobs da realoba misgan gansxvavebulia.
saqarTvelos warmateba mxolod arsebuli nacionaluri proeqtis
ganxorcielebazea damokidebuli.
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg gaCarebul samoqalaqo omTan da
xelisuflebis damxobasTan dakavSirebiT 1990-ian wlebSi gamocemuli
naSromebi ukiduresad subieqturi xasiaTisaa da cota aqvs saerTo
akademiur kvlevasTan. Avtorebi, ZiriTadad, konkretul politikur
pozicias gamoxataven da mowinaaRmdegeTa kritikiT arian dakavebuli. am
naSromebis nawils empiriuli masalis ganxilvisas SevexebiT.
28
Cveni kvlevis empiriul bazas Seadgens agreTve memuaruli
literatura, kerZod, eduard SevardnaZis, jumber patiaSvilis, jaba
ioselianis da sxvaTa mogonebebi, Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom avtorebi
gverds uvlian qarTul nacionalizmTan, mis rolsa da funqciasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. naSromebSi, romelTa moculoba asobiT
furcelia, iSviaTad gvxvdeba sakvlevi sakiTxisTvis saWiro informacia.
ukanasknel wlebSi SesamCnevia sakvlevi sakiTxisadmi mzardi
interesi. magaliTad, 2009 wlidan ilias universiteti gamoscems
akademiur Jurnals „identobis kvlevebi“. statiebis garkveuli nawili
postsabWoTa periodSi ganviTarebul procesebs exeba, Tumca SeiniSneba
empiriuli kvlevis simwire, avtorebi mxolod zogadi Teoriuli
debulebebiT Semoifarglebian.
29
Tavi I. damoukideblobis gariJraJze – postsabWoTa
qarTuli nacionalizmis saTaveebTan
1.1. qarTuli nacionalizmis safuZvlebi: “Tergdaleulebi” da pirveli
nacionaluri proeqti
akademiur wreebSi xSiria debatebi qarTveli erisa da qarTuli
nacionalizmis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. mkvlevarTa mniSvnelovan nawilSi
dominirebs primordialisturi Sexedulebebi, romlis mixedviT, qarTveli
eri yovelTvis arsebobda, qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela
etapze.4 ukve 2000-iani wlebidan, erisa da nacionalizmis sakiTxebisadmi
interesis zrdis paralelurad, gaCnda da damkvidrda gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisic: mkvlevarTa meore, SedarebiT mcire nawili Tvlis, rom
qarTveli eri, modernuli gagebiT, me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebidan iwyebs
Camoyalibebas.5 Cven vemxrobiT meore Tvals azriss – vfiqrobT, rom
qarTveli eris Tanamedrove saxiT formirebis safuZvlebi ilia
WavWavaZis da „TergdaleulTa“ saxels ukavSirdeba. swored isini qmnian
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis pirvel nacionalur proeqts, igive „erovnul
programas“ da gegmazomierad cdiloben mis ganxorcielebas.
arsebuli debatebi, ZiriTadad, Semdegi mizeziT aris
ganpirobebuli: warsulis kvlevis sabWoTa periodSi arsebuli tradicia
calsaxad primordialisturia, Sesabamisad, am skolis aRzrdil
mkvlevarTa nawils uWirs Tanamedrove midgomebTan Segueba. ZiriTadi
argumenti qarTveli xalxis dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg xangrZlivi
brZolaa, romelic nacionalizmis gamovlinebad miiCneva da me-19 saukunis
60-70-ian wlebze gacilebiT adre iRebs saTaves.
marTalia, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba nacionalizmis
mniSvnelovani komponentia, Tumca, vfiqrobT, ar aris marTebuli maT
4 mag. ix. Tamaz beraZis statia “qarTuli identobis ZiriTadi etapebi”. eTnologiuri krebuli, 2008. 5 mag. ix. mariam CxartiSvilis da qeTevan manias naSromi “qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi”, Tb. 2011; zurab daviTaSvilis monografia “nacionalizmi da globalizacia”, Tb. 2003; natalia sabanaZis inglisur enaze Sesrulebuli naSromi “Globalization and Nationalism: The Cases of Georgia and Basque Country”
CEU Press, 2011.
30
Soris tolobis niSnis dasma. bevri mecnieri nacionalizms imperiis
winaaRmdeg kolonizebuli xalxis saprotesto gamosvlebs uwodebs da,
rogorc ronald grigor suni miiCnevs, naklebad cdilobs am fenomenis
safuZvlian analizs (Suny 1994: 113).
nacionalizmis warmoSobas garkveuli winapirobebi sWirdeba,
romlebic saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebSi yalibdeba, swored
im periodSi, rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze “Tergdaleulebad”
wodebuli inteleqtualTa Taoba gamodis. sunis sityviT, am periodidan
iwyeba saqarTveloSi politikuri sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. ruseTis
imperator aleqsandre II-is mier liberaluri reformebis gatareba da
“TergdaleulTa” Taobis asparezze gamosvla droSi Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs.
reformebma Seqmna obieqturi winapirobebi nacionalizmis
Camosayalibeblad. amas daemata zogadad imperiul sivrceSi mimdinare
procesebi da “TergdaleulTa” mier SemoTavazebuli, sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis sruliad axleburi koncefcia, romlis mixedviT,
nacionaluri identoba unda gamxdariyo loialurobis umTavresi wyaro,
religiur, regionul Tu sxva saxis identobebTan SedarebiT.
modernuli qarTuli nacionaluri cnobiereba mravalferovani
politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli dinebebis produqtia.
nacionalizmis formireba ufro metia, vidre danawevrebuli politikuri
organizmis xelaxali SekavSireba, rac saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi, rusuli imperiuli mmarTvelobis damkvidrebis dros
moxda. procesis dasawyebad aucilebeli iyo liderebis mxridan
mizanmimarTuli inteleqtualuri muSaoba sazogadoebis
mobilizaciisTvis. moZraobis pirveli etapze kulturuli nacionalizmi
yalibdeba, xolo SemdgomSi wina planze saxelmwifoebriobis
safuZvlebisa da politikuri avtonomiis Seqmnisken swrafva iwevs.
me-19 saukuneSi qarTuli nacionalizmi ara mxolod obieqturi
mocemuloba, aramed gaazrebuli qmedebis, nacionaluri proeqtis
realizebis Sedegia. TeregdaleulTa praqtikulma muSaobam, uSualo
monawileobam ganaTlebis, kulturisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi
safuZveli Cauyara politikur da ekonomikur erTianobas. miuxedavad
31
gansxvavebuli aqcentebisa, TergdaleulTa umravlesoba moiTxovda
erovnul Tanxmobas da realurad muSaobda imisTvis, rom qarTvel
xalxSi samoqalaqo da nacionaluri TviTSegneba gaeRrmavebina (jonsi
2007: 58-59).
miroslav hroSis modelis mixedviT, nacionalizmi, imperiul
sivrceSi Camoyalibebis procesSi, Semdeg etapebs gadis: pirveli (A) –
kulturuli identobis Camoyalibebisken swrafva, rac moicavs enis
reformas, erovnuli istoriis aqtivacias da misi rolis gaZlierebas;
meore (B) – “patriotebis” jgufis mier Camoyalibebuli erovnuli ideis
xalxamde mitana saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis (skolebis) da presis
saSualebiT; da mesame (C) – sazogadoebis sayovelTao mobilizacia (Hroch
2000: 22-23). me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli moZraoba, SesaZloa,
garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, magram mainc mkafiod Tavsdeba warmodgenil
modelSi. “Tergdaleulebis” nacionaluri proeqti swored am
mimarTulebiT ganviTarda.
1881 wels Jurnal „iveriaSi“ gamoqveynebul “Sinaur mimoxilvaSi”
ilia WavWavaZem warmoadgina sazogadoebrivi moZraobis ZiriTadi
prioritetebi: “dacemulis vinaobis aRdgena, fexzed dayeneba da dacva
yovlis mosalodnelis faTerakisagan,6 anu nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva
da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. ilias azriT, nebismieri saxis
saqmianoba – bankis Seqmna, Teatris Tu skolis daarseba da a.S. – am
miznis miRwevisken unda yofiliyo mimarTuli. werilSi aseve
xazgasmulia literaturis mniSvneloba, misi daniSnulebis cvla,
romelic ilia WavWavaZis da akaki wereTlis saxelebs ukavSirdeba. maT
pirvelebma daamkvidres kritikuli realizmi. literaturis orientiris
mkafiod gamokveTa da misi “eris samsaxurSi” Cayeneba nacionaluri
proeqtis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.
imperiuli konteqstisa da rusifikatoruli politikisgan
momdinare gamowvevebis gamo, adreuli qarTuli nacionalizmi eTnikuri
formiT Camoyalibda. miuxedvad imisa, rom inteleqtualTa mier
SemoTavazebuli nacionaluri proeqti qarTvelebis eTnikur
6 “Sinauri mimoxilva”. Jurnali “iveria”, 1881. # 12.
32
mobilizacias gulisxmobda, igi ar atarebda mkveTrad eqskluziur
xasiaTs. “TergdaleulTa” liderebis publicistur werilebSi xSirad
vxvdebiT samoqalaqo nacionalizmis niSnebs da sxva religiuri Tu
eTnikuri jgufebis mimarT გამოხატულ pozitiur ganwyobebs.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan postsabWoTa epoqamde qarTulma
nacionalizmma rTuli gza gamoiara da araerTi transformacia ganicada.
1980-iani wlebis miwurulis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti ukve
gamokveTilad eqskluziuri da sxva jgufebis mimarT nakleb
tolerantulia. amis mizezi, vfiqrobT, sabWoTa warsulSi unda veZeboT,
Tumca sakiTxi cdeba Cveni kvlevis farglebs da masze aRar SevCerdebiT.
gadavideT uSualod sakvlevi problemis ganxilvaze da Tvali
mivadevnoT postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamikas,
romelmac, miuxedavad damoukideblobis arcTu ise xangrZlivi periodisa,
araerTi transformacia ganicada.
33
1.2. disidenturi moZraobidan erovnul moZraobamde – saqarTvelo
1970-1980-ian wlebSi
erovnuli moZraobis morigi etapi saqarTveloSi 1980-iani wlebis
bolodan, mixeil gorbaCovis mier sabWoTa kavSirSi gardaqmnisa da
sajaroobis politikis gamocxadebis Semdeg iRebs saTaves. 1988 wlidan
qveyanaSi masobrivi aqciebis talRa agorda da dafiqsirda Ria protesti
sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT. Tumca erovnul moZraobas da reJimis
winaaRmdeg brZolas safuZveli ufro adre, 1970-ian wlebSi Caeyara.
1975 wels helsinkSi (fineTi) gaformda fundamenturi dokumenti,
romelsac evropis 35 qveyana, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da
sabWoTa kavSiric SeuerTda. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirs
nedleulis da navTobproduqtebis dasavleTis bazarze gatanis ufleba
eZleoda, Tumca, amave dros, igi iRebda saxelmwifoSi adamianis
uflebebis dacvis valdebulebas. helsinkis SeTanxmebis gaformebas
saqarTveloSi da sxva sabWoTa respublikebSi disidenturi moZraobis
gaaqtiureba da araformaluri gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba mohyva.
“saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufs”, romelsac 1989 wlidan “helsinkis
kavSiri” ewoda, saTaveSi Caudgnen zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava,
viqtor rcxilaZe da sxva disidentebi. gamsaxurdia da kostava
aralegalur saqmianobas jer kidev 1954 wlidan eweodnen, rodesac
Seqmnes iatakqveSa patriotuli organizacia “gorgasliani”, romelic
sabWoTa ideologiis sawinaaRmdego, erovnuli Sinaarsis proklamaciebs
avrcelebda. “gorgaslianis” liderebi maleve, 1956 wels daapatimres. 1975
wlidan gaaqtiurebuli disidenturi moZraoba ar iyo mravalricxovani
da imdenad mZlavri, rom seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna jer kidev
didebis zenitSi myofi sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis. miuxedavad amisa,
moZraobis wevrebi cdilobdnen, xelisuflebisTvis usiamovno
siurprizebi moewyoT. daarsda aralegaluri gamocemebi; literaturuli
Jurnali “oqros sawmisi”, politikuri Sinaarsis gamocema “saqarTvelos
moambe”, romelTa gavrceleba aralegaluri gzebiT xorcieldeboda.
“samocdaaTianelebis” saxeliT cnobili qarTveli araformalebi,
helsinkis SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, ZiriTad yuradRebas adamianis
34
uflebebis dacvas uTmobdnen, Tumca disidenturi moZraobis erT-erTi
wevris, levan berZeniSvilis SexedulebiT, erovnuli aqcenti
dasawyisidanve naTeli iyo. moZraobis wevrebi fiqrobdnen politikur
damoukideblobaze da avrcelebdnen politikuri Sinaarsis
proklamaciebs.7 es kidev ufro naTeli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac daapatimres
moZraobis liderebi – gamsaxurdia, kostava da rcxilaZe. ukve 1977-1978
wlidan arsdeba aralegaluri politikuri organizaciebi, romelTa
mizani naTlad Cans maTi dasaxelebebidan: “respublikuri partia”,
“saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis kavSiri”, “saqarTvelos
erovnuli ganTavisuflebis organizacia”. araformalur gaerTianebaTa
wevrebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen disonansi SeetanaT xalxTa Zmobisa da
sayovelTao bednierebis sabWoTa modelSi, romlis demonstrirebac,
xSirad, sayovelTao zeimebisa da aRlumebis gziT xdeboda. qarTveli
disidentebi cdilobdnen, rom swored aseTi masStaburi zeimebis dros
SeeqmnaT problemebi sabWoTa xelisuflebisTvis. magaliTad, 1977 wlis 7
noembers, didi oqtombris revoluciis me-60 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT
gamarTuli saxalxo zeimis dros, disidentebma antisabWoTa
proklamaciebi gaavrceles, romlis Sinaarsi saqarTvelos momaval
damoukideblobas exeboda. aseve unda aRiniSnos 1983 wels, georgievskis
traqtatis 200 wlis iubilis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protesti, ris gamoc
daapatimres disidenti irakli wereTeli8.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1970-ian wlebSi aqtiurad moqmedi disidentebis
nawili mogviano periodSi aRorZinebuli erovnuli moZraobis saTaveSi
aRmoCnda, Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, rom 1988 wlidan ganviTarebuli
procesebis saTaveebi helsinkis SeTanxmebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi
gaaqtiurebul araformalur moZraobaSi unda veZeboT.
amerikeli mkvlevari ronald grigor suni (Suny) 1970-iani wlebis
saqarTveloSi dawyebul am moZrobas disidentur/”araorTodoqsul”
nacionalizms uwodebs. misi SexedulebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
disidenturi nacionalizmi farTod ar gavrcelebula da xelisufleba
7 interviu levan berZeniSvilTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis filmSi “samocdaaTianelebi”.
8 iqve
35
advilad axerxebda qarTveli disidentebis izolacias, maTi aqtivobebi
naTlad aCvenebda qarTuli sazogadoebis nawilSi ganviTarebul
tendenciebs (Suny 1994: 314)
sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi 1970-iani wlebis bolo da 80-iani
wlebis dasawyisi uZraobis (“zastoi”) xanad moixsenieba. miuxedavad amisa,
Tu Tvals mivadevnebT am dros saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul procesebs,
naTlad davinaxavT, rom es periodi qarTuli kulturis da sportis
gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobis xanaa. xelovnebis esa Tu is sfero (Teatri,
kino), qarTuli mwerloba, sportis saxeobebi (fexburTi, Widaoba da sxva.)
did warmatebebs aRwevs. ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi, rodesac
nacionalizmis yovelgvari politikuri gamovlineba mkacrad iyo
SezRuduli, qarTveli xalxis nacionaluri ganwyobebi swored aRniSnul
sferoebSi vlindeboda. magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT 1981 wlis 13 maisi,
rodesac safexburTo klubma Tbilisis “dinamom” evropis Tasebis
mflobelTa Tasi moipova. es gamarjveba saqarTveloSi namdvil erovnul
dResaswaulad iqca. sportul komentator kote maxaraZes, romelic
matCis reportaJs gadmoscemda, swored erovnuli grZobebis gaRvivebaSi
dasdes brali da germaniidan saqarTvelosken momavali, garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi moskovSi, dakiTxvaze SeaCeres.
fexburTi sportis masobrivi saxeobaa. tribunebze xSiria
nacionaluri ganwyobebis afeTqeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu qveyana
kolonizebulia, dakarguli aqvs damoukidebloba da nacionalizmis
gamovlenisTvis sajaro sivrce SezRudulia. amis kargia magaliTia 1970-
1980-iani wlebis Tbilisis “dinamo”, romelic, erovnuli nakrebi gundis
ararsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelo mosaxlebis erovnul siamayed iqca.
sabWoTa kavSirisa Tu evropis wamyvan klubebTan warmatebulad
Catarebuli matCebi saerTo erovnuli masStabis movlenebad iqceoda
xolme. marTalia, es safexburTo gundi oficialurad ar iwodeboda
“erovnulad”, magram ufro metad erovnuli iyo, vidre romelime
dRevandeli evropuli safexburTo klubi (jonsi 2013: 11).
fexburTis da nacionalizmis mWidro kavSirs is faqtic adasturebs,
rom jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos
36
fexburTis federacia iyo erT-erTi pirveli institucia, romelic
sakavSiro federacias gamoeyo da damoukidebloba gamoacxada. 1990 wlis
30 marts, erovnuli Cempionatis gaxsnis dRes, boris paiWaZis saxelobis
stadionze Sekrebil mosaxleobas erovnuli moZraobis liderma, zviad
gamsaxurdiam mimarTa. man mWidrod daakavSira erTmaneTTan erovnuli
moZraoba da qarTuli fexburTi. gamsaxurdias sityviT, sakavSiro
federaciisgan damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT qarTuli fexburTi
SemouerTda saqarTvelos erovnul moZraobas da masTan erTad ibrZvis
saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisTvis. “imperiuli
Zalebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, Cven gavimarjveT da mivaRwieT
saqarTvelos fexburTis damoukidebeli federaciis gamoyofas imperiuli
federaciisgan. gamoumarjos damoukidebel qarTul fexburTs, gaumarjos
damoukidebel saqarTvelos!” – ganacxada zviad gamsaxurdiam.9
xelovnebis, literaturis, sportis Tu sxva sferoebSi mniSvnelovani
warmatebebi ganixileboda, rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis erovnuli
miRwevebi, rasac xels Tavad saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisufleba
uwyobda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom,am periodSi saxelmwifos mier
institucionalizebuli “oficialuri” nacionalizmi da radikaluri
disidenturi moZraoba erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebobda da zogjer
harmoniuladac moqmedebda.
aRniSnulis sailustraciod SevexoT 1978 wels qarTul enasTan
dakavSirebul movlenebs, rodesac, Tu ronald sunis davesesxebiT,
naTlad gamoCnda qarTuli nacionalizmis potenciali. saqarTvelos
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis axali konstituciis proeqtidan
amoiRes muxli, romelic qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statuss
gansazRvravda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis da inteleqtualuri elitis
didma nawilma CaTvala, rom es faqti qarTuli enis rusulTan da sxva
enebTan gaTanabrebas gulisxmobda. 1978 wlis 14 aprils moewyo sabWoTa
realobisTvis uCveulo masobrivi demonstracia, romelSic aTiaTasobiT
adamiani monawileobda. demonstrantTa mniSvnelovan nawils
universitetis studentebi da profesor-maswavleblebi Seadgendnen.
9 zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG4ZNR5hgLI
37
sabWoTa kavSiris xelisufleba daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis
proeqtSi sakamaTo muxli aRadgina. aseTi daTmoba qarTuli
sazogadoebis did gamarjvebad moinaTla, 14 aprili ki “dedaenis” dRed
gamocxadda. 14 aprilis saprotesto manifestaciaSi aqtiurad
monawileobnen qarTveli disidentebi, romelTa gverdiT aRmoCnda
qarTuli sazogadoebis didi nawili.10
amave periodSi adgili hqonda universitetSi swavlebis enad rusuli
enis danergvis mcdelobas, ramac aseve didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia da
am ideis ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda. SevardnaZisa da breJnevisadmi
gagzavnil peticiaSi, romelsac xels inteligenciis 365 warmomadgeneli
awerda (Suny 1994: 313) aRniSnuli iyo, rom msgavsi iniciativa amcirebs
qarTuli enis rolsa da mniSvnelobas da arRvevs xalxTa Tanasworobis
sabWoTa ideas. unda aRiniSnos, rom am iniciativis winaaRmdeg
erTsulovnad gamodiodnen rogorc radikaluri, disidenturi jgufebi,
aseve sabWoTa ideologiisadmi loialurad ganwyobili inteleqtualuri
elitis didi nawili, rac naTlad miuTiTebs, rom nacionalisturi
ganwyobebi TandaTan da safuZvlianad ikidebda fexs qarTul
sazogadoebaSi.
sabWoTa saqarTvelos hqonda Tavisi himni, droSa, gerbi. stiven
jonsis SexedulebiT, es nacionaluri simbolizmi sulac ar iyo
fasaduri. saqarTvelos poltikur institutebs standartuli sabWouri
wesebiTac rom emuSavaT, qarTuli politikuri elita, gansakuTrebiT,
Tbiliss gareT, mainc axerxebda, rom sakuTari samsaxuri naxevrad
damoukideblad emarTa. is sargeblobda eTnofederaluri institutebiT,
romelmac xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevas. 1970-iani wlebisTvis
moskovi mamuls gareT mcxovreb memamules hgavda. saqarTvelos
politikuri institutebi ki formiT sabWoTa, magram SinaarsiT qarTuli
iyო (jonsi 2013: 11). jonsis sityviT, postsabWoTa saqarTvelos ZiriTadi
problemebi da misi uunaroba, moexdina erovnuli umciresobebis
integracia, swored sabWoTa warsuls ukavSirdeba. msgavs mosazrebas
10
informacia 1978 wlis 14 aprilis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “samocdaaTianelebi”
38
aviTarebs ronald suni, romelic Tvlis, rom sabWoTa kavSiris
arsebobis bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos eTnikurad monoliTuri
politikuri elita xels uSlida sakavSiro xelisuflebis Ria Carevas
respublikis Sida saqmeebSi. elitis eTnikuri Seferiloba da
solidaruloba karg safuZvels qmnida eTnosTaSorisi
dapirispirebisTvis. saxelmwifos “oficialuri” nacionalizmi xazs
usvamda eTnikuri qarTvelebis upiratesobas sxva eTnikur jgufebTan
SedarebiT. xalxTa Zmobis da Tanasworobis sabWoTa models TandaTan
safuZveli ecleboda da erovnuli diskursi mkafio antikomunistur
elfers iZenda (Suny 1994: 318-319).
1960-iani wlebis meore naxevridan qarTveli inteligenciis
SemoqmedebaSi sul ufro ikveTeboda erovnul-patriotuli Tematika.
qarTul literaturaSi, Teatralur da kinoxelovnebaSi gaZlierda
erovnuli motivi (janeliZe 2009: 192). “uZraobis” xanaSi qveyndeboda da
didi popularobiT sargeblobda istoriul-patriotuli xasiaTis
literatura: magaliTad, xelidan xelSi gadadioda muxran maWavarianis
leqsebis krebuli “1832 weli”. aseve, am periodSi ekranebze gamoCnda
rezo TabukaSvilis dokumenturi filmebi, romlebic ucxoeTSi moRvawe
qarTvelebs da maT damsaxurebas exeba. qarTuli saxelmwifo wignebSi,
filmebsa da Sua saukuneebis warsulSi cxovrobda da ara politikur
struqturebSi. sabWoTa saqarTveloSi me-12 saukunis mefe daviT
aRmaSenebeli da me-19 saukunis ganmanaTlebeli ilia WavWavaZe
warmoadgendnen eris damakavSireblebs diad warsulTan (jonsi 2013: 21).
ronald suni qarTul sazogadoebaSi nacionalizmis gaRvivebis
ramdenime mizezs asaxelebs, rac, vfiqrobT, sainteresoa imis
gasaazreblad, Tu ratom Camoyalibda 1980-iani wlebis bolos
saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraoba radikaluri formiT.
stalinuri teroris Semdeg sistemis Serbilebam da “daTbobis”
epoqis dadgomam didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miZinebuli erovnuli grZnobebi
gaaRviZa da mas mcire gasaqani misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom
nacionalizmis politikuri gamovlineba mkacrad iyo SezRuduli,
39
saxelmwifo inteleqtualur, kulturul da ekonomikur sferoebSi
garkveul daTmobebze wavida.
saqarTvelos nacionalur elitas adgilobrivi Zalauflebis
eTnizaciisa da konsolidaciis SesaZlebloba mieca, rasac is kargad
iyenebda sazogadoebis (gansakuTrebiT e.w. inteligenciis) mxardaWeris
uzrunvelsayofad. eTnikuroba warmatebis miRwevis mniSvnelovan
kriteriumad iqca. 1970 wlisTvis partiuli nomenklaturis srul
umravlesobas (76%) eTnikuri qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. rogorc
mosaxleobis, aseve mmarTveli institutebis eTnikuri konsolidacia
mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels nacionaluri identifikaciis procesis
gaZlierebas.
nacionalisturi ganwyobebis gaZliereba aseve gamoiwvia mcire eris
sindromma, romelsac, gansakuTrebiT sxva did erTan daqvemdebarebul
mdgomareobaSi yofnisas, sakuTari enis, kulturuli memkvidreobis,
tradiciebis, cxovrebis wesis dakargvis eSinia. am tendenciis
gaZlierebam sabWoTa identobis alternatiuli da misi sawinaaRmdego
modeli Seqmna.
da bolos, nacionalisturi ganwyobebis gaZlierebis erT-erTi
safuZvelia marqsistuli ideologiis erozia, romelic gansakuTrebiT
naTlad sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo aTwleulebSi gamoCnda.
internacionalisturi ideologiisadmi nihilizmma erovnuli ganwyobebis
gaRviveba da marqsizmis nacionalizmiT Canacvleba gamoiwvia (Suny 1994:
314). nacionalizms marqsizmis erozias uwodebs benediqts andersonic,
romelic Tvlis, rom swored nacionalizmi iyo is fenomeni, romelmac
mTavari wvlili Seitana marqsistuli ideologiis marcxsa da
socialisturi sistemis kraxSi.
nacionalizmi Tanamedrove mkvlevari jon haTCinsoni erTmaneTisgan
mijnavs politikur da kulturul nacionalizmebs. misi SexedulebiT,
politikuri nacionalizmis umTavresi mizani damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
formirebaa, maSin rodesac kulturuli nacionalizmi erovnuli
sazogadoebebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. haTCinsoni Tvlis, rom
kulturuli nacionalizmi, romelic eTnoistoriuli gamoRviZebiT,
40
mSobliur enaze zrunviT, literaturuli, sportuli Tu sxva saxis
aqtivobebiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc wesi, win uswrebs politikur
nacionalizms. kulturuli nacionalizmis mizani, umTavresad, ara
politikuri, aramed moraluri sazogadoebis (moral community) formirebaa.
haTCinsonis msgavsad, stiven jonsic Tvlis, rom 1991 wels qarTveli
xalxi kulturul fenomens warmoadgenda da ara samoqalaqo an
politikur erTobas, Tumca, avtoris azriT, upiratesobis SegrZnebasTan
da folkloruli tradiciebis gafetiSebasTan mibmuli kulturuli
nacionalizmi abrkolebda institutebis asagebad saWiro
SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas. istorikosebis, dramaturgebis,
reJisorebis, filosofosebis rolma, umravlesobis uflebebisa da
eTnikuri privilegiebis gauazrebelma interpretaciam 1980-iani wlebis
saqarTveloSi “moralis politikis” periodi moitana. emociam, dramam da
Teatralurma simbolizmma gamodevna pragmatizmi, dialogi da
TanamSromloba (jonsi 2013: 36).
1970-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi da, zogadad, sabWoTa kavSirSi
aRmocenebuli disidenturi moZraobis umTavresi mizani swored
moraluri sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba iyo. disidentebs, maT mierve
gacxadebuli poziciis mixedviT, sicruesTan, usamarTlobasTan,
ZalmomreobasTan da, upirveles yovlisa, adamianis uflebaTa dacva-
aRiarebisTvis brZola akavSirebdaT. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi
disidenturi moZraobas mainc hqonda garkveuli erovnuli elferi.
vfiqrobT, istorikosi oTar janeliZe marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom
ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebebs erovnuli
uflebebic emateboda. qarTvelma disidentebma wina planze erovnuli
idealebi, rusifikaciasTan brZolis, kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis,
ekologiuri usafrTxoebis da sxva sakiTxebi wamoswies. SemTxveviTi ar
yofila, rom “perestroikis” wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac
akademikosma saxarovma saqarTvelos “mcire imperia” uwoda, rusi da
qarTveli disidentebis gzebi sabolood gaiyara (janeliZe 2009: 197).
miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturul nacionalizms ar aqvs mkafiod
gamoxatuli politikuri mizani, misi formirebisas yalibdeba
41
politikuri nacionalizmis gaRvivebisTvis saWiro safuZveli, isaxeba
damoukideblobis miRwevis gzebi da iqmneba politikuri moTxovnebis
legitimaciisTvis aucilebeli argumentebi.
1970-iani wlebidan 1980-iani wlebis miwurulamde saqarTveloSi
ganviTarebuli procesebi adasturebs haTCinsonis modelis
marTebulobas. sabWoTa saxelmwifos dasustebis da gardaqmnis
(“perestroika”) procesis dawyebis Semdeg, kulturuli nacionalizmis
gaRvivebas damoukideblobis moTxovnebis gaCena moyva da qarTulma
nacionalizmma mkafio politikuri forma SeiZina.
42
Tavi 2. qarTuli nacionalizmis axali etapi:
saqarTvelo 1988-1992 wlebSi
2.1. araformaluri moZraobidan xelisuflebamde (1988-1990)
1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebaSi mixeil gorbaCovi
movida, romelmac saxelmwifos marTvis gansxvavebuli politika airCia.
1987 wlis ianvarSi, skkp centraluri komitetis plenumze, gorbaCovma
“gardaqmnisa” (“perestroika”) da “sajaroobis” (“glastnosti”) kursi
gamoacxada, rac sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis sruliad axali movlena iyo.
pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi, partiisa da qveynis lideri
mouwodebda mosaxleobas, sajarod eTqvaT simarTle da gamoexataT
sakuTari azri yvela mtkivneul sakiTxze, Tundac is absoluturad
sawinaaRmdego yofiliyo komunisturi ideologiisa (daviTaSvili 2003:
391). dasawyisSi “perestroika” xmaurian da droebiT kampaniad iqna
miCneuli. mokavSire respublikebSi axal politikur kurss skeptikurad
uyurebdnen da pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaferi Zveleburad
darCa. Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom procesi Seuqcevad
xasiaTs iRebda. jini boTlidan amouSves da misi ukan Cabruneba
SeuZlebeli gaxda.
qarTuli disidenturi moZraoba, romelic nel-nela aralegaluri
mdgomareobidan gamodioda, 1987 wlidan viwro wres gascda da
komunisturi reJimis sawinaaRmdego propaganda mosaxleobis farTo
fenebSi daiwyo. amave wels pirveli mitingi gaimarTa Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetTan, sadac, erovnuli moZraobis liderTa
mxardaWeriT, studentebma transkavkasiuri magistralis mSenebloba da
daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis siaxloves samxedro poligonis
arseboba gaaprotestes. “saukunis mSeneblobad” monaTlul kavkasiis
samTo rkinigzas saqarTvelo moskovTan pirdapiri gziT unda
daekavSirebina. rkinigzas unda gadaevlo kavkasionis qedi 11 gvirabiT, 15
derefniT da 85 xidiT. ramdenime Tvianma kampaniam, romelsac qarTveli
inteleqtualebi awarmoebdnen, aiZula komunisturi xelisufleba,
43
gadaedo mSenebloba. rkinigza, romelic gamiznuli iyo samxreT kavkasiis
respublikebis ekonomikis gansaviTareblad da regionSi ruseTis
samxedro Zalebis SeRwevis gasaioleblad, opoziciis gancxadebiT,
gamousworebel zians miayenebda saqarTvelos mTianeTs, gamoiwvevda
mTaSi mcxovrebi Temebis depopulacias da Secvlida eTnikur suraTs.
amave periodSi mZafri kritikis saganis gaxda svaneTSi xudonis
hidroeleqtrosadgurisa da aragvis xeobaSi gazsadenis mSenebloba
(jonsi 2013: 41).
qarTvelebisTvis hesebis, kaSxlebis, poligonebisa da wyalsacavebis
dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli garemosdacviTi kampaniebi iseve iyo
dakavSirebuli istoriasTan, demografiul situaciasTan da ucxo
jarebis maT teritoriaze yofnasTan, rogorc sufTa haerTan da
xeluxlebel tyeebTan (jonsi 2013: 42). amave periodSi Camoyalibda
saqarTvelos mwvaneTa partia. garemosa da kulturuli memkvidreobis
dacvisken mimarTulma RonisZiebebma imTaviTve gansazRvra qarTuli
nacionalizmis, rogorc kulturuli nacionalizmis forma. amave dros,
warmatebulma quCis saprotesto aqciebma qarTul sazogadoebaSi
gamarjvebulis sindromis gaCena gamoiwvia. erovnuli moZraobis sadaveebi
mTlianad aRmoCnda radikalurad ganwyobuli liderebis xelSi,
romelTaTvis politikuri miznis miRwevis umTavresi saSualeba
Seurigebloba, manifestaciebi, SimSilobebi da msgavsi saxis aqtivobebi
gaxda. 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls qarTul erovnuli moZraoba emociur
fenomenad iqca, romelic quCidan imarTeboda. radikali liderebis
ritorikas, midgomebsa da gadawyvetilebebs didwilad gansazRvravda ara
racionalizmi, aramed quCebSi da mitingebze arsebuli emociuri foni.
1987 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi dafuZnda pirveli araformaluri
organizacia “ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba”, sadac gaerTiandnen merab
kostava, Tamar CxeiZe, irakli wereTeli da sxva disidentebi. amave
periodSi Seiqmna “rusTavelis sazogadoeba”, romelsac saTaveSi akaki
baqraZe Caudga da masSi bevri cnobili pirovneba gaerTianda. zurab
daviTaSvilis azriT, am sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas komunisturma
xelisuflebam Seuwyo xeli, romelsac surda, TviTon ekontrolebina
44
erovnuli moZraobis procesi (daviTaSvili 2003: 391). “rusTavelis
sazogadoebis” saxiT saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam xalxs
radikaluri erovnuli moZraobis erTgvari alternativa SesTavaza,
Tumca mizani ver ganxorcielda da wamyvani poziciebi radikalebs
darCaT.
1980-iani wlebis bolodan qarTuli nacionalizmis gaZlierebam da
erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobam, sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare gardaqmnisa
da demokratizaciis procesis fonze, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra swrafi
nabijebiT svla saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken. komunisturi
xelisufleba TandaTan kargavda realur Zalauflebas da
gadawyvetilebebs erovnuli moZraobis karnaxiT iRebda. nacionalizmis
mkveTrma aRmasvlam da nacionalisturi ritorikis gabatonebam
saqarTvelos mmarTvel politikur elitas moqmedebis areali didwilad
SeuzRuda. 1988 wlis martSi saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma
dauSva SezRuduli sazogadoebrivi demonstraciebi, xolo seqtemberSi
Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWom dauSva sazogadoebrivi mitingebi ipodromis
teritoriaze (jonsi 2013: 42).
sayuradReboa saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos mier 1990 wlis 9
marts miRebuli dadgenileba saqarTvelos saxelmwifos suverenitetis
dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dadgenilebiT
saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWo daupirispirda sabWoTa kavSiris
xelisuflebas, rodesac gaakritika kanonproeqti ssr kavSiris
prezidentis postis dawesebisa da konstituciaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebis
Setanis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebis mixedviT, ssr kavSiris konstitituciis
Sesabamisi muxlebis Tanaxmad, “mokavSire respublikebi suverenuli
saxelmwifoebi arian. maSasadame, prezidentis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi
saqarTvelos, rogorc suverenul saxelmwifos, Tavisi prezidenti unda
hyavdes... ssr kavSiris prezidenti ar unda iyos sabWoTa moqalaqeebis
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis garanti, radganac am movaleobas
unda asrulebdes Sesabamisi suverenuli saxelmwifos – mokavSire
respublikis meTauri” (saluaSvili 1996: 14).
45
aRniSnuli da sxva mizezebidan gamomdinare, romlebic, ZiriTadad,
saqarTvelos suverenitetis SezRudviT iyo ganpirobebuli, saqarTvelos
ssr uzenaes sabWos miuReblad miaCnda misi monawileoba am
kanonproeqtis miRebaSi. ssr uzenaesma sabWom aRiara, rom 1921 wels
saqarTveloSi ruseTis jarebis SemoWra samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT
warmoadgenda samxedro Carevas da okupacias arsebuli politikuri
wyobis damxobs mizniT, xolo politikuri TvalsazrisiT – faqtobriv
aneqsias. uzenaesi sabWo ukanonod gamoacxada da baTilad scno 1921 wlis
21 maisis da 1922 wlis 12 martis samokavSireo xelSekrulebebi da
mizanSewonilad miiCnia molaparakebebis dawyeba saqarTvelos
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebas xels
awerdnen saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavjdomare g.
gumbariZe da mdivani v. kvaracxelia (saluaSvili 1996: 15). rogorc
vxedavT, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos
mmarTveli komunisturi xelisufleba mkacrad akritikebda centrs da
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis
dawyebis survils gamoTqvamda.
1988 weli saqarTveloSi mitingebisa da demonstraciebis wlad iqca,
romelTa didi nawili arasanqcirebuli iyo. am wels 35 saprotesto
demonstracia Catarda da maTgan mxolod oTxi iyo oficialurad
daSvebuli (mWedliZe 1999: 148). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani manifestacia
gaimarTa 26 maiss, 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis Seqmnis aRsaniSnavad. am dRes pirvelad gaiSala
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samferovani droSa da gaisma
damoukideblobis mowodebebi. damoukideblobis dRis aRniSvnamde
ramdenime dRiT adre erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTma liderma merab
kostavam damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSa sakuTari saxlis saxuravze
aRmarTa. am faqtma dedaqalaqSi didi rezonansi gamoiwvia.11
1988 wels naTlad gamoCnda qarTuli nacionalizmis eqskluziuri
buneba da, garkveulwilad, konfrontaciuli xasiaTi, rac, vfiqrobT,
gasagebia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa memkvidreobas da,
11gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego
46
meore mxriv, erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobisas arsebul emociur fons.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo, am TvalsazrisiT, gamonaklisi ar
iyo da, ganviTarebis adreul safexurze, eqskluziuri nacionalizmi
damaxasiaTebeli gaxldaT TiTqmis yvela mravaleTnikuri qveynisaTvis
evropaSi da postsabWoTa sivrceSi (ix. rojers brubeikeris, toni
klarkis, ian bremeris da sxvaTa Sromebi). maisSi studentebma
gaaprotestes gardabnisa da Telavis raionebSi azerbajanelebis mier
miwis SeZena, rasac “ukanono” aqtad afasebdnen. amave periodSi
“araformalebma” mwvaved gaaprotestes azerbaijanelis mier qarTveli
gogonas savaraudo gaupatiurebis faqti (jonsi 2013: 43).
gansakuTrebiT mRelvare iyo Semodgoma, rodesac, sakavSiro
xelisuflebis mier SemoTavazebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis
sapasuxod, TbilisSi masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis talRa agorda.
aRniSnuli cvlilebebi maqsimalurad zRudavda mokavSire respublikebis
mier sabWoTa kavSiris datovebis uflebas. gardaqmnisa da
demokratizaciis procesis paralelurad dawyebuli saxalxo
mRelvarebisa da moukideblobisken swrafvis SezRudvas sabWoTa kavSiris
xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT gegmavda. 12 noembers
ipodromze gaimarTa didi mitingi, romlis mTavar simbolos
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samferovani droSa warmoadgenda. 22
noembers erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevrebma umaRlesi sabWos
Senobis kibeebze erTkviriani SimSiloba gamoacxades. ramdenime dReSi
moSimSileTa raodenobam 500 adamians gadaaWarba, 23 noembers umaRlesma
sabWom, romlis sxdoma masStaburi mitingis fonze mimdinareobda, uaryo
centris mier SemoTavazebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebi.12 1 dekembers
sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos sesiam sakonstitucio cvlilebebi
miiRo. is muxli, romelic yvelaze metad aRelvebda qarTul
sazogadoebas, kremlSi marTlac Secvales da mokavSire respublikebs
sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba SeunarCunes.13 erTi mxriv,
saprotesto moZraobis gaZliereba da, meore mxriv, sakavSiro da
12
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, #11, 1988. gv. 11-13. 13
http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego (gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi)
47
adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis damTmobi politika naTel signals
iZleoda, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba male iqceoda erovnuli
moZraobis ZiriTad moTxovnad.
imave periodSi, saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisuflebis
iniciativiT, SemuSavda qarTuli enis saxelmwifo programis proeqti,
romelSic CarTuli iyvnen enaTmecnierebis institutis TanamSromlebi.
programis mizani iyo saxelmwifo da kulturuli dawesebulebebis
gaqarTuleba, araqarTvelTaTvis qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebis
gaxsna da zogi sxva nabijis gadadgma. programa 1988 wlis 3 noembers
gamoqveynda gazeT “komunistSi”.
miuxedavad nacionalisturi diskursis gabatonebisa, romelmac,
rogorc davinaxeT, saqarTvelos komunistur xelisuflebaSic moikida
fexi, komunisturi partia mainc axerxebda situaciis kontrols. Tumca
male procesebi tragikuli scenariT ganviTarda, ramac sabolood
daukarga legitimuroba saqarTvelos komunistur xelisuflebas.
eTnosTaSorisi dapirispirebis gaRviveba. 1989 wlis 9 aprili.
erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobisa da quCis aqciebis gaaqtiurebis
paralelurad, safrTxis qveS dadga saqarTvelos, rogorc
mravaleTnikuri qveynis mSvidobiani arseboba. erovnuli umciresobebis
separatistulad ganwyobili warmomadgenlebi qarTuli eTnikuri
nacionalizmis aRzevebas uaryofiTad Sexvdnen da mas aseve radikaluri
separatistuli moZraobebi daupirispires. am periodSi Camoyalibda
afxazuri „aidgilara“, osuri „adamon nixasi“. somxuri „krunqi“ da
„javaxqi“, azerbaijanuli „geiraTi“ da a.S. isini miuTiTebdnen qarTvelTa
mier eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis SezRudvaze da maT Seviwrovebaze.
1988 wlis noembris aqciebis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT daiZaba viTareba
afxazeTSi. separatistebi, tradiciulad, moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris
viTarebis garTulebis kvaldakval amoqmeddnen da sakuTari moTxovnebi
wamoayenes.
erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri nawilis liderTa ritorikaSic ar
iyo erTgvarovneba eTnikur umciresobebTan, gansakuTrebiT, afxazebTan
mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, zviad gamsaxurdias da misi mxardamWerebisgan
48
gansxvavebiT, “ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis” liderTa pozicia
SedarebiT zomieri iyo. 1988 wlis 3 dekembers soxumSi, “ilia WavWavaZis
sazogadoebis” iniciativiT, gaimarTa masStaburi demonstracia. mitingis
monawileebs qarTul da afxazur enebze mimarTa da erTianobisken
mouwoda sazogadoebis erT-erTma liderma zurab WavWavaZem. man
garTulebul urTierTobebze pasuxismgebloba mTlianad moskovs
daakisra da qarTuli da afxazuri sazogadoebebis dialogis
aucileblobaze isaubra. misi sityviT, dialogs alternativa ar hqonda
da problemebi mxolod erTmaneTis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da
molaparakebebiT mogvardeboda.14 erT-erT interviuSi zurab WavWavaZe
acxadebda, rom man SesTavaza daxmareba afxazebs afxazuri saSualo
skolis daarsebaSi da aRuTqva, rom moiTxovda xelisuflebisgan
saxsrebs V-XI klasebisTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis afxazur enaze
gamosacemad. amis mizani is iyo, rom afxaz bavSvebs hqonodaT mSobliur
enaze srulfasovani saSualo ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. amave
interviuSi zurab WavWavaZe ambobda, rom afxazuri sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebma am SeTavazebaze uari Tqves da ganacxades, rom maT
urCevniaT ganaTleba rusul enaze miiRon. WavWavaZis azriT, am
faqtidanac naTlad Canda, rom antiqarTul moZraobas afxazeTSi ar
SeiZleba darqmeoda afxazuri erovnuli moZraoba da igi, faqtobrivad,
antiafxazuric iyo. zurab WavWavaZis SexedulebiT, 1988 wlis 3 dekembris
mitingi soxumSi, albaT, xalxTa Zmobisa da erTobisadmi miZRvnili
pirveli mitingi iyo istoriaSi, romelic xelisuflebam akrZala da
arasanqcirebulad Catarda.15
zurab WavWavaZisgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTTan da afxazebTan
dakavSirebiT gacilebiT radikaluri iyo zviad gasaxurdias pozicia. am
periodSi gamarTul erT-erT saprotesto aqciaze gamaxurdiam ganacxada,
rom “afxazi eri istoriulad ar arsebobda. afxazeTi iyo saxelwodeba
dasavleT saqarTvelosi da afxazebi iyvnen dasavleT qarTvelebi. ase
14
zurab WavWavaZis gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLkaCNjennI 15
vrceli amonaridi interviudan ix. bmulze: http://geoindependence.net/2014/11/22/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E
1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-
%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3/
49
rom, afxazi eri iyo igive qarTveli eri, dasavleT qarTveli eri. xolo,
is Zveli, qristiani afxazebi, qarTveli afxazebi dRes aRar arseboben.
saxelwodeba afxazi dRes arasworad ixmareba am absuas tomTan
dakavSirebiT, absua, anu absarni, es aris CrdiloeT kavkasiuri, adiReuri
modgmis tomi. Cven arc erTi tomis, jgufis TviTgamorkvevis winaaRmdegni
ar varT, Tu is erad qcevas lamobs. miTumetes, Tu mas aqvs eris
garkveuli niSnebi dRes, oRond, mis istoriul teritoriaze, CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi. Tu es tomi Tu tomebi amas Seigneben, Cven maT amovudgebiT
mxarSi, oRond im pirobiT, rom maT unda aRadginon istoriuli
samarTlianoba, dagviTmon Cveni miwa-wyali da damkvidrdnen iq, saidanac
mobrZandnen.”16
miuxedavad sxvaobebisa, romelic aRniSnuli liderebis poziciasa
Tu damokidebulebebSi SeiniSneba, politikuri Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis
(protesti, dialogisken mowodeba an raime sxva) ZiriTad asparezad mainc
quCa rCeboda. procesebi, erovnuli Tu separatistuli moZraobebis
liderTa mxridan, mTlianad quCaSi iyo gadatanili. es faqti xels
uwyobda emociuri fonis ukidures daZabvas da xelsayrel sivrces qmnida
konfrontaciisTvis.
qarTul-afxazuri dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1989 wlis
gazafxulze. 18 marts, gudauTis raionis sofel lixnSi afxazTa
saxalxo kreba gaimarTa. lixns afxazeTis istoriul centrs uwodeben,
sadac, tradiciulad, ikribeboda afxazuri sazogadoeba da wyvetda
umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs. amjerad sofel lixnSi aTasobiT afxazma
(sxvadasxva monacemis mixedviT, 50-60 aTasi adamiani) moiyara Tavi da
Seadgina peticia sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebis saxelze. peticiis
xelmomwerebi kremlisgan afxazeTis saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikidan gamoyofas moiTxovdnen.17 afxaz separatistTa moTxovnam
TbilisSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. 2 aprils “ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis”
organizebiT soxumSi gaimarTa didi manifestacia, romelSic Tbilisidan
Casuli erovnuli moZraobis liderebi, maT Soris, merab kostava da
16
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wq_LTL9CcxM 17
informacia lixnis Sekrebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://experti.ge/kartuli7.htm
50
zurab WavWavaZe monawileobdnen. avtonomiur respublikaSi mdgomareoba
ukiduresad daiZaba. leseliZidan soxumis mimarTulebiT mimavali
qarTveli momitingeebis avtobusebi gudauTaSi afxazebma SeaCeres da
mgzavrebs fizikuri Seuracxyofa miayenes. 4 aprilidan aqciebi TbilisSi,
mTavrobis saxlis win gagrZelda. studentebma daikaves mTavrobis saxlis
farTo kibe, moamzades saZile tomrebi da SimSiloba gamoacxades.
mitings maleve SeuerTdnen erovnuli moZraobis liderebi zviad
gamsaxurdia, gia Wanturia, irakli wereTeli da sxvebi. Tavdapirvelad,
aqciis ZiriTadi moTxovna afxazeTis xelisuflebis im warmomadgenelTa
dasja iyo, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves lixnis krebis organizebas, Tumca,
sul oriode dReSi, afxazeTis sakiTxma ukana planze gadaiwia da
demontrantebma saqarTvelos sruli damoukidebloba moiTxoves.18
momitingeebi nakadebad Camodiodnen saqarTvelos regionebidan, mitingebma
mTeli dedaqalaqi moicva. 7 aprils saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis
centraluri komitetis pirvelma mdivanma jumber patiaSvilma moskovSi
gagzavna depeSa, romelSic brals sdebda eqstremistul jgufebs qaosis
SeqmnaSi, partiisa da saxelmwifo insitutebis SeuracxyofaSi da
moiTxovda sagangebo RonisZiebaTa gatarebas (jonsi 2013: 46). 8 aprils
moskovSi Catarda politbiuros sxdoma, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba
TbilisSi, momitingeTa daSlisa da viTarebis stabilizaciis mizniT,
samxedro SenaerTebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb. 8 aprilsve TbilisSi Catarda
partiuli aqtivis kreba, sadac partiulma xelmZRvanelobam radikalebTan
dialogi gamoricxa. amave dRes TbilisSi Sedga saqarTvelos Tavdacvis
sabWos sxdoma, romelsac eswrebodnen amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis
meTauri, generali igor rodionovi da ssrk Tavdacvis ministris
moadgile konstantin koCetovi. am pirebs uSualod evalebodaT,
zedamxedveloba gaewiaT mitingis daSlisTvis. yvelaferi
sisxlisRvrisken midioda, Tumca, SesaZloa, saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba
msgavs sisastikes ar eloda. stiven jonsi wers, rom darbevamde naxevari
saaTiT adre patiaSvilma daureka rodionovs da igi daarwmunes, rom
msxverpli ar iqneboda. iyo mowodebebi demonstrantebis mimarT, rom
18
http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego (gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi)
51
daSliliyvnen. 9 aprils, Ramis 3 saaTze, aqciaze saqarTvelos kaTalikos-
patriarqi ilia meore mivida da erovnuli moZraobis liderebi
gaafrTxila mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb, aseve mouwoda maT, rom
momitingeebs qaSueTis taZris ezoSi gadaenacvlebinaT, Tumca misi Txovna
ar gaiTvaliswines.
9 aprils, dilis 4 saaTze sabWoTa jarebma mitingis darbeva daiwyes.
demonstrantebis dasaSlelad jariskacebma orlesuli niCbebi,
momwavleli airi da xelketebi gamoiyenes. daiRupa 21 adamiani, sxeulis
sxvadasxva dazianeba aTobiT moqalaqem miiRo. TiTqmis yvela momitinge
mowamluli iyo. 9 aprilis dilas daapatimres merab kostava, zviad
gamsaxurdia, giorgi Wanturia, vano xuxunaiSvili, irina sariSvili da
irakli wereTeli. erovnuli moZraobis liderebi cixidan maisSi
gaaTavisufles.19
1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebma sabolood gautexa saxeli sabWoTa
xelisuflebas qarTuli sazogadoebis TvalSi. am faqtis Semdeg
komunisturi mTavroba mxolod formalurad arsebobda saqarTveloSi.
naTeli gaxda, rom “perestroikisa” da “glastnostis” mimzidveli ideebis
qveS kvlav arsebobda namdvili, policiuri sabWoTa saxelmwifo,
romelic sastikad gausworda mSvidobian demonstrantebs. am dRis Semdeg
damoukideblobis moTxovna saerTo saxalxo moTxovnad iqca. umaRlesi
sabWos sagamoZiebo komisiam Zalis gamoyeneba ukanonod cno da masze
pasuxismgebloba sabWoTa xelisuflebasa da saqarTvelos partiul
xelmZRvanelobas daakisra. komisiis daskvniT, operacias sadamsjelo
xasiaTi hqonda, maSin, rodesac arsebobda alternatiuli zomebis
gatarebis SesaZlebloba.
moqalaqeebis sastikma daxocvam saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
sayovelTao aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. mTeli qveyana quCaSi iyo gamosuli da
daRupulebs glovobda. radioSi samgloviaro musika JRerda, qarxnebma
Sewyvites muSaoba, 15 aprils Catarda tragediis msxverplTa masobrivi
19
detaluri informaciisTvis 9 aprilis Sesaxeb ix.: statiebis krebuli “9 aprili”, Semdg. g. gverdwiTeli, Tb., “merani”, 1990; sonRulaSvili avTandil. “9 aprilis sisxliani tragedia”. Tb., “mecniereba”, 1999; agreTve Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “9 aprilis saidumlo”.
52
dakrZalva, romelic televiziiT gadaicemoda. mTavrobis saxlis kibeebi
pativis migebis adgilad iqca, sadac daRupulTa fotoebi iyo
gamofenili (jonsi 2013: 47-48). 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediam imdenad
didi mniSvneloba SeiZina, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, 2 wlis
Semdeg, swored am dRes gamocxadda.
am movlenebis Semdeg politikuri procesebi srulad gadavida
erovnuli moZraobis radikali liderebis xelSi, qarTuli nacionalizmi
ki sabolood Camoyalibda radikaluri formiT, romlis umTavresi
iaraRs quCis aqciebi da manifestaciebi warmoadgenda. 9 aprilis
tragediam, erTi mxriv, gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mobilizeba
damoukideblobis ideis garSemo, xolo meore mxriv, am dRis Semdeg
erovnuli moZraoba sabolood gaixliCa. mis liderebs ar hqondaT
Camoyalibebuli da gaziarebuli pozicia, Tu ra gziT unda ebrZolaT
saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis. dapirispirebaSi didi roli iTamaSa
emociurma fonma da liderTa Soris pirovnulma gaugebrobebma, ris
safuZveli erovnuli moZraobis Camoyalibebis adreul etapze unda
veZeboT.
gaxleCili erovnuli moZraoba. 1988 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac
saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraoba aqtiur fazaSi gadavida, naTeli gaxda
winaaRmdegobebi Tavad moZraobis SigniT. liderebs Soris gaugebrobebi
da, xSirad, mwvave dapirispireba arTulebda konsesusze damyarebuli
nacionaluri proeqtisa da qveynis ganviTarebis saerTo xedvis
Camoyalibebas. erovnuli moZraobis winaaRmdegobrivi safuZvlebis
gasaanalizeblad saintereso faqtia e.w. “Rirsebis sasamarTlo”,
videomasala, romelic araformali liderebis mwvave dapirispirebas
asaxavs.20 erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebs Soris Sexvedra, romelic
zviad gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, “ilia WavWavaZis
sazogadoebis” erT-erTi damfuZneblis, zurab WavWavaZis moTxovniT
gaimarTa erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTi wevris saxlSi. es video, romlis
gavrcelebis mizani erovnuli moZraobis liderTa diskreditacia iyo,
saqarTvelos televiziiT gadaica 1989 wlis 26 Tebervals, wina dRes
20
videos sruli versia ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7v6zHKQ3bc
53
araformalebis mier Catarebuli saprotesto mitingis sapasuxod. zviad
gamsaxurdiam kategoriulad mosTxova zurab WavWavaZes, warmoedgina
sabuTi, romelic mis mimarT wayenebul braldebas daasabuTebda da Tavad
WavWavaZes dasdo brali “kagebes” agentobaSi. gamsaxurdias pozicias
iziarebdnen irakli wereTeli, giorgi Wanturia, irina sariSvili da sxva
liderebi, zurab WavWavaZis gverdiT ki disidenturi moZraobis kidev
erTi wevri Tamar CxeiZe idga. Sexvedras eswrebian neitraluri mxaris
warmomadgenlebi – gasamxedroebuli gaerTianeba “mxedrionis” lideri
jaba ioseliani da literatori akaki baqraZe. sainteresoa, rom “Rirsebis
sasamarTlos” neitraluri monawileebi gmobdnen siZulvilis enas da
dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris arsebul mwvave antagonizms.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa akaki baqraZis sityvebi: “me davrwmundi
imaSi, rom Cvens urTierTobas siZulvili marTavs da es aris yovlad
Tavzardamcemi ambavi. Cemze aman damTrgunveli STabeWdileba moaxdina. me
gamanadgura im siZulvilma, romelic davinaxe, Tundac, sxvadasxva
Sexedulebebs, sxvadasxva jgufs, sxvadasxva sazogadoebasa Tu partias
Soris.” misi azriT, urTierTbraldebebi emociuri fonis brali iyo da
maTi seriozulad ganxilva ar SeiZleboda. baqraZis SexedulebiT, orive
mxare Sexvedraze ukiduresad moumzadebeli movida da erTmaneTs didi
Seuracxyofa miayena. aseTi Seurigeblobis pirobebSi, SeuZlebeli iyo
saerTo miznisTvis SeTanxmebuli da gaazrebuli brZola. baqraZe ambobda,
rom dadgeboda dro, rodesac “Cven erTmaneTs davWirdebiT da am
droisTvis siZulviliT ar unda viyoT ise dabrmavebuli, rom erTmaneTs
xeli ver gavuwodoT.” aqve aRvniSnavT, rom winaaRmdegobrioba,
emociuroba da moumzadebloba 1980-1990-iani wlebis qarTuli
nacionalizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo, rasac, xSirad,
sazogadoeba gauazrebel Sedegebamde mihyavda.
Sexvedridan, romelic ukiduresad daZabul reJimSi mimdinareobs,
naTlad Cans qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologebs Soris momavali
Seurigeblobis konturebi. erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri frTis
warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTsac radikalurad upirispirdebian, uapelaciod
sdeben brals RalatSi da specsamsaxurebTan TanamSromlobaSi.
54
vfiqrobT, viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad, yvelaze metad, irina sariSvilis
sityvebi gamodgeba, romelic man, Sexvedris dasasruls, zurab WavWavaZis
misamarTiT warmoTqva: “nervebis siwynare patiosnebas ar niSnavs. piriqiT,
Cvens droSi, nervebis siwynare upatiosnobas niSnavs.”
“Rirsebis sasamarTlo” dasturia imisa, rom sabWoTa memkvidreobam
gavlena saqarTveloSi komunisturi ideologiis mTavar
mowinaaRmdegeebzec moaxdina. naTelia, rom sazogadoebis polarizaciis,
“mtrebad” da “megobrebad” dayofis, Seurigeblobis sabWoTa tradicias
qarTvel disidentebSic Rrmad hqonda fexi mokidebuli. “Rirsebis
samarTlo” 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli
procesebis erTgvari modelirebuli suraTia.
erovnul moZraobaSi konsesusis miRwevas is faqtic arTulebda, rom
1989 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi ormocdaaTamde politikuri organizacia
Tu araformaluri dajgufeba arsebobda (SveliZe 2008: 19). erTpartiul,
totalitarul sistemaSi cxovrebis xangrZlivi gamocdilebis Semdeg,
aseTi mravalferovani politikuri sivrcis Seqmnam TavisTavad Seuwyo
xeli sazogadoebis daqsaqsvas da SeuZlebeli gaxada SeTanxmebuli
moqmedebis strategiis SemuSaveba.
qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebul dapirispirebebze saubrisas, unda
gavixsenoT “saxalxo frontis” yriloba, romelic 1989 wlis ivnisSi
gaimarTa. saxalxo frontis Seqmnis idea filolog nodar naTaZes
ekuTvnoda da saqarTveloSi baltiispireTidan Semovida. iq amgvari
organizaciebi farTo, masobriv moZraobebs warmoadgendnen, romlebSic
gaerTianebuli iyvnen sxvadasxva politikuri partiebi, jgufebi,
sazogadoebebi (SveliZe 2008: 46). saqarTvelos “saxalxo frontic”
gaxleCili erovnuli moZraobis gaerTianebis mizniT Seiqmna, Tumca misi
damfuZnebeli yriloba Tavad iqca dapirispirebis asparezad da kidev
ufro naTlad warmoaCina qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebi.
“saxalxo frontis” yriloba TbilisSi, filarmoniis did
sakoncerto darbazSi 1989 wlis 21-25 ivniss mimdinareobda. yrilobaze
ganviTarebuli movlenebis gasaanalizeblad mniSvnelovani wyaroa
istorikos dimitri SveliZis mogonebebi, romelic Sexvedras delegatis
55
statusiT eswreboda. aseve SemorCenilia fragmentuli xasiaTis
videomasala, romelic calkeuli monawileebis, magaliTad, zviad
gamsaxurdias gamosvlas asaxavs. yrilobas oriaTasamde monawile
eswreboda, romelTa umravlesoba masSi aqtiur monawileobas cdilobda.
bevri maTgani scenaze asvlas da mikrofonTan miaxlovebas ver axerxebda
da adgilidan, xSirad yviriliT, cdilobda sakuTari poziciis
gamoxatvas. sxdomebis Tavmjdomareebi yoveldRiurad icvlebodnen, Tumca
verc erTi maTgani axerxebda auditoriis dawynarebas, ris gamoc
yrilobis muSaoba ganuwyvetel xmaurSi mimdinareobda. TiTqmis yvela
sakiTxi, romelic sxdomaze irCeoda – xmis damTvleli Tu samandato
komisiis arCeva, saTaTbirosa Tu gamgeobis Camoyalibeba, wesdebis miReba
da sxva – mZafri polemikisa da dapirispirebis fonze mimdinareobda
(SveliZe 2008: 47-48). saxalxo frontis yrilobis monawileebi, ZiriTadad,
or – radikalur da SedarebiT zomier nawilebad gaiyvnen. erovnuli
moZraobis radikalurad ganwyobili liderebi, zviad gamsaxurdias
meTaurobiT, ukompromiso poziciaze idgnen, maSin rodesac Sexvedris
sxva monawileebi, magaliTad, merab mamardaSvili, zomier, racionalur
midgomebs emxrobodnen. am Sexvedris monawileTa or nawilad gayofam
kargad aCvena qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebi, polarizacia
da, miuxedavad mravalricxovani politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebis arsebobisa, ori dapirispirebuli banakis arseboba.
sazogadoebis didi nawili erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri
mimarTulebis mxares iyo. es naTlad gamoCnda yrilobaze, romelic
radikalebis karnaxiT mimdinareobda. SemdgomSi dapirispireba kidev
ufro gaRrmavda, ramac didi wvlili Seitana samoqalaqo omSi.
CvenTvis saintereso epoqis qarTuli nacionalizmis
gasaanalizeblad sainteresoa yrilobaze zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla,21
romelic “saxalxo frontis” mesveurTa mier SemuSavebul programas imis
gamo iwunebda, rom masSi saTanadod ar iyo daculi eTnikuri
qarTvelebis uflebebi. gamsaxurdia yuradRebas amaxvilebda saqarTvelos
avtonomiur erTeulebze da maT “ukanono warmonaqmnebs” uwodebda,
21
gamosvlis sruli teqsti ix. linkze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFrs6iBDmlA
56
romlebic aucileblad unda gauqmebuliyo. igi ewinaaRmdegeboda
programis im punqts, sadac saubari iyo iseTi konstituciis SemuSavebaze,
romelic srulad gamoxatavda qarTveli erisa da respublikaSi
mcxovrebi sxva erebis warmomadgenelTa interesebs: “kvlav gaTanabrebaa,
megobrebo. saqarTvelo aris qarTvelebis qveyana, es aqsioma unda iyos
warmodgenili da areklili am programaSi, konstitucia unda
gamoxatavdes qarTveli eris interesebs da, amave dros, yvela pirovnebis
interesebs, ra erovnebisac ar unda iyos is da ara sxva erebis
interesebs, Cven aq azerbaijanis interesebisTvis ar vibrZviT, megobrebo,
da Tu vinme ibrZvis, is damarcxdeba...” naTelia, rom zviad
gamsaxurdiasTvis eri konkretul eTnikur jgufs niSnavda da igi
qarTvel erSi mxolod eTnikur qarTvelebs gulisxmobda. Tumca, amave
dros, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebs erebad ar
moixseniebda da maTi, am SemTxvevaSi, azerbaijanelebis uflebebis dacvas
azerbaijanis interesebisTvis brZolad Tvlida. gamsaxurdia Seexo
agreTve afxazebis da osebis sakiTxs. igi aRniSnavda, rom saxalxo
frontis programaSi Canda afxazebisa da osebis privilegirebis
kremliseul politika da, rom saxalxo fronti ibrZoda am eTnikuri
jgufebis interesebis dacvisTvis. misi SexedulebiT, afxazebs da osebs
kargi damcveli hyavdaT kremlis saxiT da qarTvelebisTvis mTavari
sakuTari interesebis dacva unda yofiliyo. msgavsi winaaRmdegobrioba,
bundovaneba da radikalizmi 1980-iani wlebis qarTuli nacionaluri
proeqtis eqskluziurobasa da Caketilobaze miuTiTebs. gamsaxurdia
akritikebda programis im nawils, sadac miwaTsargeblobaze iyo saubari
da Tvlida, rom iq naTlad ar Canda qarTveli eris erovnuli interesebi
miwasTan dakavSirebiT, rac qarTvelebs sxva jgufebTan Tanabar
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. saqarTvelos erovnul moZraobaSi arsebuli
tradiciidan gamomdinare, gamsaxurdia yuradRebas amaxvilebda
ekologiur safrTxeebze, giganturi hesebis mSeneblobaze, saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg kremlis “demografiuli eqspansiis” politikaze, rac, misi
azriT, calsaxad unda yofiliyo dafiqsirebuli programaSi. aqve
aRvniSnavT, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg gamsaxurdias
57
damokidebuleba rigi sakiTxebisadmi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala, meti
inkluziuroba da samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina, Tumca
winaaRmdegobrioba da ekleqturoba mas mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde
axasiaTebda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodis qarTuli nacionalizmi calsaxad
eTnikuri xasiaTisaa, igi mainc ufro qarTvelebis interesebis dacvisken
aris mimarTuli, vidre sxva jgufebis winaaRmdeg. Sexeduleba qarTuli
nacionalizmis damangreveli Zalis Sesaxeb, Tu stiven jonss
davesesxebiT, ufro miTia, vidre realoba (jonsi 2013: 303). dimitri
SveliZis azriT, gamsaxurdias nacionalizmisgan ise ar wvimda, rogorc
quxda. mis mTavar mizans erovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgena
warmoadgenda da am mizans yvela sxva “kulturuli, socialuri da
demokratiuli” mizandasaxulobebi unda daqvemdebareboda. man gamoTqva
survili, rom saxalxo fronts erovnuli fronti darqmeoda. am nabijiT
kidev ufro gamoikveTeboda frontis erovnuli prioriteti (SveliZe 2008:
50).
saqarTvelos saxalxo frontma ver Seasrula is misia, romelic
daekisra. man ver SesZlo erovnuli moZraobis erT Zalad gaerTianeba,
aseve ver uzrunvelyo damoukideblobis ideis garSemo saqarTvelos
mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobis mobilizeba. saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis
yrilobis pirveli dRis Semdeg, TbilisSi stumrad myofma latviis
saxalxo frontis erT-erTma damaarsebelma inc caletisma naklad
Seafasa is, rom qarTvelebma saxalxo frontis programa rusulad ar
Targmnes da araqarTvel mosaxleobas ar miawodes. rusulad programisa
da wesdebis Targnma erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba iyo latviaSi, raTa
saxalxo frontis idea mosaxleobis im nawilamde misuliyo, romelic ar
flobda latviur enas (SveliZe 2008: 51). gamsaxurdia ki piriqiT,
akritikebda saxalxo frontis gazeTs, romelic orenovani iyo da
qarTul da rusul enebze gamodioda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, darbazSi
polemika gaimarTa massa da jansuR Carkvians Soris.
saxalxo frontis oTxdRianma yrilobam Sedegi ver gamoiRo.
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis daqsaqsuloba da misi liderebis
58
Seurigebloba kidev ufro naTlad gamoCnda. am Sexvedram aseve aCvena,
rom 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls qarTuli sazogadoebis did nawils
emociuroba, impulsuroba, ukompromisoba da radikalizmi ufro
xiblavda, vidre racionalizmi, zomiereba da inteleqtualuri brZola.
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla darbazma mravalgzis Seawyvetina mquxare
aplodismentebiT, maSin rodesac filosofosi merab mamardaSvili, mas
Semdeg, rac warmoTqva cnobili fraza – WeSmariteba samSobloze maRla
dgas – auditoriis protestis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda scenidan
Camosuliyo.
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi represirebulma da CarCoebSi moqceulma
qarTulma nacionalizmma 1980-ian wlebSi mTeli ZaliT ifeTqa. identobis
krizisis, damoukideblobisken swrafvisa da sakuTari Tavis Ziebi epoqaSi
procesebis radikalizacia, garkveulwilad, obieqturi realobaa,
romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, araerT postsocialistur qveyanaSi
arsebobda. radikalizmi da Seurigebloba srulad asaxavda sazogadoebis
did nawilSi arsebul ganwyobebs. qarTuli sazogadoeba nacionalizmis
ZiriTad mizans, damoukideblobas uaxlovdeboda da srul mxardaWeras
ucxadebda am ideis mTavar da yvelaze ukompromiso mxardamWerebs. es
sul male dadasturda 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris pirveli mravalpartiuli
arCevnebiT, rodesac saqarTveloSi komunisturi partiis 70 wliani
mmarTveloba dasrulda da xelisuflebaSi zviad gamsaxurdias
politikuri gundi movida.
59
2.2 erovnuli moZraoba xelisuflebis saTaveSi – winaaRmdegobrivi
nacionaluri proeqtis maxasiaTeblebi (1990-1992)
1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediis Semdeg saqarTvelo,
damoukideblobisTvis mebrZol socialistur respublikebs Soris,
baltiispireTis qveynebTan erTad, mowinave poziciaze aRmoCnda. amave
wlis maisSi cixidan gaTavisuflebuli erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri
frTis liderebi popularobis zenitSi aRmoCndnen. sabWoTa kavSiris
xelmZRvanelobam, viTarebis stabilizaciis mizniT, saqarTveloSi
saxelisuflebo cvlilebebi ganaxorciela – diskreditebuli jumber
patiaSvilis nacvlad, saqarTvelos pirveli piri uSiSroebis komitetis
Tavmjdomare givi gumbariZe gaxda.
uSiSroebis kadris dawinaurebiT, xelisuflebam situaciaze
kontrolis aRdgena tradiciulad mkacri meTodebiT da “Zlieri xelis”
saSualebiT scada, Tumca komunistur partias sazogadoebis TvalSi
legitimuroba ukve TiTqmis srulad hqonda dakarguli. Tavis mxriv, givi
gumbariZec iZulebuli gaxda, damorCileboda qyveynaSi gabatonebul
nacionalistur ganwyobebs da erovnuli moZraobis mimarT loiluri
pozicia daekavebina. mravalaTasiani mitingebis mowyoba, sabWoTa
ideologiis, vladimer leninis, sakavSiro Tu adgilobrivi
xelisuflebebis lanZRa yoveldRiur movlenad iqca. 9 aprilis Semdeg
gamarTul erT-erT saprotesto aqciaze sityviT gamosvlisas zviad
gamsaxurdiam Riad gamoacxada sabWoTa reJimi danaSaulebrivad:
“sisxlismsmeli jalaTi, sisxlismsmeli imperiis Semqmneli, gulagis
pirveli Semqmneli, wiTeli teororis fuZemdebeli, bavSvebis damxvreti,
mefi ojaxis amomwyveti, samRvdeloebis gamanadgurebeli, eklesiebis
damqcevi antiprogresuli Zala, kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zala
aris aRmarTuli Cvens centralur moedanze (saubaria Tavisuflebis
(yofili leninis) moedanze aRmarTul leninis monumentze i. C.) da
gveubnebian – midiT, iloceTo...”22
22
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvlis sruli teqsti ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.
60
sabWoTa ideologiasTan Riad dapirispirebisa da misi amoralurad
gamocxadebis paralelurad, Tavad erovnuli moZraoba gaexvia
romantikis, maRali moraluri da zneobrivi idealebis saburvelSi.
politikur ritorikaSi Rrmad Semovida qristianuli Tematika. 1989 wlis
26 maiss gamarTul masStabur mitingze zviad gamsaxurdiam warmoTqva
sityvebi – “gaumarjos damoukidebel, Tavisufal, qristianul, uZlevel
saqarTvelos!”.23 Tavad fraza – gaumarjos qristianul saqarTvelos –
rodesac saqme gvaqvs mravalreligiur qveyanasTan, qarTuli nacionaluri
proeqtis eqskluziurobaze miuTiTebs. es faqti, albaT, samocdaaTwliani
aTeizmis Semdeg religiuri grZnobebis gamoRviZebiTa da eklesiisaken
masobrivi mibrunebiT aixsneba, rodesac religiuri ritorika politikis
nawili gaxda. postsabWoTa periodis gariJraJze, qarTuli nacionalizmis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo erTgvari sakraluroba,
mistiuroba, rac xels uwyobda procesebis radikalizacias. es
gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi 9 aprilis tragediis Semgom periodSi
gaxda. am movlenam damoukideblobisTvis ukompromiso brZola qarTuli
sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis wmindaTawminda movaleobad aqcia.
giorgi Wanturias sityviT, 9 aprili ganwmendis da ganbanis dRe iyo.24 am
dRis Semdeg sabWoTa reJimTan nebismieri kompromisi qveynis Ralats
niSnavda.
damoukideblobisTvis brZolis sakralizacias xels uwyobda Tavad
zviad gamsaxurdias figura da misi piradi damokidebuleba saqarTvelos
momaval funqciasa da rolTan. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa mis mier
TbilisSi, “idriatis” festivalze 1990 wlis 2 maiss Catarebuli leqcia
“saqarTvelos sulieri misia”, romelic imave wels daibeWda. zviad
gamsaxurdias Sexedulebebi mkveTrad primordialisturia. misi azriT,
Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom Turme qarTveli eri erad me-19 saukuneSi
Camoyalibda da manamde ar arsebobda, marqsizm-leninizmis klasikosebma
Seqmnes, raTa qarTveli xalxisTvis arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi
CaenergaT. qarTveli eris eTnogenezze da “genetikur Zirebze” saubrisas,
23
iqve. 24
iqve.
61
gamsaxurdia eyrdnoba niko maris iafetur Teorias, aseve vilheml
humboldtis Sexedulebebs da ambobs, rom samxreT evropis avtoqtoni
mosaxleoba iyo iberiuli mosaxleoba, protoiberebi, romelTagan
momdinareoben gviandeli evropelebi. mcire aziis mosaxleobis didi
nawili – mesxebi anu mosxebi, kabadokielebi, kolxebi, taoxebi da sxvani
am modgmas miekuTvnebodnen. “rogorc vxedavT, es aris sxvadasxva
ganStoebebi erTi da imave modgmisa, romelsac mecnierebaSi qarTveluri
anu protoiberuli modgma ewodeba,” – ambobda gamsaxurdia (gamsaxurdia
1990: 8-9). igi miiCnevda, rom iberiuls aqvs mravali ganStoeba da
dResdReobiT SemorCenilia mxolod ori – pireneul-iberiuli anu
baskuri da kavkasiur-iberiuli anu qarTuli. danarCeni ukve
asimilirebulia indoevropuli samyaros mier. am modgmis daknineba da
mosuli indoevropelebis mier asimilireba daiwyo Zv.w. mesame
aTaswleulSi da mxolod amis Semdeg wamovida wina planze xeTuri da
elinuri samyaroebi (gamsaxurdia 1990: 10). zviad gamsaxurdia
saqarTvelos sulier misias misi istoriuli funqciis aRorZinebaSi
xedavda, rac dasavluri da aRmosavluri samyaroebis dakavSirebas, maT
sinTezirebas gulisxmobs. igi aRniSnavda, rom “vefxistyaosani” iseve
SegviZlia miviCnioT dasavluri kulturis kuTvnilebad, rogorc
aRmosavluris. aq gayofa da gaTiSva SeuZlebelia” (gamsaxurdia 1990: 28)
saqarTvelos sulier misiaze saubrisas, gamsaxurdia gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobda religiis sakiTxs. misi SexedulebiT, qristianobis
ganviTarebaSi qarTveluri modgmis xalxebi ZiriTad rols TamaSobdnen.
“sakuTriv qristianobaSi, qristianobis ganviTarebaSi qarTveluri da
indoevropuli modgmis xalxebi asrulebdnen ZiriTad rols”
(gamsaxurdia 1990: 31).
zviad gasaxurdia ufro Sorsac midioda da Tvlida, rom me-10
saukuneSi moRvawe qarTveli himnografis ioane-zosimes Txzuleba “qebai
da didebai qarTulisa enisai” exeba ara mxolod qarTul enas, rogorc
aseTs, aramed “qarTvel ers, qarTul eTnoss, mis kulturul-istoriul
misias” (gamsaxurdia 1990: 43). “lazares aRdgineba ioane zosimesTan
niSnavs aRdginebas qarTveli erisas, qarTveluri modgmisas, marto
62
qarTveli erisas ki ara, mTeli qarTveluri modgmisas im ganfenilobiT,
rogorc is iyo warmodgenili preistoriul xanaSi, anu lazares
daZinebamde, anu mesame aTaswleulamde. mesame aTaswleulSi es modgma
Semcirda, ganadgurda indoevropelebis mier da darCa mxolod
pireneebze, mcire aziaSi, kavkasiaSi. xolo aRdgoma iqneba isev aRorZineba
am modgmisa, isev imave pozicias daibrunebs es modgma da es eri,
romelic mas gaaCnda preistoriul xanaSi, e.i. wamyvani modgmis pozicias,
kacobriobis sulieri moZRvris pozicias. ai, es igulisxmeba swored
imaSi, rom meored mosvlis dros RmerTman unda amxilos yvela ena amiT
eniTao, rogorc ambobs ioane-zosime. es ki imas niSnavs, rom es modgma
iqneba mTavari matarebeli sulierebisa, qristianobisa da is amxels
danarCen codvil kacobriobas” (gamsaxurdia 1990: 33).
1980-iani wlebis bolos zviad gamsaxurdia saqarTvelos erovnuli
moZraobis yvelaze popularuli lideri iyo da seriozuli mxardaWeriT
sargeblobda. Sesabamisad, mis mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi did
gavlenas axdenda sazogadoebaSi arsebul molodinebsa da ganwyobebze.
gamsaxurdias mosazrebebi, romlis magaliTi zemoT vnaxeT, namdvilad
iwvevda saqarTveloSi politikis iracionalizacias da qarTul
sazogadoebas damoukideblobasTan dakavSirebiT gadaWarbebul
molodinebs uCenda. postsabWoTa periodis qarTulma nacionalurma
proeqtma, Camoyalibebis sawyis stadiaze, erTgvari sakraluri aspeqti
SeiZina. am miTologizebuli, didebuli warsulis dabrunebis survili
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom gaCenili sirTuleebis garkveul
winapirobad iqca. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos momavali
politikuri elita, ZiriTadad, qarTveli eTnosis gandidebiT iyo
dakavebuli da naklebad upirispirdeboda sxva eTnikur jgufebs, naTlad
Cans nacionaluri proeqtis Caketiloba da eqskluziuroba. es tendencia
safrTxes uqmnida mravaleTnikuri qveynis stabilur arsebobas. 1990 wlis
2 maiss, rodesac aRniSnuli leqcia waikiTxa, gamsaxurdia ukve
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare iyo. moqmedi politikuri
lideris mxridan saqarTvelos funqciisa da rolis gansasazRvrad me-10
saukuneSi dawerili Txzulebis gamoyeneba da saubari imaze, rom
63
qarTveli eri imave pozicias daibrunebs, romelic mas preistoriul
xanaSi hqonda, bundovans xdida qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis
ganxorcielebis gzebsa da SesaZleblobebs.
erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTi wevri, ekonomisti roman gociriZe
ambobs, rom “am periodSi iyo sruli deficiti im jansaRi azrisa,
romelsac saerTaSoriso normebiT damkvidrebuli politikis keTeba qvia.
maSin Zalian seriozulad msjelobdnen imis Sesaxeb, rom xval Tu zeg
saingilos SemovierTebT. TurqeTs rom teritoriebs wavarTmevT da
yofili qarTuli teritoriebi Cveni gaxdeba, amaze sakamaTo politikur
wreebSi ar iyo, Tumca zogi amas xmamaRla ambobda, radikaluri
moZraobis zogierTi warmomadgeneli, zogi ki Cumad vambobdiT,
kuluarebSi, rom ki, es viciT, ase moxdeba, magram jer damoukidebloba
gvaqvs misaRwevi, jer TurqeTi ar unda gavaRizianoT da mtrebi ar unda
gaviCinoT. zogs undoda, rom saqarTvelos teritoria soWamde yofiliyo
da aseTi sakiTxebi ixileboda sakmaod seriozul doneze, uamravi
disputebi gamarTula saqarTvelos momavali teritoriuli mowyobis
Sesaxeb.”25
roman gociriZis am sityvebidan, vfiqrobT, naTlad Cans qarTuli
nacionaluri proeqtis ararealuri, utopiuri ganzomileba. sainteresoa,
rom Tavad gociriZe sakuTar Tavs erovnuli moZraobis e.w. zomier,
araradikalur wres miakuTvnebs. rogorc vxedavT, es zomiereba
namdvilad pirobiTi iyo da imaSi gamoixateboda, rom, radikalebisgan
gansxvavebiT, xmamaRla ar ambobdnen imas, rasac fiqrobdnen.
1989 wlis Semodgomidan saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam
ganaxleba gadawyvita da TviTonac, garkveulwilad, erovnuli moZraobis
gverdiT aRmoCnda. irakli wereTlis sityviT, erovnuli moZraobis winaSe
iyo ori amocana – damoukideblobis mopoveba da saqarTvelos
mTlianobis SenarCuneba. saqarTvelos kompartiis ck pirvelma mdivanma
givi gumbariZem, wereTlis azriT, “orive am amocanas, Tavis mxriv, Tavi
kargad gaarTva – xeli ar SeuSala saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken
mimaval procesebs da xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos mTlianobis 25
interviu roman gociriZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.
64
SenarCunebas. mas hqonda Zalian loialuri, demokratiuli
damokidebuleba opoziciis mimarT da, sxvaTa Soris, igi politikis
adamianur, araagresiul urTierTobebze agebis klasikuri nimuSia.”26
1989 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesma sabWom
konstituciaSi Seitana cvlilebebi, respublikis mTeli qoneba
“gaaqarTula” da Camoayaliba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis uzenaesoba
sakavSiro kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebaSi. cvlilebebi ganamtkicebda
saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiridan gamosvlis uflebas, xels uwyobda
damoukidebeli sasamarTlos arsebobas da saqarTvelos umaRles sabWos
aniWebda srul uflebas, gaekontrolebina sakuTari sazRvrebi da
administraciuli erTeulebi. axali saarCevno kanoni uzrunvelyofda
konkurentul pirdapir arCevnebs. 1990 wlis martSi umaRlesma sabWom
Tavis deklaraciSi saTauriT “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suverenitetis
dacvis garantiebi” moiTxova yvela im SemoTavazebuli sabWoTa
saprezidento uflebamosilebis gauqmeba, romelic arRvevda respublikis
suverenitets. saqarTveloSi sabWoTa armiis SemoWra 1921 wlis
TebervalSi gamocxadda “de faqto aneqsiad” da “saerTaSoriso
danaSaulad”. umaRlesma sabWom 1921 wlis 21 maisis samokavSireo
xelSekruleba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul
socialistur respublikas Soris gamoacxada Zaladakargulad da
moiTxova molaparakebebis dawyeba damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos aRsadgenad. 1990 wlis ivnisSi Tavis sagangebo sxdomaze
daamtkica kanonebis Semdgomi paketi ekonomikuri suverenitetis,
alternatiuli samxedro samsaxurisa da damoukidebeli politikuri
partiebis formirebis uflebis Sesaxeb. Camoyalibda komisia, romlis
mizani saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad sasamarTlo meqanizmis
SemuSaveba iyo. saqarTvelos kompartiam dagmo sabWoTa kavSiris mier
litvis blokada damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg (jonsi 2013: 50-51).
miuxedavad uprecedento gadawyvetilebebisa, es sazogadoebis
ganwyobebze arsebiT gavlenas ver axdenda. saqarTvelos komunisturi
26
interviu irakli wereTelTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.
65
partia xelisuflebaSi yofnis ukanasknel Tveebs iTvlida. stiven jonsi
Tvlis, rom, miuxedavad reformebisa, gumbariZem ver SeZlo daemala
Tavisi kavSirebi sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partiasTan. 1990 wels igi
airCies sabWoTa politbiuros wevrad. sabWoTa kavSirisadmi misma
Sefarulma erTgulebam Ziri gamouTxara gancxadebebs moskovisgan
damoukidebolobis Sesaxeb.
dimitri SveliZis SexedulebiT, komunisturi xelisuflebis mier
gamoqveynebuli “saqarTvelos ssr erovnuli ganviTarebis koncefcia”
ormagi standartis maCvenebeli tipuri dokumenti iyo. “gamoucdeli
mkiTxvelisTvis, SesaZloa, Tval-yuris momWrelic ki yofiliyo
koncefciis “didmniSvnelovani” pasuxebi, sadac saubari gaxldaT “sruli
suverenitetis miRwevis” aucileblobaze; “samarTlebriv saxelmwifod
gardaqmnaze”. marTlac, ra unda yofiliyo imaze momajadoebeli
qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis, roca komunisturi partiis koncefcia mas
hpirdeboda erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobisken swrafvas, rom misi mizani iyo respublikis sruli
suverenitetis mopoveba”. d. SveliZe Tvlis, rom koncefcia, “ugvano
sicruesTan erTad, sasacilo Tezisebsac Seicavda”, rodesac xazs
usvamda saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi gareSe Zalis Caurevlobis
aucileblobas da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiuri
erTeulebis interesebis dacvas. “ra Tqma unda, givi gumbariZis
xelisuflebas erTi wuTiTac ar gauvlia fiqrad saqarTvelos sabWoTa
kavSiridan, ufro sworad, ruseTis sabWoTa imperiidan gamosvla-
gamoyofis SesaZlebloba”. koncefcia kvlavindeburad saqarTvelos
warmoidgenda sakavSiro saxelmwifoSi. sruli suverenitetis mopoveba
unda gamoxatuliyo realuri federalizmidan saxelmwifoebriobis ufro
maRal, srulyofil formebze etapobrivad gadasvlaSi. maSin ukve
mimdinareobda rRvevadi imperiis axali formiT SeniRbva-aRorZinebis
procesi” (SveliZe 2008: 68-69).
vfiqrobT, rTulia imis gansazRvra, ra gaivlo fiqrad da ra ara
saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam. faqtia, rom miRebuli
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobas garkveul
66
iuridiul safuZvels uqmnida. miT umetes, rom am dros ukve daniSnuli
iyo saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos 1990 wlis 25 martis arCevnebi.
savaraudoa, rom saqarTvelos komunisturi partia, msgavsi nabijebiT,
Tundac sakavSiro xelisuflebasTan winaaRmdegobis xarjze,
Zalauflebis SenarCunebas cdilobda.
1990 wlis gazafxulze, erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri frTis mier
dafuZnda “erovnuli forumi”. misi mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo opoziciuri
partiebis koordinirebuli moqmedebisTvis, moemzadebina saqarTvelos
momavali damoukidebloba, aerCia gardamavali, alternatiuli
parlamenti da mTavroba. “umaRlesi sabWo ar aris gamomxatveli
qarTveli eris nebisa, ar aris arCeuli qarTveli xalxis mier. amitom
Cven mas unda davupirispiroT qarTveli eris mier arCeuli
alternatiuli parlamenti. Cven sxva gamosavali ar gvaqvs,” – ganacxada
zviad gamsaxurdiam erovnuli forumis damfuZnebel krebaze.27 erovnul
forums unda moemzadebiba sayovelTao arCevnebi, romelic airCevda
erovnul kongress, “qarTvel eris nebis gamomxatvel warmomadgenlobiT
organos, romelsac unda daemtkicebina gardamavali periodis erovnuli
mTavroba, romelic saqarTvelos miiyvanda damoukideblobamde.”28
erovnuli forumi iyo ara marto saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis
opozicia, aramed misi warmomadgelebi sakuTar Tavs erovnuli moZraobis
e. w. zomieri frTis alternativadac ganixilavdnen. imave periodSi,
“rusTavelis sazogadoebam” gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis koncefcia, romelic aqcents ekonomikuri damoukideblobis
mniSvnelobaze akeTebda da mas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis
saqmeSi ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebda. roman gociriZe ambobs, rom
“saxalxo fronti” da “rusTavelis sazogadoeba” is organizaciebi iyo,
sadac ekonomikur sakiTxebsac ganixilavdnen da iqmneboda ekonomikuri
xasiaTis dokumentebi. rac Seexeba radikalur organizaciebs, isini,
zomier mimarTulebasTan konkurenciis pirobebSi, ekonomikur sakiTxebs
sruliad ugulebelyofdnen. “ekonomikuri Tema zomierebasTan
27
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 28
interviu irakli wereTelTan ix. iqve.
67
asocirdeboda.”29 radikalebi am gziT xazs usvamdnen sakuTar
ukompromisobas, Seurigeblobas da maRal idealebs, sadac iseTi
praqtikuli sakiTxisTvis, rogoricaa ekonomika, adgili ar iyo.
1990 wlis 25 marts daniSnul umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebSi
monawileobaze Tanxmoba ganacxada “saxalxo frontma” da araradikaluri
mimarTulebis bevrma organizaciam. am faqtma saqarTvelos erovnul
moZraobaSi arsebuli dapirispirebis kidev ufro gaRrmaveba gamoiwvia.
erovnuli forumis warmomadgenlebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier
daniSnul arCevnebs kategoriulad emijnebodnen da sazogadoebasac
amisken mouwodebnen: “saWiroa ara marto erovnuli yrilobis mowveva,
aramed, paralelurad, saWiroa Cven daviwyoT sabWoTa struqturebis
ngreva. aq ukve yovelgvari dasma sakiTxisa – miviRoT Tu ara arCevnebSi
monawileoba – unda moixsnas. ar unda miviRoT, ra Tqma unda, arCevnebSi
monawileoba,” – ganacxada gia Wanturiam.30
imave periodSi, 1990 wlis 13-15 marts, saqarTvelos erovnul-
gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sagangebo konferenciaze miiRes
dadgenileba, romlis mixedviT, erovnuli moZraoba “kanonieri
mosaxleobis” saxeliT srul boikots ucxadebda saqarTvelos ssr
erovnuli sabWos 1990 wlis 25 martis arCevnebs da iwyebda mzadebas
gardamavali opoziciuri xelisuflebis arCevisTvis, romelic iqneboda
oficialuri iuridiuli piri da saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleobis
nebis gamomxatveli (saluaSvili 1996: 14). erovnuli moZraobis did
gavlenas is faqtic adasturebs, rom boikotis Semdeg saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam uari Tqva gazafxulze gaemarTa arCevnebi da igi
SemodgomisTvis gadado. aRniSnul dadgenilebaSi araerTxel aris
gamoyenebuli fraza “saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleoba”, rac
migvaniSnebs, rom erovnuli moZraobis wamomadgenlebi mosaxleobis
garkveul nawils ukanonod miiCnevdnen da arCevnebSi misi monawileoba-
armonawileobis sakiTxi mniSvnelovnad ar miaCdaT. es faqti naTlad
miuTiTebs qarTuli nacionalizmisa da erovnuli moZraobis wiaRSi
29
interviu roman gociriZesTan ix. iqve. 30
gia Wanturias gamosvla erovnuli forumis krebaze ix. iqve.
68
formirebuli nacionaluri proeqtis eqskluziur xasiaTze. sainteresoa,
Tu ra kriteriumebis safuZvelze xdeboda mosaxleobis ama Tu im
nawilis saqarTvelos teritoriaze cxovrebis kanonierebis Tu
ukanonobis gansazRvra. am sakiTxs exeba zviad gamsaxurdia ukve uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomaris rangSi mis mier micemul erT-erT interviuSi,
romelzec ufro vrclad SemdgomSi visaubrebT.
saxalxo frontis lideris, nodar naTaZis azriT, “meboikoteebi
imetebdnen saqarTvelos momavali oTxi wlis komunisturi
batonobisaTvis, Tanac, kanonieri formis mqone batonobisaTvis. ra sjobs:
mteri, romelic batonobs kanonieri formiT, Tu mteri, romelic
batonobs xuntis formiT? ra Tqma unda, sjobs mteri, romelic batonobs
xuntis formiT, imitom, rom mas susti iuridiuli pozicia aqvs...”31
erovnuli moZraobis radikalur mimarTulebas imdenad didi gavlena
hqonda rogorc sazogadoebaze, ise saqarTvelos komunistur
xelisuflebaze, rom 1990 wlis 25 martis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi maTi
boikotis Sedegad CaiSala. roman gociriZis SexedulebiT, “am arCevnebis
CaSliT, saqarTvelom uari Tqva im gzaze, romelic SemdgomSi aRmoCnda
warmatebuli da romelsac baltiis gzas uwodeben xolme. anu baltiis
respublikebSi, faqtiurad, Catarebulma arCevnebma xelisuflebaSi
moiyvana is adamianebi, romlebmac uzrunvelyves am qveynebis gamoyofa
sabWoTa kavSiridan. maT Cven gagvaswres ara marto droSi, aramed maT
Cven gagvaswres xarisxSic”.32 Tavad radikaluri moZraobis liderebi
baltiispireTis respublikebis mier arCeul gzas araswors uwodebdnen.
1990 wlis 8 aprils gamarTul mitingze gia Wanturiam ganacxada, rom
“Cveni brZolis gza erTaderTia da WeSmariti, romelic nimuSad unda
daisaxon. litvam gamoacxada damoukidebloba, deklarireba advilia
Tavisuflebis, Cvenc SegviZlia gamovacxadoT, magram sanam saokupacio
jarebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze imyofebian, faqtobrivad, es
Tavisufleba ar iqneba, amitom saqarTvelo iqneba Tavisufali, magram es
31
interviu nodar naTaZesTan ix. iqve. 32
interviu roman gociriZesTan ix. iqve.
69
iqneba ara uzenaesi viTom sabWos monapovari, Tqveni, mTeli qarTveli
eris monapovari. ai, es aris erovnuli moZraobis namdvili gza.”33
is faqti, rom Wanturia brZolis erTaderT, WeSmarit da sanimuSo
gzad radikalebis mier arCeul mimarTulebas asaxelebda, niSandoblivia
saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobisTvis. gansxvavebuli azrisadmi
Seurigebloba da sakuTari damokidebulebebis ualternativoba, rac
radikalebs axasiaTebdaT, laitmotivad gasdevda saqarTveloSi 1980-1990-
iani wlebis mijnaze ganviTarebul procesebs, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapiroba qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis marcxi.
sabolood, erovnuli moZraoba saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi swored
arCevnebis gziT movida, rac gvaZlevs imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom
saqarTveloSi mainc, e. w. “baltiispireTis gzam” gaamarTla. Tumca
erovnuli moZraobis gaTiSulobam SeuZlebeli gaxada gardamavali
periodis mSvidobiani daZleva.
erovnuli forumis Camoyalibebidan maleve, 1990 wlis gazafxulze,
masSi Semaval organizaciebs Soris ganxeTqileba moxda. forumi datova
yvelaze popularulma liderma zviad gamsaxurdiam da axali
politikuri organizacia “mrgvali magida” Camoayaliba. ganxeTqilebis
mizezebTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. sainteresoa
jaba ioselianis Tvalsazrisi. misi sityviT, 1990 wlis 9 aprils
cxvinvalis regionSi mcxovrebi osebis garkveul jgufs surda TbilisSi
Camosvla erTi wliT adre daRupuli adamianebisTvis pativis misagebad,
rasac Tavad ioseliani didi sixaruliT Sexvda. osebis TbilisSi
vizitze kategoriuli uari ganacxada zviad gamsaxurdiam, romelmac
cxinvalidan gamogzavnili delegacia arc ki miiRo. im Ramesve
gamsaxurdiam dareka cxinvalSi da mouwoda regionis qarTul
mosaxleobas, daetovebinaT sacxovrebelia adgili, radgan, TiTqos, osebi
maT darbevas apirebdnen. jaba ioseliani ambobs, rom man es faqti
gaaprotesta, ramac gamsaxurdias gaRizianeba da mis mier forumis
33
giorgi Wanturias gamosvla mitingze ix. iqve.
70
datoveba gamoiwvia. erovnuli forumis Sekrebazeve moxda dapirispireba
jaba ioselianisa da zviad gamsaxurdias dacvis wevrebs Soris.34
irakli wereTlis SexedulebiT, dapirispirebis mizezi iyo erovnul
forumSi gaCenili azri imis Sesaxeb, rom mTavaria erovnuli moZraobis
xelisuflebaSi mosvla da mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tu ra gziT, romeli
kanonis safuZvelze da vis mier daniSnuli arCevnebis Sedegad moxdeba
es. wereTeli ambobs, rom aseve iyo pirovnuli gaugebrobebi massa da
zviad gamsaxurdias Soris, ramac xeli Seuwyo konfliqtis gaRrmavebas.
zviad gamsaxurdias “mrgvalma magidam”, romelSic Sevidnen “merab
kostavas sazogadoeba”, “monarqistuli partia”, “wm. ilia marTlis
sazogadoeba”, “helsinkis kavSiri”, “TeTri giorgis kavSiri” da “erovnul-
qristianuli kavSiri”, Tanxmoba ganacxada uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebSi
monawileobaze. “erovnulma forumma” ki, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
“erovnul-demokratiuli partia”, “erovnuli damoukideblobis partia” da
“mxedrioni” Sediodnen, alternatiuli, erovnuli kongresis arCevnebis
propaganda daiwyo. am periodSi ukve naTelia zviad gamsaxurdias
poziciis garkveuli cvlileba: igi ufro Semrigebluria da mis
damokidebulebas garkveuli racionalizmi axasiaTebs: “Cveni kursi
gulisxmobs erTaderTi arCevnebis ideas. paraleluri arCevnebis ideas
uaryofs da moiTxovs arCevas iseTi organosi, romelic iqneba qarTveli
eris neba-survilis gamomxatveli da, amave dros, samarTlebrivi subieqti,
romelsac aRiarebs saerTaSoriso samarTali. amisTvis, vimeoreb,
aucilebelia igi iyos erTaderTi, iyos oficialuri da iyos mTeli
qarTveli eris ndobis mandatis mqone.”35
1990 wlis 12 maiss mrgvalma magidam miiRo mniSvnelovani dokumenti
– “mrgvali magidis politikuri koncefcia”.36 es dokumenti, rogorc
34interviu jaba ioselianTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. am sakiTxze aseve ix. jaba ioselianis memuaruli naSromi “sami ganzomileba”. Tb. 2013, gv. 17 da interviu “mxedrionis” wevr giga arvelaZesTan sofo mosiZis saavtori gadacemaSi “mowyvite wami” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVvTq4Cq84o 35
interviu zviad gamsaxurdiasTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 36
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis politikur partiaTa da organizaciaTa mrgvali magidis politikuri koncefcia. gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. 15 maisi. 1990. #52.
71
maSindel saqarTveloSi yvelaze popularuli politikuri gaerTianebis
faqtobrivad winasaarCevno ganacxadi, sayuradReboa, erTi mxriv, qarTuli
nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad, xolo meore
mxriv, imis gasaanalizeblad, Tu ra cvlileba ganicada zviad
gamsaxurdias da misi politikuri gundis damokidebulebebma mcire
droSi. dokumentidan naTlad Cans qarTuli nacionalizmis eTnikuri
xasiaTi da eqskluziuroba, Tumca, amave dros, qarTul nacionalur
proeqts ukve aqvs SeZenili garkveuli samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi.
“mrgvali magida” “qarTvel ers, saqarTvelos kanonier mosaxleobas”
mouwodebda, aerCia is gza, romelic saqarTvelos miiyvanda
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde. “dRes saqarTvelos
damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis erTaderTi kanonieri
memkvidre aris qarTveli eri, saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleoba. amitom
aucilebelia swored qarTvelma erma, saqarTvelos kanonierma
mosaxleobam gaakeTos arCevani im gzisa, romliTac saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba unda aRdges.” am dokumentSi, msgavsad
“erovnuli forumis” mier martSi miRebuli wesdebisa, kvlav aris
naxsenebi “saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleoba”, rac TavisTavad
gulisxmobs mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis ukanonobas. aseve naTelia,
rom qarTveli eris cnebas calsaxad eTnikuri Sinaarsi aqvs da masSi
mxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebi igulisxmebian.
“mrgval magidaSi” Semavali politikuri organizaciebi
damoukideblobis mopovebis or SesaZleblobas asaxelebdnen: 1.
sayovelTao erovnuli daumorCilebloba (erovnuli forumis mier
arCeuli gza). 2. okupaciisa da aneqsiis pirobebSi, SeZlebisdagvarad,
maqsimalurad eris nebis gamomxatveli droebiTi umaRlesi
xelisuflebis sayovelTao arCevnebi. koncefciis avtorebi iwunebdnen
daumorCileblobis ideas. sainteresoa am gzis uaryofis erT-erTi
mizezi, saidanac Cans, rom am periodSi qarTul nacionalur proeqts ukve
axasiaTebs garkveuli inkluziuroba. koncefciis avtorTa azriT,
daumorCileblobis idea ganuxorcielebeli iyo saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis mravaleTnikuri Semadgenlobis gamo – mas mxars ar
72
dauWerda qveynis araqarTveli mosaxleoba. koncefciis avtorebi
araqarTul mosaxleobas “damoukideblobis aramosurnes” uwodebdnen.
racionaluri Cans sxva mizezebic – qarTuli sazogadoebis mZime
moraluri mdgomareoba, rac daumorCileblobis ideis masobriv
gatarebas gaarTulebda, jer kidev Zlieri sabWoTa saxelmwifo da
saokupacio jarebis saqarTveloSi yofna, rac aseve gaaZnelebda
oficialur struqturebTan Ria dapirispirebas. “sayovelTao erovnuli
daumorCilebloba, im masStabiTa da vadiT, romelic ukiduresi
gaWirvebis, didi riskisa da, iqneb, sisxlis fasadac ers saxelmwifoebriv
damoukideblobamde miiyvans, mxolod ukiduresad eqstremaluri
situaciisas aris SesaZlebeli.” koncefciis avtorebi Tvlidnen, rom
mocemul momentSi ar arsebobda msgavsi estremaluri viTareba, amitom
sayovelTao daumorCilebloba SeuZlebeli iyo. “mrgvali magidis” wevr
organizaciebs erTaderT gamosavlad arCevnebi miaCniaT. “imisaTvis, rom
saqarTveloSi arCeul iqnas WeSmaritad eris nebis gamomxatveli da misi
interesebis damcveli organo, romelic mxolod arsebuli obieqturi
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedebs da ara centraluri saokupacio
xelisuflebis diqtatiTa da misadmi kompromisebiT, aucilebelia
arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRos saqarTvelos erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis radikalurma opoziciam.” es imisTvis iyo saWiro, rom umaRles
arCeviT organoSi moskovisadmi daqvemdebarebuli politkuri Zalebi
umciresobaSi aRmoCeniliyvnen da gardamavali periodis simZime axal
politikur Zalas etvirTa. “saqarTvelos ukiduresad mZime
geopolitikuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri, demografiuli, ekologiuri
mdgomareobis gamo, yovlad dauSvebelia saocrad dinamiur gardamaval
periodSi iseTi moqmedebebi, romelic erisa da qveynis interesebidan ar
gamomdinareobs.”
dokumentidan aSkaraa, rom am droisTvis erovnuli moZraobis
warmmarTvel ZalaSi emociuri foni da iracionalizmi met-naklebad
ganeitralebulia, yuradReba ufro pragmatul, iuridiul sakiTxebs
eqceva. dokumentSi naxsenebia 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris,
73
rogorc umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebriv-politikuri saerTaSoriso aqti.
am aqtiT sabWoTa ruseTma aRiara saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da
Semdeg es SeTanxmeba Tavadve daarRvia 1921 wels, rodesac ganaxorciela
saqarTvelos okupacia. koncefciis avtorTa SexedulebiT, 1921 wlis 17
martis (am dRes saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebelma
krebam droebiT SeaCera saqarTvelos konstitucia) Semdeg ar miRebula
arc erTi kanonieri saxelmwifoebrivi aqti, rasac Tavad saqarTvelos
imJamindeli komunisturi xelisuflebac aRiarebda,
sainteresoa, rom koncefciis avtorebi imowmeben da eyrdnobian
saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs.
es faqti adasturebs Cvens mosazrebas, rom am periodSi Tavad
komunisturi xelisuflebac “nacionalistur relsebze” iyo damdgari da
iRebda gadawyvetilebebs, romliTac saqarTvelos momaval
damoukideblobas mniSvnelovan iuridiul safuZvels uqmnida. “mrgvali
magidis” wevrebi da qarTveli komunistebi, am SemTxvevaSi, erTgvar
Tanamoazreebad gvevlinebian.
dokumentSi xazgasmulia gardamavali periodis kanonierad dawyebis
da damoukideblobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT miRwevis aucilebloba.
“kanonierebidan yovelgvari gadaxveva gardamavali periodis sawyis
etapze mxolod gaarTulebs Cvens isedac ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobas,
rac saboloo jamSi kargs arafers mogvitans,” – naTqvamia koncefciaSi.
amitom, avtorTa SexedulebiT, aucilebelia amosaval wertilad iqces
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba da 1921 wlis 27 ianvris erTa ligis
gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saerTaSoriso
suverenad cnobis Sesaxeb, da ara sakavSiro da respublikuri
konstituciebis “kargi” da “cudi” muxlebi.
koncefciaSi naxsenebia “litvuri precendentis” dadebiTi mxareebi,
romelic, marTalia, “naCqarevad” Seiqmna, magram sayuradRebo iyo imitom,
rom metropoliasTan molaparakebas ara sabWour konstituciaTa, aramed
saerTaSoriso samarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT gulisxmobda.
qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawilSi gavrcelebulia azri, rom
saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis baltiispirulma gzam kraxi ganicada.
74
warmodgenili dokumentis da Semdgom ganviTarebuli procesebis
analizis safuZvelze, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba mainc konstituciuri meqanizmebiT, racionaluri
damokidebulebebiT da komunistur xelisuflebasTan samarTlebrivi
brZoliT gaxda SesaZlebeli. es faqti gvaCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos
saboloo warmateba mainc baltiispirulma gzam moutana, Tumca,
erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobaSi da politikur sivrceSi mis srul
gabatonebaSi, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, didi roli radikaluri frTis
ukompromisobam da Seurigebelma damokidebulebebma iTamaSa.
“mrgvali magidis” politikuri koncefciis avtorebs miaCndaT, rom
“msoflio politikaSi xalxis nebis gamomxatveli samarTlebrivi
subieqtis Seqmnis yvelaze misaRebi forma sayovelTao demokratiuli
arCevnebia, romlis drosac xdeba garkveuli vadiT ndobis mandatis
gadacema kanonier umaRles xelisuflebaze. saqarTveloSi umokles
vadaSi unda Catardes sayovelTao, mravalpartiuli, SeuzRudavi,
demokratiuli arCevnebi...” msgavsi arCevnebis Catarebis ori gza
arsebobda – oficialuri da araoficialuri. mrgvali magidis
warmomadgenelTa azriT, marTalia, araoficialuri arCvnebi imTaviTve
moixsnida sabWouris iarliys, magram waawydeboda mniSvnelovan
problemas _ arCevnebis sayovelTaoobas da masSi saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis umravlesobis monawileobas. araoficialuri arCevnebi ar
iqneboda erTaderTi da qveynis araqarTveli (da ara mxolod)
macxovreblebi oficialur, sabWoTa arCevnebs daelodebodnen.
mosalodneli iyo iseTi kuriozuli SemTxvevac, rom amomrCevlis
garkveul nawils orive arCevnebSi mieRo monawileoba. problemebi
Seiqmneboda araoficialuri arCevnebis organizebasTan dakavSirebiTac.
komunisturi xelisufleba yvelanairad Seecdeboda, xeli SeeSala misi
CatarebisTvis. aseve problema iyo araoficialuri arCevnebis
sarTaSoriso aRiareba, radgan im periodisTvis jer kidev arsebobda
sabWoTa kavSiri. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos ss respublikaSi Catarebul
araoficialur arCevnebs saerTaSoriso asparezze aravin aRiarebda.
75
aRniSnuli mizezebidan gamomdinare, mrgvali magidis politikuri
koncefcia emxroboda oficialur arCevvnebSi erovnuli moZraobis
monawileobas, Tumca, amisTvis garkveul pirobebs ayenebda:
1. saqarTvelos unda SeeiZina Tavisi realuri politikuri
mdgomareobis Sesabamisi politikuri statusi. amisTvis
saqarTvelos unda Secvloda SeiaraRebuli agresiisa da aneqsiis
Sedegad Tavsmoxveuli ukanono saxeli – saqarTvelos sabWoTa
socialisturi respublika.
2. unda SeCerebuliyo sabWoTa kavSiris antihumanuri,
arademokratiuli konstituciis moqmedeba saqarTvelos mTel
teritoriaze.
3. saqarTvelos sabWoTa konstituciis moqmedebis SeCereba,
droebiTi konstituciis SemuSaveba, 1921 wlis konstituciis
dabruneba Tu sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT qveynis marTva, gardamavali
periodis droebiTi mTavrobis prerogativad unda CaTvliliyo.
“mrgvali magidis” mesveurebi miiCnevdnen, rom arsebuli
xelisuflebisgan am pirobebis Sesruleba realisturi iyo, radgan isini
logikurad ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen xelisuflebis mierve miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs. koncefcias xels awerdnen “saqarTvelos helsinkis
kavSiris”, “wm. ilia marTlis sazogadoebis”, “saqarTvelos monarqistuli
partiis”, “merab kostavas sazogadoebis”, “mrCevelTa jgufebis
sakoordinacio kolegiis” warmomadgenlebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli moTxovnebi ar dakmayofilda,
politikurma gaerTianeba “mrgvalma magidam” mainc miiRo monawileoba
1990 wlis 28 oqtombers saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier
daniSnul uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebSi. “erovnulma forumma” kvlav
ukompromiso pozicia daikava, kategoriulad uaryo arCevnebis idea da
scada mieRo sazogadoebis mxardaWera, Tumca sazogadoebri azri aSkarad
“mrgvali magidis” mxares ixreboda.
1990 wlis 26 maiss dainiSna ori paraleluri Sekreba. “mrgvalma
magidam” mitingi lokomotivis, xolo “erovnulma forumma” erovnul
stadionze daniSna. “mrgvali magidis” mitingze gacilebiT meti adamiani
76
mivida, ramac naTeli gaxada, rom mosaxleobis simpaTia aSkarad zviad
gamsaxurdias mxares iyo. am mitingze zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvlas aqvs
garkveuli religiuri Seferiloba. igi im gzas, romelsac misi
politikuri gaerTianeba emxroba, “qristes gzas” uwodebs, xolo, misi
mowinaaRmdegeebis mier arCeul kurss – “barabas gzas”37. gamsaxurdias
sityvaSi, amave periodSi micemuli interviuebisagan gansxvavebiT, kvlav
igrZnoba radikalizmi da gansxvavebuli poziciebisadmi sruli
Seurigebloba. es, albaT, ganpirobebulia mitingze arsebuli emociuri
atmosferoTi da im faqtiT, rom man TvalnaTliv dainaxa misadmi
sazogadoebis didi nawilis simpaTia.
gamsaxurdias reitingis mkveTrma zrdam mis mowinaaRmdegeebSi
misadmi Seurigeblobis gazrdac gamoiwvia. gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg
koaliciis Seqmna iseTma, TiTqos, erTmaneTTan radikalurad
dapirispirebulma jgufebmac ki gadawyvites, rogorebic iyvnen “erovnuli
forumi” da saqarTvelos komunisturi xelisufleba. jaba ioselianis
sityviT, isini apirebdnen eTanamSromlaT zomieri mimarTulebis
warmomadgenlebTanac. am gaerTianebis mTavari mizani givi gumbariZis
xelisuflebidan Camocileba iyo, romelic, ioselianis azriT, xels
uwyobda gamsaxurdias aRzevebas. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavisi
arakompetenturobiT, avtoritaruli miswrafebebiT, avantiuruli
politikiT da Sovinisturi kursiT saqarTvelos daRupvis piramde
miiyvanda. jaba ioselianma gadawyvita ganexorcielebina gegma, romelic
iTvaliswinebda “sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis pirobebSi damoukideblobis
gzaze saqarTvelos TandaTanobiT gamoyvanas”. ioselians am gegmis
ganxorcieleba SesaZleblad miaCnda “rusTavelis sazogadoebasTan”,
“saxalxo frontTan” da zogierT “erovnuli suliskveTebiT gamorCeul”
komunistTan TanamSromlobiT. misi ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli iyo
zviad gamsaxurdias neitralizeba, magram amisTvis, pirvel rigSi, givi
gumbariZe unda gadaeyenebinaT. Tavdapirvelad am mizniT sabWoTa kavSiris
sagareo saqmeTa ministr eduard SevardnaZis gamoyeneba scades, Tumca
misgan uari miiRes, radgan gumbariZe misi rekomendaciiT iyo daniSnuli 37
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla 1990 wlis 26 maisis mitingze ix.: Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”
77
ck pirveli mdivnis postze. amis Semdeg jaba ioselianis saxlSi
Seikribnen ck biuros wevri guram mgelaZe, respublikis generaluri
prokurori vaxtang razmaZe, edp lideri gia Wanturia da erovnuli
damoukideblobis partiis lideri irakli wereTeli. miRebul iqna
gadawyvetileba, rom biuris sxdomaze wevrebs gumbariZisTvis undobloba
unda gamoecxadebinaT da am gziT CamoecilebinaT xelisuflebidan.
miuxedavad SeTanxmebisa, biuros wevrebma gumbariZisTvis undoblobis
gamocxadeba ver gabedes (ioseliani 2013: 21-22).
rogorc vxedavT, zviad gamsaxurdias imTaviTve, xelisuflebaSi
mosvlamde hyavda radikaluri opozicia sxvadasxva jgufis saxiT,
romlebic, miuxedavad erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli poziciebisa,
gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg gaerTianebas ar eridebodnen.
givi gumbariZisa da zviad gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gegmis
CaSlis Semdeg, “erovnulma forumma” erovnuli kongresis arCevnebi
daniSna 1990 wlis 30 seqtembrisTvis. arCvenebi Catarda, Tumca masze
misuli adamianebis raodenoba ar iyo STambeWdavi. gaugebari iyo, Tu ra
funqcia ekisreboda erovnul kongress. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom “erovnuli
forumis” erTaderT mizans gamsaxurdiasTan dapirispireba warmoadgenda.
mis wevrebs ar hqondaT Camoyalibebuli gegma, Tu ra gziT unda
ganviTarebuliyo saqarTvelos momavali. nodar naTaZe, romelic xSirad
eswreboda “erovnuli forumis” Sekrebebs, ambobs, rom “iq ar iyo
aranairi konstruqciuli garemo. Tu adamiani galanZRavda zviads
(gamsaxurdias), ukravdnen taSs, Tu ar galanZRavda, ar ukravdnen.”38
xalxi 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebs eloda, romelsac umaRlesi
sabWo unda daekompleqtebina. saqarTvelos ssr Sinagan saqmeTa yofili
ministri SoTa gorgoZe acxadebs, rom komunisturma partiam,
faqtobrivad, winaswari kapitulacia gamoacxada da winasaarCevno
procesi TviTdinebaze miuSva. komunistebis indiferentuli
damokidebulisgan gansxvavebiT, aqtiurobda “mrgvali magida”, romlis
warmomadgenlebic dadiodnen mosaxleobaSi da erovnuli ideebis
propagandas eweodnen. mosaxleobaSi arsebuli nacionalisturi
38
interviu nodar naTaZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.
78
ganwyobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTeli iyo, rom erovnul Zalebs
gamarjvebis didi Sansi hqondaT. “komunisturi partia absoluturad
arafers ar akeTebda da me ukve vxedavdi, rom arCevnebi wagebuli iyo”, –
ambobs SoTa gorgoZe.39
winasaarCevno kampaniis dros zviad gamsaxurdia da “mrgvali
magidis” sxva mesveurebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen. maT saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva qalaqSi aTeulobiT mitingi Caatares. sayuradReboa
gamsaxurdias gamosvla winasaarCevno procesis dasasruls TbilisSi
organizebul erT-erT mitingze, romelic mosaxleobaSi arsebul
ganwyobebs exeba: “namdvilad saqarTvelos arCevnebia, namdvilad
qarTveli eris arCevnebia... gansakuTrebiT grandiozuli mitingi iyo
soxumSi, sadac mTeli soxumis qarTveloba movida stadionze. yvelgan
xalxi amJRavnebs “mrgvali magidis” arnaxul mxardaWeras. samaCabloSi
osebi imuqrebian CaSliT, kerZod cxinvalSi. azerbaijanelebi gvTxoven,
depeSebs gvigzavnian, CagvitareT demokratiuli arCevnebi. ZiriTadi, 90%
qarTuli mosaxleobisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, gviWers mxars. araqarTuli
mosaxleobis nawilic, albaT. bogdanovka-axalqalaqSi, albaT, somxuri
mosaxleoba Cvensken gadmoixreba. vinc somxeTis patriotia, dRes unda
ifiqros momavalze. sxvaTa Soris, somxeTs didi imedi aqvs CvenTan kargi
urTierTobisa da unda Segviwyos xeli.”40 rogorc vxedavT, “mrgvali
magida” gamarjvebas, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebis eTnikuri mobilizaciis
xarjze gegmavda, Tumca zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvlidan Cans, rom mas
araqarTveli mosaxleobis mxardaWeris imedic aqvs da tolerantulia im
araqarTvelebis mimarT, romlebic “demokratul arCevnebSi” erovnul
Zalas da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos damoukideblobas dauWeren mxars.
sabolood, arCevnebSi “mrgvalma magidam” damajerebeli gamarjveba
moipova. mas amomrCevelTa 53%-ma dauWira mxari. komunistebi opoziciaSi
aRmoCndnen. uzenaes sabWoSi aseve moxvda zomieri opoziciis ramdenime
39
interviu SoTa gorgoZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 40
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. Toma CageliSvilis filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”.
79
warmomadgeneli.41 aseT Sedegs TviTon “mrgvali magidis”
warmomadgenlebic ar elodnen. miuxedavad sazogadoebis ganwyobisa,
komunisturi partiis samocdaaTwliani mmarTvelobis pirobebSi aseTi
gamarjveba daujerebeli Canda. zviad gamsaxurdias TanamebrZoli Temur
qoriZe ambobs: “zviad gamsaxurdia fiqrobda, rom brZola gadaetana
parlamentis SenobaSi. igi varaudobda, Tavis droze, rom “saxalxo
frontTan” da sxva arCevnebSi monawile opoziciur ZalebTan erTad
miiRebda xmebis daaxloebiT ocdaaT procents da viqnebodiT
saparlamento opozicia.”42 “mrgvali magidis” aseT warmatebas ar eloda
arc sabWoTa kavSiris xelisufleba. momdevno periodSi, ukve uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomaris modgilis rangSi moskovSi Casulma “mrgvali
magidis” wevrma akaki asaTianma naxa, rom kremlis mxridan mowveva givi
gumbariZis saxelze iyo gamowerili.43
1990 wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebiT saqarTveloSi komunisturi
partiis 70 wliani mmarTveloba dasrulda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa ideologiis erT-erTi yvelaze didi
mowinaaRmdege, yofili disidenti zviad gamsaxurdia da misi politikuri
gaerTianeba movida. gamsaxurdia erTxmad airCies uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomared. viTareba rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo – jer kidev
sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelos marTvas erovnuli
xelisufleba iwyebda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis brZola axal
etapze gadavida. axlad arCeul uzenaes sabWos unda Seeqmna saqarTvelos
sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gamosvlis konstituciuri safuZveli.
erTi mxriv, centrTan, xolo meore mxriv, erovnuli moZraobis
opoziciur nawilTan dapirispirebul xelisuflebas win mZime
gardamavali periodi eloda, rac xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis
mxridan erovnuli moZraobis liderTa rolidan gamosvlas, nakleb
radikalizms da met racionalizms saWiroebda. saqarTveloSi procesebi
dramatulad ganviTarda da sabolood samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda.
41
arCevnebis Sedegebi ix. saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb-gverdze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf 42
interviu Temur qoriZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 43
interviu akaki asaTianTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis fulmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”
80
erovnuli moZraoba xelisuflebis saTaveSi. politikuri gaerTianeba
“mrgvali magidis” saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi yofna xanmokle, Tumca
movlenebiT datvirTuli aRmoCnda. am periodSi gamocxadda saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba, qveyanam airCia pirveli prezidenti, gamwvavda da
SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda konfliqti cxinvalis
regionSi, dapirispireba Tbilisis centrSi e. w. “Tbilisis omsa” da,
Semdeg, samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda, romelsac Sedegad erovnuli
xelisuflebis damxoba da prezidentis qveynidan gaqceva mohyva.
“mrgvalis magidis” xelisuflebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias
prezidentobis dros SeiniSneba garkveuli cvlilebebi qarTul
nacionalur proeqtSi, romelmac samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina da
metad inkluziuri gaxda. es zemoT ganxiluli “mrgvali magidis”
politikuri koncefciidanc Cans, romelic jer kidev 1990 wlis maisSi
miiRes. miuxedavad amisa, zviad gamsaxurdias gauWirda erovnuli
moZraobis lideris rolidan gamosvla, rasac aucilebad gulisxmobda
damoukidebeli qveynis politikuri lideroba. xelisuflebaSi yofnis
dros mas kvlav axasiaTebda impulsuroba, mudmivad mtrebis Zieba da
gansxvavebul azrTan Seurigebloba. es tendencia, isedac ukiduresad
daZabul politikur viTarebaSi, safrTxes uqmnida qveynis stabilur
ganviTarebas. am epoqis saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda damoukidebeli
qveynis marTvis gamocdileba. amas emateboda is, rom saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT, misi lideri wlebis
ganmavlobaSi oficialur struqturebTan mwvave dapirispirebaSi
imyofebodnen. amis Semdeg, faqtobrivad moumzadeblad, es adamianebi
xelisuflebis saTaveSi aRmoCndnen da Tavad mouxdaT saxelmwifo
struqturebis marTva/Seneba. vfiqrobT, rom damoukideblobis gariJraJze
saqarTveloSi arsebuli sirTuleebi didwilad obieqturi realobis
Sedegia, Tumca am periodis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis marcxs da
samoqalaqo dapirispirebas subieqturma faqtorebmac mniSvnelovnad
Seuwyo xeli. qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis winaaRmdegobrioba
obieqturi da subieqturi garemoebebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia.
81
1990 wlis 8 noembers, arCevnebis Catarebidan sul mcire xanSi,
gamoqveynda zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva aWaris mosaxleobisadmi.44
aWaraSi mrgvali magida damarcxda da arCevnebSi xmaTa umravlesoba (56
procenti) komunisturma partiam miiRo. aseT Sedegs gamsaxurdia
abralebda “provokatorebs”, romlebic dadiodnen aWaris mosaxleobaSi,
avrcelebdnen erovnuli moZraobis makomprometirebel Worebs da
“mrgval magidas” saxels utexdnen. xelisuflebaSi mosuli zviad
gamsaxurdia loialuri iyo mowinaaRmdegeebis mimarT, mouwodebda maT
warsulis daviwyebisa da momavali TanamSromlobisken: “daviviwyoT
warsuli codvebi, am wuTisofelSi erTmaneTs nuRar vawyeninebT, nuRar
gavwiravT...” msgavsi Semwynarebloba da Semrigebluri toni, ukve
xelisuflebaSi mosuli erovnuli Zalis mxridan, mis erTgvar
gaxsnilobasa da loialurobaze miuTiTebs, Tumca am werilSi
gamsaxurdia kvlav saubrobda qarTveli eris gansakuTrebul misiaze,
romelic mas kacobriobis winaSe akisria. arCevnebSi gamarjvebas igi ara
obieqtur realobas da racionalur faqtorebs, aramed gangebas miawerda,
radgan “imperiis mier danawevrebul, damonebul” saqarTvelos am misiis
Sesruleba ar SeeZlo. gamsaxurdia xazs usvamda aWaris mkvidrTa
gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi, Tumca erTxelac ar
uxsenebia aWaris mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli religiuri mikuTvnebuloba.
piriqiT, igi aqcents imaze akeTebda, rom “aWara iyo is pirveli kuTxe,
romelmac pirvelma, jer kidev pirvel saukuneebSi, miiRo qristianoba da
safuZveli daudo qarTul xalxur qristianobas – giorgobasTan
Serwymul qristianobas.”
zviad gamsaxurdia avtonomiis sakiTxsac Seexo da aRniSna, rom
saqarTveloSi avtonomia SeiZleba hqondes mxolod araqarTul
mosaxleobas; qarTvelTa avtonomia saqarTveloSi didi Seusabamobaa da
gasauqmebelia. Tu erovnuli moZraobis liderobis periodSi
gamsaxurdias dauSveblad miaCnda saqarTveloSi avtonomiebis arseboba
da maT saswrafod gauqmebas moiTxovda, am SemTxvevaSi igi araqarTuli
44
gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. 1990, # 123.
82
mosaxleobisTvis avtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis arsebobas dasaSvebad
Tvlida, Tumca aWarasTan mimarTebaSi misi toni Seuvali iyo.
imave dReebSi, 13 noembers, gamoqveynda interviu zviad
gamsaxurdiasTan, romelic arCevnebis Sedegebs exeba.45 am interviuSi
“mrgvali magidis” lideri kvlav daubrunda araqarTuli mosaxleobis
sakiTxs da aRniSna, rom arCevnebamde es mosaxleoba dezinformaciis
msxverpli iyo. maT eubnebodnen, rom, TiTqos, xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
SemTxvevaSi “mrgvali magida” maT qveynidan gaasaxlebda, mouwyobda
genocids da a. S. es, ra Tqma unda, simarTles ar Seesabameboda.
1990 wlis 14 noembris uzenaesi sabWos sxdomaze miRebul iqna
“kanoni saqarTvelos respublikaSi gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis
Sesaxeb”.46 gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis mizani saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis safuZvlebis momzadeba iyo.
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom ukanonod gamoacxada
sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos yofnis mTeli periodi. am
kanonis mixedviT, saqarTvelos respublika 1918-1921 wlebis demokratiuli
respublikis samarTalmemkvidred iqna aRiarebuli: “saqarTvelos
respublika aris suverenuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
memkvidre saxelmwifo. igi ZaladobiT aris Seyvanili ssr kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi.” miuxedavad amisa, uzenaesma sabWom, axali konstituciis
SemuSavebamde, saTanado cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT, ZalaSi datova
saqarTvelos ssr konstitucia. konstituciis dasaxelebasa da teqstSi
sityvebi “saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika”,
“saqarTvelos ss respublika”, “saqarTvelos ssr” Seicvala sityvebiT
“saqarTvelos respublika”. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo
iTvaliswinebda im garemoebas, rom saqarTvelo jer kidev sabWoTa
kavSiris SemadgelobaSi iyo da cnobda sakavSiro kanonmdeblobas, Tumca
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos
respublikis kanonebs. saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze
upiratesoba eniWeboda adgilobriv kanonmdeblobas. aqvea cvlilebebi
45
gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. 1990. # 125. 46
gaz. “axali saqarTvelo”. 1990. # 2-3.
83
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gerbis, droSisa da himnis Sesaxeb, romelic
amtkicebda axal saxelmwifo simbolikas.
imave dRes saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared
airCies zviad gamsaxurdia. sainteresoa sxdomaze wakiTxuli
gamsaxurdias mimarTva47 uzanaesi sabWos deputatebisa da
sazogadoebisadmi. igi sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdenadac gamsaxurdiam,
rogorc saqarTvelos axlad arCeulma xelisufalma, oficialurad
pirvelad mimarTa sazogadoebas. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
saqarTveloSi Catarebul mravalpartiul arCevnebs erovnuli moZraobis
Zalisxmevis Sedegad miiCnevda, romelSic sazogadoebam mxardaWera
gamoucxada erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis avangards – blok
“mrgval magidas”. misi sityviT, es gamarjveba iyo ara erTi da ori wlis
muSaobis Sedegi, aramed dagvirgvineba im politikuri brZolisa,
romelsac erovnuli moZraoba jer kidev 1950-iani wlebidan awarmoebda.
Tumca, uzenaesi sabWo jerjerobiT Tavs ikavebda damoukideblobis
gamocxadebisgan, radgan iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi
arsebul politikur realiebs. “Cven gvsurs realuri damoukidebloba,
rasac sWirdeba safuZvliani Semzadeba iuridiul-samarTlebrivi,
politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT”. gamsaxurdias sityva Seicavs
racionalizmis niSnebs; uzenaesma sabWom, miuxedavad imisa, rom
saqarTvelos respublikas 1918-1921 wlebis respublikis memkvidred
acxadebda, uari Tqva 1921 wlis konstituciis moqmedebis aRdgenaze,
radgan gaWirdeboda misi SesabamisobaSi moyvana Tanamedrove
realobasTan. swored amitom, kanoni gardamavali periodis Sesaxeb
efuZneboda ukve arsebul saqarTvelos ssr konstitucias.
axlad arCeuli uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare acxadebda, rom
erovnuli xelisufleba ibrZolebda adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisTvis, romelic unda
damyareboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs.
am SemTxvevaSic, erovnuli moZraobis liderobis periodis msgavsad,
gamsaxurdia aqcents qarTvelebis Selaxul uflebebze akeTebs, romelic
47
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 3. 1990.
84
sabWoTa periodSi gansakuTrebiT uxeSad irRveoda. misi sityviT,
qarTvelTa Seviwroebam da diskriminaciam piks gansakuTrebiT iseT
raionebSi miaRwia, sadac komunisturma xelisuflebam araqarTuli
mosaxleobis eTnokratiebi daamyara. mimarTvaSi yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia qarTuli enis savalalo mdgomareobaze, romlis
sistematuri devna autanel pirobebSi ayenebda qarTulenovan
mosaxleobas. qarTuli enis daknineba da rusulis gabatoneba iwvevda
qarTvelTa diskriminacias da araqarTuli mosaxleobis privilegirebas.
gamsaxurdia acxadebda, rom sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelo oficialurad
iqca “erovnebaTa Serwymisa da difuziis Tvisebriv laboratoriad, rasac
hqonda erTaderTi mizani: qarTveli eris sruli asimilacia mezobeli
erebis xelovnurad daCqarebuli demografiuli eqspansiis gziT...
ukanasknel wlebSi, saqarTvelos mTel rig raionebSi araqarTveli
mosaxleobis xelSi aRmoCnda aTasobiT heqtari saukeTeso savargulebi.”
gamsaxurdia eyrdnoboda erTa Soris Tanasworuflebianobis
saerTaSorisod aRiarebul princips da acxadebda, rom qarTveli eris
amgvari Seviwroeba sakuTar miwa-wyalze iyo saerTaSoriso samarTlis
yvela aRiarebuli normis darRveva da saerTaSoriso danaSauli. “amis
gamo saqarTvelos parlamentma Tavis umTavres miznad unda daisaxos
saqarTveloSi qarTuli mosaxleobis uflebrivi garantiebis dakanoneba,
qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi statusis realuri da ara moCvenebiTi
ganxorcieleba, qarTul enaze unda gadavides saqmis warmoeba yvela
sawarmosa da dawesebulebaSi...”, – acxadebda gamsaxurdia. igi moiTxovda
saqarTvelos moqalaqis statusis SemoRebis daCqarebas, rac, misi azriT,
xels Seuwyobda qarTuli mosaxleobis uflebebis dacvas da zRvars
daudebda ucxoelebis demografiul eqspansias saqarTveloSi.
gamsaxurdia ambobda, rom qarTvelTa uflebebis dacvis paralelurad,
uzenaesi sabWo izrunebda erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvaze:
“Cven ar ugulebelvyofT erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebs, romelnic
kanonierad mkvidroben Cvens miwa-wyalze da xels uwyoben qarTveli eris
brZolas Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
ganzraxuli gvaqvs saqarTveloSi SevinarCunoT erovnul umciresobaTa
85
arsebuli avtonomiebi, cxadia, ufro myar konstituciur samarTlebriv
safuZvlebze, qarTuli mosaxleobis konstituciuri uflebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi referendumis gziT
unda gadawydes.” – ganacxada uzenaesi sabWos Tavjdomarem
rogorc vxedavT, gamsaxurdias ZiriTadi mizani eTnikuri
qarTvelebis uflebebis dacva iyo, rac, zogadad, jdeba mis
msoflmxedvelobaSi, romlis mixedviT, qarTvelebi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi iCagrebodnen da axla dadga dro, rodesac maT sakuTari
uflebebi unda aRidginon da is misia ganaxorcielon, romelic istoriam
da gangebam daakisra. gamsaxurdias ritorika pirdapir ar aris
mimarTuli erovnul umciresobaTa Cagvrisken, Tumca qarTveli eTnosis
uflebebis darRvevaze da araqarTvelebis privilegirebaze xazgasmiT
saubari, vfiqrobT, qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis eTnikur Sinaarsze
miuTiTebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamsaxurdia aqcents erovnuli
umciresobebis uflebebis dacvazec akeTebs da arsebuli avtonomiebis
SenarCunebazec saubrobs, savarudoa, rom misi mimarTvis ZiriTadi
gzavnilebi saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebSi garkveul
SiSs da daucvelobis SegrZnebas dabadebda.
zviad gamsaxurdias sityvaSi Warbad aris religiuri ritorika, Cans
mWidro kavSiri am periodis qarTul nacionalizmsa da eklesias Soris:
“Cveni moZraoba, upirveles yovlisa, religiuri moZraobaa, rameTu
religiis gareSe ar arsebobs WeSmariti erovnuli aRorZineba. amitomac
aris dRes erTad Cveni eri da Cveni eklesia. Cven vebrZviT uRmerTobisa
da usamarTlobis ukuneT Rames, Cvens marTal saqmes gangeba mfarvelobs
da amitomac davamarcxeT mteri. qarTveli eri ar wava barabas gziT,
uRmerTobis, avazakobis, terorizmis gziT, qarTveli eris gza saTnoebis
gzaa, siqvelis gzaa, siyvarulis gzaa, qristes gzaa, aw da maradis
ukuniTi ukunisamde. kurTxeul iyos RvTismSoblis wilxvedri
saqarTvelo!”
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis DSemdeg, gamsaxurdias radikaluri
damokidebulebebi da eTnikuri qarTvelebis daCagrul mdgomareobaze
xazgasmiT saubari, erTgvarad, gazavda erovnuli umciresobebis
86
uflebebze zrunvis da Semwynareblobis ritorikiT. am tendenciam misi
Sexedulebebis winaaRmdegobrioba kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxada, aseve
gviCvena, rom drois mcire monakveTSi qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma
garkveuli transformacia ganicada.
aRniSnul winaaRmdegobriobaze miuTiTebs amerikeli Jurnalisti
edmund stivensi interviuSi, romelic man saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarisgan 1990 wlis 7 dekembers aiRo.48
Jurnalistis azriT, winaaRmdegobrivi iyo zviad gamsaxurdias nabijebi,
rodesac man jer boikoti gamoucxada 1990 wlis 25 marts daniSnul
uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebs da moiTxova, rom ar organos TviTlikvidacia
gamoecxadebina, xolo Semdeg, maleve, gamsaxurdias blokma araTu
monawileoba miiRo arCevnebSi, aramed Tavad gamsaxurdia im uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda, romlis likvidaciasac sul ramdenime Tvis
win moiTxovda.
amerikeli Jurnalistis SexedulebiT, winaaRmdegobrivi iyo
erovnuli sakiTxisadmi gamsaxurdias damokidebulebac. 1988 wlis 1
noembers mweralTa kavSirSi gamarTul krebaze zviad gamsaxurdiam
ganacxada, rom man miiRo cnobebi, TiTqos, saqarTvelos mTavrobas
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos azerbaijanisTvis gadacema hqonda ganzraxuli
da daayena sakiTxi, azerbaijanelebi gasaxlebuliyvnen im miwa-wylidan,
romelic maT ukanonod hqondaT miTvisebuli. imave wlis 11 noembers
gamsaxurdiam mouwoda osebs, wasuliyvnen saqarTvelodan, Tu ar surdaT
qarTvelebTan mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba. aseve, 1989 wels zviad
gamsaxurdia saubrobda aWareli separatistebis alagmvaze da mesxeTeli
Turqebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis dauSveblobaze. misi gancxadebiT,
erovnuli moZraoba ar dauSvebda arc erTi Turqis an Turquli
erovnuli cnobierebis matarebeli adamianis saqarTveloSi Casaxlebas.
ufro metic, qarTveli xalxi ibrZolebda aseTebis TurqeTSi
repatriaciisTvis.
edmund stivensi miuTiTebda, rom axla, oficialuri presisTvis
gakeTebul gancxadebebSi, gamsaxurdia ambobda, rom qarTveli xalxisTvis
48
gaz. «saqarTvelos respublika” # 2. 1990.
87
ucxoa eTnikuri siZulvili da rom aucilebelia helsinkis
SeTanxmebisadmi erTguleba. Jurnalistma hkiTxa gamsaxurdias, Tu rogor
axsnida esoden polarul gamonaTqvamebs. pasuxad, uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomarem ganacxada, rom misi damokidebulebebi aranair
winaaRmdegobebs ar Seicavda. Tumca gamsaxurdia kvlav radikaluri
formiT saubrobda, rom azerbaijanidan da oseTidan “CamosaxlebulTa
garkveuli nawili da sxva gadamTielebi agresiulad iqcevian da fexqveS
Telaven mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobis uflebebs, diskriminacias uweven
mas;” isini aseve cdiloben, xelyon saqarTvelos respublikis
teritoriuli mTlianoba da moqalaqeTa sicocxle. sakuTar miwa-wyalze
qarTvelebis Seviwroeba saerTaSoriso danaSaulia. rogorc vxedavT,
gamsaxurdia eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs kvlav
gadamTielebad moixseniebs da maT saqarTvelos mkvidr mosaxleobad ar
miiCnevs, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi eTnikuri problemebis
gaRvivebaSi damnaSave gare Zalebia da, rogorc ki maTi Careva Sewydeba,
problemebi TavisTavad mogvardeba. amis dasturad mas saqarTvelos
istoria mohyavs da acxadebs, rom “CvenSi odiTgan, mravali saukunis
manZilze tradiciulad damkvidrda sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis
warmomadgenelTa mSvidobiani, Tanasworuflebiani Tanacxovreba.”
marTalia, zviad gasaxurdias damokidebulebebi winaaRmdegobrivia,
magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom winaaRmdegobebi ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,
rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukideblad arsebobis pirvel nabijebs
dgamda. winaaRmdegobrivi iyo rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve mis garSemo
arsebuli viTarebac – qveynis xelisuflebaSi erovnuli Zala movida,
romelsac urTierToba uxdeboda centrTan, sabWoTa kavSiris
xelisuflebasTan, romlis SemadgenlobaSic jer kidev imyofeboda
saqarTvelo. es faqti xelsayrel fons qmnida im radikaluri
ritorikisTvis, romelic gamsaxurdiam wlebis ganmavlobaSi aTvisa da ar
eTmoboda. amave dros, igi iZulebuli iyo, nawilobriv mainc
damorCileboda koniunqturas, romelsac xelisuflebaSi yofna
gulisxmobda. qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma 1990 wlis 28 oqtobris
arCevnebis Semdeg namdvilad SeiZina samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca
88
ar daukargavs is eTnikuri sawyisebi, romelsac 1980-ian wlebSi daefuZna.
Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos momavali
ganviTarebis modeli ekleqturi, bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg Seicvala gamsaxurdias
damokidebulebebi saqarTvelos moqalaqis statusis miniWebasTan
dakavSirebiT. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSic SeiniSneba garkveuli dinamika:
1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis win, rodesac wydeboda saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba/argamocxadebis bedi, gamsaxurdiam
ganacxada, rom moqalaqeobas miiRebdnen saqarTvelos mxolod is
mcxovreblebi, romlebic mxars qveynis damoukideblobas dauWerdnen.
intervius mimdinareobisas, Jurnalistma scada gaerkvia, Tu ra kavSiri
iyo referendumSi xmis micemasa da saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas Soris,
ramdenad iyo garantia, rom xmis micema iqneboda saidumlo da misi
Sedegebi ar imoqmedebda pirovnebis Semdgom cxovrebaze. uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomaris pasuxi kategoriuli iyo: misi SexedulebiT, arc erT
qveyanaSi ar aZleven moqalaqeobas im pirebs, romlebic mtrulad arian
ganwyobilni saxelmwifosadmi, erisadmi, cud miznebs isaxaven da pativs
ar scemen enas, suverenitets, “ase rom, nuravis ukvirs, Tu Cven aseT
gadawyvetilebas miviRebT.”49 rTulia imaze saubari, ra meqanizmebiT
apirebda saqarTvelos xelisufleba imis garkvevas, Tu vin dauWira mxari
qveynis damoukideblobad da vin – ara.
momdevno periodSi gamsaxurdias gancxadebebi gacilebiT
loialuria, igi emxroba saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa umravlesobisTvis
moqalaqeobis miniWebas. 1991 wlis 28 ivniss micemul interviuSi
gamsaxurdiam ganacxada, rom saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi yvela
piri, erovnebis miuxedavad, miiRebda saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas,
momavalSi ki SemoRebuli iqneboda garkveuli vada, daaxloebiT 5 weli,
romlis saqarTveloSi gatarebis Semdeg pirs mieniWeboda qveynis
moqalaqeoba. am SemTxvevaSi, gamsaxurdia, savsebiT marTebulad,
xelmZRvanelobda demokratiul qveynebSi miRebuli standartiT.50 imave
49
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 62-63. 1991. 50
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 124-125. 1991.
89
wlis zafxulSi zviad gamsaxurdiam kidev erTxel ganacxada, rom
“respublikis yoveli mudmivi mcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqalaqe iqneba.”51
sabolood, 1991 wlis ivlisSi mTavrobam miiRo kanoni moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb, romelic, saqarTveloSi cxovrebis xangrZlivobis miuxedavad,
moqalaqeobas aniWebda respublikis yvela macxovrebels. stiven jonsis
sityviT, es kanoni, Tavisi loalurobiT, aRemateboda latviasa da
estoneTSi miRebuli kanonebs. saqarTvelos teritoriaze dabadebul,
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Svilebs aseve eniWebodaT
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba (jonsi 2013: 92).
1991 wlis 31 martis referendumi da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgena. qveyanaSi mimdinare winaaRmdegobrivi procesebis paralelurad,
xelisufleba amzadebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas.
damoukideblobisTvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Seqmna xelisuflebam
saerTo-saxalxo referendumiT gadawyvita, romelzec xalxs mxari unda
daeWira qveynis damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTvis. referendumis
Catarebis win mTavrobis ritorika, romelsac Wirdeboda erovnuli
umcirebebis mxardaWera, kidev ufro inkluziuri da samoqalaqo
maxasiaTebelTa matarebeli gaxda. amis dasturia zviad gamsaxurdias
mimarTva samcxe-javaxeTis somexi mosaxleobisadmi, romelic 1991 wlis 30
marts, referendumis wina dRes gamoqveynda.52
mimarTvis dasawyisSi gamsaxurdia xotbas asxams saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb somxebs da maT mTel qveyanaSi unikaluri SromismoyvareobiT
ganTqmul Tanamoqalaqeebs uwodebs, romlebic umZimes pirobebSi
Tavdadebuli SromiT amravlebdnen qveynis simdidres. gamsaxurdias
sityviT, referendumSi sityva “diax” niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelom
moipovos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, aqedan gamomdinare yvela
SedegiTurT. ““diax” – niSnavs mivceT xma yvela moqalaqis Tanaswor
moqalaqeobriv uflebebs, erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis miuxedavad.”
gamsaxurdia umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs hpirdeba, rom,
totalitaruli saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, maTTvis garantirebuli
51
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 130. 1991. 52
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 61. 1991.
90
iqneba gacilebiT meti Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba politikur da
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. igi mouwodebs somex mosaxleobas, rom
gamoiCinos moTmineba da gadadgas gonivruli nabijebi saerTo miznisken
mimaval gzaze. “mxolod Cven, erTad Tu gamovavlenT solidarobas,
survils, gavugoT erTmaneTs dialogis gziT, SevZlebT avaSenoT Cveni
demokratiuli, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo.”
mimarTvaSi zviad gamsaxurdia exeba mis mier adre gamoTqmul
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miReba
dakavSirebulia referdumSi monawileobasa da qveynis damoukideblobis
mxardaWerasTan. igi ar uaryofs sakuTar naTqvams da am mosazrebis
saintereso axsnas gvTavazobs, romelic, vfiqrobT, Seesabameba
samoqalaqo nacionalizmis principebs: “civilizebul msoflioSi
moqalaqeobas iReben maSin, rodesac aris urTierTvaldebulebebisadmi
mzadyofna: potenciuri moqalaqisa – saxelmwifos winaSe da
saxelmwifosi – moqalaqis winaSe. yvela demokratiul qveyanaSi
moqalaqeobis miReba gulisxmobs qveynis enisa da suverenitetisadmi
pativiscemas. es is balansia, romelic saWiroa imisTvis, rom moqalaqeoba
formaluri ar iyos. Tanasworoba uflebebSi SeuZlebelia movaleobebSi
Tanasworobis gareSe.” es midgoma namdvilad pasuxobs pirovnebasa da
saxelmwifos Soris urTierdamokidebulebis Tanamedrove princips,
romelic dasavluri samoqalaqo nacionalizmis erT-erT fundamentur
maxasiaTeblad miiCneva.
saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare, am
SemTxvevaSi, somxebs “Cven” jgufis wevrebad ganixilavs da maTze,
rogorc ucxoelebze saubari kategoriulad miuReblad miaCnia.
zviad gamsaxurdia exeba prefeqtebis (adgilobrivis xelisuflebis
xelmZRvanelebi) sakiTxs. erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul
regionebSi prefeqtebad eTnikurad qarTvelebi iniSnebodnen, rac
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. gamsaxurdias
SexedulebiT, es ar unda iyos ukmayofilebis safuZveli. sakuTari
mosazrebis dasadastureblad, igi saqarTvelos istorias iSveliebs,
rodesac saqarTveloSi romelime qalaqis meTaurad, sadac umravlesobas
91
qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, eTnikurad somexi iniSneboda, es ar iyo
qarTuli mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis safuZveli. “mTavaria, rom es
xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen kompetenturi, wminda, patiosani adamianebi.”
gaamsaxurdia Tvlis, rom yvelaferi ise gadaiWreba, rogorc xalxs surs
– urTierTgagebisa da dialogis gziT.
“Tu iqneba damoukidebeli, demokratiuli saqarTvelo, socialurad
daculi iqneba Cveni mravalerovani ojaxis TiToeuli wevri”, –
acxadebda gamsaxurdia. igi mouwodebda saqarTvelos somex
macxovreblebs, erTxmad miecaT xma saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis.
“rogorc Cveni mravalsaukunovani istoriidan aris cnobili,
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi, gaWirvebis Jams, mudam iaraRiT xelSi
qarTvelebTan erTad icavdnen Cvens qveyanas. axla Tqveni mxardaWera
gvWirdeba. darwmunebulebi varT, rom mxars dagviWerT”.
imave periodSi gamoqveynda gamsaxurdias mimarTva afxazi
xalxisadmi, romelic, adrindeli damokidebulebebisagan gansxvavebiT,
gacilebiT tolerantulia.53 gamsaxurdia aRiarebs afxazi xalxis
“erovnul da kulturul uflebebs, saxelmwifoebriobas, enas, kulturas,
afxazur skolas, Teatrs” da yvela gaugebrobas afxazeTis
separatistulad ganwyobil xelisuflebas abralebs, romelsac ar surs
TbilisTan arsebuli problemebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyveta. aqve,
radgan afxazeTTan dakavSirebiT vsaubrobT, mcirediT gavuswroT
movlenebs da SevexoT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos xelSewyobiT 1991
wlis 9 ivliss miRebul kanons “afxazeTis assr konstituciaSi
cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb”54. am kanonis mixedviT,
afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sabWoSi eTnikurad
afxazebs daeTmoT 28 adgili, xolo qarTvelebs – 26, maSin, rodesac
qarTvelebi mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 46%, afxazebi ki 17%
Seadgendnen. es faqti, SeiZleba iTqvas, samoqalaqo midgomis ukiduresi
gamovlinebaa, romelmac gamsaxurdiasadmi damokidebulebebis
paradoqsulobac ganapiroba. magaliTad, Tu jaba ioseliani, erTi mxriv,
53
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #48, 1991. 54
kanonSi miRebuli Sesworebebi ix. bmulze: http://abkhaziajustice.gov.ge/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/47.pdf
92
gamsaxurdias primitiul nacionalizmsa da faSizmSi adanaSaulebs, meore
mxriv, aRniSnul kanons “aparteiduls” uwodebs da zviad gamsaxurdias
brals sdebs eTnikuri qarTvelebis uflebaTa ugulebelyofaSi
(ioseliani 2013: 19, 129).
1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos masStabiT moewyo saerTo-saxalxo
referendumi, romlis monawileebs unda epasuxaT kiTxvaze: “Tanaxma xarT
Tu ara, aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba 1918
wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze?” referdumSi
monawileoba sami milion samasiaTasze metma amomrCevelma miiRo.
gamokiTxulTa 98 procentma SekiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gasca.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mxari dauWira respublis araqarTveli
mosaxleobis umravlesobam (janeliZe 2009: 20). rogorc Cans, gamsaxurdias
Semwynareblurma ritorikam da mowodebebma, romelsac damoukideblobis
moaxloebiT gamowveuli eiforia emateboda, gavlena erovnul
umciresobebzec moaxdina. referndumis Sedegebis gamocxadebis Semdeg
gadawyda, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxadebuliyo 1991 wlis
9 aprils. xelisuflebam es gadawyvetileba ori wliT adre, mitingis
darbevis Sedegad daRupuli adamianebis xsovnis pativsacemad miiRo.
referendumis warmatebiT Catarebidan ramdenime dReSi, savaraudod,
maRali emociuri fonis da gamarjvebiT gamowveuli eiforiis gavleniT,
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ukiduresad araracionaluri gadawyvetileba
miiRo – ekonomikuri blokada gamoucxada sabWoTa kavSirs. uzenaesi
sabWos Tavmjdomare imuqreboda, rom am nabijiT ruseTs daaCoqebda. misi
ganmartebiT, es sabWoTa kavSiris mier osuri separatizmis mxardaWeris
sawinaaRmdego nabiji iyo. roman gociriZis sityviT, saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas ar hqonda gaazrebuli, Tu ra ekonomikuri potenciali
hqonda maSindel saqarTvelos – ra gahqonda ruseTsa da sxva mokavSire
respublikebSi da ra Semohqonda sapasuxod, ra Sedegs gamoiRebda
ekonomikuri blokada, Cven davzaraldebodiT ufro Tu sabWoTa kavSiri.
“aseTi gadawyvetilebebi, ZiriTadad, nakarnaxevi iyo politikuri
mizanSewonilobiT. im dros politika gansazRvravda Cvens ekonomikur
cxovrebas, magram im dros saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda politika.”
93
daaxloebiT 25 dReSi, romlis ganmavlobaSic es blokada grZeldeboda,
saqarTvelom oTxasi milioni maneTis zarali naxa, ramac qveyana umZimes
ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobaSi Caayena.55
amrigad, saqarTvelo damoukideblobas ukiduresad mZime viTarebaSi
Sexvda, Tumca amas ar umoqmedia im sazeimo ganwyobaze, romelic
qveyanaSi sufevda. 1991 wlis 9 aprils, uzenaesi sabWos sagangebo sesiaze,
zviad gamsaxurdiam saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRdgenilad
gamoacxada. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo daeyrdno 1991 wlis 31 marts
referendumiT gamoxatul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis uzenaes nebas da
aRadgina saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis
damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze.
zviad gamsaxurdiam, sakuTari gamosvlis dros, saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba uSualod daakavSira 1989 wlis 9 aprils
ganviTarebul movlenebTan: “simboluria saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenis gamocxadeba 9 aprils, vinaidan am dRes gadawyda saqarTvelos
bedi. 9 aprils wamebulTa sulebi dagvcqerian Cven da xaroben zeciur
naTelSi, rameTu aRsrulda neba maTi, aRsrulda neba qarTveli erisa.
gaumarjos damoukidebel saqarTvelos!”
damoukideblobis aqtSi calke abzaci eTmoba umciresobaTa
uflebebs: “saqarTvelos respublika, iswrafvis ra daikavos Rirseuli
adgili msoflios xalxTa TanamegobrobaSi, aRiarebs da Tanabrad
uzrunvelyofs saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul adamianis,
erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi jgufebis yvela ZiriTad
uflebasa da Tavisuflebas, rogorc amas moiTxovs gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis wesdeba, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia,
saerTaSoriso paqtebi da konvenciebi.”56
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, damoukideblobis aqtis
praqtikuli ganxorcielebis mizniT, xelisuflebam gadawyvita
saqarTvelos prezidentis postis SemoReba. 1991 wlis 14 aprils uzenaesi
sabWos sesiam zviad gamsaxurdia saqarTvelos prezidentad airCia,
55
masalebi ekonomikuri blokadis Sesaxeb ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”. 56
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #70, 1991.
94
uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomareoba ki akaki asaTians daekisra. imave sesiis
gadawyvetilebiT, 1991 wlis 26 maiss dainiSna saqarTvelos prezidentis
arCevnebi miuxedavad sxva kandidatebis arsebobisa, naTeli iyo, rom
saxelisuflebo kandidati zviad gamsaxurdia ualternativo gaxldaT.
1991 wlis 22 maiss gamoqveynda prezidentobis kandidat zviad
gamsaxurdias saarCevno programa, sadac mocemulia is ZiriTadi
prioritetebi, romelic mas eqneboda prezidentad arCevis SemTxvevaSi.57
programis Sesaval nawilSi kvlav aris saubari imaze, rom saqarTvelo
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dakninebul, daCagrul mdgomareobaSi iyo da
dRes unda aRidginos sakuTari istoriuli misia, romelic gamoixateba
“dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis zogadsakacobrio integraciuli
procesebisaTvis xelis Sewyobasa da regionSi stabiluri viTarebis
uzrunvelyofaSi.” saqarTvelos unda ganaxorcielos am ori samyaros
sinTezi da aseve ikisros kavkasiis xalxTa gamaerTianeblis roli,
romelic mas aseve istoriulad ჰქოnda.
zviad gamsaxurdia politikuri reformis erT-erT ZiriTad
mimarTulebad “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da erovnul umciresobaTa
erovnul-kulturuli uflebebis dacvas” acxadebda. aqve saubari iyo
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonze, romelic, kandidatis azriT,
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis safuZvelze unda SemuSavebuliyo (es asec
moxda, rogorc zemoT ukve visaubreT).
saarCevno programaSi calke qveTavi aqvs daTmobili saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa erovnul-kulturuli uflebebis dacvas, sadac vkiTxulobT:
“saprezidento xelisuflebam urTierTpativiscemis safuZvelze unda
uzrunvelyos respublikis teritoriaze mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa
ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. miiReba kanoni erovnul umciresobaTa
Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis
garantirebuli iqneba: mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis, erovnuli
kulturis ganviTarebis, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo mizniT
saTvistomoebisa da sxva sazogadoebriv organizaciebad gaerTianebis,
mSobliur enaze beWdvisa da sainformacio saSualebebis gamoyenebis
57
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #99-100. 1991.
95
uflebebi. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa ufleba - miiRon monawileoba qveynis
politikur, ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi - ar SeizRudeba
maTi erovnuli kuTvnilebis gamo. amasTan, yoveli moqalaqe da, maT
Soris erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgeneli, valdebuli iqneba, pativi
sces da daicvas saqarTvelos respublikis kanonebi da interesebi.”
aseT winasaarCevno gzavnils wuns ver dadebdnen yvelaze
ganviTarebuli dasavluri demokratiebis warmomadgenlebic. rogorc
vxedavT, saprezidento mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi zviad gamsaxurdiam
mkveTri transformacia ganicada da misi ritorika (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
oficialuri) ukve gamoxatulad samoqalaqo xasiaTs atarebda. amave
dros, gamsaxurdia kvlav mWidrod akavSirebda erovnul moZraobas da
religias. qveTavSi “saxelmwifo da eklesia” saubaria, rom erovnuli
moZraoba, Tavisi sawyisebiT, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli religiur
cnobierebasTan da eklesiis wiaRTan. “Tavisi Sinagani arsiT, es
religiur-erovnuli moZraobaa, ramdenadac igi gulisxmobs ara marto
gankerZoebuli erovnul-politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas, aramed
iTvaliswinebs zneobriv aRorZinebas religiur rwmenasa da cnobierebaze
damyarebiT... erovnuli xelisuflebis avtoriteti, misi Zalaufleba unda
daemyaros ara mxolod xelisuflebis socialur-politikur
gansazRvrulobas, aramed, umeteswilad, religiur-zneobriv sawyisebs.”
zviad gamsaxurdia miznad isaxavda erisa da sazogadoebis
konsolidacias, Tumca amas safuZvlad unda dadeboda ara politikuri,
aramed erovnuli da sulieri motivebi. programis es pasaJi calsaxad
miuTiTebs qarTuli nacionalizmis eTnikur xasiaTze, radgan igi
uaryofs samoqalaqo nacionalizmis erT-erT ZiriTad postulats –
politikuri eris cnebas da eris konsolidaciis politikur safuZvels
srulad emijneba.
amave dros, saarCevno programaSi aRniSnulia, rom es prioriteti ar
xelyofs sxva religiebis aRmsarebelTa, agreTve aTeistTa moqalaqeobriv
uflebebs. saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli unda yofiliyo sindisis
Tavisufleba da TiToeul pirovnebas miscemoda SesaZlebloba, yofiliyo
aRmsarebeli im sarwmunoebisa, romelsac Tavad aRiarebda. “moqalaqeTa
96
politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri uflebebi ar SeizRudeba
religiuri niSniT. qarTuli saxelmwifo kvlavac erTguli darCeba
tradiciuli religiuri Semwynareblobisa.”
1991 wlis 26 maiss gaimarTa saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi,
romelSic zviad gamsaxurdiam xmaTa absoluturi umravlesoba moipova.
mas amomrCevelTa 87 procentma dauWira mxari. 7 ivniss gaimarTa
saqarTvelos prezidentis inauguracia. saintereso gzavnilebs Seicavda
gamsaxurdias mier inauguraciaze warmoTqmuli sityva.
sityviT gamosvlisas saqarTvelos axlad arCeulma prezidentma
aRiara, rom 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris Semdeg ganvlili periodi urTulesi
iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebisTvis da qveynis marTva
gacilebiT rTulia, vidre erovnuli moZraobis lideroba. “unda
vaRiaroT, rom ocneba Tavisuflebaze, stiqiuri moqmedeba misi saxeliT,
Seudareblad ufro advili iyo, vidre saxelmwifo politikis rangSi
ayvanili, realur samuSaod qceuli erovnuli aRorZineba” (saqarTvelos
prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 15)
zviad gamsaxurdias sainauguracio sityva, erTi mxriv, Warbad
Seicavs religiur motivebs, mimarTulia eTnikuri qarTvelebis
gandidebisken, xolo meore mxriv, prezidenti saubrobs erovnuli
umciresobebis uflebebis dacvaze da maT rolze saxelmwifos Senebis
procesSi. stiven jonsis sityviT, mgznebare revolucioneridan Tvalis
daxamxamebaSi prezidentad gardaqmnili gamsaxurdia araqarTvelebs
srul kulturul dacvas hpirdeboda (jonsi 2013: 92).
gamsaxurdia, nawilobriv, kvlav Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis
erTgulia, ambobs ra, rom mniSvnelovania ara amqveyniuri, fizikuri
keTildReoba, aramed “sulismieri erovnuli aRorZineba”, rac “sakuTari
WeSmariti meobisken mibrunebas niSnavs.” rogorc winasaarCvno
programaSi, am SemTxvevaSic, zviad gamsaxurdia mWidrod akavSirebs
religias da qarTul nacionalizms. misTvis erovnuli moZraoba
religiuri moZraobacaa (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio
sityvebi 2007: 22). prezidentis sityviT, saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad, marTlmadidebloba saxelmwifo
97
religiad unda iqces. am pricipebidan gamomdinare, qarTulma
saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos eklesiis ufleba, iyos saero cxovrebis
aqtiuri monawile. amave dros, gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, rom
marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba ar xelyofs sxva
religiebis aRmsarebelTa, agreTve aTeistebis uflebebs. TiToeul
pirovnebas miecema ufleba, iyos aRmsarebeli im religiisa, romelsac
Tavad aRiarebs. moqalaqeTa uflebebi ar SeizRudeba religiuri niSniT
(saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 23).
prezidentisTvis qarTvel ers isev mxolod eTnikuri qarTvelebi
warmoadgenen, Tumca igi kmayofilia saprezidento arCevnebSi
araqarTveli mosaxleobis uprecedento mxardaWeriT. “antiqarTuli
propagandis pirobebSi Catarebulma arCevnebma msoflios winaSe
daamtkica, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela erovnebis warmomadgenels
aqvs ara mxolod saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli yvela ufleba,
aramed arsebobisTvis esoden aucilebeli kulturuli sivrcec, romlis
gareSec verc erTi erovnuli umciresoba ver iarsebebs da romlis
garantirebac ar SeuZlia arc erT daweril kanons.” prezidentis sityviT,
arCevnebma gamoxata “qarTveli eris, saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis
nebisa da erovnuli xelisuflebis politikuri gezis WeSmariti
erTianoba” (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 16).
sainauguracio sityvidan mkafiod Cans gamsaxurdias Secvlili
damokidebuleba afxazebis mimarT. igi afxazebis, rogorc saqarTvelos
mkvidri eris poltikuri uflebebis aRiarebas erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyobis erT-erT aucilebel safuZvlad miiCnevs. “saqarTvelos
respublikis mier konstituciiT garantirebuli iqneba afxazeTis
politikuri avtonomia da afxazTa erovnuli uflebebis xelSeuxebloba.”
prezidenti aseve saubrobs aWaris avtonomiaze da Tvlis, rom
avtonomiuri statusis bedi Tavad aWaris mosaxleobam unda gadawyvitos
(saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 20).
sainauguracio sityvis dasasruls, gamsaxurdia, ukve tradiciulad,
saqarTvelos gzas sarwmunoebis da TavisuflebisTvis brZolis
mowameobriv gzas uwodebs, qristes gzas. igi gamoTqvams mzadyofnas,
98
daubrunos saqarTvelos Tavisi kuTvnili adgili msoflios erTa
TanamegobrobaSi (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi
2007: 28).
rogorc aRvniSneT, am periodSi gamsaxurdias Sexedulebebi ukve
Seicavs samoqalaqo nacionalizmis mniSvnelovan elementebs, Tumca maTi
winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi kvlav aSkaraa. saprezidento mmarTvelobis
dasawyisSi, romelic, amave dros, misi xelisuflebis dasasrulis
dasawyisic iyo, saqme ukve saxeSecvlil liderTan gvaqvs.
qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis garegnuli transformaciisa da
zviad gamsaxurdias samoqalaqo ritorikis zrdis proporciulad,
izrdeboda qveyanaSi samoqalaqo dapirispirebis safrTxe. opozicia
prezident zviad gamsaxurdias brals sdebda gansxvavebuli azris
SeuwynareblobaSi, demokratiis ugulebelyofasa da diqtatorul
miswrafebebSi, mcdar sakadro politikaSi, rac maRal, sapasuxismgeblo
Tanamdebobebze pirovnebaTa piradi erTgulebis da ara
profesionalizmis niSniT daniSvnaSi gamoixateboda. xelisuflebis
mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi, politikuri organizaciebis garda, Tavs
iyridnen yofili biurokratiis warmomadgenlebi, gasamxedroebuli
gaerTianebebi (magaliTad, “mxedrioni”), inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi
da sxvani. xelisuflebasTan Ria konfrontaciaSi iyvnen misi yofili
mokavSireebi erovnuli kongresidan. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen
erovnul-demokratiuli partia da erovnuli damoukideblobis partia
(janeliZe 2009: 207).
1991 wels ganxeTqileba moxda Tavad umaRles sabWoSi. daSla daiwyo
mmarTvelma umravlesobam – blokma “mrgvali magida – Tavisufali
saqarTvelo”. gaerTianebas gamoeyo “merab kostavas sazogadoeba”.
opoziciur fraqciad Camoyalibda deputatTa jgufi, romelsac “qartia
91” ewoda.
mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT 1991 wlis zafxulSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi
mimdinare rTuli procesebis fonze daiZaba. 1991 wlis 19 agvistos
sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebaSi ganxeTqileba moxda, romelic
“agvistos putCis” saxeliTaa cnobili. 22 agvistos sabWoTa kavSiris
99
prezidenti mixeil gorbaCovi apirebda mokavSire respublikebTan axali
samokavSireo xelSekrulebis gaformebas, romelic mniSvnelovnad
zRudavda centris uflebamosilebas. kavSiris Zveli saxiT SenarCunebis
momxre konservatulma Zalebma gadatrialebis mowyoba scades, gorbaCovs
Zalaufleba CamoarTves da Seqmnes sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo
komiteti (gkCp). komitetma respublikebisgan morCileba moiTxova da maT
garkveuli moTxovnebi wauyena. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam angariSi
gauwia sagangebo komitetis moTxovnas da ramdenime kompromisuli
gadawyvetileba miiRo, magaliTad, erovnul gvardias statusi Seucvala
da is Sinagan saqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebaSi gadaiyvana. aman
erovnuli gvardiis sardali Tengiz kitovani gaanawyena. man uari
ganacxada prezidentis brZanebis Sesrulebaze, Tavis momxre nawilebTan
erTad rkonis xeobaSi dabanakda da daumorCilebloba gamoacxada.
Tanamdebobidan gadadga da opozicias SeuerTda premier-ministri Tengiz
sigua. sabolood, moskovis “agvistos putCi” damarcxda, saqarTveloSi ki
konfrontaciulma procesebma Seuqcevadi saxe miiRo. zviad gamsaxurdias
nabijebis winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi kidev erTxel maSin gamoCnda,
rodesac man jer angariSi gauwia putCis organizatorebs, misi
damarcxebis Semdeg ki, ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebis mxardaWeris motiviT,
sarTod akrZala saqarTvelos komunisturi partia da kompartiis siiT
umaRles sabWoSi arCeul deputatebs uflebamosileba SeuCera (janeliZe
2009: 208).
procesebis eskalacia 1991 wlis seqtembridan daiwyo. 2 seqtembers
kinos saxlTan gamarTuli erovnul-demokratiuli partiis saprotesto
mitingi xelisuflebam Zalis gamoyenebiT daSala, rasac masobrivi
sapotesto talRis agoreba mohyva. opozicia gamsaxurdias gadadgomas da
prezidentis institutis gauqmebas moiTxovda. daiwyo rusTavelis
gamzirze barikadebis ageba, rasac gamsaxurdiam da misma momxreebma
nacadi xerxiT, sawinaaRmdego saprotesto mitingebiT upasuxes.
Tengiz kitovanma misi erTguli erovnuli gvardiis nawilebi
qalaqSi Semoiyvana da opoziciis dacva ikisra. prezidentma ki Tavis
mxardamWerebs mTel saqarTveloSi mouwoda, TbilisSi moeyaraT Tavi.
100
orive mxare gamalebiT iaraRdeboda da yvelaferi sisxlisRvrisken
midioda. xelisufleba mTavrobis sasaxleSi gamagrda, xolo
opoziciurma Zalebma bina sastumro “TbilisSi” (dRevandeli “Tbilisi
merioti”) daides. 1991 wlis 22 dekembers daiwyo “Tbilisis omi”,
romelic 1991 wlis 6 ianvars gamsaxurdias da misi momxreebis mier
Tbilisis datovebiT dasrulda. saomar dapirispirebaSi gadamwyveti
roli cixidan gaTavisuflebulma “mxdrionis” liderma jaba ioselianma
da misi gaerTianebis wevrebma iTamaSes. daiRupa 100-ze meti da daiWra
600-mde adamiani (janeliZe 2009: 209). bedis ironiiT, TbilisSi
SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas droSi daemTxva sabWoTa kavSiris daSla –
1991 wlis 8 dekembers ruseTis, ukrainisa da belorusis liderebma
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
Tanamegobrobis (dsT) Seqmnis Sesaxem gamoacxades. am SeTanxmebas ukve 21
dekembers kidev 8 yofili sabWoTa respublika SeuerTda. sabWoTa
kavSirma arseboba oficialurad Sewyvita.
pozitiuri da tragikuli movlenebiT, winaaRdegobebiTa da dinamikiT
savse gamsaxurdias epoqa samoqalaqo omiT dasrulda, rac safuZvels
gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom damoukideblobis gariJraJze arsebulma qarTulma
nacionalurma proeqtma marcxi ganicada. saqarTvelos erovnulma
moZraobam, politikurma da inteleqtualurma elitam ver SeZlo rTuli
gardamavali periodis mSvidobianad, sisxlisRvris gareSe dasruleba da
qveynis ganviTarebis axal etapze gadasvla.
zviad gamsaxurdia da qarTuli nacionalizmi. “saqarTvelo
qarTvelebisTvis?” 1992 wlis ianvarSi Sunday Times-is redaqtori meTiu
kempbeli baqoSi daukavSirda Jurnalist Tomas golcs da zviad
gamsaxurdiasTan eqskluziuri intervius Casawerad saqarTveloSi,
kerZod, zugdidSi Casvla daavala. Jurnalists prezidentisTvis unda
ekiTxa, Tu ras grZnobda postidan gadayenebis Semdeg. redaqtorsa da
korespondents Soris dialogs Tomas golci ase ixsenebs:
- “unda waxvide da is kaci moZebno... ra qvia? – ikiTxa savarZelSi
mokalaTebulma meTium londonidan.
- vis? – kiTxva Sevubrune odnav dabneulma.
101
- faSisti rom hyavdaT... axlaxan rom moiSores, – amixsna man, – Sen
ar Tqvi, azerbaijanSi iyo Camosulio? BBC-ze gismendiT” (golci
2014: 3).
Tomas golcs BBC-dan im moaruli xmebis gadasamowmeblad daurekes,
romelic zviad gamsaxurdias Camogdebas exeboda. am xmebis Tanaxmad,
Tbilisidan gaqceuli gamsaxurdia azerbaijanSi gadasula da Tan wauRia
saxelmwifo xazinidan gatacebuli didZali oqro. mogvianebiT gairkva,
rom xmebi oqros gatacebis Sesaxeb dezinformacia yofila da
mizanmimarTulad vrceldeboda gamsaxurdias diskreditaciis mizniT
(golci 2014: 3). zviad gamsaxurdia marTlac gadavida azerbaijanSi da
ramdenime saaTis Semdeg gezi somxeTisken aiRo. Tomas golcma
saqarTvelos prezidentis Sesaxeb mxolod es icoda, Tumca dasavlur
mediaSi imdenad mwiri iyo informacia saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT,
rom, rogorc Tavad ironiulad aRniSnavs, umal moipova “msoflio
aRiareba”, rogorc saqarTvelos Sesaxeb yvelaze informirebulma
adamianma. BBC-Tan intervius dasrulebis Semdeg gadacemis wamyvanma
golci ase moixsenia: “es iyo Tomas golci baqodan, eqsperti
saqarTvelos sakiTxebSi” (golci 2014: 4). is, rac gadmoica popularuli
britanuli sainformacio saagentos saSualebiT, umal aitaca msofliom.
es faqti aris klasikuri magaliTi imisa, Tu rogori zedapiruli da
stereotipuli iyo im periodis dasavleTSi informacia saqarTveloSi
mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb.
1991 wlis Semodgomaze gamsaxurdia yuradRebis centrSi moeqca,
Tumca es iyo metwilad negatiuri informaciebi. “avtoritari”,
“diqtatori”, “SeSlili” – es is terminebia, romliTac maSin
gamsaxurdias dasavleTSi moixseniebdnen. es Sefasebebi radikalurad
gansxvavdeboda mis mimarT sabWoTa periodSi arsebuli
damokidebulebebisgan: im periodSi gamsaxurdias, rogorc Tavdadebul
disidents, lamis vaclav havelis gverdiT ayenebdnen (golci 2014: 6).
Sexedulebam “faSist” gamsaxurdiasa da damangrevel qarTul
nacionalizmze dasavlur politikur, Jurnalistur da akademiur wreebSi
fexi Rrmad moikida. amas xels uwyobda kremli, Tavisi propagandistuli
102
manqaniT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli prezidentis opozicia da Tavad
saqarTvelos lideric, Tavisi winaaRmdegobrivi ritorikiT.
stiven jonss motanili aqvs amerikis yofili saxelmwifo mdivnis
stroub talbotis Sexeduleba kavkasiis da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
romelic man 1998 wels buqarestSi sityviT gamosvlisas warmoTqva.
talbotis mosazrebiT, bevr postkomunistur qveyanaSi adgili aqvs
Suasaukuneobriv brZolebs warmoSobisa da kulturisTvis. jonsi ar
eTanxmeba am Sexedulebas da Tvlis, rom es sakiTxis gamartivebuli da
stereoripuli xedvaa. veTanxmebiT ra amerikel mkvlevars, migvaCnia, rom
gamsaxurdias calsaxad radikal nacionalistad, miT umetes, faSistad
da diqtatorad monaTvla nakleb akademiuria da mTlianad
ugulebelyofs im uaRresad rTul da winaaRmdegobriv procesebs,
romlebic gamsaxurdias epoqis saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda. msgavsi
Sexedulebebis gavlenas saqarTveloSic ganicdis sazogadoebisa da
akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenelTa nawili. magaliTad, zviad
gamsaxurdias miewereba lozungi “saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis”, Tumca
ar arsebobs faqti, Tu sad da rodis Tqva man es fraza.
1991 wels qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobasTan Sexvedrisas, romelTa
umravlesobas eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi Seadgendnen, zviad gamsaxurdiam
Tavad uaryo lozungi “saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis” da Tqva, rom
msgavsi araferi uTqvams. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi prezidentma sakuTar
damokidebulebebs swori axsna mouZebna: “is, rom miyvars Cemi xalxi, ar
niSnavs imas, rom me mZuls sxva xalxebi.”58
zemoT Cven ganvixileT 1989 wlis ivnisSi gamarTuli “saxalxo
frontis” yriloba. am yrolobaze sityviT gamosvlisas gamsaxurdiam
warmoTqva fraza “saqarTvelo aris qarTvelebis qveyana”, Tumca am
frazis konteqstidan amoglejiT ganxilva da misi lozungad –
“saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis” – gasaReba aramarTebulia. es iyo
radikaluri erovnuli moZraobis kulminacia, sul oriode Tve iyo
gasuli 9 aprilis sisxliani movlenebidan, sazogadoeba da misi
ukompromiso liderebi ganicdidnen damoukideblobasTan miaxloebiT
58
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72KuwEHRF7s
103
gamowveul Zlier emocias. amas emateboda zviad gamsaxurdias
gansakuTrebuli zrunva qarTvelebis uflebebze, romlebic, misi azriT,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iCagrebodnen. misTvis prioritetuli iyo
qarTvel eri, am terminis eTnikuri gagebiT. marTalia, es damokidebuleba
calsaxad eTnikuri nacinalizmis maxasiaTebelia, magram, rogorc
davinaxeT, mogviano periodSi misi Sexedulebebi Seicvala, meti
loialuroba da inkluziuroba SeiZina. rodesac vswavlobT periods,
romelic ukiduresi cvalebadobiT gamoirCeoda, aucilebelia procesebis
dinamikaSi gaanalizeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi epoqis srulyofili suraTis
aRdgena SeuZlebeli iqneba.
zviad gamsaxurdias gadaWarbebulad negatiur Sefasebebs ar
eTanxmeba misi zogierTi mowinaaRmdege. magaliTad, profesori revaz
gaCeCilaZe, romelic, rogorc Tavad ambobs, gamsaxurdias
mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebSi iyo, 2011 wels gamocemul naSromSi cdilobs
droiTi distanciidan, civi gonebiT Seafasos ganvlili epoqa. misi
SexedulebiT, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis diqtatorad da
faSistad monaTvla namdvilad gazviadebulia (gaCeCilaZe 2011: 330-332).
104
Tavi 3. samoqalaqo nacionalizmis konturebi (1992-2003)
3.1. radikalizmidan stabilurobisken – saqarTvelo 1992-1995 wlebSi
zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg qveynis marTvis
sadaveebi xelSi aiRo samxedro sabWom, romlis SemadgenlobaSi sami
adamiani Sedioda – ~mxedrionis~ lideri jaba ioseliani, erovnuli
gvardiis sardali Tengiz kitovani da yofili premier-ministri Tengiz
sigua. samxedro sabWom daiTxova parlamenti da SeaCera konstituciis
moqmedeba. e. w. “triumviratis~ mmarTvelobis dros, romelic 1992 wlis
martis dasawyisamde gagrZelda, saqarTveloSi gaRrmavda qaosi da
samoqalaqo dapirispireba. zviad gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
mTavari braldeba iyo is, rom man qveyanaSi diqtatura daamyara. samxedro
sabWom saxelmwifo gadatrialeba demokratiis lozungiT moaxdina.
samoqalaqo omisa da mis Semdgom periodSi Catarebuli adgilobrivi Tu
saerTaSoriso preskonferenciebis dros samxedro sabWos wevrebi
ambobdnen, rom maT gaaTavisufles presa da televizia, gaauqmes cenzura.
maTi formula iyo “yvelas minus erTi” – anu yvelas minus prezidenti
gamsaxurdia. revolucionerebis gacxadebuli mizani mosaxleobis
konsolidacia da polarizebuli sazogadoebis gaerTianeba iyo
(ioseliani 2013: 51). miuxedavad aseTi miznebisa, samxedro sabWos
mmarTvelobis periodi gansakuTrebuli daZabulobiT aRiniSna. qveyanaSi,
faqtobrivad, grZeldeboda samoqalaqo omi da SeiaraRebul formirebebs
Soris Setakebebi. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili qveynidan gaqceul
prezidents uWerda mxars. gamsaxurdias mxardamWerebi, ZiriTadad,
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, samegreloSi iyvnen koncentrirebuli,
Tumca dedaqalaqSic awyobdnen mravalricxovan saprotesto
demonstraciebs. maT jer “daumorCileblobis komiteti” Camoayalibes,
xolo Semdeg – “saqarTvelos erovnuli xsnis moZraoba – winaaRmdegobis
fronti” (janeliZe 2009: 209).
demokratiis lozungiT mosulma axalma xelisuflebam
demokratiuli wyobilebis damyareba mkacri meTodebiT da “Zlieri
xeliT” gadawyvita. jaba ioselianma saqarTvelos televiziiT amcno
105
sazogadoebas, rom “demokratias simagre Wirdeba da is lobiooba ar
aris”, rom yvelanairi mitingi ikrZaleba da adgilze daixvriteba yvela,
vinc axal wesebs ar daemorCileba. “Cven vanaxebT, ra aris demokratia” –
ganacxada ioselianma.59 mdgomareoba ukiduresad daiZaba Tebervlis
dasawyisSi, rodesac TbilisSi daarbies gamsaxurdias momxreTa mitingi
da daiRupnen adamianebi. viTarebis stabilizaciis mizniT, samxedro
sabWom dasavleT saqarTveloSi “mxedrionis” razmebi gagzavna,
romlebsac aqtiurad daupirispirdnen eqsprezidentis momxre jgufebi
(janeliZe 2009: 210).
Tbilissa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare brZolebis
paralelurad, situacia airia afxazeTSi, sadac gaaqtiurdnen afxazi
separatistebi. samxedro sabWom Zalis demonstrireba gadawyvita da
avtonomiur respublikaSi samxedro SenaerTebi Seiyvana. qarTulma jarma,
general gia yaryaraSvilis meTaurobiT, demonstraciulad gaiara mTeli
afxazeTis teritoria. mas separatistebis mxridan aranairi winaaRmdegoba
ar Sexvedria. Tavad yaryaraSvilma saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federaciis
administraciul sazRvarTan mdinare fsous wyali dalia, riTac
simbolurad aCvena, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba situacias srulad
akontrolebda.60 Tumca, es kontroli ufro moCvenebiTi iyo, vidre
realuri. qveyanaSi ar arsebobda saxelmwifo institutebi. samxedro
sabWos viTarebis kontroli araTu afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi,
aramed saqarTvelos danarCen teritotoriazec uWirda.
axali xelisuflebis winaSe gadauWrel problemad rCeboda
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso izolacia. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba ar
apirebda Zaladobrivi gziT mosuli, saeWvo warsulis mqone pirebiT
dakompleqtebuli xelisuflebis da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos cnobas. am viTarebaSi, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
qveyanaSi daebrunebinaT saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis ck yofili
pirveli mdivani da sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri
eduard SevardnaZe. SevardnaZis dabrunebis gacxadebuli mizani
59
jaba ioselianis gamosvla ix. bmulze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4jk7RuGOkc 60
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb informacia da interviu general yaryaraSvilTan ix. dokumentur filmSi “afxazeTis omi”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkBNQu11UH0
106
saerTaSoriso izolaciis garRveva iyo. mas, sakuTari saerTaSoriso
avtoritetiT da kavSirebiT, unda daeCqarebina saqarTvelos aRiareba da
urTierTobebi daemyarebina dasavlur saxelmwifoebTan. arsebuli
informaciiT, SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis iniciativa jaba
ioselians ekuTvnoda. amas adasturebs rogorc eduard SevardnaZe,61 aseve
Tavad jaba ioseliani (ioseliani 2013: 105). SevardnaZis dabrunebamde
saqarTvelos droebiTma xelisuflebam aRadgina 1921 wlis konstitucia.
konstituciis aRdgenis Sesaxeb miRebul dokumentSi Caiwera fraza _
“Tanamedrove realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT”, rac, jaba ioselianis sityviT,
xelisuflebas Tavidan aacilebda dRevandel epoqasTan SeusabamobiT
gamowveul anaqronizms (ioseliani 2013: 106). aseve, samxedro sabWos
mmarTvelobis mokle periodSi miRebuli iqna amnistiis uprecedento
gadawyvetileba – cixeebidan gaaTavisufles patimrebis 95 procenti. am
faqtma kidev ufro daZaba isedac ukontrolo viTareba (ioseliani 2013:
108).
aseT situaciaSi, 1992 wlis 7 marts, qveyanaSi dabrunda eduard
SevardnaZe. man aeroportSive mimarTa sazogadoebas, gansakuTrebiT ki
inteligencias, romelmac, “roca saWiro gaxda, iaraRi daiWira xelSi
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelosTvis ebrZola, romelic adre gamofxizlda
da adre gamoafxizla qarTveli xalxi.”62 am sityviT SevardnaZem,
faqtobrivad, mxardaWera gamoucxada demokratiis lozungiT mosul
gadatrialebis organizatorebs da scada legitimuri safuZveli Seeqmna
qveyanaSi Tavisi dabrunebisTvis. am sakiTxs SevardnaZe 1992 wlis 9
oqtombers, mecnierebaTa akademiaSi gamosvlis drosac Seexo. misi
sityviT, gamsaxurdias reJimis damxoba iyo “qarTveli xalxis
istoriulad mniSvnelovani arCevani”, romelic qveynis demokratiuli
gziT ganviTarebisTvis gadaidga. SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom am saerTo-
saxalxo moZraobaSi, progresul ZalebTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli roli
61
interviu eduard SevardnaZesTan ix. sofo mosiZis saavtoro gadacemaSi “amxedrebul meamboxeTa saga”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3q77MWL0HU 62
eduard SevardnaZis gamosvla ix. linkze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9z5OJ7mVJ
107
Seasrula saqarTvelos inteligenciam.63 SevardnaZem ikisra, saTaveSi
Cadgomoda ganadgurebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis process.
SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg samxedro sabWo
gardaiqmna saxelmwifo sabWod, romelsac igi Caudga saTaveSi.
samoqalaqo omSi Caflul qveyanaSi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi dakveTa
stabiluroba da wesrigis aRdgena iyo. 1980-iani wlebis bolos
damoukideblobis ideisa da radikaluri erovnuli moZraobis garSemo
gaerTianebul mosaxleobis did nawils imedebi gaucruvda. saqarTvelos
istoriuli rolis aRdgenis, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris
mediatoris funqciis dabrunebisa da wamyvan saxelmwifod qcevis
nacvlad, qveyana saerTaSoriso izolaciam, qaosma da ganukiTxaobam
moicva. swored amgvarma viTarebam Seuqmna eduard SevardnaZes qveynis
xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas legitimuri safuZveli. adamiani, romelic
gamsaxurdias epoqaSi saqarTvelos mtrebis sias edga saTaveSi da
yvelaze saZulvel pirovnebad iTvleboda, qveyanas mxsnelis rangSi
daubrunda. stiven jonsi am faqts “istoriis ironias” uwodebs, Tumca
iqve dasZens, rom aseTi istoriis ironia yofili sabWoTa
respublikebisTvis Cveuli ram aris (jonsi 2013: 105).
eduard SevardnaZem zustad auRo alRo saqarTveloSi arsebul
ganwyobebs da axali qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTad mesijad
sityva “stabiluroba” aqcia. Tumca stabilurobamde da wesrigamde didi
dro iyo – qveyanas win afxazeTis omi eloda, mosaxleobis nawilSi jer
kidev didi gavleniT sargeblobda CeCneTSi gaqceuli eqprezidenti
gamsaxurdia, aseve did da ukontrolo Zalas warmoadgendnen jaba
ioselianis “mxedrioni”, romelic ukve Tbilisur “saZmoebad” iyo
dayofili, da Tengiz kitovanis erovnuli gvardia. saqarTvelos
faqtobrivi mmarTvelebi Zalauflebis martivad daTmobas ar apirebdnen.
SevardnaZis xelisufleba, misi dabrunebis dros, miuxedavad oficialuri
statusisa, mainc formalur xasiaTs atarebda. stabilurobis
damyarebamde misi umTavresi sazrunavi realuri Zalauflebis mopoveba
da xelisuflebis centralizacia iyo.
63
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #210-211. 1992.
108
eduard SevardnaZis erT-erTi pirveli nabiji samegreloSi stumroba
gaxldaT. saqarTvelos es regioni zviad gamsaxurdias mTavar
dasayrdenad iTvleboda. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba saqarTvelos axal
xelisufals mtrulad Sexvda. zugdidis 800-mde adgilobrivi mcxovrebi
qalaqis mTavar stadionze dawva da SevardnaZis vertmfrens daSvebis
saSualeba ar misca. amis Semdeg vertmfreni walenjixaSi daeSva. am faqts
Tavad SevardnaZe ixsenebs da ambobs, rom es yvelaferi samegreloSi
“mxedrionis” saqmianobiT iyo gamowveuli. samegrelos mosaxleoba mas am
dajgufebis regionidan gayvanas sTxovda.64
SevardnaZe kargad acnobierebda, Tu ra mtrul garemoSi mouwevda
stumroba. “Cven samegreloSi CamovediT, raTa ukeT gaverkveT aq,
saqarTvelos am istoriul, tradiciebiT mdidar regionSi Seqmnil
situaciaSi. me vici, rom Cveni Sexvedrebi da saubrebi soflebsa da
sawarmoebSi ar iqneba da ar SeiZleba iyos advili, radgan saqarTvelo
dRes gaiTiSa ramdenime banakad, Zma Zmas eomeba, dausjelad moqmedeben
damnaSaveTa jgufebi, xalxs ar aqvs xvalindeli dRis elementaruli
rwmena,” – ganacxada man. saxelmwifo sabWos meTauri ambobda, rom misi
mTavari mizani mSvidobisa da Tanxmobis miRweva iyo.65
samSvidobo nabijebi gadaidga cxinvalis regionSi mimdinare
eTnopolitikur konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT. 1992 wlis 24 ivniss soWSi,
dasaxleba dagomisSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomarem
eduard SevardnaZem da ruseTis federaciis prezidentma boris elcinma
xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas “qarTul-osuri konfliqtis daregulirebis
principebis Sesaxeb”. am SeTanxmebas xSirad “dagomisis xelSekrulebasac”
uwodeben. SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, imave wlis 14 ivliss, konfliqtis
zonaSi Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi Sevidnen, sadac wamyvan funqcias
ruseTis federaciis sajariso SenaerTebi asrulebdnen. cxinvalis
64
interviu eduard SevardnaZesTan ix. sofo mosiZis saavtoro gadacemaSi “amxedrebul meamboxeTa saga” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43mlsI3ZFPU 65
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” # 136. 1992.
109
regionSi cecxli Sewyda da konfliqti civ fazaSi gadavida, Tumca
regioni kvlav saqarTvelos xelisuflebis iurisdiqiciis miRma darCa.66
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso izolaciis garRveva 1992 wlis ivlisSi
moxerxda, rodesac qveyana gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevri
gaxda. am faqts saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWo sagangebo
manifestiT gamoexmaura.67 sazogadoebisadmi mimarTva saxelwodebiT
“samoqalaqo mSvidobisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis damkvidrebis mizniT!”
sayuradRebo gzavnilebs Seicavda. avtorTa sityviT, saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier misi aRiarebiT
dagvirgvinda, riTac ganxorcielda qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani
ocneba. izolacionizmis damRupveli politikis daZleviT, saqarTvelom
Seiqmna ara mxolod suverenuli uflebebis ganxorcielebis garantiebi,
aramed im principebis erTgulebis Sesaxeb ganacxada, romliTac
Tanamedrove kacobrioba suldgmulobs. “saqarTvelo Sevida axal
zneobriv, samarTlebriv, politikur, ekonomikur sivrceSi, sadac axali
wesi, axali normebi, sxva moTxovnebi da ganzomilebebia.” am mimarTvaSi
saxelmwifo sabWo wevrebi ambobdnen, rom saqarTvelo ver Sedgeba
rogorc eri da demokratiuli saxelmwifo, Tu igi ar iqneba
mowesrigebuli politikuri organizmi. Tanamedrove civilizaciasTan
ziarebis gasaRebi saqarTvelos mTlianobaSia. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis axal etapze, qveynis xelisufleba ZiriTad miznad qveyanaSi
samoqalaqo Tanxmobis damkvidrebas isaxavda. “axali wesrigi
SinaaSlilobis daZlevas, erovnuli Tanxmobis damkvidrebas gulisxmobs
usisxlod, umsxverplod, cecxlisa da maxvilis gareSe. amiT saqarTvelo
sabolood gaemijneba warsulis yavlgasul normebsa da cnobierebas da
Tanamedrove istoriis Rirseuli Semoqmedi gaxdeba.”
amave mimarTvaSi aRniSnulia, rom, xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT,
saqarTveloSi 31 ivlisi dawesda erovnuli Tanxmobis, samoqalaqo da
erTaSorisi Serigebis, mSvidobis dRed.
66
informacia dagomisis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://www.ghn.ge/print.php?print=111706 67
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” # 147. 1992.
110
xelisuflebis keTili nebiT, sapatimroebidan gaTavisufldnen zviad
gamsaxurdias is momxreebi, romlebic 1992 wlis 6 ianvridan “Cadiodnen
kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, magram ar CaudeniT sisxlis samarTlis
danaSauli”. aseve patimrobidan gaTavisufldnen yofili xelisuflebis
is warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac, mimarTvis teqstis mixedviT, brali
edebodaT mZime danaSaulSi, Tumca es danaSauli ganpirobebuli iyo
gamsaxurdias “diqtatoruli reJimiT”.
manifestSi saubaria imaze, rom sruliad saqarTvelos interesebidan
gamomdinare, xelisufleba izrunebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis
Sesabamisad erovnuli umciresobebis uflebrivi mdgomareobis
ganmtkicebisTvis. aRniSnuli manifestis ritorika axalia im mxrivac, rom
masSi, marTlmadidebluri eklesiis rolTan erTad, moxseniebulia
qveynis aRmSeneblobisa da dialogis procesSi sxva religiuri
gaerTianebebis rolis mniSvneloba.
manifestis avtorebi dokuments mimteveblobisa da humanizmis aqtad
afasebdnen da sazogadoebas masSi gamoTqmuli principebis
mxardaWerisken mouwodebdnen. manifests xels awerda saxelmwifo sabWos
Tavjdomare eduard SevardnaZe.
es mimarTva naTeli dasturia imisa, rom saqarTvelos axali
xelisufali qveyanaSi axleburi politikis gatarebas apirebda. manifesti
Tavisufalia paTetikisgan, Warbi nacionalisturi da religiuri
ritorikisgan. aqcenti mSvidobaze, samoqalaqo Tanxmobaze,
stabilurobasa da wesrigze keTdeba. 1992 wlis zafxulSi gamoqveynebuli
es dokumenti, faqtobrivad, saprogramo xasiaTs atarebda. igi gviCvenebs
qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis transformacias. ukve TvalSisacemi
gaxda saxelmwifos oficialuri politikis samoqalaqo nacionalizmis
CarCoebSi moqceva.
gaeros mier saqarTvelos aRiarebas saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare
personaluri mimarTviTac gamoexmaura.68 SevardaZis sityviT, es faqti
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan dasavleTma ornaxevari
saukunis manZilze orjer aqcia zurgi saqarTvelos, ar daicva da orive
68
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” #144. 1992.
111
es SemTxveva qveynisTvis erovnuli katastrofiT dasrulda. amjerad
“msoflio Tanamegobrobam daijera, rom davicavT gaeros wesdebis
debulebebsa da principebs, rom veswrafviT CavataroT demokratiuli
arCevnebi, mSvidobianad movagvarebT qarTvelTa da osTa konfliqts,
mivaRwevT politikuri viTarebis stabilizacias, pativs vcemT adamianis,
eris, erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebs, davamkvidrebT samoqalaqo
TavisuflebaTa safuZvlebs.” eduard SevardnaZe acxadebda, rom gaeros
wevroba saqarTvelos aniWebda saerTaSoriso urTierTobis, ideebis,
Rirebulebebis msoflio gacvla-gamocvlaSi monawileobis, adamianis
gonisa da gamocdilebis yvelaze didi monagariT gamdidrebis farTo
SesaZleblobebs.
omi afxazeTSi. saerTaSoriso warmatebis paralelurad, viTareba
ukiduresad gamwvavda afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi. 1992 wlis 14
agvistos saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nawilebi, rkinigzisa da
sagzao magistralebis dacvis motiviT, afxazeTis teritoriaze Sevidnen.
qarTul sajariso SenaerTebs afxazma separatistebma cecxli gauxsnes,
rasac sapasuxo srola mohyva. daiwyo e. w. “afxazeTis omi”, romelic
weliwadze met xans gagrZelda. rTul socialur, politikur da
ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myofi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mZime da
xangrZliv SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi Caeba. afxaz separatistebs zurgs
ruseTis federacia umagrebda. ruseTi afxazebs exmareboda ara mxolod
politikurad da ekonomikurad, aramed samxedro TvalsazrisiTac –
SeiaraRebiT, cocxali ZaliT, samxedro specialistebiT (janeliZe 2009:
212).
omSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg kidev ramdenime faqtori moqmedebda:
“mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis” mowodebiT, romlis Stab-bina soxumSi
mdebareobda, separatistTa mxardasaWerad afxazeTSi aseulobiT
Crdilokavkasieli moxalise “boeviki” Cavida, romlebmac ramdenime
batalioni Seadgines. mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgendnen afxazebis
mxares mebrZoli rusi kazakebi da adgilbrivi somexi erovnebis
mebrZolebisgan Camoyalibebuli marSal bagramianis saxelobis somxuri
batalioni (janeliZe 2009: 213).
112
omis sawyis etapze saqarTvelos samTavrobo Zalebma moipoves
upiratesoba. gagraSi gadaisxa desanti da kontroli damyarda mdinare
fsouze – saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federaciis administraciul
sazRvarze. centraluri xelisuflebis sajariso SenaerTebma daikaves
soxumi. afxazeTis separatistuli xelisufleba gudauTaSi gadavida.
arZinbam momxdari suverenuli afxazeTis okupaciad Seafasa, uari Tqva
Tbilisidan Casul oficialur delegaciasTan molaparakebaze da
samxedro mobilizacia gamoacxada. miuxedavad miRweuli samxedro
warmatebisa, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs mZime xarvezebi hqonda –
jari ar eqvemdebareboda erTian sardlobas, aSkara iyo
profesionalizmisa da kvalifikaciis nakleboba. saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam molaparakebebis gza airCia. 1992 wlis 3 seqtembers e.
SevardnaZem, b. elcinma da v. arZinbam xeli moaweres sammxriv SeTanxmebas,
romelic cecxlis Sewyvetasa da konfliqtis mSvidobian mowesrigebas
iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad SeTanxmebisa, afxazurma mxarem kontrieriSi
wamoiwyo da oqtombris damdegs gagras daeufla. separatistulma Zalebma
xelSi Caigdes sasazRvro zoli da ruseTTan uSualo komunikaciis
SesaZlebloba moipoves.
1993 wlis ianvar-martSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma
gamoaswores mdgomareoba da afxazebs soxumis aRebis SesaZlebloba ar
misces. omi gagrZelda da poziciuri brZolebis saxe miiRo.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba ar iyo mzad am masStabisa
da simZimis saomari operaciebisTvis. omSi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionebidan frontze stiqiurad Casuli axalgazrdoba
ibrZoda, romelsac brZolis aranairi gamocdileba ar gaaCnda.
samoqalaqo omgamovlili, qaosSi CarTuli, dezorganizebuli
sazogadoebis teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo darazmva da
sayovelTao mobilizacia ar moxerxda. amas xels uwyobda is faqtic, rom
CeCneTSi myofi saqarTvelos eqsprezidenti gamsaxurdia, Tavis
mimarTvebsa da gancxadebebSi, Riad adanaSaulebda SevardnaZis
xelisuflebas omis wamowyebasa da afxazi xalxis genocidis
mcdelobaSi. igi am oms “xuntis” da “ruseTis imperiuli Zalebis”
113
erTobliv avanturas uwodebda da saqarTvelos mosaxleobas mouwodebda,
ar mieRo masSi monawileoba.
1992 wlis 17 oqtombers gamoqveynda zviad gamsaxurdias gancxadeba,
romelSic man mwvaved gaakritika gaeros generaluri asambleis 25
seqtembris sesiaze eduard SevardnaZis gamosvla. sakuTar gancxadebaSi
zviad gamsaxurdia ambobda, rom SevardnaZis “kriminalurma xuntam”
gaauqma saqarTvelos konstitucia da, Sesabamisad, afxazeTis
avtonomiuri statusi. eqsprezidentis SexedulebiT, afxazeTis uzenaesi
sabWos da misi Tavmjdomaris, vladislav arZinbas mizani aris ara
saqarTvelodan gamoyofa, aramed saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCena
federaciul sawyisebze. “xunta, romelmac xelisuflebis SenarCunebis
mizniT moawyo saqarTvelos mosaxleobis genocidi, amJamad ibrZvis
afxazeTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis dasamyareblad, kanonieri
xelisuflebis momxreTa gasanadgureblad da totalitaruli diqtaturis
gansamtkiceblad.” gamsaxurdias gancxadebiT, amaSi SevardnaZis
xelisuflebas xels uSlida afxazeTis imJamindeli xelmZRvaneloba,
romlis damxobis SemTxvevaSi “xunta” iolad miaRwevda Tavis mizans.
gamsaxurdia mouwodebda afxazeTis mosaxleobas, gaeZevebina “xuntis
damsjeli razmebi” da problema mSvidobiani dialogis gziT
gadaewyvita.69
aseve sainteresoa gamsaxurdias 1992 wlis 2 seqtembris mimarTva70
qarTveli da afxazi xalxebisadmi. am mimarTvaSi eqsprezidentma
ganacxada, rom “SevardnaZis neokomunisturma kriminalurma xuntam”
moawyo sisxliani sadamsjelo eqspedicia afxazeTSi. “xuntis jarebis
SeWra afxazeTSi patriotuli grZnobebiT ki ar aris gamowveuli, aramed
kanonieri xelisuflebis momxreTa ganadgurebis wyurviliT. e. w.
saxelmwifo sabWos surs afxazeTSic daamyaros totalitaruli
diqtatura, vinaidan iqauri xelisufleba ar mimarTavda represiebs da
terors kanonieri xelisuflebis momxreTa winaaRmdeg. soxumSi
gamodioda erTaderTi opoziciuri gazeTi mTels saqarTveloSi,
69
gaz. “aRdgoma”. #22. 1992. 70
gaz. “erovnuli fronti”. #3. 1992.
114
Tavisuflad moqmedebdnen xuntis mowinaaRmdege politikuri
organizaciebi.”
zviad gamsaxurdia acxadebda, rom SevardnaZis xuntis sadamsjelo
operaciebSi ruseTis jari da samxedro teqnika monawileobda, rac
miuTiTebda imaze, rom es iyo erToblivi operacia da yvelaferi
SeTanxmebuli iyo metropoliasTan. am yvelafers ki ruseTi SevardnaZis
xeliT axorcielebda. gamsaxurdia mouwodebda mosaxleobas, rom
“xuntisTvis” sayovelTao gaficva gamoecxadebina, daegmo da emxilebina
misi “kanibaluri politika”, rac safrTxes uqmnida mSvidobasa da
erovnul Tanxmobas rogorc kavkasiaSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi.
vfiqrobT, rom zviad gamsaxurdias aRniSnuli gancxadebebi,
romlebic namdvilad ar uwyobda xels erovnul Tanxmobas da
teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo mosaxleobis mobilizacias,
ganpirobebuli iyo ara saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebis winaaRmdeg
moqmedebiT, aramed eduard SevardnaZis siZulviliT. gamsaxurias
SevardnaZe misi xelisuflebis damxobis da qveyanaSi momxdari yvela
ubedurebis saTaved miaCnda. am or pirovnebas Soris mwvave dapirispireba
jer kidev erovnuli moZraobis periodidan iRebda saTaves. samoqalaqo
omis dros am konfrontaciam kulminacias miaRwia da mniSvnelovnad
Seuwyo xeli saqarTvelos sazogadoebis polarizacias. amas emateboda
sazogadoebis did nawilSi gaCenili nihilisturi ganwyobebi, romelic
mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT da damoukideblobis
mopovebis Semdgomi imedgacruebiT iyo gamowveuli.
afxazeTis omisdroindeli saqarTvelos absurduli mdgomareobis
aRsawerad, vfiqrobT, gamogvadgeba mxatvruli filmis “gaseirneba
yarabaRSi 2 – konfliqtis zona” (reJisori vano burduli) siuJeti:
afazeTSi mebrZoli qarTveli jariskaci samxedro davalebis
Sesasruleblad TbilisSi Camodis. igi gaocebulia qveynis dedaqalaqSi
arsebuli mdgomareobiT da sazogadoebis ganwyobiT. meomari erT-erT
Tbilisur wveulebaze aRmoCndeba, sadac ver ijereben, rom igi pirdapir
frontidan Camovida. gakvirvebuli jariskaci kiTxulobs – “Tqven aq
saerTod Tu iciT, omi rom aris.?”
115
1993 wlis 27 ivliss soWSi qarTul-rusul-afxazuri axali sammxrivi
SeTanxmeba gaformda cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze. qarTulma mxarem,
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, konfliqtis zonidan gamoitana mZime samxedro
teqnika da frontis xazze mxolod sameTvalyureo punqtebi datova.
separatistebma kvlav daarRvies SeTanxmeba da soxumze masirebuli
ieriSi miitanes (janeliZe 2009: 213). mZime teqnikis gareSe darCenili
qalaqis mcvelebi umZimes viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen.
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis polarizacia mTeli simZafriT 1992 wlis
seqtembris miwuruls gamoCnda. 24 seqtembers, rodesac saomari
moqmedebebi kritikul fazaSi Sevida, qveyanaSi dabrunda yofili
prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia. man bina q. zugdidSi daido, saqarTvelos
“kanonieri xelisufleba” aRdgenilad gamoacxada, mosaxleobas misi
mxardaWerisa da SevardnaZis “xuntis” winaaRmdeg brZolisken mouwoda.
man aseve ganacxada, rom yvela samxedro SenaerTi, maT Soris,
centraluri xelisuflebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi samxedro nawilebi
mis gankargulebaSi unda gadmosuliyvnen da misi xelmZRvanelobiT
ebrZolaT afxazi separatistebis winaaRmdeg. gamsaxurdias sityviT, vinc
maT am saqmeSi xels SeuSlida, gamocxaddeboda saqarTvelos moRalated.
gamsaxurdiam SevardnaZis xelisufleba ukanonod gamoacxada da daiwyo
brZola Zalauflebis xelaxla mosapoveblad.71 kritikul periodSi,
rodesac saqarTvelos sazogadoebas erTianoba yvelaze metad
sWirdeboda, brZola ara soxumis gadasarCenad, aramed xelisuflebis
xelSi Casagdebad daiwyo.
zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTveloSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT,
sayuradRebo mosazrebas gamoTqvams internet-Jurnal www.experti.ge-s
damfuZnebeli daviT gamcemliZe. misi SexedulebiT, rasakvirvelia, zviad
gamsaxurdias surda revanSi da xelisuflebaSi dabruneba. mas undoda
saqarTvelos prezidentoba da afxazeTs igi ganixilavda saqarTvelos
nawilad, es mas eWvqveS arasodes dauyenebia, magram misma dabrunebam im
momentSi, rodesac wydeboda soxumis bedi, obieqturad Seasrula
71
masala zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTveloSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT da zugdidSi misi sityviT gamosvla ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “soxumis ukanaskneli dRe” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3kBgJ1JNdc
116
madestabilizebeli faqtoris roli imitom, rom kvlav Seicvala
sazogadoebis ganwyoba – samamulo omis ganwyoba Seicvala samoqalaqo
omis ganwyobiT.72 afxazeTis frontze gamsaxurdias momxre samxedro
pirebma eqsprezidents gamoucxades mxardaWera. afxazeTis avtonomiuri
respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare Jiuli Sartava telefoniT
amaod sTxovda daxmarebas gamsaxurdias momxre general loTi
qobalias.73 misi mowodeba, rom im dros saqarTvelos bedi wydeboda da
erTad unda damdgariyvnen, amao gamodga.
sabolood, 1992 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumi daeca. afxazma
separatistebma daxvrites qalaqSi darCenili Jiuli Sartava da misi
garemocvis wevrebi. afxazebma Seteva ganagrZes da Tvis bolos mdinare
enguramde – zugdidisa da galis administraciul sazRvramde _ miaRwies.
afxazeTis konfliqts saqarTvelos aTasobiT moqalaqe Seewira. regioni
datova 300 aTasamde mcxovrebma (ZiriTadad, eTnikurma qarTvelebma).
regionSi radikalurad Seicvala eTnikuri suraTi (janeliZe 2009: 214).
aseve seriozuli ziani miadga afxazi eTnosis genofonds. afxazeTis
omSi saqarTvelos axalbeda damoukidebelma saxelmwifom kidev erTxel
ganicada mwvave marcxi.
xelisuflebisTvis brZola afxazeTSi konfliqtis dasrulebis
Semdeg kidev ufro mwvaved gagrZelda. TbilisSi dabrunebulma eduard
SevardnaZem marcxi Ralats daabrala, riTac warumatebloba pirdapir
daakavSira zviad gamsxurdias saqarTveloSi CamosvlasTan. Tavis mxriv,
eqprezidenti sakuTar poziciebs amagrebda da acxadebda, rom afxazeTis
dakargvas ar dauSvebda, rom regioni SevarnaZem Caabara mters da is aris
saqarTvelos moRalate. gamsaxurdiam piroba dado, rom soxums
daibrunebda, Tumca misi piroba pirobad darCa.74 afxazeTSi viTareba
aRar Secvlila.
zviad gamsaxurdias momxre samxedro nawilebma, afxazeTSi omis
nacvlad, gezi dedaqalaqisken aiRes. loTi qobalias razmebma 2
72
interviu daviT gamcemliZesTan ix. iqve. 73
Jiuli Sartavas satelefono saubari ix. iqve. 74
zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla oCamCiris samxedro StabSi ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “zviad gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli dReebi” http://rustavi2.com/ka/video/7954?v=2
117
oqtombers q. foTi daikaves. afxazeTis omSi marcxis Semdeg centraluri
xelisuflebis momxre sajariso SenaerTebi dezorganizebuli iyo.
SevarnaZis xelisuflebas raime gziT unda SeeCerebina zviad
gamsaxurdias Tbilisisken svla. saxelmwifos meTauri afxazeTis
dakargvis Semdeg xelisuflebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.
dedaqalaqSi gaaqtiurdnen zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi da permanentuli
aqciebis mowyoba daiwyes. jaba ioselianis sityviT, TbilisSi panika
daiwyo da SevardnaZem mas sTxova Zalauflebis xelSi aReba.75 Seiqmna
sagangebo komiteti, romelsac saTaveSi jaba ioseliani Caudga. 4
oqtombers pirveli Setakebebi gaimarTa eqsprezidentis momxre
jariskacebsa da Tbilisidan Casul razmebs Soris, Tumca loTi
qobalias SenaerTebma samtrediis aRebac moaxerxes. saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo orad gayofis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. eduard SevardnaZis
da jaba ioselianis sityviT, kremlSi arsebobda gegma, romlis mixedviT
dasavleTY saqarTveloSi (lixis qedamde) zviad gamsaxurdias
xelisufleba unda gavrcelebuliyo, xolo, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
eduard SevardnaZes unda emarTa.76
am yvelafris fonze, SevarnaZis xelisuflebam miiRo boris elcinis
SemoTavazeba da saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
TanamegobrobaSi (dsT) gawevrianda. SevardnaZis am naklebad
polularulma gadawyvetilebam samoqalaqo omis bedi mis sasargeblod
Seatriala. saqarTvelos generalur prokuraturaSi daiwyo gamoZieba
gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg, romelic samSoblos Ralatis muxliT
kvalificirdeboda. saqarTveloSi dislocirebuli ruseTis samxedro
bazebidan centraluri xelisuflebis Zalebma mZime SeiaraReba miiRes,
foTs moadga ruseTis samxedro floti admiral baltinis meTaurobiT.
zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi daifantnen, xolo Tavad eqsprezidentma
1993 wlis 31 dekembers sicocxle samegrelos erT-erT sofelSi
daasrula, oficialuri versiiT, man Tavi moikla.77
75
interviu jaba ioselianTan ix. iqve. 76
iqve. 77
iqve.
118
afxazeTSi SeiaraRebulma konfliqtma da Semdeg ganviTarebulma
movlenebma mTeli simwvaviT aCvena saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
problemebi. mosaxleobis teritoriuli mTlianobisTvis brZolis ideis
garSemo gaerTianeba politikuri elitis gaxleCilobis gamo ar
moxerxda. xelisuflebisTvis mimdinare samoqalaqo omma, romelic
SevardnaZis dabrunebis Semdeg mcire xniT pasiur fazaSi gadavida,
afxazeTis konfliqtis dros mTeli simZafriT ifeTqa da logikuri
gagrZeleba hpova. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodidan arsebuli
polarizacia jer kidev dauZlevel problemad da saqarTvelos axali
xelisuflebis umTavres gamowvevad rCeboda. amasTan erTad, unda iTqvas,
rom ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi gamarjveba eduard SevardnaZes
pragmatulma politikam moutana. britaneli mkvlevari jonaTan uiTli
(Jonathan Wheatley) aRniSnavs, rom, 1989-1991 wlebisgan ganxvavebiT, rodesac
procesebis mimdinareobas 9 aprilis tragediiT gamowveuli emociuri
foni gansazRvravda, 1992-1995 wlebis saqarTvelo saWadrako dafas
daemsgavsa. saWadrako partiaSi gamarjveba im moTamaSes darCeboda,
romelsac ukeTesi strategiis SemuSaveba SeeZlo. realuri TamaSis
msgavsad, am epoqis saqarTveloSic iyo momentebi, rodesac partiis
monawileebis svlebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda da maTi avtorebis
gamarjvebas Tu damarcxebas gansazRvravda. uiTlis SexedulebiT,
saboloo gamarjveba yvelaze did taqtikoss eduard SevardnaZes darCa
(Wheatley 2005: 67).
afxazeTis konfliqtis dasrulebiT da zviad gamsaxurdias
damarcxebiT saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omis xangrZlivi etapi damTavrda.
eqsprezidentis gardacvalebis Semdeg, arsebul xelisuflebas da mis
meTaurs aRar hyavda yvelaze didi mowinaaRmdege, romelic mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis kanonier xelisuflad iTvleboda da
SevardnaZis legitimurobas mudmiv safrTxes uqmnida. miuxedavad
afxazeTSi marcxis Sedegad Seryeuli poziciebisa, 1993 wlis bolodan
eduard SevarnaZes Tavisi nacionaluri proeqtis ganxorcielebisTvis,
romelic Zalauflebis centralizacias, stabilurobas, wesrigsa da
samoqalaqo konsolidacias gulisxmobda, ukeTesi pirobebi Seeqmna.
119
Zalauflebis centralizacia. qaosidan samoqalaqo
konsolidaciisken. jer kidev afxazeTis konfliqtis mimdinareobisas,
saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufleba, eduard SevardnaZis meTaurobiT,
cdilobda Zalauflebis institucionalizacias da formaluri
mmarTvelobis dawesebas. yvelaze mwvave problema mSvidobis damyareba
iyo. im pirobebSi, rodesac qveyanas, faqtobrivad, savele meTaurebi da
maTi SeiaraRebuli formirebebi marTavdnen, mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani
nawili, eqsprezidentis momxreebis saxiT, xelisuflebas undoblobas
ucxadebda, Serigeba prioritetuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli gaxda.
saWiro iyo efeqturi sagareo da saSinao politikis gatareba, rac
stabilurobis erTgvar garantias Seqmnida.
afxazeTis omis gariJraJze, 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers, Catarda
saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi. arCevnebis Catarebis aucileblobas
da mTavrobis saswrafod formirebas SevardnaZe martivi mizeziT xsnida
– qveyanas ar hyavda legitimuri xelisufleba. axali parlamentisa da
mTavrobis formirebamde xalxis mier arCeuli xelisuflebis
legitimacia saqarTvelodan gaqceul zviad gamsaxurdias da misi
uzenaesi sabWos wevrebs hqondaT. es faqti eduard SevardnaZis mier
qveynis marTvis kanonierebas mudmiv safrTxes uqmnida. miT umetes, rom
groznoSi myofi saqarTvelos eqprezidenti, saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa
da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisadmi gagzavnil mravalricxovan
mimarTvebSi, mudmivad am sakiTxze apelirebda da sakuTar Tavs erTaderT
kanonier xelisufals uwodebda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo sabWos
meTaurs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisTvis oficialuri institutebi da
struqturebi sWirdeboda. parlamentisa da mTavrobis formirebamde misi
Zalaufleba ufro fiqtiuri iyo, vidre realuri, es ukanaskneli ki im
xalxis xelSi iyo, vinc gamsaxurdia Zalismieri meTodebiT daamxo da
sakuTar daqvemdebarebaSi hyavda mravalricxovani SeiaraRebuli razmebi.
1991 wlis 11 oqtombris arCevnebi, Tavisi mravalpartiulobiT,
uprecedento iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi. arCevnebSi monawileobda 36
politikuri gaerTianeba Tu saarCevno bloki, saidanac 2 %-iani saarCevno
120
barieri 24-ma partiam gadalaxa.78 qveyanam ukiduresad mravalpartiuli
sakanonmdeblo organo miiRo. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba yvelas
mieca, maT Soris, zviad gamsaxurdias momxre politikur gaerTianebebsac,
Tumca eqprezidentma sakuTar momxreebs da saqarTvelos mTel
mosaxleobas arCevnebis boikotisken mouwoda. 1992 wlis 7 seqtembers man
gancxadeba gaakeTa groznoSi, romlis mixedviT, “xuntis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebas arCevnebis Catarebis Sesaxeb ar aqvs aranairi
iuridiuli Zala. arCevnebis Catareba SeuZlia mxolod saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis umaRles organos – saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaes
sabWos, romelsac ar mouxsnia uflebamosileba da agrZelebs
funqcionirebas.”79
amomrCevelTa xmebis umravlesoba verc erTma politikurma
gaerTianebam ver daagrova. 225 adgilidan yvelaze meti – 29 mandati –
moipova eduard SevardnaZesTan asocirebulma blokma “mSvidoba”,
romelic 7 partiisgan Sedgeboda. vfiqrobT, Tavad am blokis
dasaxelebac migvaniSnebs im prioritetul mimarTulebaze, romelic
eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebam daisaxa. Tavad SevardnaZe kenWs
damoukideblad iyrida saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomaris postze.
ronald grigor suni ucnaurobad afasebs im faqts, rom eduard
SevardnaZes xalxma daaxloebiT iseTive mandati mianiWa, rogoric
weliwadnaxevriT adre _ zviad gamsaxurdias: SevardnaZes amomrCevelTa
89%-ma dauWira mxari (Suny 1994: 330). vfiqrobT, es faqti imaze miuTiTebs,
rom samoqalaqo dapirispirebebiT da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebiT
daRlili saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili SevardnaZeSi
mSvidobisa da wesrigis mTavar garantors xedavda.
parlamentSi mravlad moxvdnen yofili komunisturi elitis
warmomadgenlebi, magaliTad, mcxeTis maJoritari gaxda jumber
patiaSvili, romelic 1989 wlis 9 aprilis Semdeg erT-erT yvelaze
arasasurvel figurad iTvleboda. 1992 wlis 11 oqtombris arCevnebis
Sedegad qarTveli komunistebis nawili xelisuflebaSi dabrunda (Suny
78
informacia arCevnebis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT ix. centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb gverdze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf 79
gaz. “aRdgoma”. 1992. #17.
121
1994: 330). miuxedavad mravalpartiulobisa, arCevnebis Sedegebma
saTanadod ver asaxa saqarTvelos eTnikuri siWrele da umciresobebisa
da dominanti eTnikuri jgufis Tanafardoba. saqarTvelos parlamentSi
erovnuli umciresobebis mxolod 7 warmomadgeneli moxvda – ori afxazi,
ori somexi, ori ebraeli da erTi berZeni. stiven jonsi am faqts
partiuli siis sistemiT xsnis, romelic upiratesobas dominant eTnikur
jgufs aniWebda. umciresobebisTvis ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli specialuri
kvota. aseve, avtoris azriT, es ganapiroba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis
mxridan boikotma. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, afxazeTisa da aWaris
umaRlesi sabWoebis warmomadgenlebisTvis gamoiyo parlamentis
Tavmjdomaris moadgilis poziciebi. afxazuri ena ganisazRvra rogorc
oficialur saparlamento ena (jonsi 2013: 123).
arCevnebis Catarebas eduard SevardnaZe radiointerviuSi
gamoexmaura.80 man ganacxada, rom saparlamento arCevmebs udidesi
mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos momavlisTvis, radgan qveynis
xelisufleba legitimuri da instituciuri gaxda. misi SexedulebiT, rac
ufro meti dro gavidoda, am arCevnebis mniSvneloba miT ufro
gaizrdeboda. samoqalaqo omis Semdeg mokle droSi Camoyalibebulma
mravalpartiulma parlamentma sakanonmdeblo organoSi mwvave
dapirispirebis atmosfero Seqmna. SevarnaZe parlamentis wevrebs
mouwodebda, rom paeqroba SurisZiebaSi ar gadazrdiliyo. “Cven axla ara
varT mzad imisaTvis, rom vqeqoT erTmaneTis ganvlili gza... ar minda
wina parlamentis (igulisxmeba uzenaesi sabWo _ i. C.) msgavsi ram moxdes.
Cven axla swor gzas vadgavarT da am gzas ar unda gadavuxvioT,” –
ganacxada SevardnaZem.
amave interviuSi man xazi gausva saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva
erovnebis adamianTa pozitiuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas. SevardnaZis
gancxadebiT, erovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebSi yoveli dadebiTi da
pozitiuri faqti unda gamoviyenoT, raTa uzrunvelvyoT sxvadasxva
eTnikur jgufebs Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba.
80
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 245. 1992.
122
dakompleqtebis Semdeg axalma sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo “kanoni
xelisuflebis Sesaxeb”. am kanonis miRebas SevardnaZe gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda, radgan kanoni mas aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas aZlevda.81 parlaments mieniWa ufleba,
aerCia da gadaeyenebina saxelmwifos meTauri xmaTa ori mesamediT. mas
aseve mieca ufleba, daeTxova mTavroba, daeniSna axali arCevnebi. zviad
gamsaxurdias uzenaesi sabWos Semdeg es parlamenti, demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT, win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo (jonsi 2013: 124).
saqarTvelos parlamentma eduard SevardnaZe saxelmwifos meTaurad
airCia, anu igi erTdroulad marTavda sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebas. SevardnaZes, rogorc qveynis meTaurs, eqskluziuri
uflebebi mieniWa – man Camoayaliba mTavroba, pasuxismgebeli gaxda
sagareo urTierTobebze, niSnavda umaRles samxedro personals,
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs regionebSi (gubernatorebs). politikuri
xelisuflebis legitimaciisa da centralizaciis gzaze 1992 weli
umniSvnelovanesi iyo. saxelisuflebo reformebisa da sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis paralelurad, afxazeTis regionSi omi mimdinareobda. miuxedavad
urTulesi politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri viTarebisa,
saqarTvelos axali xelisufali Tanmimdevrulad da mizanmimarTulad
amcirebda naxevrad formaluri da naxevrad gasamxedroebuli
SenaerTebis (magaliTad, rogoric iyo “mxedrioni”) gavlenas da
Zalauflebas oficialuri struqturebis xelSi aqcevda.
am periodis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli, Zalauflebis centralizaciasTan erTad, samoqalaqo
nacionalizmis tendenciis gaZlierebaa. 1992 wlis 18 seqtembers Tbilisis
kinos saxlSi muSaoba daiwyo saqarTvelos saxalxo frontTan arsebulma
qurTuli kulturis centris pirvelma kongresma. am faqts gamoexmaura
saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare eduard
SevardnaZe da kongress misasalmebeli werili gaugzavna.82 SevardnaZis
gancxadebiT, kongresis Catarebis faqti zeimi iyo rogorc qarTveli da
81
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 221. 1992. 82
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #176. 1992.
123
qurTi xalxebisTvis, aseve saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobisTvis.
saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare miiCnevda, rom es faqti gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime politikuri viTarebisa
da eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis fonze. “saxelmwifo sabWom da
mTavrobam gadawyvites, erTi wuTiTac ar Seanelon kulturis
sicocxlisunarianoba... zrunva qarTul kulturaze imavdroulad
gulisxmobs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela xalxis kulturaze zrunvas.
me kmayofilebiT minda aRvniSno, rom qurTi xalxi saqarTveloSi Tavisi
mravalsaukunovani arsebobis manZilze Wirsa da lxinSi yovelTvis
qarTveli xalxis, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi xalxebis gverdiT idga.
yovelTvis gamoirCeoda Tavisi SromismoyvareobiTa da mSvidobiani
xasiaTiT.”
sayuradReboa eduard SevardnaZis sityva gaeros generaluri
asambleis 47-e sesiaze niu-iorkSi, 1992 wlis 25 seqtembers.83 saxelmwifo
sabWos Tavmjdomaris mimarTva msoflio Tanamegobrobisadmi
mniSvnelovan gzavnilebs Seicavs. erTi mxriv, aSkaraa yofili komunisti
lideris, eduard SevardnaZis ritorikis transformacia – misi
gzavnilebi mkveTrad antikomunisturi da, SeiZleba iTqvas,
nacionalisturi elferis matarebelia. meore mxriv, SevardnaZe xazs
usvams samoqalaqo nacionalizmis iseTi fundamenturi maxasiaTeblebis
mniSvnelobas, rogorebicaa Tanasworoba, tolerantoba, mSvidobiani
Tanacxovreba, eTnikuri da religiuri mravalferovneba, rogorc
simdidre da sxva.
saqarTvelos lideri qveyanaSi momxdar yvela ubedurebas sabWoTa
warsuls da imperiul memkvidreobas ukavSirebs: saqarTvelo gaxda
“yvela im ubedurebisa da winaaRmdegobis Sesafari, romlebic imperiam
Caimkvidra Tavis genetikur kodSi da romlebic axlac ki, misi daRupvis
Semdeg, gvazanzarebs”. SevardnaZem xazi gausva im faqts, rom saqarTvelo
Zalis gamoyenebiT iyo Seyvanili sabWoTa kavSirSi. “am Zalis
sulisCamdgmels ki warmoadgenda ideologia, romelic klasobriv
brZolas msxverplad swiravda sakacobrio Rirebulebebsa da erovnul
83
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #196. 1992.
124
miznebs. am ideologiis suliskveTebiT gaufasurebuli iyo istoriulad
damkvidrebuli sazRvrebisa da teritoriebis mTlianoba, xdeboda maTi
gadakeTeba da gadanawileba “proletaruli internacionalizmis”
orientirebiT”. SevardnaZis sityviT, eTnopolitikuri dapirispirebebis
safuZveli sabWoTa kavSiris “saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri” da
“administraciul-teritoriuli” mowyobis struqturaSi iyo. misi
SexedulebiT, swored es struqtura ganapirobebda respublikebs Soris
ukmayofilebis, mtrobisa da potenciuri dapirispirebebis Canasaxs. “Cvens
momavals jer kidev rodis udebdnen dayovnebuli moqmedebis bombebs.
sanam ideologiisa da represiuli iZulebis Zalaufleba am nairgvar
erTobas aduRebda – bombebi sdumdnen. magram rogorc ki es Zalaufleba
aRikveTa – maT ifeTqes,” – ganacxada eduard SevardnaZem.
saxelmwifo sabWos xelmZRvanelis sityviT, saqarTvelom orjer
dakarga saxelmwifoebrioba: pirvelad – rodesac saqarTvelo ruseTis
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili da meored – 1921 wels, rodesac
demokratiul respublikad gamocxadebul saqarTvelos “SeiaraRebuli
intervencia daatexa bolSevizmma da ZaliT amoayofina Tavi unitarul
saxelmwifoSi”.
gaeros asambleaze gamosvlisas SevardnaZe aqtiurad daupirispirda
im saxelmwifos da ideologias, romlis samsaxurSic Tavad iyo mTeli
Tavisi politikuri moRvaweobis manZilze. vfiqrobT, es transformacia im
pragmatuli politikis nawilad unda ganvixiloT, romlis
ganxorcielebac saqarTveloSi 1992 wlidan daiwyo. samoqalaqo omisa da
politikuri krizisis dros dasavluri saxelmwifoebis mxardaWeris
survili, demokrati mmarTvelis imijis ganmtkiceba da axali
geopolitikuri realoba mas Tundac sakuTar warsulTan
dapirispirebisken ubiZgebda. miT umetes, rom SevardnaZis avtoriteti
dasavleTSi pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli “perestroikis” Semdgom
periodSi sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul demokratiul gardaqmnebTan. am
xazis gagrZeleba da gaZliereba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels iseTi
saerTaSoriso garantiebis Seqmnas, romelic SevardnaZis Zalauflebas
legitimur safuZvels Seuqmnida.
125
saqarTvelos lideri Seecada saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis TvalSi
qveynis srulyofili portretis daxatvas. amisTvis man, mokle istoriuli
eqskursis Semdeg, sadac xazi gausva enasa da religias, rogorc
qarTvelebis identobis ZiriTad markerebs, aqcenti gaakeTa
mravalferovnebaze da kulturaTaSoris urTerTobebze. man es
mocemuloba warmoadgina, rogorc qarTuli kulturis ganuyofeli
nawili.
“xalxebis, ideebis, kulturebis moZraobaSi odiTgan CarTuli
saqarTvelo Tavisi yofierebis kanonad amkvidrebda rasobriv da
religiur Semwynareblobas. mZlavri gareSe Zalebis mosagerieblad
mebrZol saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia arc qsenofobia da arc
religiuri fanatizmi. mis dedaqalaq TbilisSi, erT kvadratul
kilometr farTobze, Tqven gverdigverd naxavT qarTul
marTlmadideblur eklesias, somxur grigorianul taZars, mahmadianur
meCeTs, ebraul sinagogasa da luTeranul kirxes. IV saukunidan
qristinulma saqarTvelom zogierT Tavis didmniSvnelovan istoriul
provinciaSi islami iwama da ar iyo maT Soris SuRli da mtroba, ar iyo
iseTi viTareba, vinmesTvis ar daenebebinaT, rom ecxovra sakuTari
warmodgenebiTa da tradiciebiT”.
SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom saqarTvelo mxars dauWerda axal
evropul institutebs, romlebic miznad isaxaven konfliqtebis aRkveTas
da erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvas, Tumca, amave dros, man xazi
gausva eTnikuri qarTvelebis uflebebis SezRudvas. es faqti, misi
sityviT, arRvevda Tanasworuflebianobis principebs. “Seuwynarebelia
erTi principis absolutizeba meoris sazianod. danaSaulebrivia, erTni
aRwevdnen TviTgamorkvevas da am dros ar imCnevdnen, rom maT gverdiT
saerTo teritoriaze saukuneTa manZilze cxovrobdnen xalxebi, romelTa
fizikuri gandevna SeuZlebelia”. SevardnaZis SexedulebiT, nebismieri
norma da kategoria unda ganizomebodes Tanasworuflebianobis
perspeqtividan, ganurCevlad ama Tu im eris, eTnikuri, enobrivi Tu
konfesiuri jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobisa. aseTi midgoma moiTxovs ara
marto erovnuli umciresobebis, aramed im moqalaqeebis uflebebis
126
dacvasac, romlebic umravlesobas warmoadgenen. “sxvagvarad SeiZleba
wavawydeT aparteidis modernizebul formas da eTnodiqtaturas”. am
ukanasknelis magaliTad SevardnaZem afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika
daasaxela da amiT daupirispirda gamsaxurdias periodSi miRebul
kanons, romelic afxazeTis uzenaes sabWoSi upiratesobas eTnikur
afxazebs aniWebda. “Cvens winaSea samarTlis angarebiT manipulirebis
klasikuri magaliTi. diskriminaciuli saarCevno kanonis mixedviT,
mosaxleobis 18%-is Semadgeneli erTi erovnebis amomrCevlebi afxazeTis
avtonomiuri respublikis parlamentSi gzavnian ufro met deputats,
vidre meore erovnebisa, romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobis naxevars
Seadgens. Selaxulia sxva erovnuli jgufebis uflebebic. erTi afxazi
deputatis asarCevad sakmarisia samjer naklebi xmebis raodenoba, vidre
erTi qarTveli deputatis asarCevad,” – ganacxada saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo sabWos Tavjdomarem. misi sityviT, swored aseTi
samarTlebrivi eqstremizmi iwvevda separatizmis gaRvivebas da
konfrontacias. SevadnaZis gancxadebiT, saqarTvelo mxars dauWerda
erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis deklaracias, magram, amasTan
erTad, moiTxovda, rom deklaraciis proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli
yofiliyo umciresobaTa pasuxismgeblobebis wilic, rac xels Seuwyobda
stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas.
aRniSnul mimarTvaSi SevardnaZe aseve xazs usvamda saqarTvelos
survils _ ganexorcielebina gawonasworebuli politika. es
gulisxmobda qveynis SigniT – demokratiul gardaqmnebs, erovnul
Serigebas, konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT daregulirebas, xolo qveynis
gareT – regionis yvela qveyanasTan mSvidobiani urTierTobebis
damyarebas, msoflio gaerTianebebTan TanamSromlobas. didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda regionis qveynebTan – TurqeTTan, iranTan, somxeTTan,
azerbaijanTan, aseve ukrainasTan – megobrul urTierTobebs. SevardnaZe
reveransebs ar iSurebda arc ruseTis mimarT, romelmac, misi sityviT,
xeli Seuwyo qarTul-osuri konfliqtis mSvidobian daregulirebas,
araerTgzis aRiara saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba, misi
sazRvrebis urRvevoba da Caeba meore konfliqtis – afxazeTis
127
konfliqtis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis saqmeSi. misi SexedulebiT,
saqarTvelosTvis safrTxes ruseTis revanSistuli Zalebi
warmoadgendnen, romlebic xels uSlidnen rogorc ruseTis
demokratiul transformacias, aseve saqarTvelos stabilur
ganviTarebas.
gaeros generalur asambleaze saqarTvelos lideris es gamosvla im
mxrivac aris saintereso, rom masSi mSvidobis, stabilurobis, Tanxmobis,
tolerantobis gamomxatvel ritorika erTgvarad gazavebulia mkacri da
principuli gzavnilebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, aqcenti sakanonmdeblo
doneze umravlesobis uflebebis darRvevaze. es faqti, ZiriTadad,
afxazeTis omiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac SevardnaZes meti
nacionalisturi ritorikisken ubiZgebda.
1992-1995 wlebis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis mniSvnelovani
elementia SevardnaZiseuli e. w. balansis politika, romelic am
periodSi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans. es mimarTuleba gulisxmobda,
erTi mxriv, dasavlur struqturebTan daaxloebas da, meore mxriv,
ruseTTan keTilmezoblur urTierTobas. sagareo asparezze aseTi
winaaRmdegobrivi politika SegviZlia avxsnaT qveynis SegniT arsebuli
viTarebiT. es iyo pragmatuli politikis nawili, romlis mizani
xelisuflebis centralizacia da Zalauflebis SenarCuneba/ganmtkiceba
iyo. rogorc davinaxeT, yvelaze mwvave krizisis dros – 1993 wlis
oqtomberSi – SevardnaZem saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
TanamegobrobaSic ki Seiyvana, ramac misi xelisuflebis SenarCunebaSi
ganmsazRvreli roli Seasrula. aseve dasavlur politikur da
sakanonmdeblo sivrcesTan adaptacia aucileblad gulisxmobda.
samoqalaqo, zomieri nacionalizmis Camoyalibebas da inkluziur
nacionalur proeqts
1992 wlis 8 dekembris radiointerviuSi84 SevardnaZe ambobda, rom
saqarTvelos yvelaferi unda eRona afxazeTis omis Rirseulad
dasamTavreblad. “am daskvnamde misvla CemTvis Zalian Zneli iyo, radgan
yovelTvis kompromisis da Serigebis mkveTrad gamoxatul poziciaze
84
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 250. 1992.
128
videqi da vdgavar. magram axla, ZaliT Tavsmoxveul am omSi, Cveni
analiziT, amis yvela Sansi amowurulia. unda gavakeToT is, razec
saqarTveloSi amJamad yvela ojaxi, yvela moqalaqe ocnebobs da bolo
movuRoT aseT viTarebas umoklesi gziT, Tundac igi yvelaze ekliani
iyos.” SevardnaZis sityviT, saqarTvelos Tavad unda gadaewyvita
sakuTari bedi, daecva qveynis damoukidebloba da teritoriuli
mTlianoba. igi ambobda, rom es ar niSnavda afxazebis ganadgurebas,
piriqiT, afxazeTs namdvili da qmediTi avtonomia unda hqonoda, Tumca
mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos xelisufleba am problemas efeqturad
gadawyvetda. am interviuSi SevardnaZe pasuxismgeblobasac iRebda
afxazeTSi qarTuli jaris Sesvlaze da am faqts legitimurs da
safuZvlians uwodebda. SevardnaZis aseTi gzavnilebi, garkveulwilad,
teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo sazogadoebis mobilizaciasac
emsaxureboda. nacionalisturi da erovnuli interesebis mkacri
dacvisken mimarTuli ritorikiT igi cdilobda, am omSi saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis mxardaWera moepovebina. SevardnaZe saubrobda imaze, rom
qveyanas sakmarisi samxedro potenciali hqonda konfliqtis efeqturad
gadasawyvetad. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, rogorc davinaxeT, igi mainc
wavida kompromisze da ruseTis SuamavlobiT cecxlis Sewyvetis
SeTanxmebebi gaaforma, ramac Tavisi wvlili Seitana afxazeTSi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos marcxSi.
samoqalaqo identobis formirebisa da umciresobaTa integraciis
mniSvnelobas esmeba xazi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos meTauris
moxsenebaSi, romelic man 1992 wlis 9 oqtombers, saparlamento arCevnebis
win, mecnierebaTa akademiaSi waikiTxa.85 eduard SevardnaZis sityviT, misi,
rogorc parlamentis Tavjdomareobis kandidatis ZiriTadi gzavnilebi
iyo Tavisufleba, demokratia, konstitucia, adamianis uflebebi,
pluralizmi, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri partiebisa da
organizaciebis Seqmnisa da moqmedebis Tavisufleba, is principebi, rasac
gaero da civilizebuli msoflios politikuri mrwamsi da kultura
aRiarebs. yovelive am sikeTes igi hpirdeboda mosaxleobis yvela jgufs,
85
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 210-211. 1992.
129
saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, maT Soris, erovnul umciresobebs. misi
sityviT, saSinao politikaSi umTavresi iyo demokratiuli gardaqmnebi,
erovnuli konsensusi da Serigeba, konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mowesrigeba,
pirovnebis Tavisufleba, erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT
evrosaTaTbiros farglebSi aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba. igi
elodeboda gaeros mudmivmoqmedi warmomadgenlobis gaxsnas
saqarTveloSi, romelic saimedo instrumenti iqneboda erovnul
umciresobaTa problemebis samarTliani mowesrigebis saqmeSi. SevardnaZe
aseve hpirdeboda mosaxleobas, rom umciresobaTa uflebebi momaval
parlamentSi konstituciurad iqneboda garantirebuli (am dapirebis
Sesruleba srulyofilad ar moxerxda). igi mouwodebda mecnierebaTa
akademias, rom daarsebuliyo erovnuli umciresobebis da avtonomiuri
erTeulebis problemaTa Semswavleli centri. “me mivmarTav
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela xalxs, movuwodeb maT TanamSromlobis,
Zmobisa da megobrobisken. arCevis SemTxvevaSi, parlamentic da misi
Tavmjdomarec iZlevian maTi uflebebis dacvis srul garantiebs,” –
ganacxada SevardnaZem. man aseve xazi gausva im faqts, rom gansacdelis
Jams eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi yovelTvis gverdiT edgnen
qarTvelebs da maTTan erTad iaraRiT xelSi icavdnen saqarTvelos
interesebs.
sazogadoebis erTianobisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis idea kidev
erTxel gaJRerda saqarTvelos parlamentis 1993 wlis 13 ianvris
sxdomaze.86 saxelmwifos meTaurma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa im
faqts, rom axal parlamentSi warmodgenili iyvnen rogorc yofili
disidentebi, erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi,
aseve yofili komunistebi da isini erTad Sromobdnen axali qveynis
aSenebisTvis. SevardnaZem aRniSna, rom totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaSe ngrevis amocana idga. misi
sityviT, es moZraoba dResac grZeldeba, Tumca axla mas aRmSeneblobis
misia akisria. “am urTules da uZneles pirobebSi yvelani unda
gaverTiandeT erTiani saqarTvelosTvis da Cveni platformebi xels ar
86
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #7. 1993.
130
unda gviSlidnen am miznis ganxorcielebaSi,” – ganacxada saxelmwifos
meTaurma.
qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis samoqalaqo nacionalizmis
mimarTulebiT transformacias, aseve xelisuflebis centralizacias
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli 1993 wlis 21 noembers politikuri
gaerTianeba “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiris” dafuZnebam.87 es
organizacia, romelic eduard SevardnaZis iniciativiT Camoyalibda,
dominant Zalad iqca, romelic TiTqmis mTeli Semdgomi aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravda saqarTveloSi politikur procesebs.
damfuZnebel krebaze xazi gaesva im faqts, rom “moqalaqeTa kavSiri”
saqarTvelos respublikis yvela regionis, erovnebis, fenis, konfesiis
warmomadgenels gaaerTianebda. organizaciis dafuZnebis iniciatorTa
gancxadebiT, mniSvnelovani iyo partiis Seqmna swored im periodSi,
rodesac arsebobda mwvave dapirispireba eqsprezidentis momxreebTan.
oficialuri gancxadebis mixedviT, “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” daarsda,
rogorc radikaluri, destruqciuli gaerTianebebis alternatiuli Zala.
misi mTeli Zalisxmeva Serigebisa da samoqalaqo konsolidaciisken unda
yofiliyo mimarTuli.
politikuri gaerTianebis Tavmjdomared airCies eduard SevardnaZe,
romelmac ganacxada, rom moqalaqeTa kavSiri partiul kuTvnilebaze
maRla idga. igi ar iyo partiuli gaerTianeba, am cnebis Cveulebrivi
mniSvnelobiT. “Cveni Tavi migvaCnia saqarTvelos erovnul-
gamaTavisuflebeli, demokratiuli moZraobis, qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis aRorZinebisTvis, Cveni samSoblos namdvili
Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisTvis brZolis mravalsaukunovani
tradiciis memkvidreebad.” saxelmwifos meTauris sityviT, organizacia
orientacias iRebda zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebze, Sesabamisad, mis
saqmianobas safuZvlad daedeboda pirovnebis uflebebis, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela eTnikuri jgufis uflebebis dacvis
principi. xazi gaesva im faqts, rom “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” Seiqmna
erTaSoris mSvidobis sakeTildReod, rac xels Seuwyobda afxazebTan,
87
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #251. 1993.
131
osebTan, somxebTan, azerbaijanelebTan, rusebTan mSvidobian da
megobrul Tanacxovrebas.
“moqalaqeTa kavSiris” damfuZnebel yrilobaze saxelmwifos
meTauris sityvis kidev erTi sayuradRebo momentia aqcenti momavalze.
SevardnaZis gancxadebiT, es iyo momavlis kavSiri, romelsac asparezze
unda gamoeyvana politikosTa axali Taoba, visac Seswevda ngrevis
SeCerebisa da aRmSeneblobis Zala. misi sityviT, swored ngrevam
gamoiyvana politikur avanscenaze bevri destruqciuli da radikaluri
mimarTulebis organizacia. axali politikuri gaerTianebis damfuZnebel
krebaze gaJRerebuli ideebis nawili aisaxa saqarTvelos realobaSi –
samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg politikuri da sazogadoebrivi
asparezidan TandaTan gaqrnen radikaluri mimarTulebis gaerTianebebi,
wina wamoiwia politikuri elitis axalma Taobam, romlis birTvi ukve
2000-iani wlebis dasawyisidan SevardnaZis opoziciad iqca. Tumca manamde,
1990-ian wlebSi, isini SevardnaZis upirobo mxardamWerebad iTvlebodnen
da saqarTvelos imJamindeli lideri stabilurobisa da keTildReobis
mTavar garantad miaCndaT.
Tavad organizaciis dasaxeleba – “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” – miuTiTebda
saxelisuflebo elitis prioritetebze. politikur diskursSi sabazisod
iqca moqalaqeobis cneba, rac ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebda
samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebis process.
“saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri” 1993 wlis Semodgomaze dafuZnda
– sul mcire xnis dasrulebuli iyo afxazeTis omi, jer kidev
samegreloSi myofi eqsprezidenti gamsaxurdia sakuTari Zalauflebis
aRdgenas cdilobda. cecxlis alSi gaxveuli qveyana da misi
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili wesrigs da simSvides iTxovda.
SevardnaZe, sakuTar memuarebSi, Tavs mexanZres adarebs, romelic erTi
adgilidan meores awydeba da almodebul qalaqSi cecxlis Caqrobas
cdilobs. “moqalaqeTa kavSirma” Tavisi politikuri kursis umTavres
gzavnilad sityva “stabiluroba” aqcia, riTac, vfiqrobT, sworad upasuxa
maSindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyobebs.
132
1994 wlidan SegviZlia davinaxoT stabilizaciis garkveuli niSnebi,
rac, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
kavSirebis gaRrmavebasTan. am periodidan TbilisSi da qveynis sxva
qalaqebSi ukve imarTeboda masStaburi saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebi.
magaliTad, 1994 wlis Semodgomaze TbilisSi gaimarTa gaeros bavSvTa
fond “iunisefis” didi konferencia, imave periodSi Catarda “bisekis”
(Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia) garemos dacvis
konferencia da am oranizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa
ministrebis Sexvedra.88 qveyana nela, magram mainc iZenda garkveul
saerTaSoriso funqcias, rac misi aRiarebis da xelisuflebis
formalizaciis Tanmxleb procesad unda miviCnioT.
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, saqarTveloSi jer kidev “modaSi” iyo
radikaluri quCis aqciebi da SimSilobebi. msgavs faqtebs gamoexmaura
SevardnaZe 1994 wlis noemberSi micemul tradiciul radiointerviuSi.89
misi sityviT, yvela adamians aqvs ara marto Wamis, aramed SimSilobis
uflebac, Tumca SimSilobebma, mitingurma azrovnebam da moqmedebam im
masStabebiT, rogoriTac es wina periodSi iyo, qveyanas uamravi ubedureba
moutana. “quCuri fsiqologia, arastabilurobis kerebis gaCena da
gaCaReba (Cven amis didi specialistebi varT), Zalian Zvirad,
aunazRaureblad Zvirad daujda saqarTvelos. Zalian Zvirad dagvijda
Cven provinciuli faSizmi.” SevardnaZe ambobda, rom garkveuli Zalebi
kvlav cdilobdnen sazogadoebisTvis Tavs moexviaT quCis politika. es
is Zalebi iyvnen, romlebic ver gadaeCvivne “quCa-quCa wanwals”
politikuri miznebiT, Tumca, misi azriT, amas sazogadoeba gadaeCvia,
radgan axal realobaSi uwevda cxovreba. “saqarTvelos moqalaqeni is
aRar arian, rac ramdenime wlis winaT iyvnen. gavida is dro, gaviareT is
etapi da sul sxva xalxTan, sul sxva moqalaqeebTan gvaqvs saqme. yvelam
unda gaigos, rom adamianebi dRes mxars uWeren stabilurobas,
normaluri cxovrebis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, Tundac, sruliad
umniSvnelos,” – acxadebda saqarTvelos lideri.
88
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #172. 1994. 89
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #194. 1994.
133
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos momavalTan, samoqalaqo
konsolidaciasTan dakavSirebiT, sayuradReboa “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
kavSiris” I yriloba (1994 wlis 22 marti).90 yrilobaze partiis
Tavmjdomarem warmoadgina gegma, romelic saxelmwifos ganviTarebis
prioritetebs saxavda. am gegmis mixedviT, “moqalaqeTa kavSiri” miznad
isaxavda demokratiuli, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da damoukidebeli,
suverenuli, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas. SevardnaZis
prognoziT, amis miRweva 2000 wlisTvis iqneboda SesaZlebeli.
xelisufleba apirebda kardinaluri sakanonmdeblo reformebis
gatarebas, romelTagan umTavresi iyo saqarTvelos konstituciis
SemuSaveba. es konstitucia 1921 wlis konstitucias unda dafuZneboda,
Tumca administraciuli struqturebis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT
radikaluri cvlilebebi unda momxdariyo. saxelmwifos meTauris
SexedulebiT, did gardaqmnas ar saWiroebda 1921 wlis konstituciis
normaTa is nawili, romelic pirovnebis uflebriv statuss exeboda. misi
sityviT, es normebi srulad Seesabamebodnen Tanamedrove msoflio
standartebs da saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom termini “qarTveli eri”, gamsaxurdias epoqis
msgavsad, am periodSic eTnikur Sinaarss atarebda. momavali
konstituciis proeqtSi xazgasmulia, rom sakonstitucio reformam xeli
unda Seuwyos “qarTveli erisa da sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis”
konsolidacias, Tumca iqve aRniSnulia, rom erovnul umciresobebTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi unda gadawydes evropuli da msoflio
standartebis doneze.
warmodgenil gegmaSi xazi aqvs gasmuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis mniSvnelobas, romelic aseve 2000 wlisTvis unda
dasrulebuliyo. xelisufleba miznad isaxavda pluralisturi
sazogadoebis, qmediTunariani, myari, mravalpartiuli sistemis Seqmnas,
politikuri kulturis “civilizebuli qveynebis donemde awevas”,
provincializmis, sazogadoebis avadmyofuri polarizaciis daZlevas,
partiuli daqucmacebulobis gadalaxvas. am miznis miRwevisa da qveynis
90
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” # 43. 1994.
134
stabilurobis mTavari garanti Tavad “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri”
unda yofiliyo, romelic araerT politikur partiasa da sazogadoebriv
organizacias aerTianebda.
aRniSnul yrilobaze warmodgenili saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis proeqti sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdenadac droSi zustad
gaweril da momavalze mkafiod orientirebul erT-erT pirvel
dokuments warmoadgens. dasaxulia konkretuli vadac – es yvelaferi
2000 wlisTvis unda yofiliyo miRweuli. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad SeZlo
saqarTvelos maSindelma politikurma elitam am miznis ganxorcieleba,
Tumca Tavad gegma da misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi sayuradRebo
informacias iZleva im periodis qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis
TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb.
1995 wlidan kidev ufro Zlierdeba ritorika samoqalaqo
integraciis mimarTulebiT. am mxriv sainteresoa eduard SevardnaZis
viziti marneulSi91, sadac igi Sexvda adgilobriv mosaxleobas da
yvavilebiT Seamko SoTa rusTavelisa da nizami ganjelis Zeglebi.
saxelmwifos meTaurma Seaxsena marneulel azerbaijanelebs, rom isini
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi arian da maTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi
konstituciuradaa dakanonebuli. “darwmunebuli var, rom iseve rogorc
dRemde, momavalSic mTel am mxareSi Zmurad da megobrulad icxovreben
qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi, yvela erisa da
erovnebis Svilebi, rom Cveni megobroba magaliTi iqneba mTeli
kavkasiisTvis, gansakuTrebiT Cveni regionisTvis,” – aRniSna eduard
SevardnaZem.
saxelmwifos meTaurma marneulelebs madloba gadauxada imisaTvis,
rom isini pativs scemdnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifos enas da aRuTqva,
rom xelisufleba Tavis Tavze aiRebda axalgazrda TaobebisaTvis
qarTuli enis swavlebis organizebas. man piroba misca Sekrebilebs, rom
saqarTvelos xelisufleba kvlavac pativiscemiT moepyroboda
azerbaijanul enas, kulturasa da tradiciebs, rom maTTvis
garantirebuli da uzrunvelyofili iqneboda swavleba mSobliur enaze,
91
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #147. 1995.
135
Ria iqneboda umaRlesi saswavleblebis kari rogorc TbilisSi, aseve
respublikis sxva qalaqebSi. “davamyaroT mSvidoba Cvens saxelmwifoSi da
erTad mivaRwioT mSvidobasa da stabilurobas mTlianad amierkavkasiaSi,”
_ ganacxada SevardnaZem.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom azerbaijanul mosaxleobasTan Sexvedris
Semdeg SevardnaZe imave dRes gaemgzavra marneulis raionis sofel
SaumianSi, sadac somexi erovnebis saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi cxovroben.
saxelmwifos meTaurma somxebs mouwoda, CarTuliyvnen saqarTveloSi
dawyebul aRmSeneblobiT procesebSi da qveynis srulfasovan
moqalaqeebad egrZnoT Tavi.
1995 wlis martSi TbilisSi, moqalaqeTa kavSiris iniciativiT,
Catarda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTveli mosaxleobis pirveli
forumi. forums eswrebodnen saxelmwifos meTauri da xelisuflebis
sxva warmomadgenlebi. forumis mimdinareobisas xazis gaesva
saqarTvelos qarTveli da araqarTveli moqalaqeebis mSvidobiani
Tanacxovrebis da Tanasworuflebianobis mniSvnelobas. am faqts eduard
SevardnaZe interviuSic gamoexmaura da aRniSna, rom es forumi niSnavda
sxvadasxva erovnebis moqalaqeTa Soris axali urTierTobebis
mSeneblobis dawyebas. “Cven mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT bednieri da
demokratiuli qveynis aSenebas, Tu saqarTvelo aq mcxovrebi yvela erisa
da erovnebis moqalaqeTa samSoblo gaxdeba,” – ganacxada saxelmwifos
meTaurma. man xazi gausva qveynis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis, adamianTa
uflebebis dacvis, saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis, erTianobasa da
mTlianobaze zrunvis mniSvnelobas. mxolod am gziT iqneboda
SesaZlebeli im mankierebebis gadalaxva, romelic bolo wlebisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli.92
imave periodSi, 1995 wlis 13 ivniss, TbilisSi gaimarTa forumi
“kulturaTa dialogi solidarobisTvis, agresiulobisa da
Seurigeblobis dasaZlevad”.93 forumze sityviT gamovida saxelmwifos
meTauri, romelmac xazi gausva tolerantobis swavlebis mniSvnelobas
92
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #30. 1995. 93
gaz. saqarTvelos respublika”. #83. 1995.
136
mSvidobisa da stabilurobis damyarebaSi. man isaubra saqarTveloze, mis
warsulsa da awmyoze, qveyana warmoadgina rogorc xidi aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTs Soris, adgili, sadac erTmaneTs erwymodnen kulturebi da
religiebi. sxvaTa Soris, am mxriv, SevardnaZe exmianeboda da agrZelebda
misi winamorbedis, zviad gamsaxurdias ideebs saqarTvelos istoriul
funqciasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, ritorika gacilebiT
dabalansebuli da racionaluri iyo. saxelmwifos meTauris
SexedulebiT, postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli destruqciuli
procesebi swored Semwynareblobisa da tolerantobis naklebobam
gamoiwvia. amis magaliTad mas Tbilisi da gadamwvari rusTavelis
prospeqti mohyavda. misi sityviT, eTnikuri mravalferovneba, romelic
saqarTvelos istoriul simdidres warmoadgenda, dRes konfliqtebis,
eTnowmendisa da genocidis wyarod iqca. 300 000-mde saqarTvelos
moqalaqe gamoaZeves sakuTari saxlebidan, aTasobiT daxvrites da awames.
SevardnaZe gamoTqvamda imeds, rom kulturebs Soris dialogi
konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan faqtorad
iqceoda.
1995 weli saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebis welia, Sesabamisad,
aqtiuri debatebi mimdinareobda konstituciis proeqtze, romelic
saqarTvelos parlaments agvistoSi unda mieRo. sainteresoa
sakonstitucio komisiis 1995 wlis 29 maisis sxdoma94, romlis
Canawerebidan irkveva, rom garkveuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba yofila
eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebTan da statusTan dakavSirebiT. komisiis
wevrebi eWvqveS ar ayenebdnen im faqts, rom umciresobaTa sakiTxebi
konstituciaSi saTanadod unda yofiliyo warmodgenili, Tumca
gansxvavebuli iyo damokidebuleba am sakiTxebis asaxvis gzebisadmi.
komisiis wevrebis nawili fiqrobda, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
Seqmnis procesSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela erovnebis adamiani,
upirvelesad, saqarTvelos moqalaqea, xolo Semdeg – qarTveli, osi,
afxazi, somexi da a. S. am poziciis momxreebi fiqrobdnen, rom
94
gaz “saqarTvelos respublika”. #60. 1995.
137
konstituciaSi umciresobebisTvis calke muxlis daTmoba, SeiZleboda,
maTi erTgvari Seuracxyofa yofiliyo.
arsebobda meore pozicia, romlis momxreebi Tvlidnen, rom unda
SenarCunebuliyo 1921 wlis konstituciis standarti da umciresobaTa
sakiTxi calke yofiliyo gatanili. eduard SevardnaZis sityviT,
erovnul umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi konstituciaSi
saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad unda asaxuliyo, Tumca
SesaZlebeli iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciis
gamoyenebac. saxelmwifos meTaurma sakuTari gamosvlisas kidev erTxel
daadastura, rom saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofda TiToeuli moqalaqis
Tanasworobas socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da politikur
cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi “erovnuli Tu eTnikuri, religiuri Tu
enobrivi kuTvnilebisa”. SevardnaZem xazi gausva, rom es keTdeboda ara
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisTvis xarkis gadasaxdelad, aramed es
iyo qarTvelebis Tandayolili Tviseba, romelic “Cven sisxlSi gvizis da
Cveni mrwamsia”.
“saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos erovnul,
enobriv Tu religiur umciresobaTa ufleba – Tavisuflad, yovelgvari
diskriminaciis da Carevis gareSe ganaviTaron Tavisi kultura,
isargeblon deda-eniT pirad cxovrebaSi da sajarod, risTvisac
mravalerovan adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebSi kulturul da
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisaTvis gamoyofili saxsrebis nawili unda
moxmardes zemoaRniSnuli miznebis ganxorcielebas.” – ganacxada eduard
SevardnaZem.
miuxedavad umciresobaTa uflebebis ganuxreli mxardaWerisa,
xazgasmiT aRiniSna, rom umcirisobaTa uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, teritoriul mTlianobasa
da damoukideblobas. SevardnaZis sityviT, am principis dacva
aucilebelia im mware gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelic saqarTveloSi
arsebobda. igi gulisxmobda afxazeTis konfliqts, sadac, misi azriT,
umciresobisTvis miniWebulma gadaWarbebulma uflebebma umravlesoba
daazarala da saqarTvelos mTlianobis darRveva gamoiwvia.
138
samoqalaqo omis recidivebi. miuxedavad saxelmwifos oficialuri
politikis mkveTri cvlilebisa samoqalaqo konsolidaciisa da
xelisuflebis centralizaciis mimarTulebiT, mSvidobisa da
Serigebisken gadadgmuli nabijebisa, saqarTveloSi arsebuli realuri
viTareba kvlav konfrontaciuli da feTqebadsaSiSi iyo. afxazeTis omis
dasrulebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias gardacvalebis Semdeg,
dapirispirebis avanscenad Tbilisi iqca. mkvlelobebi, teraqtebi,
“saZmoebad” dayofil SeiaraRebul formirebebs Soris konfliqtebi
dedaqalaqis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili gaxda. eqsperti daviT
gamcemliZe 1993-1995 wlebis periods saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi
umniSvnelovaness uwodebs, radgan am dros sruldeba samoqalaqo omi da
iwyeba brZola xelisuflebis konsolidaciisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis CamoyalibebisTvis.95 am periodidan Zveli mokavSireebi
mtrebad iqcnen. xelisuflebas CamoSornen gamsaxurdias damxobis
organizatorebi, yofili samxedro sabWos wevrebi, Tavdacvis ministri
Tengiz kitovani da premier-ministri Tengiz sigua. dapirispireba
gaRrmavda eduard SevadnaZesa da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg mis
mTavar dasayrden jaba ioselians Soris. afxazeTSi xangrZlivi omis
Semdeg dedaqalaqSi dabrunebuli ioseliani da misi gadarCenili
TanamebrZolebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen, xelisuflebis
konsolidaciis gzaze damdgar SevardnaZes ZalauflebaSi mocile aRar
sWirdeboda. saxelmwifos meTaurs mowinaaRmdegeebi sakuTar mTavrobaSic
gauCda. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom 1993 wlidan, samoqalaqo omis
Semdeg, saqarTvelom TandaTan daiwyo prodasavluri kursis
ganxorcieleba. am tendencias daupirispirda xelisuflebis zogierTi
wevri, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc SevardnaZem ruseTis xelisuflebis
rekomendaciiT daniSna (magaliTad, aseTebi iyvnen Tavdacvis ministri
vardiko nadibaiZe da uSiSroebis ministri igor giorgaZe).
eduard SevardnaZe xelisuflebis konsolidaciisTvis brZolidan
sabolood gamarjvebuli gamovida. am wels saqarTveloSi dasrulda
95
interviu daviT gamcemliZesTan ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gangsteruli saqarTvelo” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioTmNY7ZTVk
139
naxevrad gasamxedroebuli, araformaluri gaerTianebebis Zalauflebis
periodi, romlebic procesebs jer kidev 1980-iani wlebis bolodan
akontrolebdnen. zogierTi imdroindeli politikosis SexedulebiT, es
ar iyo brZola mxolod ZalauflebisTvis, es iyo brZola saqarTvelos
arCevanisTvis, Tu ra gziT wavidoda igi – dasavlur politikur kurss
airCevda Tu rusuls. vaxtang rCeuliSvili ambobs, rom es iyo ruseTis
da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dapirispirebis konkretuli
gamoxatuleba TbilisSi, radgan eduard SevardnaZe am periodidan
mkveTrad irCevs prodasavlur, konkretulad, proamerikul kurss.96
3.1.1. fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi – kanoni moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos konstitucia
1992-1995 wlebSi qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis samoqalaqo
transformacias xeli Seuwyo fundamenturma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebma.
mTavari aqtebi, romlebmac, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebis centralizacia,
xolo, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo identobis diskursis gaZliereba
ganapirobes, aris kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da saqarTvelos
konstitucia.
zviad gamsaxurdias politikuri koaliciis “mrgvali magidia _
Tavisufali saqarTvelos” xelisuflebaSi mosvlis periodidan,
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba aqtiuri diskusiis sagani gaxda.
Tavdapirvelad gamsaxurdia radikalur poziciaze idga da saqarTvelos
moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebas iTxovda.
miuxedavad amisa, 1991 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo
kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelsac, rogorc davinaxeT, liberaluri
xasiaTi hqonda. es iyo zviad gamsaxurdias prezidentobis periodi,
rodesac qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma ukve SeiZina garkveuli
samoqalaqo maxasiaTeblebi da es tendencia miRebul kanonSic aisaxa.
uzenaesma sabWom kanoni ki miiRo, magram imJamindeli xelisufleba
mmarTvelobis bolo Tveebs iTvlida da misi realuri amoqmedeba aRar
moxerxda.
96
interviu vaxtang rCeuliSvilTan ix. iqve.
140
saxelmwifo institutebis mSeneblobis gzaze damdgarma eduard
SevardnaZis xelisuflebam 1993 wlis 25 marts xelaxla miiRo kanoni
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.97 kanonis miRebisas, romelic calsaxad liberalur
xasiaTs atarebda, xelisuflebam mxedvelobaSi miiRo saqarTveloSi
arsebuli eTnopolitikuri viTareba da qveynis moqalaqeoba mianiWa
saqarTvelos yvela macxovrebels. kanoni ar iTvaliswinebda iseT
sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, saxelmwifo enisa
da qveynis istoriis codna. liberalizmis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos
kanonma moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb gauswro bevr evropul demokratul
saxelmwifos (Jones 2006: 260).
moqalaqeoba mieniWa saqarTvelos yvela mcxovrebs, romelic kanonis
miRebis droisTvis, anu 1993 wlis martisTvis, qveyanaSi cxovrobda.
kanonSi aseve xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeni
kanonis winaSe Tanasworni arian, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa,
sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli,
eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da
wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa. saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebs garantirebuli aqvT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da
saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli politikuri, socialur-
ekonomikuri, agreTve piradi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. saxelmwifom
ganacxada, rom daicavda Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebs rogorc qveynis
teritoriaze, aseve mis farglebs gareT.
es kanoni, dRevandeli perspeqtividanac, calsaxad inkluziuria,
Tundac im TvalsazrisiT, rom moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvelebs aranair
specialur moTxovnebs ar uyenebs. samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlSi myof
qveyanaSi msgavsi kanoni namdvilad SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
sakvanZo xasiaTis dokumenti, romelmac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba
samoqalaqo qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis Semdgomi ganviTareba.
samoqalaqo nacionalizmis gansazRvrisas moqalaqeobis cnebas
fundamenturi mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored moqalaqis loialuroba
97
kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://mra.gov.ge/res/docs/2013110412031013274.pdf
141
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi damkvirebuli faseulobebis mimarT aris
is fundamenti, romelsac samoqalaqo identoba unda daefuZnos.
meore umniSvnelvanesi aqti, romelmac sabolood gansazRvra
qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis inkluziuri, samoqalaqo buneba, aris
1995 wlis 24 agvistos miRebuli saqarTvelos konstitucia.98
konstituciis preambulaSi gamoxatulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
neba, damkvidrdes demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba,
uzrunvelyofil iqnas adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da
Tavisuflebani, ganmtkicdes saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da sxva
xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia
1921 wlis konstitucias daefuZna, riTac xazi gaesva 1918-1921 wlebis
demokratiul respublikasTan memkvidreobiTobas da saxelmwifoebriobis
erTgvar uwyvetobas. aseve xazi gaesva 1991 wlis 31 martis referendums,
romelic saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris, afxazeTis
avtonomiur respublikasa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarda.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukidebloba, erTianoba da ganuyofloba
aseve dadasturda 1991 wlis 9 aprilis damoukideblobis aqtiT.
konstituciiT saxeli Seecvala saqarTvelos respublikas da ewoda
saqarTvelo. qveynis saxelmwifo enad ganisazRvra qarTuli, xolo
afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi – agreTve afxazuri.
zviad gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodidan mudmivad
mimdinareobda aqtiuri debatebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
marTlmadidebloba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo religiad unda
gamocxadebuliyo. zemoT ganvixileT gamsaxurdias araerTi sajarod
gamoTqmuli mosazreba Tu mimarTva, sadac igi Riad afiqsirebda
marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis survils. 1995
wlis konstituciam zRvari daudo am Temis saxelmwifo doneze
ganxilvas da oficialur qarTul nacionalur proeqts sabolood misca
sekularuli xasiaTi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom aRiara rwmenisa da
aRmsareblobis sruli Tavisufleba, Tumca, amave dros, aRiara
saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebluri religiis 98
saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia ix. bmulze: http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68
142
gansakuTrebuli roli qveynis istoriaSi, aRiarebul iqna agreTve
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis principi.
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis msgavsad, saqarTvelos konstituciac
aRiarebs, rom yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tanasworia, ganurCevlad
rasobrivi, enobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri, sqesobrivi Tu sxva saxis
mikuTvnebulobisa. konstituciis mixedviT, dauSvebelia adamianis devna
sityvis, azris, aRmsareblobis an rwmenis gamo, aseve misi iZuleba,
gamoTqvas Tavisi Sexeduleba maT Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
aRiarebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis uflebas, yovelgvari
diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe ganaviTaron sakuTari kultura,
isargeblon dedaeniT rogorc sajarod, aseve pirad cxovrebaSi. Tumca,
iqve aRniSnulia, rom umciresobaTa uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, saxelmwifo wyobilebas,
teritoriul mTlianobasa da politikur damoukideblobas.
adamianis uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo
saxalxo damcvelis institutis SemoReba, romelic 1995 wlis
konstituciiTaa garantirebuli. saxalxo damcvels mieniWa
uflebamosileba, zedamxedveloba gaewia saqarTvelos teritoriaze
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvisTvis.
1995 wlis konstituciiT SemoRebuli iqna prezidentis posti da
qveyana ganisazRvra, rogorc saprezidento respublika. saqarTvelos
prezidentis mieniWa saxelmwifos meTauris uflebamosileba. igi gaxda
qveynis erTianobisa da erovnuli damoukideblobis garanti. prezidentis
postis SemoRebiT, SevardnaZis xelisuflebam daasrula Zalauflebis
centralizacia da konsolidacia.
zemoT Cven SevexeT azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, romelic sakontitucio
komisiis wevrebs Soris arsebobda erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis
calke Tavad arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxze. saboloo gadawyvetilebis
mixedviT, 1921 wlis konstituciisgan99 gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos 1995
wlis konstituciaSi specialuri muxli ar aqvs daTmobili umciresobaTa
ufleba-movaleobebs. calkeul TavebSi vxvdebiT debulebebs, rom 99
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstitucia ix. bmulze: http://constcommission.ge/1921
143
saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe Tanasworia, ganurCevlad sxvadasxva saxis
mikuTvnebulobebisa. es faqti calsaxad miuTiTebs Sesaswavli periodis
qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis samoqalaqo xasiaTze. am
gadawyvetilebiT saxelmwifom daadastura sakuTari moqalaqeebis
sayovelTao Tanasworoba da calke ar gamoyo ama Tu im eTnikuri Tu
religiuri jgufis gansakuTrebuli ufleba-movaleobani.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis Semdeg,
moqalaqeobis sakiTxma 1995 wlis konstituciaSic erT-erTi centraluri
adgili daikava. Sesabamisad, 1995 wlidan saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
oficialuri politika sabolood gadavida samoqalaqo nacionalizmis
relsebze. am orma fundamenturma sakanonmdeblo aqtma zRvari daudo
“oficialuri nacionalizmis” winaaRmdegobriobas. saqarTvelos
sazogadoeba ukve axal realobaSi ganagrZobda cxovrebas.
144
3.2. eTnikuridan samoqalaqo nacionalizmisken – saqarTvelo 1995-2003
wlebSi
1995 wlis konstituciis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi dainiSna
saparlamento da saprezidento arCevnebi, romelic imave wlis 5 noembers
Catarda. mosaxleobam erTdroulad airCia qveynis prezidenti da
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo.
1995 wlis 5 noembris saparlamento arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba
hqonda im partiasa da politikur gaerTianebas, romelic warmoadgenda
50 000 mxardamWeris xelmoweras, an romelsac saqarTvelos parlamentSi
hyavda warmomadgeneli konstituciis miRebis dRisTvis. proporciuli
sistemis mixedviT arCevnebi tardeboda erTiani partiuli siiT.
politikur gaerTianebas ufleba hqonda, maJoritarul olqSi waredgina
deputatobis is kandidatic, romelic mis partiul siaSi ar iyo.
afxazeTSi, separatistuli reJimis gamo, arCevnebi ar daniSnula, amitom
afxazeTis deputacias uflebamosileba gaugrZelda. afxazeTis
warmomadgenloba Sedgeboda 12 deputatisgan. konstituciisa da saarCevno
kanonis Tanaxmad, parlamentis Semadgenloba ganisazRvra 235 deputatiT.
arCevnebSi 53 politikuri gaerTianeba da partia monawileobda, Tumca
5%-iani barieri mxolod samma maTganma gadalaxa. yvelaze meti,
amomrCevelTa xmebis 23% moipova “saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSirma”,
“erovnul-demokratiulma partiam” 8%, xolo aslan abaSiZis “aRorZinebis
kavSirma” 7%-mde miiRo.
SevardnaZis politikurma blokma “moqalaqeTa kavSirma”, marTalia,
xmaTa umravlesoba ver moipova, Tumca man saqarTvelos parlamentSi 90
sadeputato mandati miiRo, aseve am gaerTianebam SeZlo sakanonmdeblo
organoSi 18 maJoritaris gayvana.
eduard SevardnaZes saqarTvelos axal parlamentSi mniSvnelovani
dasayrdeni hyavda. man damajereblad gaimarjva saqarTvelos prezidentis
arCevnebSi, miiRo ra amomrCevlelTa xmebis 74%. mis garda, saprezidento
arCevnebSi kidev 5 kandidati monawileobda, romelTagan yvelaze meti –
xmebis 16% - yofil komunist funqcioners jumber patiaSvils ergo.
arCevnebSi aseve monawileobda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
145
wevri da “rusTavelis sazogadoebis” Tavmjdomare akaki baqraZe, Tumca
man mniSvnelovan warmatebas ver miaRwia.100 saparlamento da
saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad eduard SevardnaZem sabolood
ganimtkica Zalaufleba.
1995 wlis 26 noembers gaimarTa saqarTvelos axlad arCeuli
prezidentis inauguraciis ceremonia. sainauguracio sityvaSi eduard
SevardnaZem xazi gausva am dRis istoriulobas, misi sityviT, es iyo
saqarTvelos konstituciis amoqmedebis, Sesabamisad, qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis zeimi, saqarTvelos suverenitetis,
damoukideblobis, demokratiis, Tavisuflebis dResaswauli.
prezidentma aseve isaubra warsulTan kavSirsa da istoriis
uwyvetobaze – “es ara marto Tanamedrove saqarTvelos dResaswaulia, es
farnavazis, vaxtang gorgaslis, bagrat mesamis, daviT aRmaSeneblis,
Tamaris, giorgi brwyinvalis, erekle meoris saqarTvelos zeimic
gaxlavT.” SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom inauguraciaze misvlamde
mTawmindis panTeonSi imyofeboda, sadac pativi miago didi winaprebis
xsovnas. am aqtiT, romelic, misi sityviT, tradiciad unda qceuliyo,
SevardaZem simbolurad gamoxata, rom saqarTvelos prezidenti iyo
“istoriul droTa kavSiris” simbolo (saqarTvelos prezidentebis
sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 29).
eduard SevardnaZis sainauguracio sityva religiur ritorikasac
Seicavda. inauguraciis win prezidenti, kaTalikos-patriarqTan erTad,
sveticxovels estumra. SevardnaZis sityviT, es viziti datvirTuli iyo
“RvTaebrivi SinaarsiT”, es iyo prezidentis RmerTTan laparaki, Tu
rogor waruZRves ers. am SemTxvevaSi, prezidentma ilia WavWavaZis
citirebiT sakuTari Tavi “TergdaleulebTan” daakavSira, romlebic, misi
sityviT, qarTveli eris “mamamTavrebi” iyvnen. eduard SevardnaZem xazi
gausva saqarTvelos eklesiis mniSvnelobas, Tumca ganacxada, rom
eklesia saxelmwifosgan gamoyofilia da man saxelmwifos mxardamxar,
magram misgan damoukideblad unda izrunos qveynisa da sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaze. 100
informacia arCevnebisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf
146
SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom iqneboda saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garanti
da aRniSna, rom adamianuri ganzomileba saxelmwifo politikis umaRlesi
kriteriumia.
prezidentma misi mmarTvelobis erT-erT ZiriTad miznad,
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formirebasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba gamoacxada. SevardnaZis
SexedulebiT, am miznis miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo erovnul umciresobaTa
problemebis mogvarebis gareSe. konstituciis safuZvelze Seqmnil
prezidentis saxelmwifo programas unda uzrunveleyo yvela eTnikuri,
erovnuli, enobrivi umciresobis konstituciuri uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis realuri dacva. programa aseve iTvaliswinebda
politikur organizaciebTan konstruqciuli urTierTobebis,
pluralizmis, Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis principebis danergvas
(saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 34).
prezidents sakuTar mimarTvaSi Riad ar gaukeTebia aqcenti qveynis
sagaremo politikur kursze. igi zogadi gzavnilebiT Semoifargla,
mouwoda msoflio Tanamegobrobas demokratiuli wesrigisa da
usafrTxoebis dacvisken, postsabWoTa ganviTarebadi qveynebis
daxmarebisken, saerTaSriso sivrceSi maTi Rirseuli integraciis mizniT,
agreTve terorizmis, agresiuli separatizmisa da eqstremistuli
nacionalizmis winaaRmdeg brZolisken. SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom
uaxloes wlebSi kidev ufro amaRldeboda saqarTvelos, rogorc
damoukidebeli, demokratiuli, suverenuli qveynis imiji saerTaSoriso
asparezze (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 37).
miuxedavad imisa, rom sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT,
SevardnaZis sityvaSi mkafio gancxadeba ar gakeTebula, saxelmwifos
mowyobis is modeli, romelzec prezidenti saubrobda, TavisTavad
gulisxmobda dasavlur orientacias da evropul sistemasTan adaptacias.
“samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, Ria samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, socialurad
orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika, demokratia, suvereniteti,
Tavisufleba, konsitituciisa da kanonis uzenaesoba – ai, Cveni mTavari
147
miznebi da amocanebi,” – ganacxada SevardnaZem (saqarTvelos
prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 38).
3.2.1. adaptacia dasavlur samyarosTan
afxazeTis omis dros naTlad gamoCnda saqarTvelos sagareo
politikuri prioritetebis bundovani xasiaTi. saxelmwifos imJamindeli
meTauri, erTi mxriv, Riad uwodebda am oms saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris
dapirispirebas, xolo, meore mxriv, saqarTvelom ruseTTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebebiT daakanona ruseTis, rogorc Suamavlis roli qveyanaSi
arsebul eTnopolitikur kofliqtebSi. saxelmwifos teritoriaze
ruseTi sajariso SenaerTebis yofnas legaluri safuZveli Seeqmna
(kereseliZe 2012: 22). rogorc 1992-1995 wlebSi mimdinare procesebis
analizis dros davinaxeT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauri xSirad
saubrobda ruseTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebaze.
1994 wels gaformda CarCo-xelSekruleba ruseTis federaciasa da
saqarTvelos respublikas Soris megobrobis, keTilmezoblobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. es dokumenti moiwona da daamtkica
saqarTvelos parlamentma. antirusuli ganwyobebis fonze, saqarTvelos
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebac am
politikis nawilad unda miviCnioT. maSin es faqti eduard SevardnaZem
afxazeTis dabrunebis realuri perspeqtivis SenarCunebiT axsna.
miuxedavad politikis winaaRmdegobriobisa da bundovanebisa, igi
savsebiT logikurad SegviZlia avxsnaT, Tu gavixsenebT 1992-1993 wlebSi
saqarTveloSi arsebul viTarebas. qveynis danawevrebisa da
xelisuflebis dakargvis safrTxis qveS myofi eduard SevardnaZe misTvis
Cveuli lavirebis pragmatul politikas atarebda. mas Semdeg, rac man
SeinarCuna da ganimtkica xelisufleba, TandaTan Secvala sagareo-
politikuri prioriteti dasavleTis sasargeblod. Zalauflebis
formalizaciisa da gamyarebis procesi 1995 wlis konstituciiTa da
arCevnebiT dasrulda. SevardnaZis kursis cvla, erTi mxriv, ruseTis,
xolo, meore mxriv, saqarTveloSi arsebuli prorusuli Zalebis
148
ukmayofilebas iwvevda. erT-erTi versiiT, 1995 wels SevardnaZis
likvidacia swored prodasavluri kursis gamo surdaT.
1996 wlidan prezident SevardnaZis xelisuflebis sagareo-
politikuri kursi ukve mkveTrad ixreba dasavleTisken. urTierTobebi
gaZlierda dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebTan. 1996 wels daiwyo Crdiloatlantikuri
xelSekrulebis organizaciasTan (nato) kontaqtebis gaRrmaveba pirveli
individualuri partniorobis programis meSveobiT. 1999 wlidan, ruseTis
xelisuflebaSi vladimer putinis mosvlis Semdeg, ruseT-saqarTvelos
urTierTobebi gauaresda. saqarTvelo gamovida koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciidan. CeCneTis meore omis dros
saomar moqmedebebs gamoqceuli ltolvilebi pankisis xeobas moadgnen.
CeCeni mebrZolebis mfarvelobis sababiT, ruseTis samxedro aviaciam
ramdenjerme daarRvia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce (kereseliZe 2012: 23).
ruseTTan garTulebuli urTierTobebis fonze, saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam kidev ufro gaaRrmava TanamSromloba amerikis SeerTebul
StatebTan. 2002 wlidan aSS-m, saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosTan
erTad saqarTveloSi daiwyo wvrTnisa da aRWurvis erToblivi programis
ganxorcieleba. 1999 wlidan saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi CaerTnen
natos samSvidobo operaciebSi.
1999 wels euTos stambulis samitze miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba
ruseTis samxedro bazebis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gayvanis Sesaxeb,
romelic wlebis Semdeg, magram mainc Sesrulda.
saqarTvelo gawevrianda regionuli da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi – euToSi, Savi zRvis ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis organizaciaSi (biseki), msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi.
qveyanas regular finansur daxmarebas uwevdnen saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi da evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki.
1993 wlidan dasavleTs mzardi interesi gauCnda kaspiis zRvis auzis
navTobis resursebisadmi. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mxridan daiwyo
gacnobiTi vizitebi; SemuSavda saerTaSoriso strategiuli mniSvnelobis
energoproeqtebi. magaliTad, 1993 wels mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebis
149
xelmoweriT evrokavSirma samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan SeimuSava evropa-
kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefnis (traseka) programa, romelsac
saqarTveloc SeuerTda. saqarTvelo aseve gaxda baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
ZiriTadi milsadenisa da baqo-Tbilisi-erzerumis gazsadenis proeqtebis
nawili (kereseliZe 2012: 24).
dasavluri integraciis gzaze praqtikuli nabijebis paralelurad,
1996 wlidan gaZlierda prodasavluri ritorika. 1996 wlis aprilSi
saqarTvelom xeli moawera SeTanxmebas evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. prezident SevardnaZis mier luqsemburgSi
warmoTqmuli sityva sayuradRebo gzavnilebs Seicavda.101
prezidenti SeTanxmebaze xelmoweras istoriuls uwodebda, radgan
Cveni winaprebi gamudmebiT eZebdnen gzebs evropasTan dasaaxloeblad.
SevardnaZem ganacxada, rom maTi nafiqrali ukve realur konturebs
iZenda – gadaidga konkretuli nabijebi dasavluri integraciis
mimarTulebiT. SevardnaZis sityviT, evropasTan daaxloeba qarTveli
moRvaweebisTvis arasodes yofila ubralo axireba, isini naTlad
acnobierebdnen im aucilebel WeSmaritebas, rom swored evropaSi
Caisaxa da ganviTarda pirovnebis is paradigma, romlis mixedviT,
adamianTa modgma unda gaTavisuflebuliyo misive xeliT Semqnili
borkilebisgan. “dRevandeli evropis kavSiri civilizebuli integraciis
magaliTs warmoadgens da am TvalsazrisiT gzas ukvalavs danarCen
msoflios, maT Soris, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas”.
SevardnaZe Tvlida, rom evrointegracia ar ewinaaRmdegeboda dsT-s
interesebs, piriqiT, igi xels iwyobda am organizaciis Semdgom winsvlas.
SevardnaZe miiCnevda, rom evropuli struqturebis urTierTobas
axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoebTan sruliad gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba hqonda. Tuki rames SeeZlo, Seuqcevadi gaexada
demokratiuli gardaqmnebisa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesi,
xeli Seewyo teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisTvis, erovnul
umciresobaTa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvisTvis, es, pirvel rigSi,
evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT gafarToeba iyo.
101
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #76. 1996.
150
prezidenti kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda evropis mzardi interesiT
kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis mimarT, rasac evrokavSiri saqmiT adasturebda.
man madloba gadauxada evropul saxelmwifoebs sakvebi produqtebiT
momaragebis programebisTvis, romelmac qarTveli xalxis fizikur
gadarCenaSi didi wvlili Seitana. SevardnaZe imedovnebda, rom
daiwyeboda evropa-amerika-aziis satransporto derefnis proeqti,
romelsac man saukunis proeqti uwoda. misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi,
kavkasia aRidgenda Tavis istoriul funqcias – gaxdeboda kontinentebisa
da civilizaciebis damakavSirebeli xidi.
saqarTvelos amosvla samoqalaqo omis Waobidan da
saxelmwifoebriobis gzaze dadgoma SevardnaZem pirdapir daukavSira
evrokavSiris Zalisxmevasa da daxmarebas. “saqarTvelom, am sityvis
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, gamoiara jojoxeTi. es iyo yvelas omi yvelas
winaaRmdeg, kriminaluri bandebis TareSi, romlebmac qveyana gavlenis
sferoebad dayves”. prezidentis sityviT, cotac _ da qveyana sabolood
iqceoda kriminalur saxelmwifod. swored maSin, 1992 wlis zafxulSi,
evrokavSirma miiRo saqarTvelos daxmarebis istoriuli gadawyvetileba,
ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada Tvisebrivi cvlilebebi qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesSi. ailagma ukanono
SeiaraRebuli formirebebi da damyarda wesrigi.
1999 wlis 12 ianvris radiointerviuSi102 saqarTvelos prezidentma
mWidrod daakavSira erTmaneTTan saqarTvelos dasavluri integracia,
misi saerTaSoriso funqcia da qveyanaSi eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis
mogvareba. “abreSumis gzis” proeqtze saubrisas man ganacxada, rom
konfliqtebis mogvarebiT ruseTic unda yofiliyo dainteresebuli,
radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi uSualod CaerTveboda proeqtis
ganxorcielebaSi da umoklesi gziT daukavSirdeboda samxreTis bazrebs.
“aRorZinebul “abreSumis gzas” me megobrobisa da stabilurobis xidsac
davarqmevdi,” – ganacxada saqarTvelos prezidentma.
man aseve isaubra afxazeTis konfliqtze da Tqva, rom evropuli
uSiSroebis principebi SeuTavsebelia iseT konfliqtebTan, rogoric
102
gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #9. 1998.
151
afxazeTSi ganviTarda, ramdenadac arsebobs misi ufro farTo arealze
gavrcelebis safrTxe. SevardnaZis sityviT, evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis principebTan aseve SeuTavsebelia eTnowmenda, es ki
afxazeTis realobaa, romelic aRiarebulia euTos budapeStisa da
lisabonis samitebze. “nuravis daaviwydeba soxumSic da TbilisSic, rom
Cven evropuli sivrcis nawili varT, rac did pasuximgeblobas gvakisrebs
zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa upirobo aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT,” –
ganacxada man.
1999 wels saqarTvelo evrosabWos wevri gaxda. es faqti SeiZleba
miviCnioT postsabWoTa periodSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erT-erT
yvelaze mniSvnelovan warmatebad, romelic man evrointegraciis
mimarTulebiT gadadga. evrosabWos sxdomaze saqarTvelos parlamentis
Tavmjdomarem, zurab Jvaniam warmoTqva istoriuli sityvebi – “me var
qarTveli, maSasadame, var evropeli”, romelic Semdgomi periodis
saqarTvelos erTgvar lozungad iqca dasavluri integraciis gzaze.
Jvaniam aRniSna, rom sagareo-politikuri kursi evropisken ar iyo
mxolod prezidentis axireba, “es aris TiToeuli qarTvelis miswrafeba,
radgan samSoblos momavals vukavSirebT dabrunebas Cvens erTaderT
navsayudelSi – evropis Tavisufal erTa erTian ojaxSi,” – ganacxada
saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomarem (sonRulaSvili 2014: 9).
dasavlur sakanonmdeblo sivrcesTan adaptaciis TvalsazrisiT, erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 1999 wlis 14 ianvars miRebuli kanoni,
romlis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos moqalaqis piradobis damadasturebeli
mowmobebidan amoiRes eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis aRmniSvneli grafa
(Reisner 2010: 158). am faqtma qveynis politikur da inteleqtualur wreebSi
didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. stiven jonsi aRniSnavs, rom, miuxedavad
mravaleTnikuri Seferilobisa, qarTvelTa umravlesobas mainc
eTnonacionaluri sazogadoebis swams, rac am kanonis miRebiT
gamowveuli protestiT dadasturda (jonsi 2013: 205).
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda parlamentis saimigracio komitetis
Tavmjdomare guram SaraZe, romelmac ganacxada, rom erovnebis
aRmniSvneli grafis amoReba iqneboda qaris wisqvilebTan brZola,
152
romelic qarTvel ers axali safrTxis winaSe daayenebda: “gaivlis
ramdenime weliwadi da aRar gvecodineba, CvenTan mcxovreb 80 ersa da
erovnebas Soris qarTveloba kvlav umravlesoba aris Tu ara. aqedan
gamomdinare, Tu ar gvecodineba, rom umravlesobas warmovadgenT,
saxelmwifos saxelwodebis – saqarTvelo – datoveba, SesaZloa, kiTxvis
niSnis qveS dadges, gvetyvian – Tu ar xarT umravlesoba, ratom unda
erqvas am qveyanas saqarTvelo?”103 SaraZe erovnebis aRmniSvneli
rekvizitebis amoRebas adarebda saqarTvelos gasvlas “kosmopolitizmis
sacdel poligonze” (jonsi 2013: 31).
miuxedavad winaaRmdegobisa, kanoni mainc miiRes, rac, udaod,
wingadadmuli nabiji iyo evrointegraciisa da dasavlur sistemasTan
adaptaciis gzaze.
1999 da 2000 wlebSi saqarTveloSi kvlav gaimarTa saparlamento da
saprezidento arCevnebi. 1999 wlis 31 oqtombris saqarTvelos
parlamentis arCevnebSi “moqalaqeTa kavSirma” xmaTa 42% miiRo (85
mandati), amas daemata maJoritaruli arCevnebis wesiT gasuli 46
deputati; SevardnaZes kvlav hyavda saimedo dasayrdeni saqarTvelos
parlamentSi. sakanonmdeblo organoSi 51 adgili (25%) moipova blokma
“saqarTvelos aRorZineba”, aseve barieri gadalaxa politikurma
gaerTianebam “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” (7%).
2000 wlis 9 aprilis saprezidento arCevnebSi eduard SevardnaZem
kvlav damajereblad gaimarjva – oficialuri monacemebiT, mas
amomrCevelTa TiTqmis 80%-ma dauWira mxari.104
imave wlis 30 aprilis gaimarTa saqarTvelos prezidentis
inauguraciis ceremonia. SevardnaZem sakuTari sityva, 1995 wlis
sainauguracio sityvis msgavsad, kvlav religiuri ritorikiT daiwyo.
inauguraciis dRe, 30 aprili, daemTxva aRdgomis dResaswauls.
prezidentma es faqti “RvTis niSnad” miiCnia, romelmac migvaniSna, rom
“Cven yvelani SemovbrundiT RmerTisken, uzenaesis nebiT, Cveni
103
interviu guram SaraZesTan ix. bmulze: https://guramsharadze.wordpress.com/devnili/erovnebis-
rekviziti/ 104
informacia arCevnebis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf
153
saxelmwifoc aRsdga da aRmavlobis gzas daadga”. SevardnaZis sityviT,
arCevnebs da xalxis winaSe ficis dadebas sakraluri mniSvneloba
hqonda, radgan im wels qristes dabadebidan 2000, xolo saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 weli Sesrulda. SevardnaZem ganvlil 5 wels
uwoda gansakuTrebuli etapi saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 wlovan istoriaSi
(saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 39).
eduard SevardnaZem 1995 wels dasaxuli miznebis didi nawili
Sesrulebulad gamoacxada. misi sityviT, istoriulad umokles vadaSi –
4-5 weliwadSi – aSenda damoukidebeli da demokratiuli saxelmwifo. man
am faqts qarTveli xalxis istoriuli gamarjveba uwoda da ganacxada,
rom procesi Seuqcevadia da mas veRaraferi SeaCerebs. prezidentma xazi
gausva marTlwesrigis da kanonierebis damyarebas, ramac stabiluroba
moitana (saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 41).
aseve miRweulad gamocxadda 1995 wels dasaxuli kidev erTi mizani
– samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmna, radgan, SevardnaZis sityviT, qveyanaSi
ukve Semqnili iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis safuZvlebi.
sakuTar gamosvlaSi prezidentma saqarTvelos warmateba
evrointegraciis gzaze ganvlili 5 wlis muSaobasTan daakavSira:
“demokratiuli mSeneblobis, politikuri civilizaciisa da kulturis,
adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sferoSi mopovebuli
warmatebebis Sedegad gavxdiT evrosabWos wevri,” – ganacxada man
(saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 42).
SevardnaZem aseve xazi gausva erovnuli Serigebis mimarTulebiT
miRweul warmatebebs. prezidentis mier gamocemuli Sendobis
saprezidento aqtebi da dokumentebi, romlis Sedegad cixeebi datoves
“mxedrionelebma” da eqsprezident gamsaxurdias momxreebma, misi sityviT,
amaze miuTiTebda. “5 wlis win Cven saqme gvqonda erovnul
SeurigeblobasTan, gabzarul erovnul cnobierebasTan. minda mogaxsenoT,
rom didi samuSao Sesrulda erovnuli Serigebis, Tanxmobisa da
konsesusis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT,” – ganacxada saqarTvelos
prezidentma.
154
SevardnaZem aseve piroba dado, rom ganuxrelad daicavda erovnul
umciresobaTa interesebs. misi sityviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
eTnikuri speqtri mravalricxovani da mravalferovani iyo. Sesabamisad,
saWiro iyo erovnul umciresobaTa interesebis ukeT gaTvaliswineba
yoveldRiur politikaSi da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. prezidenti aseve
prioritetul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sxvadasxva konfesiis
warmomadgenlebTan konstruqciul urTierTobebs (saqarTvelos
prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 46).
SevardnaZem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo did saerTaSoriso
proeqtebs: baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-Tbilisi-sufsis navTobsadenebs,
transkaspiur gazsadenebs, romlebic axal perspeqtivebs uqmnida 21-e
saukunis saqarTvelos.
sainauguracio sityvaSi xazi gaesva saqarTvelos sagareo politikur
prioritetebs: evropasTan, pirvel rigSi, evrokavSirTan politikuri,
ekonimikuri da kulturuli TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas,
evroatlantikuri kavSiris saxelmwifoebTan da evroatlantikur
struqturebTan TanamSromlobis intensifikacias (saqarTvelos
prezidentebis sainauguracio sityvebi 2007: 50).
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 1995 wlidan dasavluri politikuri kursis
gaZlierebam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli samoqalaqo qarTuli
nacionaluri proeqtis Camoyalibebas. dasavlur organizaciebSi
gawevrianebisken swrafva da am mimarTulebiT miRweuli konkretuli
Sedegebi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da evropis saxelmwifoebTan
mWidro TanamSromloba TavisTavad moiTxovda saxelmwifos dasavluri
standartis Sesabamisad mowyobas da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis
mimarTulebis intensifikacias.
sagareo politikuri warmatebebis paralelurad, saqarTveloSi
kvlav rTuli socialuri da ekonomikuri procesebi mimdinarebda. kvlav
arsebobda samoqalaqo dapirispirebis recidivebi, romlebic
drogamoSvebiT iCenda Tavs. eqsprezident zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi
periodul saprotesto gamosvlebs awyobdnen da “kanonieri
155
xelisuflebis” aRdgenas moiTxovdnen. am mxriv unda aRiniSnos 1998 wels
momxdari ori gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis faqti.
9 Tebervals zviad gamsaxurdias momxre SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba,
romelsac gamsaxurdias gvardiis polkovniki goCa esebua da yofili
finansTa ministri guram absanZe xelmZRvanelobnen, Tavs daesxa eduard
SevardnaZis eskorts. SevardnaZes amjeradac gaumarTla da
saswaulebrivad gadaurCa sikvdils. Tavdamsxmelebma 5 Tviani sabrZolo
momzadeba CeCneTSi gaiares, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, am
TavdasxmaSic ruseTis kvali eria.105
meore SemTxveva imave wlis 19 oqtombers moxda. SuaRamisas senakis
samxedro brigadidan Tbilisisken tankebis kolona da ramdenime aseuli
jariskaci daiZra. amboxebulebs Tavdacvis saministros senakis brigadis
meTauris moadgile, polkovniki revaz asmava da specdaniSnulebis razm
“saturnis” Stabis ufrosi, polkovniki akaki eliava meTaurobdnen. orive
maTgani zviad gamsaxurdias erTguli samxedro piri iyo. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi mcire masStabis Setakebebic gaimarTa, Tumca centralurma
xelisuflebam SeZlo meamboxeebis drouli ganeitraleba.106
msgavsi faqtebi miuTiTebda, rom qveynis SigniT viTareba saxarbielo
ar iyo. amas emateboda rTuli ekonimikuri problemebi – 1990-iani wlebis
bolos da 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo korufciis da
Crdilovani ekonomikis WaobSi Caeflo. amas Tavad prezidenti
SevardnaZec acnobierebda. 2000 wlis aprilis sainauguracio sityvaSi man
Tqva, rom “Crdilovani ekonomika da korufcia angrevs saxelmwifos”, mis
winaaRmdeg brZola udidesi erovnuli da politikuri saqmea. “es
saqarTvelos yofna-aryofnis sakiTxia,” – ganacxada prezidentma da
gamoTqva iniciativa, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola specialuri
saprezidento programis safuZvelze gaZlierebuliyo. Tumca iniciativa
iniciativad darCa. rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis fonze
TandaTan gaizarda SevardnaZis xelisuflebis mimarT sazogadoebis
105
masalebi 1998 wlis 9 Tebervlis teraqtis Sesaxeb ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gamsaxurdias saxeliT” http://www.myvideo.ge/v/732288 106
masalebis 1998 wlis 19 oqtombris amboxebis Sesaxeb ix. Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli meomrebi” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxSFpksMPvU
156
ukmayofileba. 2000-iani wlebidan misma xelisuflebam rRveva daiwyo.
opoziciaSi gadavidnen SevardnaZis xelisuflebis erT-erTi yvelaze
Zlieri frTis liderebi – yofili iusticiis ministri mixeil
saakaSvili, yofili da moqmedi parlamentis Tavmjdomareebi zurab Jvania
da nino burjanaZe.
2003 wlis 2 noembris saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad kvlav
SevardnaZis mxardamWerma blokma “axali saqarTvelosTvis” gaimarjva.
arCevnebis gayalbebis motiviT, opoziciam saprotesto aqciebi wamoiwyo
da SeZlo sazogadoebis masobrivi mxarWeris mopoveba. yvelaferi 2003
wlis 23 noembers “vardebis” usisxlo revoluciiT dasrulda. 75 wlis
eduard SevardnaZe Tanamdebobidan gadadga, saqarTvelo ki postsabWoTa
transformaciis axal etapze gadavida.
157
daskvna
nacionalizmis kvlevis tradicia, romelic am sferos klasikosma
avtorebma (benediqt andersoni, ernest gelneri da sxvebi) Seqmnes, am
fenomenis imperiul sivrceebSi Seswavlas gulisxmobs. dekolonizaciis
procesis dawyebis Semdeg, mkvlevrebma daiwyes imaze fiqri, Tu rogoria
erebisa da sazogadoebebis momavali mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven
nacionalizmis ZiriTad mizans – damoukidebels politikuri erTeulis
formirebas. am mimarTulebiT kvleviTi procesi gansakuTrebiT “civi
omis” dasrulebisa da komunizmis damarcxebis Semdeg gaiSala. 1990-iani
wlebidan, yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da e. w. “socialisturi blokis”
teritoriaze bevri axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifosa da
damoukideblobis mosurne politikuri subieqtis gaCenas Tan sdevda
sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebi, eTnowmenda, genocidi. am movlenebSi
“brali” nacionalizms daedo, ramac mis mimarT interesis mkveTri zrda
gamoiwvia. erebis, nacionalizmis, nacionaluri proeqtebis
Camoyalibebisadmi winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba 1990-ian wlebamdec
arsebobda, me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi sakiTxma kidev ufro meti
aqtualuroba SeiZina.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cveni sadisertacio gamokvlevis erT-erT
ZiriTad sirTules swored meTodologiur midgomaTa mravalferovneba
da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi warmoadgenda. kvlevis sawyis etapze Cveni
mizani iyo relevanturi Teoriuli safuZvlis gansazRvra, rac
mravalferovan empiriul masalaSi orientaciis, sxvadasxva tipis
wyaroebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgenisa da met-naklebad
srulyofili suraTis aRdgenis saSualebas mogvcemda. Cveni gamokvleva
emyareba oficialuri dokumentebis, interviuebis, sajaro gamosvlebis,
mimarTvebis, dokumenturi (da ara marto) filmebis, telegadacemebis,
memuaruli literaturis, samecniero gamocemebis analizs, ris
safuZvelze vcadeT postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis
dinamikis Seswavla.
gamokvlevis pirvel nawilSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba qarTuli
nacionalizmis formirebasa da ganviTarebas imperiul sivrceebSi –
158
rogorc ruseTis imperiis, ise sabWoTa kavSiris dros. Sesabamisad, am
SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis saintereso iyo is Teoriuli midgomebi, romlebic
koloniuri sazogadoebebis nacionalur proeqtebs swavlobs.
nacionalizmis kvlevebis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze gamoiyo sami
ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgoma – primordializmi, eTnosimbolizmi da
modernizmi. pirveli maTgani erebisa da nacionalizmis safuZvlebs
adreul istoriul periodebSi eZebs da miiCnevs, rom individebi
imTaviTve konkretuli nacionaluri mikuTvnebulobis matareblebi arian.
rac Seexeba eTnosimbolizmsa da modernizms, isini nacionalizmisa da
erebis formirebas modernul, bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinare procesad warmogvidgens.
aRniSnul Teoriul paradigmaTa kontrastuloba, gakveulwilad,
saqarTvelos akademiur wreebSic aris asaxuli. qarTvel mkvlevarTa
didi nawili primordialistia, Tumca Tavad primordializms, rogorc
Teoriul midgomas, ar iyenebs. arsebobs mkvlevarTa meore, SedarebiT
mcire jgufi, romelic qarTuli nacionalizmisa da qarTveli eris
saTaveebs, am terminTa modernuli gagebiT, me-19 saukuneSi eZebs.
vfiqrobT, erebisa da nacionalizmis warmoSobis, maTi ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebis, nacionaluri proeqtebis dinamikisa da transformaciis
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi konkretuli Teoriuli midgomis
farglebSia Rirebuli, romelic sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis erTgvaer
CarCosa da garkveul pirobebs awesebs. Cveni SexedulebiT, qarTveli
erisa da qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibeba/ganviTarebis axsna
yvelaze ukeT modernistul da eTnosimbolistur TeoriaTa safuZvelze
SeiZleba. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa am midgomaTa erT-erTi
centraluri debuleba, romlic mixedviT nacionalizmi konstruirebuli
fenomenia – is elitebis mier Camoyalibebuli nacionaluri proeqtebis
realizebis Sedegia.
Cvens mier arCeuli Teoriis farglebSi, qarTuli nacionalizmi me-19
saukunis meore naxevridan Camoyalibebul fenomenad unda ganvixiloT.
pirveli qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis avtori “TergdaleulTa”
159
saxeliT cnobili qarTveli inteleqtualebis Taobaa, romelic
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis asparezze 1860-iani wlebidan gamovida.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi Seiqmna is obieqturi
realoba, romelmac saTave daudo qarTuli nacionalizmis Camoyalibebas.
modernuli qarTuli nacionaluri cnobierebis Seqmna mravalferovani
politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli procesebis erTobliobis
Sedegia. am realobam misca SesaZlebloba qarTvel inteleqtualebs,
SeeqmnaT pirveli qarTuli nacionaluri proeqti da gadaedgaT
konkretuli nabijebi mis gansaxorcieleblad. marTalia, Cveni kvlevis
obieqti ar yofila me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli
procesebi, magram qarTul nacionaluri proeqtis kvlevisas gverds ver
avuvlidiT misi Camoyalibebis saTaveebs.
Cveni aseve SevexeT 1970-ian wlebSi ganviTarebul procesebs. es
epoqa win uswrebs ZiriTad sakvlev periods da CvenTvis sainteresoa
imdenad, ramdenadac eTnikuri qarTuli nacionalizmi, romelmac Tavis
apogeas 1980-iani wlebis bolos miaRwia, saTaves 1970-ian wlebis
disidentur moZraobaSi iRebs.
saqarTveloSi araformaluri moZraoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda
1975 wlis Semdeg. am wels fineTis dedaqalaq helsinkSi gaformda
fundamenturi saerTaSoriso dokumenti, romlesac sabWoTa kavSiric
SeuerTda. sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebam, dasavleTTan ekonomikuri
kavSirebis sanacvlod, qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis valdebuleba
aiRo. SeTanxmebis gaformebas saqarTveloSi da sxva sabWoTa
respublikebSi araformaluri gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba mohyva.
saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli “helsinkis jgufs” (mogvianebiT “helsinkis
kavSiri”) saTaveSi Caudgnen erovnuli moZraobis momavali liderebi –
zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava da sxvebi. am periodis disidenturi
moZraoba ar iyo imdenad Zlieri, rom sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis
seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna, Tumca misi arseboba komunizmis
ideologebs mniSvnelovan diskomforts uqmnida. amis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mizezi is iyo, rom qarTveli disidentebi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom “helsinkis jgufis” Seqmnis mizani adamianis uflebebis dacva
160
iyo, aqcents mainc erovnuli Tavisuflebis miRwevaze akeTebdnen. amaze
1977-1978 wlebSi daarsebuli politikuri organizaciebis dasaxelebebic
metyvelebs – “respublikuri partia”, “saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebisaTvis
brZolis kavSiri”, “saqarTvelos erovnuli gaTavisuflebis organizacia”
da sxv.
Tu ronald grigor sunis davesexebiT, disidenturi moZraobis
SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvqoda araorTodoqsul, araoficialur
nacionalizmTan, romelic ar iyo Zlieri da gavleniani, Tumca mainc
aCvenebda sazogadoebis mcire nawilSi mimdinare procesebs (Suny 1994: 314).
disidenturi moZraobis paralelurad, 1970-1980-ian wlebSi, sazogadoebis
ZiriTad nawilSi TandaTan gabatonda e. w. “oficialuri nacionalizmi”,
nacionalisturi ganwyobebi, romelTa gamovlena ar izRudeboda
totalitaruli reJimis mier. es periodi qarTuli kulturisa da
sportis gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobis xanaa. xelovnebis esa Tu is sfero
(Teatri, kino), qarTuli mwerloba, sportis saxeobebi (fexburTi, Widaoba
da sxv.) did warmatebebs aRwevs. ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi, rodesac
nacionalizmis yovelgvari politikuri gamovlineba mkacrad iyo
SezRuduli, qarTveli xalxis nacionalisturi miswrafebebi swored
aRniSnul sferoebSi vlindeboda. warmatebebi ganixileboda, rogorc
qarTuli sazogadoebis erovnuli miRwevebi. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am
epoqaSi radikaluri disidenturi moZraoba da saxelmwifos mier
institucionalizebuli “oficialuri” nacionalizmi harmoniulad
Tanaarsebobda. aRniSnulis sailustraciod gamogvadgeba 1978 wlis
aprilSi qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli
movlenebi, aseve qarTveli inteligenciis nawilis protesti, romelic
imave periodSi qarTul enaze swavlebis SezRudvis mcdelobam gamoiwvia.
1970-1980-ian wlebSi qarTuli nacionalizmi kulturuli
nacionalizmis formiT Camoyalibda. britaneli mkvlevris jon
haTCinsonis SexedulebiT, kulturuli nacionalizmi erovnuli
sazogadoebebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. igi Tvlis, rom kulturuli
nacionalizmi, romelic eTnoistoriuli gamoRviZebiT, mSobliur enaze
zrunviT, literaturuli, sportuli Tu sxva saxis aqtivobebiT
161
xasiaTdeba, rogorc wesi, win uswrebs politikur nacionalizms. misi
mizani moraluri sazogadoebis (moral community) formireba da
politikuri moZraobisTvis niadagis Semzadebaa (Hutchinson 2013: 75).
1970-1980-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli procesebi,
garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, magram mainc naTlad Tavsdeba haTCinsonis
mier SemoTavazebul modelSi. am epoqis qarTuli nacionalizmi,
didwilad, kulturuli fenomenia, romelmac saTave daudo SemdgomSi
ganviTarebul politikur process.
1987 wlidan, sabWoTa kavSirSi “perestroikis” (gardaqmna) procesis
dawyebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraoba nel-nela gamovida
aralegaluri mdgomareobidan da antisabWoTa propaganda mosaxleobis
farTo fenebSi daiwyo. dasawyisSi erovnuli moZraoba ar atarebda
mkafiod politikur xasiaTs. qarTveli araformalebis protesti,
ZiriTadad, garemosa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisken iyo
mimarTuli. erovnuli moZraobis mesveurTa qmedebebi xSirad warmatebiT
mTavrdeboda, am faqtma xeli Seuwyo qarTuli nacionalizmis
radikaluri gziT ganviTarebas da mas quCis aqciebisa da
demonstraciebis forma misca. amave dros, warmatebulma quCis
saprotesto aqciebma qarTul sazogadoebaSi gamarjvebulis sindromis
gaCena gamoiwvia. erovnuli moZraobis sadaveebi mTlianad aRmoCnda
radikalurad ganwyobuli liderebis xelSi, romelTaTvis politikuri
miznis miRwevis umTavresi saSualeba Seurigebloba, manifestaciebi,
SimSilobebi da msgavsi saxis aqtivobebi gaxda. 1980-iani wlebis
miwuruls qarTul erovnuli moZraoba emociur fenomenad iqca, romelic
quCidan imarTeboda. radikali liderebis ritorikas, midgomebsa da
gadawyvetilebebs didwilad gansazRvravda ara racionalizmi, aramed
quCebSi da mitingebze arsebuli emociuri foni.
1988 wlis gazafxulidan saprotesto mitingebze ukve gaisma
mowodebebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovniT. 1989 wlis 9
aprils sabWoTa armiis mier mraval aTasiani mSvidobiani demontraciis
darbevam, romelsac msxverpli moyva, saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiridan
politikuri emansipaciis procesSi mowinave qveynad aqcia.
162
1980-iani wlebis bolodan qarTuli nacionalizmis gaZlierebam da
erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobam, sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare gardaqmnisa
da demokratizaciis procesis fonze, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra
saqarTvelos swrafi nabijebiT svla damoukideblobisken. komunisturi
xelisufleba TandaTan kargavda realur Zalauflebas da
gadawyvetilebebs erovnuli moZraobis karnaxiT iRebda. nacionalizmis
mkveTrma aRmasvlam da nacionalisturi ritorikis gabatonebam
saqarTvelos mmarTvel politikur elitas moqmedebis areali
mniSvnelovnad SeuzRuda da erovnuli moZraobis relsebze gadaiyvana.
sabolood, saqarTvelos gza damoukideblobisken 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris
mravalpartiul arCevnebSi komunisturi partiis damarcxebiT da 1991
wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgeniT dasrulda.
miuxedavad damoukideblobis gzaze miRweuli warmatebebisa,
mravaleTnikur saxelmwifoSi Sida stabilurobis SenarCuneba ar
moxerxda. qarTul eTnikur nacionalizms konfliqturad ganyobili
umciresobebis mxridan daupirispirda aseve radikaluri eTnikuri
nacionalizmi. zviad gamsaxurdias da misi politikuri gaerTianebis
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma
garkveuli transformacia ganicada da samoqalaqo moxasiaTeblebi
SeiZina. miuxedavad amisa, postsabWoTa epoqis dasawyisis qarTuli
nacionalizmi, bevri faqtoris zegavleniT, mainc eTnikuri formiT
ganviTarda. amas xels uwyobda Zlieri emociuri foni, xangrZlivi wyveta
saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciaSi, politikur liderTa gamoucdeloba;
mravalricxovan mitingebsa da demonstraciebze xSirad ismoda
mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis safrTxis Semcveli
mowodebebi. ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda gare Zala,
romelic saqarTveloSi mimdinare iracionalur process racionalurad
marTavda da xels uwyobda qveynis dezintegraciasa da samoqalaqo
dapirispirebas.
qarTuli nacionalizmi, romelmac damoukideblobis mopovebaSi
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, ukve suverenuli saxelmwifos pirobebSi,
ufro dezintegraciuli muxtis matarebeli aRmoCnda, vidre
163
gamaerTianebelis. qveyana qaosma, mZime politikurma da ekonomikurma
krizisma moicva. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi represirebulma da
CarCoebSi moqceulma qarTulma nacionalizmma mTeli ZaliT ifeTqa.
identobis krizisis, damoukideblobisken swrafvisa da sakuTari Tavis
Ziebis epoqaSi procesebis radikalizacia, garkveulwilad, obieqturi
realobaa. elitis radikalizmi da Seurigebloba srulad asaxavda
sazogadoebis did nawilSi arsebul ganwyobebs.
Cveni SexedulebiT, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom zviad gamsaxurdias
xelisuflebis dros saqarTveloSi siZulvilis ena da sxva eTnikuri
jgufebis mimarT Seuwynarebloba batonobda, mcdaria. gamsaxurdias
damokidebulebebi winaaRmdegobrivi iyo da naklebad hqonda
erTgvarovani xasiaTi. misi ritorika, erTi mxriv, mimarTuli iyo
qarTvelTa uflebebis dacvisken, xolo, meore mxriv, xazs usvamda sxva
jgufebTan pozitiuri urTierTobebis aucileblobas. es ukanaskneli
tendencia gansakuTrebiT 1991 wlidan gaZlierda. daCagruli qarTveli
eTnosis uflebebis aRdgenaze gadaWarbebuli saubari, arastabilur da
mowyvlad garemoSi, araqarTvelebSi SiSs da qarTuli nacionaluri
proeqtis mimarT undoblobas badebda. ra Tqma unda, am maxriv
gamsaxurdias nacionalizmi eTnikuri nacionalizmi iyo, Tumca ara
calsaxad mimarTuli sxvaTa uflebebis SezRudvisa da Cagvrisken.
sadisertacio naSromis meore nawilSi, romelic 1992-2003 wlebs
moicavs, SeviswavleT qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis dinamika eduard
SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis epoqaSi.
1992 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris yofili sagareo
saqmeTa ministri da saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri
komitetis yofili pirveli mdivani eduard SevardnaZe dabrunda da
saxelmwifos saTaveSi Caudga. mwvave samoqalaqo dapirispirebis
pirobebSi, romliTac SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis sawyisi periodi aRiniSna
(afxazeTis omi, dapirispireba zviad gamsaxurdiasTan), saxelmwifos
meTauris umTavresi sazrunavi mSvidobis damyareba da Serigebis
politikis ganxorcieleba gaxda. „stabiluroba“ SevardnaZis mier
SemoTavazebuli nacionaluri proeqtis umTavresi gzavnili iyo. misi
164
xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo deradikalizaciis procesi da qarTuli
nacionalizmi aqtiuri ideologiuri moZraobidan erTgvar pasiur fazaSi
gadavida. nacionalisturad ganwyobili radikaluri gaerTianebebi
TandaTan gaqrnen politikuri scenidan. qaosiT, arastabilurobiT,
ekonomikuri krizisiT, socialuri dezintegraciiT, kriminalTa TareSiT
mocul qveyanaSi SevardnaZes aseTi politikis gansaxorcieleblad
xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna. adamiani, romelic gamsaxurdias epoqaSi
saqarTvelos mtrebis sias edga saTaveSi da yvelaze saZulvel
pirovnebad iTvleboda, qveyanas mxsnelis rangSi daubrunda.
am periodidan iwyeba saqarTvelos mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebis
arsebobisTvis legaluri da konstituciuri safuZvlebis Seqmna. 1993
wlis martSi miRebul iqna kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelic
saqarTvelos yvela mcxovrebisTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebas specifikuri
moTxovnebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, qarTuli enis codna) gareSe
iTvaliswinebda. amave periodSi miRebul iqna kanoni moqalaqeTa sajaro
gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb, kanoni dawyebiTi ganaTlebis mSobliur enaze
miRebis Sesaxeb, rac umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT gadadgmuli
mniSvnelovani nabijebi iyo. moqalaqeebs, romlebic qarTul enas ar
flobdnen, sasamarTloebSi Tarjimnis gamoyenebis ufleba miecaT.
Tumca, amasTan erTad, separatizmis gaRvivebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,
aikrZala regionuli politikuri gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba. yvela
partias saerTo nacionaluri xasiaTi unda hqonoda. saqarTvelom yvela
formis rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb euTosa da gaeros
konvenciebis ratificireba moaxdina. amasTan erTad, ratificirda
adamianis uflebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb
evrosabWos konvencia.
afxazeTis omis mimdinareobisas, 1992-1993 wlebSi, saqarTvelos
lideris ritorika garkveul nacionalistur elfers atarebda.
samoqalaqo Tanxmobisa da Serigebisken mimarTul gzavnilebTan erTad,
eduard SevardnaZe, misi winamorbedis msgavsad, xSirad saubrobda
afxazeTSi qarTvelTa uflebebis SezRudvaze, eTnikuri afxazebis
arakanonier privilegiebze. igi cdilobda sazogadoebis mobilizebas
165
teritoriuli mTlianobis ideis garSemo. Tumca, mosaxleobis
polarizaciis gamo, es ar moxerxda.
afxazeTSi omis dasrulebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias gardacvalebis
Semdeg, qarTulma nacionalurma proeqtma sabolood miiRo samoqalaqo
forma. moqalaqeoba, Serigeba, tolerantoba saxelisuflebo ritorikis
ZiriTadi gzavnilebi gaxda.
1993 wels SevardnaZis iniciativiT dafuZnda gaerTianeba
„saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri“, romelic Semdgomi aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi yvelaze Zlieri poltikuri partia gaxda. axali
gaerTianebis mier deklarirebuli iyo samoqalaqo Rirebulebi, rac misi
saxelwodebidanac Canda. mis yvela wevrs, miuxedavad eTnikuri,
religiuri Tu sxva saxis mikuTvnebulobisa, Tanabari uflebebiT unda
esargebla. 1995 wels saxelmwifom miiRo konstitucia, riTac kidev ufro
gaamyara samoqalaqo konsolidaciis safuZvlebi.
Cveni azriT, 1990-aini wlebis Sua xanebidan samoqalaqo qarTuli
nacionaluri proeqtis formirebze ramdenime faqtorma moaxdina gavlena.
nacionalizmis umTavresi miznis miRwevis Semdeg, rac damoukidebeli,
suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas gulisxmobda, saqarTvelo axali
realobis winaSe aRmoCnda. arsebuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba,
ganmtkiceba, misi erTianoba da SekavSireba eTnikurobis ukana planze
gadawevas da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis Camoyalibebas iwvevs. aRniSnulma
tendenciebma, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo eTnikur niadagze dapirispirebis
Semcirebas dominant eTnossa da nacionalur umciresobebs Soris, xolo,
meore mxriv, Seanela nacionaluri mobilizaciis procesi da qarTuli
nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologiuri moZraoba, erTgvar statikur fazaSi
gadaiyvana. saxelisuflebo elitis umTavresi gzavnili _ “stabiluroba“
_ naTlad migvaniSnebs dinamikis Senelebaze. amave periodSi, oficialur
doneze, SegviZlia visaubroT, qarTvelisTvis, rogorc qarTuli
nacionaluri identobis matareblisTvis, kategoriis „Cven“ gafarToebaze,
misi aRqma ufro masStaburad xdeba. am kuTxiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania
1999 wels saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni, romlis
166
mixedviT, saqarTvelos moqalaqis piradobis damadasturebeli
mowmobebidan amoiRes eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis damadasturebeli grafa.
samoqalaqo nacionalizmis formirebisa da deradikalizaciis
procesSi mniSvnelovani iyo saxelisuflebo elitis cvlileba. sabWoTa
warsulma da pragmatulma midgomam eduard SevardnaZes Zveli sabWoTa
nomenklaturis garkveuli formiT „gacocxlebisa“ da xelisuflebaSi
dabrunebisken ubiZga. sabWoTa partiuli moxeleebi axali xelisuflebis
pirobebSi sakvanZo postebze mogvevlinnen da mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves
xeli nacionalisturi ritorikis Senelebas. maTTan erTad, wamyvan
poziciaze aRmoCnda prodasavlurad ganwyobili axalgazrda
politikosTa jgufi (momavali „vardebis revolucionerebi“), romelic 90-
iani wlebis bolos SevardnaZis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dasayrdeni iyo.
sabolood, politikosTa am or jgufs Soris SeuTanxmeblobam qveyanaSi
revoluciuri procesebi ganapiroba.
rodesac samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebisken gadadgmul
nabijebze vsaubrobT, aucileblad unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba sagareo
politikuri kursis cvlilebaze. miuxedavad ruseTis negatiuri rolisa
postsabWoTa periodis dasawyisSi ganviTarebul procesebSi da
samoqalaqo dapirispirebis gaRvivebaSi, problemebisadmi racionalurma
damokidebulebam da xelisuflebis SenarCunebisTvis zrunvam eduard
SevardnaZes prorusuli politikis gatarebisken ubiZga. 1993 wlis bolos
saqarTvelo Sevida „damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi“ (dsT),
1994 wels gaformda CarCo xelSekruleba ruseTis federaciasa da
saqarTvelos Soris megobrobis, keTilmezoblobisa da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb. ruseTis rekomendaciiT iniSnebodnen umaRlesi Tanamdebobis
pirebi.
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da zviad gamsaxurdias sabolood
damarcxebis Semdeg (raSic ruseTis federaciam mniSvnelovani roli
iTamaSa), SevardnaZem sagareo politikuri kursi TandaTan Secvala
dasavleTis sasargeblod. 1996 wlidan iwyeba natosTan kontaqtebis
gaRrmaveba individualuri partniorobis programis SemuSavebiT.
saqarTvelo CaerTo natos egidiT warmoebul samSvidobo operaciebSi.
167
qarTulma sajariso SenaerTebma 1999 wlidan monawileoba daiwyes
kosovos misiaSi. saerTaSoriso aRiarebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo gaxda
Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos wevri da maleve SeuerTda
programas „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis“. 1999 wels qveyana evropis
sabWoSi Sevida, sadac parlamentis imJamindelma Tavjdomarem zurab
Jvaniam warmoTqva cnobili sityvebi „me var qarTveli da, maSasadame, var
evropeli“.
prodasavlurma kursma, Crdilo atlantikur struqturebSi
integraciis procesma deradikalizaciasa da samoqalaqo identobis
formirebas Seuwyo xeli. evroatlantikuri integracia gulisxmobda
dasavluri faseulobebis aRiarebas rogorc ritorikis, aseve
sakanonmdeblo doneze, ramac, Tavis mxriv, samoqalaqo identobis
Camoyalibebas Seuqmna safuZveli. am TvalsazrisiT saintereso paraleli
ivleba baltiispireTSi, kerZod, litvaSi 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi
ganviTarebul movlenebTan. nacionalizmis mkvlevari teri klarki
aRniSnavs, rom dasavlurma politikurma veqtorma, natosa da
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisaken miswrafebam litva eTnopolitikur
dapirispirebebs aarida da iq samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTareba
ganapiroba (Clark 2006: 162).
deradikalizaciisa da stabilizaciis procesSi miRweuli warmatebis
miuxedavad, eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis ukanaskneli wlebi
saxelmwifo institutebis moSliT, stagnaciiT da mZime ekonomikuri
problemebiT aRiniSna. stabiluroba degradaciaSi gadaizarda,
saxelmwifo korufciis WaobSi aRmoCnda. mmarTvel gunds prodasavluri
axalgazrduli frTa gamoeyo, romelic Zlier opoziciur dajgufebad da
xelisuflebis ZiriTad alternativad iqca. eduard SevardnaZis
xelisufleba 2003 wlis noemberSi “vardebis revoluciis” gziT
mSvidobianad Seicvala.
sadisertacio naSromSi SevecadeT gveCvenebina nacionalizmisa da
eTnikurobis kvlevebSi arsebuli aqtualuri sakiTxebi, mimdinare
Teoriuli debatebi, am fonze gagveazrebina postsabWoTa qarTuli
nacionaluri proeqtis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi da misi dinamika. me-20
168
saukunis 80-iani wlebidan 2003 wlamde saqarTveloSi nacionalizmis
ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi gamoiyofa. saqarTvelos SemTxveva
nacionalizmis fenomenis winaaRmdegobriobis da misi araerTgvarovani
bunebis naTeli magaliTia. erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo
wlebSi nacionalizmma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana erovnuli
moZraobis aRmavlobaSi, sazogadoebis konsolidaciasa da
damoukideblobis mopovebaSi, meore mxriv ki, ukve damoukidebel qveyanaSi
socialuri da teritoriuli dezintegraciis erT-erT xelisSemwyob
faqtorad iqca.
mogviano periodSi, saxelisuflebo elitam inkluziuri
nacionaluri proeqtis Camoyalibebis gziT scada mSvidobisa da
Tanxmobis miRweva, saqarTvelos mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebis
stabiluri arsebobis uzrunvelyofa. vfiqrobT, rom eduard SevardnaZis
xelisuflebam SeZlo samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTarebisTvis
legaluri safuZvlis Seqmna da zogierTi mimarTulebiT xelSesaxeb
warmatebasac miaRwia. miuxedavad amisa, mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri
viTarebis pirobebSi, nacionaluri proeqtis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis
gzaze qmediTi nabijebis gadadgma ar moxerxda.
postsabWoTa qarTuli nacionaluri proeqtis kvlevisas naTlad
gamoCnda, rom mis formasa da tipze didwilad aris damokidebuli
qveynis bedi, stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba. nacionalizmi rTuli
fenomenia, romelic interdisciplinur Seswavlas moiTxovs, Sesabamisad,
naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi Semdgom kopleqsur kvlevasa da analizs
saWiroebs.
169
gamoyenebuli literatura
samecniero literatura
1) andersoni, b. warmosaxviTi sazogadoebani: mosazrebani
nacionalizmis warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi,
„socialur mecnierebaTa centri“, 2003
2) afrasiZe, d. „saxelmwifosa da eris formireba Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi: dausrulebeli proeqti? kreb. qarTveli eris
dabadeba, „ilias universitetis gamomcemloba“, 2009
3) gamsaxurdia, z. saqarTvelos sulieri misia, Tbilisi, “ganaTleba”,
1990
4) gaCeCilaZe, r. Cemi meoce saukune, II tomi, Tbilisi, “bakur
sulakauris gamomcemloba”, 2011
5) gelneri, e. erebi da nacionalizmi. Tbilisi, “nekeri”, 2003
6) golci, t. saqarTvelo: omisa da politikuri qaosis qronika
postsabWoTa kavkasiaSi. Tbilisi, “artanuji”, 2014
7) gverdwiTeli, g. (Semdg.) statiebis krebuli “9 aprili”, Tbilisi,
“merani”, 1990;
8) daviTaSvili, z. nacionalizmi da globalizacia, Tbilisi,
„socialur mecnierebaTa centri“, 2003
9) ioseliani, j. sami ganzomileba, Tbilisi, „bakur sulakauris
gamomcemloba“, 2013
10) kereseliZe, n. “saqarTvelos sagareo politika ruseTTan
mimarTebaSi 1991-2013 wlebSi”, Jurn. “civilizaciuri Ziebani”,
Tbilisi, “Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba”, 2012
11) macaberiZe, m. (red,) saqarTvelos prezidentebis sainauguracio
sityvebi, Tbilisi, “axali azri”, 2007
12) mWedliZe, g. istoria udistanciod (mRelvare 1988-1995 wlebis
qronikebi), quTaisi, 1999
13) nodia, g. “saqarTvelo: mowyvladobis ganzomilebebi”,
saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba: saqarTvelo “vardebis
revoluciis” Semdeg, Tbilisi, “MIT Press”, 2006
170
14) nodia, g. „qarTuli erovnuli ideis komponentebi: zogadi monaxazi,“
kreb. qarTveli eris dabadeba, „ilias universitetis gamomcemloba“,
2009
15) patiaSvili, j. 23 wlis Semdeg, Tbilisi, „palitra L“, 2013
16) saluaSvili, m. mrgvali magidis istoria, Tbilisi 1996
17) saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uzenaesi sabWos
uwyebebi, #11, 1988.
18) smiTi, a. d. nacionalizmi: Teoria, ideologia, istoria, Tbilisi
„artanuji“, 2004
19) sonRulaSvili a. “9 aprilis sisxliani tragedia”. Tbilisi,
“mecniereba”, 1999
20) sonRulaSvili, n. saqarTvelo da dasavleTi: urTierTobis
ZiriTadi Strixebi 1991-2000, Tbilisi, “universali”, 2014
21) SevardnaZe, e. fiqri warsulsa da momavalze. Tbilisi, „palitra L“,
2006
22) SveliZe, d. politikuri dapirispirebebi da erovnuli
xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992). Tbilisi,
„universali“, 2008
23) CxartiSvili, m. mania, q. qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis
procesis asaxva beWdur mediaSi, Tbilisi, “inteleqti”, 2011
24) janeliZe, o. saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria, Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009
25) jonsi, s. socializmi qarTul ferebSi: social-demokratiis
evropuli gza (1883-1917), Tbilisi, „ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007
26) jonsi, st. saqarTvelo: politikuri istoria damoukideblobis
Semdeg, Tbilisi, „socialur mecnierebaTa centri“, 2013
27) heCteri, m. nacionalizmis SeCereba, Tbilisi, “socialur
mecnierebaTa centri”, 2007
28) hobsbaumi, e. erebi da nacionalizmi 1780 wlidan, Tbilisi, „ilias
saxelmwifo universiteti gamomcemloba“, 2012
29) Bagehot, W. Physics and Politics, New York, “Cosimo Classic”, 1972
171
30) Barrington W. L. “Nationalism & Independence”, After Independence: Making and
Protection the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist states, Michigan, „The
University of Mihcigan Press“, 2006
31) Bremmer, I. „The Post-Soviet Nations After Independence“, Making and Protection the
Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist states, Michigan, „The University of
Mihcigan Press“, 2006
32) Brubaker, R. Ethnicity without Groups, Cambridge, “Harvard University Press”, 2006
33) Brubaker, R. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and National Question Reframed in the
New Europe, Cambridge, “Cambridge University Press”, 1996
34) Connor, W. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, Princeton, “Princeton
University Press”, 1993
35) Dieckhpff, A. Jaffrelot, C. Revisiting Nationalism: Theories and Processes, London,
„Palgrave Macmillan“, 2005
36) Greenfeld, Liah. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity, Cambridge, “Harvard University
Press”, 1993
37) Hobsbawm, E. Ranger, T. (eds) The invention of Tradition, Cambridge, „Cambridge
University Press“, 1983
38) Hroch, M. Social Precondition of National Revival in Europe, New York, „Columbia
University Press“, 2000
39) Hutchinson, J. „Cultural Nationalism“, Oxford Handbook of the Hostory of Nationalism,
Oxford, „Oxford University Press“, 2013
40) Jones, St. „Georgia: Nationalism from Under the Rubble“, Making and Protection the
Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist states, Michigan, „The University of
Mihcigan Press“, 2006
41) Jorgensen, M. Phillips. J. L. Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method, London, “Sage
publication”, 2002
42) Reisner, O. Between State and Nation Building - The Debate about ‘Ethnicity’ in
Georgian Citizens’ ID Cards. In Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on
Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context. Françoise Companjen, László
Marácz, Lia Versteegh (eds.). Amsterdam: Pallas Publication, 2010
43) Sabanadze, N. „Georgia’s Ethnic Diversity: A Challenge to State-building“, The Making
of Modern Georgia: 1918-2012, Oxford, „Routledge“, 2014
172
44) Sabanadze, N. Globalization and Nationalism: the Cases of Georgia and the Basque
Country, Budapest, „CEU Press“, 2010
Suny, G. R. The Making of Georgian Nation, Bloomington, „Indiana University Press“,
1994
45) Wheatley, J. Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution. USA, „Ashgate“,
2005
wyaroebi:
46) Jurnali “iveria”. #12. 1881.
47) gaz. “axali saqarTvelo”. # 2-3. 1990.
48) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 3. 1990.
49) gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. # 52. 1990.
50) gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. # 123. 1990.
51) gaz. “axalgazrda iverieli”. # 125. 1990.
52) gaz. “aRdgoma”. # 17. 1992.
53) gaz. “aRdgoma”. # 22. 1992.
54) gaz. “erovnuli fronti”. # 3. 1992.
55) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 2. 1990.
56) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 61. 1991.
57) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 62-63. 1991.
58) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 124-125. 1991.
59) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 130. 1991.
60) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #70, 1991.
61) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #99-100. 1991.
62) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 136. 1992.
63) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” #144. 1992.
64) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 147. 1992.
65) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 176. 1992.
66) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 196. 1992.
67) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 210-211. 1992.
68) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 221. 1992.
69) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 245. 1992.
173
70) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 250. 1992.
71) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 7. 1993.
72) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 251. 1993.
73) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 172. 1994.
74) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika” # 43. 1994.
75) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 194. 1994.
76) gaz “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 24. 1995.
77) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 30. 1995.
78) gaz “saqarTvelos respublika”. # 60. 1995.
79) gaz. saqarTvelos respublika”. #83. 1995.
80) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #147. 1995.
81) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #76. 1996.
82) gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”. #9. 1998.
dokumenturi filmebi
83) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “samocdaaTianelebi”:
http://www.myvideo.ge/v/2003210
84) Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “9 aprilidan 9 aprilamde”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KRiXsPfx0o
85) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “soxumis ukanaskneli dRe”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3kBgJ1JNdc
86) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “zviad gamsaxurdias
ukanaskneli dReebi” http://rustavi2.com/ka/video/7954?v=2
87) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “gamsaxurdias saxeliT”
http://www.myvideo.ge/v/732288
88) Toma CageliSvilis dokumentur filmSi “gamsaxurdias ukanaskneli
meomrebi” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxSFpksMPvU
89) Toma CageliSvilis dokumenturi filmi “gangsteruli saqarTvelo”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioTmNY7ZTVk
90) sofo mosiZis saavtori gadacema “mowyvite wami”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVvTq4Cq84o
174
91) sofo mosiZis saavtoro gadacema “amxedrebul meamboxeTa saga”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3q77MWL0HU
92) dokumenturი filmi “afxazeTis omi”.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkBNQu11UH0
eleqtronuli resursebi
93) zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG4ZNR5hgLI
94) zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wq_LTL9CcxM
95) zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla “saxalxo frontis” yrilobaze
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFrs6iBDmlA
96) zviad gamsaxurdias gamosvla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72KuwEHRF7s
97) jaba ioselianis mimarTva https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4jk7RuGOkc
98) eduard SevardnaZis gamosvla https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9z5OJ7mVJ
99) videomasala “Rirsebis sasamarTlo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7v6zHKQ3bc
100) zurab WavWavaZis gamosvla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLkaCNjennI
101) interviu zurab WavWavaZesTan
http://geoindependence.net/2014/11/22/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1
%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%
83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-
%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-
%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3/
102) gazeTi “24 saaTi”, 2010 wlis 30 maisi
http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/6911-shavlego
103) informacia lixnis Tavyrilobis Sesaxeb
http://experti.ge/kartuli7.htm
104) centraluri saarCevno komisiis veb gverdi:
http://www.cesko.ge/files/TEA/archevnebisistoria/geohistory.pdf
175
105) kanoni “afxazeTis assr konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da
damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb” ix.: http://abkhaziajustice.gov.ge/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/47.pdf
106) informacia dagomisis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb:
http://www.ghn.ge/print.php?print=111706
107) kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb
http://mra.gov.ge/res/docs/2013110412031013274.pdf
108) saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia
http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68
109) saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis
konstitucia http://constcommission.ge/1921
110) interviu guram SaraZesTan ix. bmulze:
https://guramsharadze.wordpress.com/devnili/erovnebis-rekviziti/