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K.U.Leuven
George Danezis1 and Alfredo Rial1,2
Privacy-Preserving Smart Metering
1Microsoft Research Cambridge2KULeuven ESAT/SCD/COSIC – IBBT, Belgium
WPES17 / 10 / 2011
Privacy-preserving Smart Metering 17 October 2011
17 October 2011
• Introduction to smart metering and privacy• System Model• Our Protocol
o Constructiono Implementation
• Conclusion
Index
2Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
17 October 2011
1 – INTRODUCTION
3Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://overview.ge-energy.com/energyservices/index.jsp
17 October 2011
4Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Smart Grid
Power generation
Power transmission Power distribution
Industrial Customers
Residential Customers
Commercial Customers
Data communication
Electricity trasmission
New communication channels!
17 October 2011
Smart Meter
5Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
• Reports fine-grained consumption data• Receives commands: switch-off, change to prepaid mode, etc.• Interaction via a user-friendly interface
http://legalplanet.wordpress.com/2010/08/20/smart-meters-and-smart-regulation/ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/07/
17 October 2011
ADVANTAGES
6Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
• Efficient Delivery
• Prevention of Outages
• Self-healing grid
http://www.fresnobee.com/2010/02/26/1838492/editorial-cartoon-pges-smart-meters.html
17 October 2011
ADVANTAGES
7Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://www.boost-energy.com/boost/davidblog.html
17 October 2011
ADVANTAGES
8Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
ELECTRICITY SAVING VIA MATCHING GENERATION AND DEMAND
http://blog.news-record.com/opinion/letters/archives/2007/10/cartoon_took_cheap_shot_at_ove.shtml
17 October 2011
ADVANTAGES
9Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
HELPUSERSSAVE
ENERGYhttp://www.greenbang.com/jurdy-hair-raising-energy-consumption_14998.html
17 October 2011
• USA: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007o American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009, $4.5bn)
• EU: Directive 2009/72/EC• UK: deployment of 47 million smart meters by 2020
DEPLOYMENT
10Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://www.ci.royal-oak.mi.us/portal/book/export/html/1751 http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/05/obama-finally-starts-talking-clean-energy-wake-gulf-spill.php
17 October 2011
2 - PRIVACY THREATS
11Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://turn.org/article.php?id=875
17 October 2011
Fine-Grained Consumption Data
12Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
17 October 2011
Privacy Concerns
13Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Personal Information can be inferred:• When you are at
home• Which appliances
you use• When you eat• Whether you
arrive late to work
http://www.zazzle.co.uk/obamas_smart_metre_is_communism_tshirt-235996664492570554
17 October 2011
Privacy Concerns
14Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://forcechange.com/2009/02/10/google-jumps-into-the-smart-meter-industry-and-debate/
17 October 2011
Social Pressure
15Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2010/08/26/18656872.php
17 October 2011
Consequences
16Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
“The Dutch First Chamber considers the mandatory nature of smart metering as an unacceptable infringement of citizens’ privacy and security”
http://turn.org/article.php?id=1154
17 October 2011
3 – SYSTEM MODEL
17Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://antennagroup.com/transmissions/tag/conferences/
17 October 2011
ENTITIES
18Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Provider (P) User (U) Meter (M)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8042716.stm
http://www.daylife.com/photo/04SSd1bgHS0Tp
17 October 2011
• P is assured that U reports correct fee
• P does not learn (cons, other)
• P cannot claim U must pay fee’
SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
19Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://www.inkity.com/catalog/product/2/2077/Shaking-On-Money-Deal.html
http://apcit.blogspot.com/
http://www.billboardmama.com/recording-connection-scam-p-1017.html
17 October 2011
• M should be tamper-resistant
• No direct uplink from M to P
ASSUMPTIONS
20Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/report-smart-meters-have-security-holes-that-could-allow-hackers-access-to-grid/5532/
http://trac.cyberduck.ch/wiki/help/en/howto/googledocs
17 October 2011
M, U, P interact in five phases:• Setup & Initialization• Consumption Phase• Payment Phase• Policies
4 – Our Protocol
21Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://www.imetertechnology.com/
17 October 2011
Setup Phase
22Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Compute key pair
Compute key pair Compute key pair
Compute commitment params
17 October 2011
Initialization Phase
23Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Choose pricing policy
Signs pricing policy
Υ 𝑠={𝜎 }Υ 𝑠
Verify signed policy
17 October 2011
Consumption Phase
24Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Read
Commits to consumption and other
Signs commitments
(𝜎 ,𝑑𝑀 ,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠 ,𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠 , h𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑟 ,𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 h𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑟 )Verifies commitment openings
Verifies signature
17 October 2011
Payment Phase (I)
Compute price
Commit to price
Proof knowledge of signature that bind consumption and price
For all tuples output by M
Privacy-preserving Smart Metering 25
17 October 2011
Payment Phase (II)
26Privacy-preserving Smart Metering 26Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Aggregate prices and openings
Compose a payment message
Sign payment message (𝑚 ,𝑠𝑚) Verify Signature
Verify proofs
Aggregate commitments to price
Verify Opening of
17 October 2011
Pricing Policies
27Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Consumption
Pric
e
Linear PolicyDiscrete Policy
Pric
e
Consumption
17 October 2011
Pricing Policies
28Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Interval Policy
Pric
e
Consumption Consumption
Cumulative Policy
Pric
e/C
onsu
ptio
n
17 October 2011
Pricing Policies
29Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
Pric
e
Consumption
17 October 2011
• Secure when M and P do not collude.oModification possible to ensure security when
they collude, albeit efficiency decreases by a factor of
• Very Efficient construction when choice of signature in the policy does not depend on and is linear.oNIPK are not needed.o Ideal for electricity metering
Remarks
30Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
17 October 2011
• It does not require anonymous channels or anonymized databases
• It does not require interaction among users• Minimises Trusted Computing Base• It does not require trusted parties• It is efficient enough for practical applications• It supports a wide variety of pricing policies• It permits selective disclosure of private data
Advantages
31Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://www.frikipedia.es/friki/An%C3%B3nimo
17 October 2011
Evaluation
32Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
32 Bit 64 Bit
Full-fledgedConstruction
EfficientConstruction
Full-fledgedConstruction
EfficientConstruction
Consumption Phase
31.4/s 31.4/s 171.209/s 171.209/s
Compute Payment
1.5/s 26780.6/s 20.1444/s 298295/s
Verify Payment
2.2/s 3711.02/s 91.3977/s 16345/s
17 October 2011
• Privacy-Preserving smart metering system:o Allows reporting fee without disclosing consumptiono Minimizes TCBo Does not require anonymity or MPCo Supports wide variety of pricing policieso Efficient Implementation
• Other applications: o Pay-as-you-drive car insuranceo road tollingo cloud computing billing
Conclusions
33Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
17 October 2011
Questions
34Privacy-preserving Smart Metering
http://blogs.courant.com/bob_englehart/2008/07/july-10-2008.html