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Space nutritionHistory and future challenges

Csar Alonso Rodrguez

CIMA

Centro de Instruccin de Medicina Aeroespacial

Madrid

La semana delEspacioIFEMA Madrid 12-15 de mayo 2011


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Relationship between man and the Earth planet

throughout the evolution

2 millon years

Direct contactwith the Earth

surface

Last century

Higher, longer and

faster flightsAlonso C 2006

1961

First manned

space flight

1783

First manned

balloon flight
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Man is the weak link of the

spacecraft-cosmonaut binomium*

* Concept introduced by R. Hickmanfor modern fighter aircrafts


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Spaceflight human hazards

Microgravity

Radiations

Noise

Work overload

Psychosocial

problems

Sleep

deprivation

Motion

sickness

Confinement

EVA

Countermeasures-Selection

-Training

-Nutrition

-Exercise

Lack of

pressure


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Space flight physiological changes that influence nutrition

Microgravity

Headward fluid shifts

Blood

volume muscle mass

Weight loss

Space motion

sickness

Facial

congestionNasal

congestion

Taste

Appetite

bones calcium

smell

Energy

intake

Physical activity Heat

CO2

Nauseas

GI disturb.


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Space nutritionCircumstances

Space crew health

To supply proper energy and

nutrients intake

To protect from radiations

Acceptability ( smell and taste)

Easy digestion

To avoid monotony

Operations

Reduce weigth and volume of meal

and its packages

Reduce meal preparation time bycrew

Mnimal amount of food and

package residues
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg


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Space nutritionGeneral Issues

Caloric requirement: 36- 44 Kcal/Kg/day

- Men >30 years: 1.7 (11.6 weight+879) Kcal/d.

- Women >30 years: 1.6 (8.7weight+ 829) Kcal/d Proteins:1g/kg/d ~12-15 % ( 34 a 149 g/day)

animal / vegetal ratio 60/40

Lipids: 150 g/d ~ 25-30 % ( 11- 42 %)

Carbohydrates ~55% (37-72 %)

Fiber

Water 2000cc/d

Minimizing bone loss -Ca 1200 mg/d

- P


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Space nutrition

Types of space food

-- Rehydratable foodRehydratable food

-- Thermostabilized foodThermostabilized food

-- Intermediate moisture foodIntermediate moisture food

-- Natural form foodNatural form food-- Irradiated foodIrradiated food

-- Frozen foodFrozen food

-- Refrigerated foodRefrigerated food

-- Fresh foodFresh food

-- CondimentsCondiments

Most of them are commercially available
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpg


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Soups

chicken soupcream of mushrooms .

Casseroles

pasta and cheesechicken and rice.

Breakfast

Scrambled eggs with cereals

Beverages

Coffee, tea, fruit juices, cider.

Space food

Rehydratable food

Water is removed from foods

(freeze drying)

They keep essential fatty

acids and flavour

Packages of flexible materialwith adaptor

Water is replaced prior to

consuming foods and drinks

Space n trition


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Thermostabilizedfood

Heat processed to destroy microorganisms andenzymes that cause spoilage.

Individual servings are available in aluminum cansthat can be opened by pulling a tab, flexible

packages or plastic cups.Examples ofthermostabilized food

- The majority of fruits and fish ( salmon and tuna fish) ineasy opening cans

- Many dishes ( combinations of veal, chicken or ham withmushrooms, tomato or eggplant) in flexible pouches.- The puddings in plastic cups

Intermediate moisture foods. They arepartially dehydrated to avoid the bacterial growth,preserving a soft texture that allows to have themwithout extra handling.

Examples ofi.m.f

- dried peaches, pears, apricots.- beef jerky

Space nutrition

Thermostabil ized food and intermediate moisture food


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Natural form food Ready to eat, inflexibles pouches.

- peanuts, nuts, cookies, brownies

Irradiated food They are sterilized by ionizingradiation, packaged in flexible foil pouches andcan be stored at room temperature.

- Beef steak, smoked turkey

Condiments. Polyethylen packages containingketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, liquid pepperand salt.

Space nutrition

Natural form food, irradiated food and condiments


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Aries I

Mercury1962-65

Gemini1965-66

Apollo1967-72

STS1981-11

Skylab1973-74

ISS 2000-16

The USA space racePast present and future


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Space nutrition

Project Mercury 1962-1965

Major meal prior to the launch

Objective: Diet easy to chew, to swallow and to digest

Men consisting on

meat, vegetables and fruits presented as

- bite-size cubes

- pouches of freeze-dehydrated food,difficult to rehydrate

- aluminum toothpaste type tubes. The semilquid content wassqueeze through a straw into the mouth Ternera

con

verduras


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Space nutrition

Project Mercury

John Glenn 20.02.1962 4h. 55min 3 orb

first american astronaut eating while in orbit

Menu- Apple Pure 80 Kc

- Beef gravy 130 Kc

- Beef & vegetables 60 Kc


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Space nutrition

Project Gemini

Cubes coated with a edible gelatine

No more aluminum tubes

More variety, mostly freeze-drying dehydrated

foods with better packaging.

On board water generation from the fuel cells

Water was injected into the packagethroug the nozzle of a water gun

(21C temperature ), turning into a pure


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Space nutrition

Project A p o l l o 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 7 2

Bigger variety of foods

Hot (67C)and ambient temperature

water available for reconstituing foodand beverages improving taste

Spoon bowl container for rehydratablefood

Introduction of thermostabilized foods inflexible pouches and plastic aluminumfoils

Individual servings

Apollo spoonbowl

Cerealswithfruits


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Space nutrition

Project Skylab1973-1974

Dining area with

-freezer-refrigerator

- table with trays to hold and warmdishes.

-collapsible beverage dispensers.

Rehyd 49%, T-E 24%, Nat F.15%,

Cong/ refr 11%, Irrad 1%

Space nutrition


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Space nutrition

space shuttle 1981-2011

Rehydratation station

Air convenction oven

Food drawers

Fixing food on trays velcroed

to middeck stowage lockers Food tray with eating utensils

No freezer

no refrigerator

Galley in orbiters middeck

The Soviet Union and Rusian Federation space race.


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Vostok1961-63

Voskhod1964-65

Soyuz 1967-

2011

MIR1991-2001Salyut

1971-82

ISS2000-10s

The Soviet Union and Rusian Federation space race.Past, present and future


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Space nutrition

Project Vostok 2

6. 08.1961. 25.3 hour duration 17 orbitsGherman Stepanovich TitovFirst cosmonaut/ man to have a meal in space

Menu: three tubes containing:

Vegetales puree

liver pate

fruit juice

Space nutrition
http://paginassueltasydecolores.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/german.jpg


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Cosmonaut menu using aluminum tubes. 1972

Cosmonaut beverages packages

Bite sized noncrumbling bread 1972

Space nutrition

Russian space race

Soyuz, Salyuz, MIR

So y u z m i ss i o n s

Energy intake~2800-3000 Kcal

Protein ~140 g/dCarbohydrates~ 345 g/d

S t iti


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Space nutrition

MIR Space Station1991-2001

Features

Choices of reshydratable,thermostabilized,intermediate moisture and natural form food

Fresh food available at intervals with the Russian Progress spacecraft arrivals Most drinking water is recycled

Rehydration and heating stations available

No freezers nor refrigerators

Big selection of dishes supplying ~3000 Kcal/ cosmonaut/day

Space nutrition


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Space nutrition

International Space Station

It has freezers and

refrigerators

No capacity to produce

extra water because theelectric power is generated

by solar arrays

Water recycled from the airand other sources is not

enough for the food system

Foods heated in MW and air

convection ovens


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Space nutrition


Foods

Type of food Examples % of total

Rehydratable meals Freeze-drying Potatos/

shrimps

20

Rehydratable drinks Tea, coffee, juices 22

Thermostabilized Cans and pouches 30

Irradiated Some meats 3

Natural form cookies, nuts 10

Frozen; Refrigerated Fruits ,vegretables 20- 25
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ISSSpaceFoodsAssortment.jpg


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Food systems

Daily Menu

EVA food

Sa f e H a v e n Fo o d ISS Frozen food storage


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Future long duration manned space missions

Is the human physiology the limiting factor?

1903

lunarstation

Return tothe moon

MARS

Medical risks

-Accidents -Surgical diseases-Cancer -Cardiovascular diseases

-Malnutrition -Medical diseases

-Hearing loss -Decompression sickness

- Mental disorders

Time records of human space


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Valeryi Poliakov

The longest single human spaceflight437,7 days.

MIR Station 8.01.1994 a 22.03.1995

Sergei Krikalev

Cumulative stay of 804 days in outer space

achieved in 6 space flights

Time records of human space

staying


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Cademia

Rusian Academy of Sciencies project in colaboration with ESA toinvestigate the medical and psychological consequences of a

Mars journey.

pace nu r onMars Space Mission


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Mars Space Mission

Difficuly to maintain the nutrition properties, the taste and aroma of many food

items for more than one year

Vacuum packaged apple servings : 1)recently ; 2)after 2 yearsFoil and plastic laminate provide a longer product shelf life but not enoughfor long-duration space missions.

Space nutrition


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Bio-regenerative life support model

Green PlantsO2

Edible plants

warehouse

CO2

waste

water minerals

Light

400- 700 nm

Adaptado de Mitchell 1994


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Space Experiment Research

and Processing Lab

Biomass chamber production

Soybean Astroculture ISS

SeedlessTomatos STS-63

Space Potatos

Future long-duration


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gspace flights

Selection and trainingof space surgeons


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Thank for

yourattention

Dr. Cesar Alonso

CIMA

caloro1 @oc.mde.es

La semana del espacio

IFEMA. Madrid 12- 15 de mayo del 2011

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