Kuchala

BY BY Dr. SANGAMESH.I.PDr. SANGAMESH.I.P

33rdrd YEAR P.G SCHOLARYEAR P.G SCHOLAR

Under the guidance of Dr Shobha G Hiremath

Professor & HODP.G DEPT OF RASASHASTRA

GOVT. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGEBANGALORE‐09

Kuchala‐A Poison into Ambrosia An effect of Shodhana

CASE STUDY:-Age- 45 yrs male C/O- Pain in squatting position since

unable to walk for longer time 5 mths

08/03/2012 2P.G Dept of Rasashastra

Diagnosis:- Vatarakta

Treatment – A.V R,1 tidKaishora Guggulu, 1 tid

Later - Vishatinduka Vati, 1 tid since 1 month.

CLASSIFICATION OF VISHA DRAVYAS. LIST OF POISONOUS PLANTS AND THEIR

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES ,POISONOUS EFFECT.DEFINITION OF SHODHANA LIST OF SHODHANA PROCEDURES MENTIONED

PREVIOUS WORKS DONE ON KUPILUVARIOUS RESEARCHES ON KUPILU SHODANADISCUSSION CONCLUSION


Visha

Sthavara Jaangama

Vatsanabhadi Tindukadi visha Upavisha

( R. T.)


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POISONOUS PLANTS POISONOUS PLANTS AND USEFUL PARTSAND USEFUL PARTS

IMPORTANT IMPORTANT TOXIC TOXIC PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

POISONOUS EFFECTSPOISONOUS EFFECTS

1.1. Vatsanabha(root)Vatsanabha(root)(Aconitum ferox)(Aconitum ferox)

Aconitine, Aconitine, PseudoaconitePseudoaconite

CARDIAC POISON,Nausea, Vomiting, CARDIAC POISON,Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominalpain, Muscular twitchingAbdominalpain, Muscular twitching

2.2. Dhattura (leaves & Dhattura (leaves & seeds)seeds)(Dhat ura (Dhat ura stromonium)stromonium)

Daturine, Daturine, Atropine, Atropine, Hyoscine, Hyoscine, Hyosciamine etc.Hyosciamine etc.

CEREBRAL POISON. Headache, CEREBRAL POISON. Headache, Dysphagia, Giddiness, Photophobia,.Dysphagia, Giddiness, Photophobia,.

3.3. VISHAMUSHTI VISHAMUSHTI (SEEDS)(SEEDS)(STRYCHNOS (STRYCHNOS NUXVOMICA)NUXVOMICA)

STRYCHNINE, STRYCHNINE, BRUCINE BRUCINE

SPINAL POISON. STIFFNESS OF SPINAL POISON. STIFFNESS OF NECK, MUSCLE TWITCHING, NECK, MUSCLE TWITCHING, CHOKING SENSATIONCHOKING SENSATION

4.4. Jayapala (seeds)Jayapala (seeds)(Croton tiglium)(Croton tiglium)

Croton oil, Tiglic Croton oil, Tiglic acid, Crotonic acid, acid, Crotonic acid, Crotonol etc.Crotonol etc.

IRRITANT POISON. Irritates mucosa IRRITANT POISON. Irritates mucosa of GIT, Vomiting, Loose motions, of GIT, Vomiting, Loose motions, Spasmodic pain,Dehydration,DeathSpasmodic pain,Dehydration,Death

55 Gunja (seeds)Gunja (seeds)(Abrus precatorious)(Abrus precatorious)

Abrin, Abrussic Abrin, Abrussic acid, acid, Haemoglutinin etc.Haemoglutinin etc.

IRRITANT POISON. Affects as aboveIRRITANT POISON. Affects as aboveLocally putrefies tissues.Locally putrefies tissues.

Poisonous plants –their toxic principles and important poisonous effect


6.6. Bhallataka (fruits)Bhallataka (fruits)(Semicarpus (Semicarpus anacardium)anacardium)

Irritant oilIrritant oil IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, local IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, local inflamation, Blisters etc.inflamation, Blisters etc.

7.7. Karaveera (seeds)Karaveera (seeds)(Thevetia nerifolia)(Thevetia nerifolia)

ThevetinThevetin CARDIAC POISON. Vertigo, Giddiness, CARDIAC POISON. Vertigo, Giddiness, Burning sensation, Hallucination, Burning sensation, Hallucination, Vomiting etc.Vomiting etc.

8.8. Bhanga (leaves)Bhanga (leaves)(Cannabis sativa)(Cannabis sativa)

Cannabinone, Cannabinone, Cannabinol, Cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabidiol, cannabinolic acid cannabinolic acid etc.etc.

CEREBRAL POISON. Unconsciousness, CEREBRAL POISON. Unconsciousness, Hallucination, Vomiting etc.Hallucination, Vomiting etc.

9.9. Snuhi (latex)Snuhi (latex)(Euphorbia (Euphorbia nerifolia)nerifolia)

Euphorbon.Euphorbon. IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, IRRITANT POISON. GIT irritant, Destroys sight if falls in eye.Destroys sight if falls in eye.

1010 AhiphenaAhiphena(Papaver (Papaver somniferum)somniferum)

Morphine, Codeine, Morphine, Codeine, Narcotine, Narcotine, Papaverine, Thebine Papaverine, Thebine etc.etc.

NARCOTIC POISON. Euphorbia, NARCOTIC POISON. Euphorbia, Deep sleep, Necrosis.Deep sleep, Necrosis.

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POISONOUS POISONOUS PLANTS AND PLANTS AND USEFUL PARTSUSEFUL PARTS

IMPORTANT TOXIC IMPORTANT TOXIC PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

POISONOUS EFFECTSPOISONOUS EFFECTS

Contd_


उिददषटरौषध:

सादध

र िबयत

पषणािदकम

!मलिविचछततय

यतत

शोधन

तिदहोचयत

!!

र.त २/५३

The processes like peshana,mardana, kshalana, swedana etc., karmas done with a specified shodhana dravya to remove the mala (dosha/visha) of a dravya is called shodhana.


Sthapana or nimajjana Swedana Bharjana

AYUR PHARMACOPOIEA COMMITTEE 2000.

Processing method such as treatment of the seeds firstly with cow’s urine (7 days), then boiling in cow’s milk (3 h) and finally frying the seeds in cow’s ghee, has been described as an official method 08/03/2012 11P.G Dept of Rasashastra

PREVIOUS WORK DONE

Varanasi (1983) – Department of R.S.Katiyar C.K. – Study on Kupeelu Sattva. Pharmaceutical Chemical and Pharmacological Study. (M.D. thesis)Katiyar Chandrakant (1988) – Neuro clinical and neuro pharmacological studies on Shuddha Kupeelu. (Ph.D.

thesis)Tewari O.P. (1979) – Sarvanga Gata Vata (peripheral neuritis) and its management by an indigenous drug

Karaskara (S.nuxvomica).Tripathi S.K. (1983) – Evaluation of Shuddha Kupeelu in the management of Amavata (Rheumatoid

Arthritis).

Lucknow (1984)Yadav R.S. – Kupeelu Bheshajika evam Dravya Gunatmaka Adhyayana.

Bangalore (Koppa) (2000)Pradeep H.R. – Effect of Shodhana on toxicity (Purification) of Kupeelu.

Shimla (H.P.) (2003)Saharan Dipti - A comparative clinical study on the role of Simhanada Guggulu and Shuddha Kupeelu in

management of Amavata w.s.r. Rheumatoid arthritis.

Nagpur (2000)Thakare P.G. – Vanaspatika Visha – Kupeelu Beeja Ka Sanskara Poorva Evam Sanskara Paschat

Prayogashaleeya Adhyana.

Ujjain (2005-2006)A pharmacotherapeutic study of Kupeelu as a Vatahar w.s.r. katisoola (low back pain). 08/03/2012 12P.G Dept of Rasashastra

Ayurvedic processings of nux vomica: qualitative and quantitative determination of total alkaloidal contents and relative toxicity

ABHISHEK KUMAR* AND B. N. SINHA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, MESRA, Ranchi - 835215, India

Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, 83–98 (2009)


MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Material The dried seeds of S. nuxvomicaSHODHANA:

Sample A Dipping in Kanji for three days (Sharma

1979).


SAMPLE B SWEDANA IN DOLAYANTRA WITH GODUGDHA FOR 3 HRS;. (Sharma 1979).


SAMPLE C The seeds were soaked in cow urine for seven

days (~7 L ) and kept under the sun.everyday the urine was taken freshly.

On the eighth day, the seeds were properly washed.

Subjected to swedana in dolayantra using milk as media.

The seeds were washed, peeled, embryo removed, dried and fried in cow ghee till they turned brownish–red.

They were then powdered (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoiea Committee 2000; Bhavmisra 2002).


SAMPLE D

Bharjana in goghrita (q.s) till turns to reddish brown (Sharma 1979; Shashtri 1999).


Sample E The seeds of S. nuxvomica were steamed to facilitate the removal of the seed coat and the embryo. The cotyledons so obtained were used as reference for further experiments.


Percentage of total alkaloidal content (TAC) from the unprocessed and processed nux vomica.

Sl.no sample Wt of crude drug in gms.

% decrease in TAC

1 A 10 2.99

2 B 10 50.99

3 C 10 96.68

4 D 10 19.43

5 E 10 -


ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY

Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) of either sex .

DOSE -200 mg/kg body weight.

B C D Samples- No mortality A and E 50% mortality;

No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days observation.

Samples B, C and D were further administered at 500 mg/kg body weight.

Sample D-100% mortality

Sample B and C- 50% mortality.

No mortality or any signs of toxicity in survived animals,in 14 days observation.

The study shows that the concept of shodhan/detoxification as suggested by the divine scholars brings about a change in the toxic dose of the seeds and the toxic dose varies depending on the method used for processing.


Among all the four methods used for processing, the seeds processed with the official method and those processed with milk proved to be equally safe compared to the unprocessed seeds, in rodents.


Effect of purification (Suthi) on the acute toxicity of seeds of Nux-vomica

M.S.Shree Devi1*,B.Sampath Kumar2 andM.S.Siva Shankar3

1. Ph.D., Scholar Vel’s University, Chennai. 2. Professor, Dept of Pharmacology,Tirunelveli. 3. Ph.D., Scholar IVRI Barielly, Uttarkhand.


Plant material: The seeds of Strychnos nux vomica.Selection of seeds: The dry seeds were first dropped in a beaker containing water. The seeds which float on the surface of water or found broken, black in color are rejected and the seeds which are found settled at the bottom of the beaker are selected for purification after drying in air.


Detoxification (Suthi) process: Suthi (detoxification) of nux-vomica seeds is performed as per the method described in siddha medicne. The book describes stepwise procedure for detoxification (suthi) of nux-vomica and it was adopted in the present study.

This method is similar to the officially accepted method acc to A.F.I.


Step 1: The clean and dried seeds are kept in cow’s urine for 7 nights. The urine is changed every day.

GOMUTRA NIMAJJAN-7 NIGHTS


Step 2: The seeds after 1st step are collected and subjected to boiling (boiling process was done by keeping the seeds after 1st step in muslin cloth with banana leaf and tied. It is completely dipped in cow’s milk and boiled on low flame) for 3hours using dolayantra.

GODUGDHA SWEDANA-3 HOURS


Step 3: GOGHRITA BHARJANA.The above seeds are collected and washed with water. The seed coat and embryo removed. The seeds are roasted with cow’s ghee in low flame on iron pan. The seeds become dark brown and crispy.Then the seeds are immediately powdered. The nux vomica which is unprocessed form (UNV) and the seeds detoxified by suthi process (PNV) were subjected to phytochemical and acute toxicity studies.


The phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, proteins and fixed oils in all the extracts.

The presence of strychnine and brucine alkaloids was confirmed by chemical tests

LD50 of unprocessed nux-vomica seed powder is256mg/kg

processed seed powder LD50 is 2600mg/kg.


Seema Akbar1; Shamshad A Khan2; Akbar Masood*3 & M Iqbal1

1Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Srinagar (J&K) India

2Central Council for Research in Unani medicine, New Delhi, India

3Department of Biochemistry, Kashmir University, Srinagar (J&K) India


I. Detoxification using water and cow’s milk.

Azaraqi seeds are immersed in excess of water for 5 days with change of water every day. They are then immersed in milk for 2 days, changing the milk everyday.The seeds are washed with water and boiled in milk till the seed coat become soft.The seed coat and the embryonic axis are removed and cotyledons are powdered.


II. Detoxification using cow milk.

Azraqi Seeds are immersed in milk for 7 days with change of milk every day. Remaining process is the same as in No I above.


Azraqi Seeds are roasted in Roughan-a- Zard (clarified butter from cow’s milk) till the colour of seed coat turns light reddish and seeds swell. The seed coat is removed and cotyledons powdered.Corelated to goghrita bharjana


Azraqi seeds (70 grams) are buried in Peeli Matti (yellow clay) for 10 days.The clay is kept moist throughout. The seeds are then removed and washed. The seed coat is peeled off with the help of a sharp knife and the cotyledons are separated after removing the embryo.The cotyledons in a cloth bag are boiled in 2

litres of milk till it evaporates (the cloth bag should not touch the bottom of the container). The water washed cotyledons are then used subsequently.


The cell wall of kupilu seed is non- lignified but contains appreciable amount of complex

carbohydrates. Therefore, on coming in contact with water, it swells and facilitates leaching strychnine out of the seed cotyledons. This results in a decrease in strychnine content of shodhita kupilu .

The acute toxicity of the Shodhita kupilu is significantly reduced (1/10th) when compared to Ashodhita kupilu . ).

Boiling the seeds in milk further reduces strychnine content by converting it to isostrychnine (Cai et al., 1990).


Irrespective of system of medicine i.e siddha, unani ayurveda,concept of shodhana exists by different names like suthi in siddha and mudabbar in unani.

The main motto behind shodhana is to reduce the toxicity and increase the therapeutic index of a drug .

The Quantitative estimation by HPLC shows a significant decrease in strychnine and brucine after the process of shodhana.

Since the LD50 value of PNV is reduced to 1/10th when compared with UNV. Thus, the toxicity of the processed sample is decreased significantly after shodhana process .

Poisonous plants after purification with discrimination prove as BOON not BANE in promoting health, developing immunity, preventing aging and curing disease. 08/03/2012 37P.G Dept of Rasashastra

Anonymous (1981). National Formularly of Unani Medicine, Ministry of Health & family Welfare, Govt of India, vol-Ipp 319.( Reprinted in2006)Anonymous (1987). Physicochemical standards of compound

formulation , part II ,CCRUM, Ayush, Govt of India, pp312-313. Bensky, D. and Gamble, A. (1986). Chinese Herbal Medicine, Eastland press, Sealtle, P. 646.Choi, Y. H.: Sohn,Y.M.; , Kim, C.: Oh, K. Y.; Kin, J. (2004). Analysis of strychnine from detoxified Strychno nux-vomicaseeds using liquid chromatography-electro spray mass spectrometry J.Ethnopharmacol. 93: 109-112.Chung, B. and Shin , M.K. (1989). Dictionary of Folk Medicine, Young Lin Press, Seoul. P 972.Cai, B.C.; Hattori, M. and Namba, T.(1990). Procssing of Nux vomica Changes in alkaloid composition of the seeds of Nux vomica on traditional drug processing 08/03/2012 38P.G Dept of Rasashastra

Rasatarangani, Commentary by AcharyaHariduttaShastri, Stanza, Sunder Lal Jain MotilalBanarasidas, Varanasi, 1954; 152-164,178-202,676-680.

. Nadakarni AK, The Indian MateriaMedica, Popular prakashan, Mumbai, Vol.2, 1976; 1175-1180.

Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Indian medicinal plants, 2nd ed., Periodical experts book agency, New Delhi, Vol. 2, M/s BishensinghMahendrapalsingh, Dehradun, 1975;2:1645-1647.

. Wu Yin., Tian-Shan Wang, Fang-Zhou Yin and Bao-Chang Cai, Analgesic and anti- inflammatory properties of brucine and brucine-N-oxide extracted from seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2003; 88:205-214.

Xu-Kun Deng, Wu Yin, Wei-Dong Li, Fang-Zhou Yin, Xiao-Yu Lu et al, The anti-tumor effects of alkaloids from the seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica on HepG2 cells and its possible mechanism, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006, 106:179- 186.

. GricildaShoba F. and Molly Thomas, Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil induced diarrhea, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2001; 76:73-76.

Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK, Gomes A, Antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extracts of Strychnosnux-vomica Linn., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2004;42: 468-75.

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Kuchala

Health & Medicine

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