KU-JICA JOINT SYMPOSIUM ON HUMAN SECURITY...

KU-JICA JOINT SYMPOSIUM ON HUMAN SECURITY ENGINEERING

HUMAN SECURITY AND RELATED CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

ORGANIZED BY:

Kyoto University

Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA)

Kyoto University Global COE "Global Center for Education and Research on Human Security Engineering for Asian Megacities"

MARCH 1–2, 2010

NIKKEI CONFERENCE ROOM, TOKYO, JAPAN

Human Security and Related Capacity Development

3

BACKGROUND AND SCOPE

The advance of globalization causes an increase in various cross-border dangers and exposes many people in developing countries to civil strife, disasters, poverty, and other humanitarian threats. The concept of human security places individual human beings at its core, seeking to defend them from fear and want: fear of things like conflict, terrorism, disaster, environmental destruction, and infectious disease, and want in the face of poverty and in social services and infrastructure. By building up people s abilities to address these issues themselves, this approach aims to build societies in which they can live with dignity. In order to defend the weakest members of society from these various threats, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) will support efforts to bolster social and institutional capacity and to increase people s ability to deal with threats themselves under the policy of Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA).

From a viewpoint of Human Security, it is definite that the various development issues in Asian Megacities are very urgent ones to be tackled with. Since those issues are closely connected with each other, it is required that a comprehensive approach shall be taken to combine and to collaborate with several academic and research fields. In a sense of this, the Global Center of Excellence Program (GCOE) entitled “Global Center for Education and Research on Human Security Engineering for Asian Megacities” implemented by Kyoto University (KU) is absolutely significant and timely.

The KU-JICA joint symposium aims to deepen the understanding of Human Security and its Capacity Development. In addition, the symposium can give an opportunity to exchange views about the current research activities in several overseas bases, namely Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia, concerned to Human Security Engineering.

URBAN HUMAN SECURITY ENGINEERING

“Urban Human Security Engineering” is defined as a system of technologies (techniques) for designing and managing cities that enable their inhabitants to live under better public health conditions, and live free from potential threats of large-scale disasters and environmental destruction. For establishing this discipline, four existing fields, i.e. urban governance, urban infrastructure management, health risk management, and disaster risk management, are integrated into one discipline.

OBJECTIVES

Key objectives of the conference are:

1. To deepen the understanding of Human Security and Development 2. To discuss Human Security and Related Capacity Development 3. To exchange views about the possible improvement of research and education activities in several overseas bases 4. To promote interaction between researchers and practitioners Topics of interest in this KU-JICA Joint Symposium includes (but not limited to ):

1. Urban Governance 2. Urban Infrastructure Asset Management 3. Environmental Accounting of Infrastructure Project4. Urban Energy Security Engineering 5. Urban Food Security Engineering 6. Urban Transport and Logistics7. Urban Disaster Prevention

KU-JICA Joint Symposium on Human Security Engineering

4

CONFERENCE GOVERNORS

Advisory Board Committee Member Yuzo ONISHI (Kyoto University) Yuzuru MATSUOKA (Kyoto University) Koki HIROTA (JICA)

Organizing Committee Committee Member Hiroyasu OHTSU (Kyoto University) Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI (Kyoto University) Katsunori SAWAI (JICA)

Program Committee Co-Chairman Noppadol Phien-wej (AIT) Fwa Tien Fang (NUS) Djoko Santoso (ITB) Committee Member Eiichi TANIGUCHI Toshifumi MATSUOKA Junji KIYONO Kunitomo SUGIURA Hiroshi GOTOH Yasuto TACHIKAWA

ORGANISING BODIES

The conference is jointly organized by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Global COE “Human Security Engineering for Asian Megacities”, Kyoto University, Japan.

JICA was established as an independent administrative institution that aims to contribute to the promotion of international cooperation as well as the sound development of Japanese and global economy by supporting the socioeconomic development, recovery or economic stability of developing regions.

Kyoto University was founded in 1897, the second university to be established in Japan. Known for its pioneering spirits and academic freedom, the university has produced five Nobel laureates and two Fields medalists.

Global COE (Centers of Excellence) Program, which has been carried out by Japan s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and technology (MEXT), will provide funding support of establishing education and research centers that perform at the apex of global excellence to elevate the international competitiveness of the Japanese universities. The program will strengthen and enhance the education and research functions of graduate schools, to foster highly creative young researchers who will go on to become world leaders in their respective fields through experiencing and practicing research of the highest world standard.


5

PROGRAM

1st day (March 1) Conference Room

12:00–13:00 Registration

13:00–13:10 Opening Remarks Hiroyasu OHTSU (Kyoto University)

13:10–13:55 Keynote Speech (1) Development Assistance and Human Security Kenzo OSHIMA (JICA)

13:55–14:40 Special Lecture (1) The Risks and Potentials of Asian Megacities Belinda Yuen (National University of Singapore / World Bank)

14:40–15:00 Coffee Break

15:00–15:45 Special Lecture (2) Mega-city Management and Community-Based Hospital Sawako TAKEUCHI (Kyoto University)

15:45–16:30 Special lecture (3) How Can We Educate Engineers to Devote Themselves to Asian Development? Satoshi FUJII (Kyoto University)

16:30–16:45 Closing Remarks Koki HIROTA (JICA)


6

2nd day (March 2) Seminar Room 1

9:00–9:15 Opening Remarks Eiichi TANIGUCHI (Kyoto University)

9:15–10:15 Keynote Speech Human Security and Human Development: Challenges and Opportunities Ahead Gautam Ray (Ministry of Finance, Government of India / Kyoto University)


10:30–12:00 Reports on Research Activities in Singapore Session 1 Transport Logistics in Singapore –Development Issues and Research Initiatives– Tien Fang Fwa (National University of Singapore) Human Security for Urban Transport and Logistics Eiichi TANIGUCHI (Kyoto University) TrafficSafetyIssuesinAsianMegacities–ConflictAnalysisforMotorcycle– Nobuhiro UNO (Kyoto University)

12:00–13:00 Lunch

13:00–14:40 Reports on Research Activities in Bangkok, Thailand Session 2 Activities of AIT-KU Joint Research Center for Human Security Engineering Bangkok, Thailand Noppadol Phien–wej (Asian Institute of Technology) Introduction of Geotechnical Infrastructure Asset Management in Thailand Hiroyasu OHTSU (Kyoto University) Maintenance Strategy for Concrete, Steel and Hybrid Infrastructures Yoshinobu OSHIMA (Kyoto University) Water Resources and Integrated River Basin Management on Human Security Engineering Yasuto TACHIKAWA (Kyoto University)


14:55–16:15 Reports on Research Activities in Bandung, Indonesia Session 3 Urban Area Subsurface Problems Monitoring Djoko Santoso (Institut Teknologi Bandung) Urban Energy Supply –The case at Indonesia– Toshifumi MATSUOKA (Kyoto University) Research Activities in Indonesia –Collective Action upon Social Capital– Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI (Kyoto University) ModelingofGroundProfileinPadangbyUsingMicrotremorRecords Junji KIYONO (Kyoto University)

16:15–16:30 Closing Remarks Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI (Kyoto University)


7

Opening Remarks

Hiroyasu Ohtsu

Kyoto University


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11

Mega-city Management and Community-Based Hospital

Sawako Takeuchi

Kyoto University


12

1

Meg

a C

ity M

anag

emen

t and

C

omm

unity

-Bas

ed H

ospi

tal

Pro

fess

or, K

yoto

Uni

vers

ity

Glo

bal E

xper

t, Th

e W

orld

Ban

k (d

isas

ter r

isk

man

agem

ent)

Dr.

Saw

ako

Take

uchi

2

Urb

aniz

atio

n • 

Som

e 90

per

cent

of g

loba

l urb

an g

row

th

take

s pl

ace

in d

evel

opin

g co

untri

es Ð

and

be

twee

n th

e ye

ars

2000

and

203

0,

deve

lopi

ng c

ount

ries

are

proj

ecte

d to

trip

le

thei

r ent

ire b

uilt-

up u

rban

are

as.

• Th

is u

npre

cede

nted

urb

an e

xpan

sion

po

ses

citie

s, n

atio

ns a

nd th

e in

tern

atio

nal

deve

lopm

ent c

omm

unity

with

a h

isto

ric

chal

leng

e.

3

Citi

es a

nd d

ange

rs: M

essa

ge fr

om H

aiti

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

cost

ove

r 1 tr

illio

n ye

ns

Dea

th to

ll: 3

00,0

00

4

Ð C

risis

(pre

vent

ion

and

man

agem

ent)

secr

etar

iat i

n P

MÕs

offi

ce

Ð D

ata

shar

ing

and

coor

dina

tion

of d

iffer

ent m

inis

tries

Ð 

Ris

k m

ap

Ð P

ublic

infra

stru

ctur

e da

mag

e as

sess

men

t for

re

cons

truct

ion

PO

ST D

ISA

STER

NEE

DS

ASS

ESM

ENT

of d

amag

e an

d vu

lner

abili

ty

by

WB

GFD

RR

Key

Prio

rity

D

ata

base

faci

litie

s fo

r dat

a ga

ther

ing

u

sing

var

ious

spa

ce-b

ased

tool

s

U

S $

50 m

illio

n of

fere

d


13

5

Indi

cativ

e ta

rget

s of

Hai

ti • 

70 o

f hou

ses

mee

t dis

aste

r saf

ety

stan

dard

s

• 10

0% n

ew s

choo

ls a

nd h

ospi

tals

mee

t min

imum

sta

ndar

ds.

• 75

% o

f the

bas

ic u

tiliti

es a

nd tr

ansp

ort i

nfra

stru

ctur

e m

eet

min

imum

dis

aste

r saf

ety

stan

dard

s.

Hos

pita

ls w

ere

cons

ider

ed p

riorit

y ar

eas

for

elec

trili

city

sup

ply

durin

g H

yogo

ear

thqu

ake.

How

can

Hos

pita

l offe

r a m

uch

Ðnee

ded

plat

form

to s

uppo

rt g

lass

root

act

iviti

es o

f co

mm

uniti

es

6

Act

iviti

es o

f int

erna

tiona

l act

ors

7

UN

ISD

RS

AFE

HO

SP

ITA

L

Res

ilien

t Hos

pita

l :

Pre

vent

ion

is c

ost-e

ffect

ive

1. P

rote

ctin

g do

ctor

s an

d st

affs

2. H

ealth

ser

vice

s pl

ay a

vita

l rol

e in

re

cove

ry, s

ocia

l coh

esio

n. C

are

for a

ging

peo

ple,

the

poor

and

pa

tient

s.

3. F

ocal

poi

nts

of c

omm

uniti

es

1. I

n th

e re

gion

of P

akis

tan

wor

st a

ffect

ed b

y th

e 20

05 S

outh

Asi

a E

arth

quak

e,

49%

of h

ealth

faci

litie

s w

ere

com

plet

ely

dest

roye

d.

2. P

ublic

con

fiden

ce in

all

leve

ls o

f the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

gove

rnm

ent d

ropp

ed. 1

40

elde

rly p

atie

nts

of h

ospi

tals

and

nur

sing

hom

es d

ied.

age

d ca

re fa

cilit

ies

wer

e la

ter a

ccus

ed o

f aba

ndon

ing

thei

r eld

erly

cha

rges

. 8

Mon

itorin

g of

hea

lth ri

sks

aris

ing

from

clim

ate

chan

ges

• Th

ese

are

also

dis

ease

s of

chi

ldre

n an

d of

the

poor

. Ind

eed,

whe

n it

com

es to

clim

ate

chan

ge, t

hose

who

se h

ealth

is m

ost a

t ris

k ar

e th

ose

who

hav

e co

ntrib

uted

leas

t to

the

prob

lem

. The

poo

r, w

heth

er in

rura

l or

urb

an a

reas

, hav

e al

way

s su

ffere

d m

ore

from

the

cons

eque

nces

of

a de

grad

ed e

nviro

nmen

t. La

ck o

f saf

e fo

od a

nd w

ater

has

resu

lted

in

diar

rhea

l dis

ease

s in

chi

ldre

n an

d m

alnu

tritio

n in

the

long

term

. C

limat

e ch

ange

now

thre

aten

s to

per

petu

ate

thes

e pr

oble

ms.

Our

figh

t fo

r equ

ity is

at s

take

. • 

Som

e di

seas

es a

re h

ighl

y se

nsiti

ve to

tem

pera

ture


14

10

Vul

nera

bilit

y

• Vu

lner

abili

ty c

onsi

sts

of p

hysi

cal o

ne

and

soci

al o

ne.

• Ph

ysic

al v

ulne

rabi

lity

is re

late

d to

so

cial

infr

astr

uctu

re, w

hile

soc

ial

vuln

erab

ility

refe

rs to

dis

aste

r cul

ture

an

d ac

cess

ibili

ty to

soc

ial s

ervi

ces.

11

Key

prio

ritie

s fo

r hum

an e

ngin

eerin

g

1. S

hare

d co

mm

on a

ppro

ache

s to

risk

pro

filin

g an

d m

ains

tream

ing

of d

isas

ter r

isk

redu

ctio

n;

2. 

naly

ses

of th

e in

terli

nkag

es o

f pov

erty

, cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ris

k re

duct

ion

in

view

of d

evel

opin

g to

ols

for d

isas

ter r

isk

redu

ctio

n m

ains

tream

ing;

3. P

erfo

rman

ce in

dica

tors

and

repo

rting

on

natio

nal g

ood

prac

tices

in d

isas

ter r

isk

redu

ctio

n an

d sh

are

with

oth

er u

rban

blo

cs.

4. A

ppea

l to

inte

rnat

iona

l act

ors

How

to m

onito

r ris

ks a

nd v

ulne

rabi

lity

12

Safe

ty in

Meg

a ci

ty a

nd

com

mun

ity b

ased

hos

pita

ls:

ÒMed

i-Squ

areÓ

as

Prop

osal

for

new

OD

A


15

13

Func

tions

  M

edi-s

quar

e C

once

pts

Pro

vide

Òm

edia

Ó& Òm

edic

alÓ

hum

an c

are

spa

ce

to th

e ur

ban

area

s. C

omm

on g

oods

for s

afe

and

sust

aina

ble

lives

 M

edia

In

form

atio

n sh

arin

g m

echa

nism

by

high

pe

rform

ing

com

pute

rs to

gua

rant

ee s

afe

livin

g co

nditi

ons

for t

he c

omm

uniti

es.

14

Med

i-squ

are

 Sy

stem

Par

t 1M

edic

al

Pa

rt 2

livin

g en

viro

nmen

t

Ener

gy, w

ater

and

was

te m

anag

emen

t

Part

3G

athe

ring

info

rmat

ion

and

crea

tion

of

j

obs

 O

pera

tions

  S

emi-

publ

ic b

ody

for u

rban

man

agem

ent

  M

ixtu

re o

f cha

rgin

g sy

stem

and

pub

lic

mon

ey

15

Rol

es o

f Com

mun

ity b

ased

hos

pita

ls

• In

form

atio

n an

d da

taba

se c

ente

r • 

Dis

aste

r res

pons

e (li

felin

e)

• M

itiga

tion

of s

ocia

l con

flict

s : a

ged

peop

le

pove

rty, m

inor

ities

• 

Mon

itorin

g of

vul

nera

bilit

y: e

nviro

nmen

tal

risks

(wat

er, a

ir po

llutio

n et

c)

• E

duca

tion

cent

er fo

r med

ical

edu

catio

n

16

Som

e te

chno

logy

app

licat

ion

 

Rem

ote

med

icin

e  

Hea

lth c

are

man

agem

ent i

n an

env

ironm

ent

of s

carc

ity

 

Publ

ic h

ealth

and

Pre

pare

dnes

s  

Old

sty

le p

atie

nt re

cord

s (c

arte

) to

Dig

ital C

arte

. D

igita

l Car

te(o

r e-c

arte

) : c

ompu

teriz

ed c

ontr

ol o

f

pat

ient

reco

rds.

 

Lin

kage

with

Pub

lic tr

ansp

orta

tion,

oth

er s

ocia

l

infr

astr

uctu

re (u

rban

pla

nnin

g)


16

17

Bas

ic S

olut

ion

of D

evel

opm

ent

Sup

port

1. O

DA

shou

ld b

e eq

uipp

ed w

ith m

ulti

func

tions

of

disa

ster

redu

ctio

n. H

uman

sec

uriti

es s

houl

d be

th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

func

tion

in O

DA

.

2. L

ong

term

stra

tegi

es a

re n

eces

sary

.

3. C

omm

unity

bas

ed h

ospi

tal i

s a

basi

c in

frast

ruct

ure.


17

How Can We Educate Engineers to Devote Themselves to Asian Development?

Satoshi Fujii

Kyoto University


18

How

can

we

educ

ate

engi

neer

s to

dev

ote

them

selv

es

to A

sian

dev

elop

men

t?

Sat

oshi

Fuj

ii K

yoto

Uni

vers

ity,

Dep

artm

ent o

f Urb

an M

anag

emen

t

Wha

t is

Civ

il E

ngin

eerin

g?

• C

ivil

engi

neer

ing

is Òe

ngin

eerin

g fo

r civ

iliza

tionÓ

. • 

Civ

iliza

tion

Wild

• A

ccor

ding

to Y

ukic

hi F

ukuz

awa(

), al

l th

e co

urtie

rs a

re s

omet

hing

bet

wee

n th

e id

eal

civi

lized

cou

ntry

and

the

wild

cou

ntrie

s.

É

.. Th

eref

ore

É..

• C

ivil

Eng

inee

ring

is s

ocia

l act

ivity

to m

ake

the

soci

ety

less

wild

(cha

otic

& le

ss-o

rder

ed) a

nd m

ore

civi

lized

(wel

l-ord

ered

).

Wha

t is

Civ

il E

ngin

eerin

g?

• C

ivil

engi

neer

ing

is Òe

ngin

eerin

g fo

r civ

iliza

tionÓ

. • 

Civ

iliza

tion

Wild

• A

ccor

ding

to Y

ukic

hi F

ukuz

awa(

), al

l th

e co

urtie

rs a

re s

omet

hing

bet

wee

n th

e id

eal

civi

lized

cou

ntry

and

the

wild

cou

ntrie

s.

É

.. Th

eref

ore

É..

• C

ivil

Eng

inee

ring

is s

ocia

l act

ivity

to m

ake

the

soci

ety

less

wild

(cha

otic

& le

ss-o

rder

ed) a

nd m

ore

civi

lized

(wel

l-ord

ered

).

• N

eedl

ess

to s

ay, t

hose

in w

ell-o

rder

ed s

ocie

ty

(i.e.

civ

ilize

d so

ciet

y) is

hap

pier

than

thos

e in

less

-or

dere

d so

ciet

y (i.

e. w

ild s

ocie

ty).

(N

OTE

: wel

l-ord

ered

is N

OT

conv

enie

nt &

effi

cien

t)

É..

Ther

efor

e É

. • 

Civ

il en

gine

erin

g is

altr

uist

ic a

ctiv

ity to

try

to

mak

e pe

ople

hap

pier

.

Ther

efor

eÉ.

• C

ivil

Eng

inee

rs s

houl

d ha

ve p

ublic

spi

rit

that

mot

ivat

es th

em to

con

tribu

tes

to

publ

ic.

• Th

is s

houl

d be

the

core

of t

he e

duca

tion

for c

ivil

engi

neer

s.

e.g.

)

K

imita

ke, F

urui

chi (

)

Hiro

i, Is

ami(

)

Aoy

ama,

Aki

ra(

) etc

É.


19

A m

oder

n or

dina

l cas

e

from

Indo

nesi

aÉ..

, 92

(10)

, pp.

60-

63, 2

007.

few

com

men

tsÉ

. - 

Suc

h be

havi

or b

y M

r. N

akag

awa

mig

ht b

e re

gard

ed a

s Òir

ratio

nalÓ

in te

rms

of n

atio

nal o

r com

pany

Õs in

tere

sts.

(

) - 

Yet

, it i

s ac

tual

ly Òr

atio

nalÓ

for t

he c

ompa

ny, s

ince

suc

h ed

ucat

ion

redu

ces

budg

et fo

r sal

ly, a

nd s

uch

inte

rnat

iona

l hum

an re

latio

ns is

impo

rtant

soc

ial c

apita

l.

(

- 

How

ever

, loc

al w

orke

rs h

ave

com

plet

ely

diffe

rent

feel

ing

from

suc

h ra

tiona

l-dis

cuss

ion.

()

A m

oder

n or

dina

l cas

e

from

Indo

nesi

aÉ..

()

, 9

2 (1

0), p

p. 6

0-63

, 200

7.

still

É..

13


20

few

com

men

tsÉ

. - 

Japa

nese

eng

inee

rs w

ho w

ork

for l

ong

year

s in

fore

ign

coun

try, s

eem

to h

ave

deep

at

tach

men

t () t

owar

d th

e co

untry

and

al

truis

tic m

otiv

atio

n to

con

tribu

te to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f the

cou

ntry

. - 

This

kin

d of

feel

ing

mig

ht b

e sp

ecifi

c to

Ja

pane

se (I

am

not

sur

e), a

nd th

is m

ight

be

a w

eak

poin

t, bu

t mig

ht b

e m

erit

of J

apan

ese

civi

l eng

inee

rs.

- H

ow c

an th

e Ja

pane

se g

over

nmen

t can

co

ntrib

utes

to s

uch

inno

cent

gov

ernm

ent.

Eco

nom

ic N

atio

nalis

m

- Th

e Ja

pane

se g

over

nmen

t see

ms

to th

e po

licy

base

d on

eco

nom

ic n

atio

nalis

m. (

i.e.

econ

omic

theo

ry th

at a

ssum

es th

at e

cono

mic

dyn

amic

s is

de

rived

by

both

mar

ket m

echa

nism

and

nat

iona

lism

) - 

All

the

othe

r com

petin

g co

untri

es s

uch

as

US

A, G

erm

any,

UK

, Chi

na, K

orea

É.

impl

emen

t the

ir tra

ding

pol

icy

base

d on

ec

onom

ic n

atio

nalis

m. (

Eco

nom

ic n

atio

nalis

m is

now

st

reng

then

in a

ll ov

er th

e w

orld

, suc

h as

Ham

ilton

Pro

ject

by

Bus

h an

d O

bam

a in

US

A)

- Y

etÉ

..Jap

anes

e go

vern

men

t doe

s no

t see

m

to b

ehav

e in

eco

nom

ic n

atio

nalis

m m

anne

r.

- Th

is w

ould

be

serio

us p

robl

ems

for J

apan

.

IfÉ.

• If

we

fail

in d

evel

opm

ent o

f nat

iona

lism

in

econ

omic

s, J

apan

will

lose

all

the

natio

nal p

ower

in

clud

ing

econ

omic

pow

erÉ

• 

For e

xam

ple,

Jap

an h

as s

trong

nuc

lear

indu

stry

, but

Ja

pan

lost

in c

ompe

titio

n in

Vie

tnam

, by

Rus

sia,

be

caus

e Ja

pane

se g

over

nmen

tal s

uppo

rt w

as le

ss

than

that

by

Rus

sian

gov

ernm

ent.

É.a

ndÉ

. • 

Act

ually

, Jap

anes

e en

gine

ers

have

felt

that

they

ha

ve b

een

lost

by

the

othe

r cou

ntrie

s du

e to

lack

of

gove

rnm

enta

l sup

port

.

Altr

uism

& N

atio

nalis

m

• C

ivil

engi

neer

s ar

e al

truis

tic b

y de

finiti

on.

• E

cono

mic

s sh

ould

be

natio

nalis

m.

• H

ow c

an w

e ha

rmon

ize

this

con

tradi

ctio

n be

twee

n th

ese

2?

 N

atio

nal g

over

nmen

t sho

uld

try to

see

k m

utua

l dev

elop

men

t (i.

e. Òw

in-w

inÓ r

elat

ions

bet

wee

n 2

cou

ntrie

s).

 W

e ne

ed to

kno

w th

at n

atio

nalis

m is

not

alw

ays

egoi

stic

, but

co

uld

be re

cipr

ocity

().

 F

or th

e re

cipr

ocity

, eng

inee

rs n

eed

follo

win

g 3

thin

gs;

1

) eng

inee

ring

skill

,

2) n

atio

nalis

m, a

nd (w

illin

gnes

s to

dev

ote

them

selv

es to

Jap

an)

3

) altr

uism

(will

ingn

ess

to d

evot

e th

emse

lves

to th

e ot

her c

ount

ry)


21

Altr

uism

& N

atio

nalis

m

• C

ivil

engi

neer

s ar

e al

truis

tic b

y de

finiti

on.

• E

cono

mic

s sh

ould

be

natio

nalis

m.

• H

ow c

an w

e ha

rmon

ize

this

con

tradi

ctio

n be

twee

n th

ese

2?

 N

atio

nal g

over

nmen

t sho

uld

try to

see

k m

utua

l dev

elop

men

t (i.

e. Òw

in-w

inÓ r

elat

ions

bet

wee

n 2

cou

ntrie

s).

 W

e ne

ed to

kno

w th

at n

atio

nalis

m is

not

alw

ays

egoi

stic

, but

co

uld

be re

cipr

ocity

().

 F

or th

e re

cipr

ocity

, eng

inee

rs n

eed

follo

win

g 3

thin

gs;

1

) eng

inee

ring

skill

,

2) n

atio

nalis

m, a

nd (w

illin

gnes

s to

dev

ote

them

selv

es to

Jap

an)

3

) altr

uism

(will

ingn

ess

to d

evot

e th

emse

lves

to th

e ot

her c

ount

ry)

Altr

uism

& N

atio

nalis

m

• C

ivil

engi

neer

s ar

e al

truis

tic b

y de

finiti

on.

• E

cono

mic

s sh

ould

be

natio

nalis

m.

• H

ow c

an w

e ha

rmon

ize

this

con

tradi

ctio

n be

twee

n th

ese

2?

 N

atio

nal g

over

nmen

t sho

uld

try to

see

k m

utua

l dev

elop

men

t (i.

e. Òw

in-w

inÓ r

elat

ions

bet

wee

n 2

cou

ntrie

s).

 W

e ne

ed to

kno

w th

at n

atio

nalis

m is

not

alw

ays

egoi

stic

, but

co

uld

be re

cipr

ocity

().

 F

or th

e re

cipr

ocity

, eng

inee

rs n

eed

follo

win

g 3

thin

gs;

1

) eng

inee

ring

skill

,

2) n

atio

nalis

m, a

nd (w

illin

gnes

s to

dev

ote

them

selv

es to

Jap

an)

3

) altr

uism

(will

ingn

ess

to d

evot

e th

emse

lves

to th

e ot

her c

ount

ry)

In K

yoto

uni

vers

ity, w

e w

ill s

oon

star

t int

erna

tiona

l co

urse

for c

ivil

engi

neer

s.

In th

e in

tern

atio

nal c

ours

e, w

e try

to e

duca

te c

ivil

engi

neer

s w

ho c

an c

ontri

bute

s to

reci

proc

ity a

mon

g th

eir c

ount

ries

and

the

othe

r cou

ntrie

s.

In m

y op

inio

n, th

e ed

ucat

ion

shou

ld b

e m

ore

than

edu

catio

n of

eng

inee

ring

skill

, and

sho

uld

incl

ude

educ

atio

n of

pu

blic

spi

rits

that

is n

ot o

nly

for t

heir

own

soci

ety/

cout

ry b

ut a

lso

for t

he o

ther

soc

ietie

s/co

untri

es.


22


23

Opening Remarks Perspectives for Safe, Seured and Healthy cities

Eiichi Taniguchi

Kyoto University


24

Kyoto University Globa

l COE “H

uman

Security En

gine

ering”

!ers%ec'ves *or sa*e- secure/

an/ hea2th

y ci'e

s

Eiichi Taniguchi

Kyoto University


l COE “H

uman

Security En

gine

ering”

;ri'cal issues in urban areas in =>s

t

century

• Rapid change of society of less younger peop

le and more aged people

• Threat by natural disasters and new

infec'ou

s disease

• Global problem

s caused by resource

develop

ment- decrease of pop

ula'on

and th

e enviro

nment


l COE “H

uman

Security En

gine

ering”

;ri'cal issues in urban areas in =>s

t

century

• Social infrastructures, urban amenity as well

as trans%ort and logis'cs %roblem

s

• !eo%

leDs behaviour and stress in inform

a'on

based society

• Environm

ental issues regarding glob

al clim

ate

change


l COE “H

uman

Security En

gine

ering”

Colu'o

ns

• Decrease of hum

an capacity

• Ful'Glayered and complicated issues

generated by the change of local society and

enviro

nment

• To create Hsafe, secured and health

y ci'e

s of

people, society and enviro

nment,” ini'a'ng

mul'Gdisciplinary studies and capacity

develop

ment are re

quire

d


25


l COE “H

uman

Security En

gine

ering”

• Global COE programme on

Hum

an Security

Engineering for Msian M

egaGci'e

s Ð 6 overseas bases

Ð Onterna'on

al collabo

ra've researc1 in Msia

• PeA

researc1 and educa'o

n unit for safe-

secured and 1ealt1

y ci'e

s

Ð Faculty of Engineering and M

edicine


26


27

Human Security and Human Development: Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

Gautam Ray

Ministry of Finance, Government of India / Kyoto University


28

1

Hum

an S

ecur

ity a

nd H

uman

Dev

elop

men

t:C

halle

nges

and

Opp

ortu

nitie

s Ahe

adK

eyno

te A

ddre

ss fo

r K

U-J

ICA

Joi

nt S

ympo

sium

on H

uman

Sec

urity

Eng

inee

ring

, N

ikke

i Con

fere

nce

Roo

m, T

okyo

2ndM

arch

201

0

Gau

tam

Ray

Pro

fess

or, G

radu

ate

Sch

ool o

f Man

agem

ent,

Kyo

to U

nive

rsity

A

ndA

dditi

onal

Dire

ctor

-Gen

eral

, Min

istry

of F

inan

ce, G

over

nmen

t of I

ndia

2

Pla

n

Def

initi

on &

Sco

pe o

f Hum

an S

ecur

ity

Bro

ader

Not

ion

vs. N

arro

w N

otio

n

Why

bro

ader

not

ion

is u

sefu

l and

nec

essa

ry?

C

once

ptua

l Lin

kage

s bet

wee

n H

uman

Sec

urity

and

H

uman

Dev

elop

men

t

Dis

conn

ects

bet

wee

n th

em

Polic

y D

ilem

mas

–

Hum

an S

ecur

ity v

s. Ec

onom

ic S

ecur

ity

3 C

ase

Stud

ies

A

bstra

ctio

n of

Gen

eral

Pol

icy

Prin

cipa

ls

Con

clud

ing

obse

rvat

ions

3

Sco

pe o

f Hum

an S

ecur

ity

D

efin

ition

:

Hum

an (i

n)se

curit

y (H

S)≡A

set o

f Attr

ibut

es (m

ultid

imen

sion

al)

that

thre

aten

or,

are

perc

eive

d to

thre

aten

in

divi

dual

’s lif

e &

wel

l-bei

ng

Attr

ibut

es in

clud

e:

Econ

omic

(in)

secu

rity

(fre

edom

from

wan

t)

Polit

ical

and

per

sona

l sec

urity

Sudd

en h

arm

ful d

isru

ptio

ns

4

Sco

pe o

f Hum

an S

ecur

ity (c

ontin

ued)

H

DR

, UN

DP,

199

4 de

finiti

on e

quat

es fr

eedo

m

from

wan

t with

“saf

ety

from

chr

onic

thre

ats s

uch

as h

unge

r, di

seas

e, a

nd re

pres

sion

”tha

t poo

r fac

e in

thei

r dai

ly li

ves.

C

anad

ian

Scho

ol o

f tho

ught

insi

sts o

n a

narr

ow

defin

ition

on

Hum

an S

ecur

ity.

H

S≡“C

ompl

ex o

f int

erre

late

d th

reat

s ass

ocia

ted

with

civi

l war

, gen

ocid

e, a

nd d

ispl

acem

ent o

f pop

ulat

ion”


29

5

Sco

pe o

f Hum

an S

ecur

ity (c

ontin

ued)

Ja

pane

se S

choo

l of t

houg

ht in

sist

s on

the

broa

der

notio

n of

UN

DP

to in

clud

e th

reat

s aris

ing

out o

f ch

roni

c po

verty

, inc

apac

itatin

g ai

lmen

ts, p

oor

publ

ic h

ealth

/hyg

iene

, pol

itica

l and

soci

al

conf

licts

, ter

roris

m, a

nd n

atur

al d

isas

ters

.

Form

er P

rime

Min

ster

Obu

chi K

eizo

’s de

finiti

on

(Pra

grap

h 5)

6

Oga

ta-S

en R

epor

t

In

thei

r rep

ort H

uman

Sec

urity

Now

, 200

3C

HS

focu

sed

on-“

Vita

l Cor

e”ne

eds (

abso

lute

nee

ds, b

asic

capa

bilit

ies a

nd fu

ndam

enta

l hum

an ri

ghts

)-p

rote

ctio

n fr

om th

reat

s to

such

cor

e ne

eds

thro

ugh

capa

city

bui

ldin

g.

This

age

nda

now

gui

des J

apan

ese

OD

A p

olic

y an

d JI

CA

pro

ject

s.

Age

nda

for

oper

atio

nalis

ing

Bro

ader

HS

Para

digm

7

Why

UN

-Jap

anes

e P

arad

igm

of H

S?

It

has i

mpo

rtant

pol

icy

impl

icat

ions

for m

eetin

g th

e st

ruct

ural

risk

s in

toda

y’s g

loba

lised

eco

nom

y.-“

dow

ntur

n w

ith se

curit

y”al

ongs

ide

“gro

wth

with

equ

ity” (

a la

Pro

f.Sen

)Fo

r Exa

mpl

e, e

cono

mic

stim

ulus

pac

kage

to

coun

tera

ct d

ownt

urn

stok

ed in

flatio

n in

Indi

a

Polic

y pr

escr

iptio

n fr

om H

S po

int o

f vie

w:

supp

ly fo

od g

rain

s at c

heap

pric

e, if

nec

essa

ry, b

y ad

ditio

nal r

esou

rce

mob

iliza

tion

thro

ugh

prog

ress

ivel

y hi

gher

tax

levy

on

the

rich.

8

Eco

nom

ic S

ecur

ity a

nd V

iole

nce

C

orre

latio

nshi

p cl

ear

N

o em

piric

ally

est

ablis

hed

caus

e an

d ef

fect

re

latio

nshi

ps

Diff

icul

t bec

ause

of r

ever

se o

r circ

ular

cau

se a

nd

effe

ct re

latio

nshi

p

Mut

ually

rein

forc

ing

feed

back

mec

hani

sm?

May

be

in R

wan

da/A

ngol

a/Si

erra

Leo

ne.

Im

plic

atio

ns o

f suc

h dy

nam

ic c

ompl

emen

tarit

ies

betw

een

econ

omic

inse

curit

y an

d vi

olen

ce c

an b

e di

sast

rous

.


30

9

Bro

ader

Not

ion

Bet

ter

Bec

ause

:1)

Polic

y an

alys

is o

n th

e ba

sis o

f nar

row

con

cept

of H

S m

ay b

e an

alyt

ical

ly d

efec

tive.

2)

Polic

y pr

escr

iptio

n ba

sed

on su

ch d

efec

tive

anal

ysis

m

ay b

e in

effe

ctiv

e to

add

ress

vio

lent

con

flict

s in

situ

atio

ns w

here

such

con

flict

s and

eco

nom

ic

inse

curit

y ar

e in

terr

elat

ed.

3)Si

nce

in p

oore

r cou

ntrie

s the

y ar

e in

fact

inte

rrel

ated

(C

anad

ian

Scho

ol a

dmits

it in

thei

r HS

Rep

ort,

2005

), N

arro

w n

otio

n of

HS

is in

appr

opria

te fo

r suc

h co

untri

es.

10

Dem

ocra

cy v

s. H

uman

Sec

urity

H

uman

Sec

urity

aud

it is

eas

ier i

n D

emoc

ratic

cou

ntrie

s be

caus

e of

exi

sten

ce o

f civ

il so

ciet

ies,

hum

an ri

ght

activ

ists

, fre

e pr

ess a

nd in

depe

nden

t jud

icia

ry.

In

cou

ntrie

s whi

ch h

ave

kind

of R

ight

to In

form

atio

n A

ct

that

Indi

a ha

s, in

form

atio

n fr

om P

ublic

Aut

horit

ies c

an b

e ga

ther

ed b

y an

y ci

tizen

or g

roup

s thr

ough

its l

egal

in

stitu

tiona

l fra

mew

ork.

Suc

h in

form

atio

n em

pow

ers

hum

an se

curit

y ag

enda

Th

e ch

alle

nge

of p

rote

ctin

g H

uman

Sec

urity

nee

ds i

n co

untri

es w

here

dem

ocra

tic in

stitu

tion

are

wea

k.

11

Cha

lleng

e in

Dem

ocra

tic C

ount

ries

Pa

ssio

nate

hum

an ri

ght(H

R) a

ctiv

ists

som

etim

es tu

rn a

bl

ind

eye

to so

cial

gai

ns fr

om e

cono

mic

de

velo

pmen

tal(E

D) p

rogr

ams.

Si

mila

rly a

gov

ernm

ent d

espe

rate

to o

utco

mpe

te o

ther

go

vern

men

ts in

attr

actin

g in

dust

rial p

roje

cts m

ay ig

nore

hu

man

secu

rity

impe

rativ

es.

B

ecau

se o

f suc

h co

mpe

titio

n, c

osts

of h

uman

inse

curit

ies

are

not i

nter

naliz

ed b

y pr

ojec

t aut

horit

ies.

C

halle

nge

is n

ot to

sacr

ifice

ED

pro

gram

s and

add

ress

HS

conc

erns

of t

he v

ulne

rabl

e

Cha

lleng

e is

to m

ake

HR

radi

cals

real

ize

that

with

out E

D,

HS

is th

reat

ened

for a

larg

er se

gmen

t of t

he p

oor.

12

Cha

lleng

e(c

ontin

ued)

In

ED

pro

gram

s with

out H

S co

ncer

n R

esul

t: R

ich

gain

s at t

he c

ost o

f poo

r ⇒in

crea

sed

ineq

ualit

ies ⇒

Soci

al te

nsio

n an

d co

nflic

t

Fi

ndin

g an

opt

ical

mix

bet

wee

n ED

and

HS

pers

pect

ives

in D

evel

opm

ent P

roje

cts i

s the

Rea

l C

halle

nge.


31

13

Thre

e (3

) Ind

ian

Cas

e S

tudi

es E

xem

plify

ing

this

Cha

lleng

e

Pa

ragr

aph

13: S

ING

UR

:Rat

anTa

ta’s

‘Nan

o’Pr

ojec

t)

NA

ND

IGR

AM

:Che

mic

al H

ub P

roje

ct

SAR

DA

R S

AR

OV

AR

DA

M P

roje

ct

14

Wha

t do

they

dem

onst

rate

?

H

ow in

adeq

uate

atte

ntio

n to

HS

pers

pect

ives

can

be

devi

l ind

ustri

al a

nd in

fras

truct

ural

pro

ject

s le

adin

g to

Neg

ativ

e-su

m O

utco

me

H

ow d

emoc

ratic

inst

itutio

ns c

an re

solv

e su

ch

conf

licts

, or p

rison

er-d

ilem

ma

like

situ

atio

n.

15

Four

(4) A

xiom

s1.

Hum

an D

evel

opm

ent i

n ge

nera

l and

eco

nom

ic

deve

lopm

ent p

roje

cts i

n pa

rticu

lar d

o no

t by

them

selv

es

guar

ante

e pr

otec

tion

of v

ital h

uman

secu

rity

need

s of t

he

mos

t vul

nera

ble.

Th

e no

rmat

ive

polic

y pr

escr

iptio

n th

at fo

llow

s fro

m th

is

axio

m is

that

hum

an se

curit

y th

reat

s of d

evel

opm

ent

proj

ects

mus

t be

asse

ssed

thro

ugh

hum

an se

curit

y au

dit

amon

g th

e m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e se

ctio

n of

the

popu

latio

n.

2.In

the

case

of c

onfli

ct o

f hum

an se

curit

y in

tere

sts

betw

een

two

grou

ps a

risin

g ou

t of a

dev

elop

men

t pro

ject

, th

e pu

blic

pol

icy

shou

ld b

e m

ore

sens

itive

tow

ards

the

secu

rity

need

s of t

he m

ore

vuln

erab

le g

roup

muc

h on

the

lines

of t

he R

awls

ian

para

digm

.

16

Four

(4) A

xiom

s (c

ontin

ued)

3.D

emoc

ratic

resi

stan

ce e

ven

by a

min

ority

segm

ent o

f the

af

fect

ed p

opul

atio

n sh

ould

be

resp

ecte

d an

d gi

ven

due

cogn

izan

ce a

t the

tim

e of

dev

elop

men

t of p

roje

ct p

lans

. 4.

Dem

ocra

tizat

ion

of so

cial

, pol

itica

l, an

d ec

onom

ic

inst

itutio

ns e

mpo

wer

peo

ple

to d

efen

d ag

ains

t thr

eats

to

thei

r hum

an se

curit

y ne

eds.

The

norm

ativ

e po

licy

pres

crip

tion

aris

ing

out o

f thi

s gen

eral

izat

ion

is th

at

dem

ocra

tic in

stitu

tions

such

as f

ree

pres

s, in

depe

nden

t ju

dici

ary

and

civi

l soc

ietie

s hav

e to

be

prom

oted

and

de

velo

ped

in a

ll so

ciet

ies.


32

17

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

H

S Pa

radi

gm th

row

s ope

n en

orm

ous

oppo

rtuni

ties B

ECA

USE

(a)

its in

terd

isci

plin

ary

fram

ewor

k en

able

s st

udy/

rese

arch

/ana

lysi

s of r

eal l

ife so

cial

, pol

itica

l, an

d ec

onom

ic p

robl

ems.

(b)

it ca

lls fo

r em

pow

erin

g pe

ople

thro

ugh

our g

row

ing

know

ledg

e ca

pita

l, te

chno

logi

cal i

nnov

atio

ns a

nd

polic

y in

terv

entio

ns.

But

wha

t abo

ut li

mita

tions

of h

uman

age

ncy?

Doe

s it

reco

gniz

e th

at o

ur g

rand

child

ren

may

wel

l be

amon

gst t

hepo

or a

nd v

ulne

rabl

e th

reat

ened

with

HS

conc

erns

?18

CO

NC

LUS

ION

C

AN

HU

MA

N S

ECU

RIT

Y N

EED

S O

F TH

E V

ULN

ERA

BLE

BE

PRO

TEC

TED

TH

RO

UG

H

HU

MA

N A

GEN

CY

?

HO

PE:

May

be

thro

ugh

the

MIS

SIO

N M

OD

E O

F JI

CA

an

d th

roug

h m

any

such

smal

l but

si

gnifi

cant

step

s suc

h as

T

HIS

SY

MPO

SIU

M.


33

MANUSCRIPT

Human Security and Human Development:

Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

Gautam Ray

Professor, Graduate School of Management, Kyoto University

Human security, or lack of it, has multidimensional attributes concerning

threats to peoples’ life and well being. As opposed to traditional state-centric notion

of security, human security paradigm is individual or people-centric. In recent years

the discourse on human security has been gaining momentum along two new

dimensions, freedom from want and freedom from fear, ever since the United

Nations Human Development Report, 1994 broadened the traditional domain of “civil

war, genocide, and displacement of people”1 to include in the discourse “chronic

threats such as hunger, disease, and repression as well as protection from sudden

and harmful disruptions in the patterns of daily life-whether in homes, in jobs or in

communities” (Human Development Report 1994, UNDP).

2. Seven specific attributes of human security are listed in the Report. They are:

economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal

security, communal security, and political security. The Report advocates that the

instruments for protecting people vulnerable to such threats should include public

policy instruments focused on basic needs, productive and remunerative

employment, human rights, preventive international diplomacy, and reform of global

institutions.

3. The Japanese vision of human security, much on the same line as that of UN,

is succinctly put by the former Prime Minister of Japan Obuchi Keizo in his keynote

address in the conference “Intellectual Dialogue on Building Asia’s Tomorrow” held

1 The Canadian school of thought, as articulated in Human Security Report, 2005, insists that human security

should be confined only to these traditional threats for both pragmatic and methodological reasons. The broader concept advocated in Human Development Report 1994 has limited utility for policy analysis

according to this school.


34

in 1998 in Tokyo. According to him, human security is "the keyword to

comprehensively seizing all of the menaces that threaten the survival, daily life, and

dignity of human beings and to strengthening the efforts to confront these threats."

To pursue this vision of improving human security environment across the world,

Japanese government played a key role in establishing Commission on Human

rights (CHS) co-chaired by Ms. Sadako Ogata, former head of UNHCR and currently

the President of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and Prof. Amartya

Sen .

4. CHS in its final report Human Security Now submitted in 2003 emphasized

the need to protect ‘vital core’ (absolute needs, basic capabilities, and fundamental

human rights) of all human lives from critical and pervasive threats by building on

people’s capabilities and strengths (capacity building) to meet those threats.

Capacity building of the poor and vulnerable has accordingly become a thrust area in

Japanese Government’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy2 and also in

its bilateral and multilateral engagements.

5. The theoretical underpinning in the broader UN-Japanese vision of human

security can be found in Abraham Maslow’s theory of human motivation. In the

pyramidal hierarchy of five broad human needs, economic security, food security and

personal security formed the bottom of the pyramid as they were the foundation on

which other higher needs of an individual grow. In the human security paradigm, just

as in Maslow’s framework, an individual cannot develop motivation to aspire for

higher levels of human development and achieving his/her true human potential

unless these core needs are secured. In other words, human security is the

foundation for human development.

6. Any policy instrument aiming to promote human security is likely to be

ineffective and inadequate if it ignores this critical link of human security with human

development. For example, in cases of violent conflicts among poor peoples, a policy

response to contain such violence that does not address the basic economic and

food security needs of peoples is likely to be ineffective. Structural violence, that is

violence built into the structure of the system, has to be addressed not only for 2 For details, see ‘Section 2, Human Security and ODA’ in ODA Annual Report 2000, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

of Japan


35

“comprehensively seizing all of the menaces that threaten the survival, daily life, and

dignity of human beings”, but also for “strengthening the efforts to confront these

threats”.

7. To be sure, there is no empirically established cause and effect relationship

between economic insecurity and violent strife. But it is easy to see that they exist

together in many developing countries - one possibly feeding on the other in mutually

reinforcing feedback mechanism. And such dynamic complementarities between

them severely threaten human security.

8. The conceptual linkages between human security and human development

have been extensively discussed in the literature3. While human security is about

defending people’s vital or core needs, human development is about expanding set

of choices or freedom. Human security can thus be seen as the nucleus of human

development around which people can build on their capacity to develop themselves.

9. Failure to protect human security for a group of people results in failure in

their human development. At the same time failure in human development increases

the risk of failure in human security mainly because capacity building of the

vulnerable is not possible without their human development. Therefore a circular

cause and effect relationship gives rise to the possibility of vicious cycle dynamics in

the case of sustained failure in human security over a period time. This is the logic

and importance of having human security perspectives in human development

discourse and vice-versa.

10. Few will dispute that in today’s world economic insecurity constitutes one of

the greatest threats to peoples across the world. Threats to secured sources of

livelihood are widespread particularly after the recent economic downturn in most

economies of the world. To arrest the downturn and stimulate such economies

stimulus packages have been injected in many countries including India. Such policy

responses have worked in arresting downturn, but have stoked inflationary pressures

in some countries. Indian economy, for example, grew at 7.9% in three months upto

September 30, 2009, but wholesale food prices rose at the fastest pace in eleven

3 See Tadjbaksh and Chenoy (2007), chapter4 for a summary of the relation between human security and

human development.


36

years hurting the poor immensely. An index of food articles compiled by Ministry of

Commerce, Government of India rose by 19.95% in the week that ended on

December 5, 2009 compared to a year earlier. An appropriate policy response-

consistent with the human security imperative of “downturn with security”4 is to

have the stimulus package in conjunction with measures to making food grains

available at cheaper prices by removing the supply chain bottlenecks or, if necessary,

by raising taxes on better-off sections of the society.

11. Undoubtedly, the operational imperative in this broader paradigm of security is

quite challenging. It requires periodic human security audit on two fronts: whether

human security environment is under any threat, and whether the capacity of the

most vulnerable population to defend themselves in the potential or sudden threat is

being strengthened through their human development. This is an important human

security agenda that emerges out of the Ogata-Sen Report.

12. Needless to say, human security audit5 is a great challenge especially in

locations where democratic institutions have not taken strong roots. Where they

have taken roots human security agenda faces a different type of challenge. In

democracies like India many passionate human right activists swayed by their

emotional one-track perspective often turn a blind eye to the regional developmental

needs and opportunities thrown open by the forces of globalisation. Similarly

development zealots often fail to see that the human security perspectives in

development are both necessary and important for sustainable development. A

middle ground has to be found in such countries. From the points of view of equity,

justice and fair play, development projects must take into account and internalize the

cost of providing basic human security needs to the poor and vulnerable who will be

affected by such projects .A balanced and nuanced audit of mutually reinforcing

human security and development needs is the most onerous challenge for human

security auditors in these countries.

4 The phrase “downturn with security” was coined by Prof. Amartya Sen in his keynote address in an International Symposium on Human Security held in Tokyo on July 28,2000

5 Prof. Kanti Bajpai is reportedly engaged in drawing up a human security index based on audit of eleven specific threats, national threat as well as human security threat attributes, conducted through a public

opinion survey( not yet published) among 10,000 people in India on how insecure Indians feel. Bajpai,2000 throws light on conceptual issues on human security including human security audit.


37

13. Democratic institutions in countries like India have often exposed the schism

between these two conflicting imperatives, one coming entirely from human security

perspectives and the other from the need for rapid economic development. Three

recent Indian cases, mentioned in the following paragraphs, illustrate how this

conflict was resolved in one way or the other with the help of political institutions and

movements. Two of them, Singur and Nandigram projects, pertain to the state

(province) of West Bengal, and the other is Sardar Sarovar Dam project in the states

of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

(1) The Sardar Sarovar Dam project is a multipurpose hydro-electric power cum

irrigation project over the river Narmada. According to project authorities, it

was estimated to irrigate drought prone areas of 1.8 million hectares (4.45m

acres) in Gujarat and 75,000 hectares (185,000 acres) in Rajasthan; have an

installed power generation capacity of 1450 megawatts; provide domestic

water to over 2.35 million people in 8235 villages and 135 towns in Gujarat,

and prevent flooding downstream As per the original plans, the dam was

supposed to have a height of 136.5 m. The development project ran into

trouble over the resettlement or rehabilitation of 250,000 people, most of

whom were tribal population

A critical factor of assessing the human security risks associated with the

project is the proposed height of the dam. The larger the height, the larger the

area it will flood during monsoon depending on the quantum of rainfall.

Human security perspectives including the risks of flooding the catchment

areas and consequential displacement of families settled in the areas were

not given adequate attention by project authorities. No complementary

rehabilitation plan alongside the construction plan was drawn up.

Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save Narmada Movement) led by a group of

human right activists and intellectuals in India resisted construction of the dam

and the movement drew support from international human rights activists and

NGOs. Peaceful agitations and Gandhian-style satyagrahas including fasts

were organised to protest against the entire Narmada Development plan.

Fasts were organized near World Bank headquarters in Washington D.C. as

the Bank was providing a loan of US$550 million for the project. The World


38

Bank withdrew from the project as it saw that human security perspectives got

a short shrift from the project authorities.

The matter finally went to the Indian Supreme Court which in its ruling dated

October 18, 2000 passed by a 2:1 majority allowed the construction of dam up

to the height of 90 meter and further construction of 5-meter incremental

height subject to fulfilment of strict conditions ensuring human security

concerns including delivery of complementary relief and rehabilitation

package alongside construction. The construction work for incremental height

can start only after receiving green signal from the Relief and Rehabilitation

Subgroup of the Narmada Control Authority which was entrusted by the Court

with the responsibility of protecting the needs of the displaced population.

[Narmada Bachao Andolan vs. Union of India (WRIT PETITION (C) NO. 319

OF 1994)].

The construction of the dam is now complete as human right activists

continue to protest against inadequate relief and rehabilitation measures for

the displaced population.

(2) Incidents of violent conflicts in 2007 in Nandigram over agricultural land

acquisition for green field industrial projects in India provide a starker example

of how difficult it may be for a policy maker to reconcile conflicting human

security and human development perspectives in a development project. This

was a chemical hub project in Nandigram, a village in East Midnapore district

of West Bengal on the bank of river Haldia. It won the approval of Government

of India as a Special economic Zone project after obtaining clearances from

environmental and other regulatory authorities required as per law. The

project was located in the vicinity of the Haldia port. It had close backward

and forward linkages because of the nearby Haldia township where a big

refinery plant of Indian Oil Corporation, Mitsubishi chemicals plant producing

PTA and a modern petrochemical unit Haldia Petrochemicals are located.

Haldia township generated considerable complementarities in terms of

availability of human and material resources.


39

However, a considerable part of the agricultural land proposed to be taken

over by the project authorities was fertile enough for multiple crop cultivation.

Besides, a significantly large number of villagers are from a minority

community to whom living their communal life in the locality around the place

of prayer constitutes a vital core of their human existence. The prospect of

getting uprooted constituted a grave threat not only to their personal and

economic security but also their cultural, religious, and communal identity.

From the perspective of economic development, the chemical hub project and

its location made perfect sense. The net economic surplus from the proposed

chemical hub project would have been much greater than that generated from

present economic activities. Yet it did not pass the human security audit of the

villagers of Nandigram. They resisted fiercely. The resistance became so

powerful that no government officials or even the police could enter the area

to discharge their routine administrative duties. Women and children were in

the frontline of the resistance brigade. On the fateful day March 14, 2007, in a

violent clash between villagers and police, fourteen people died. Hundreds of

villagers in and around Nandigram had to flee from their home creating a

classical human security crisis situation. The state government had to yield. It

declared that there will be no land acquisition in Nandigram. An alternative

site in Nayachar, a nearby island, has been identified by the state government

for the chemical hub.

(3) The Singur project in West Bengal was Mr. Ratan Tata’s dream US$ 2,200

car( Nano) project which was passionately promoted by the Chief Minister of

West Bengal. West Bengal government acquired in public interest nearly 1000

acres of agricultural land for the project. Most land owners and farmers were

reconciled with the acquisition and a small number of land owners/farmers did

not want to part with their land. Initially the movement spearheaded by the

principal opposition party in the state did not get sufficient traction, but the

momentum was picked up after Nandigram violence on March 14, 2007. With

the success of Nandigram movement, Singur movement got further intensified

even as Tatas completed construction of the plant, installed the machineries,

and about to start production. Looking at the deteriorating human security


40

situation after a Japanese engineer was threatened as he was entering the

plant, the Tatas withdrew the plant from Singur in October 2009 and relocated

it in Gujarat.

From the economic development perspective, Singur-Nandigram will go down

as dark chapters in the history of regional development in the state of West

Bengal. More important than lost employment opportunities the region also

lost the momentum and expectation of industrial growth built up around the

state government’s pro-active role in industrializing the state. As a result the

government is not in a position to fulfil its pledge in 2006 election that it will

mitigate unemployment problem in the state through its industrial policy.

From Human Security perspective, however, Singur-Nandigram heralded

beginning of a new hope. Post Nandigram a political environment has been

created in India where farmers can no longer be coerced into selling their land

in the name of public interest. Potential conflicts in other land acquisition

projects in India could be avoided as government of India drafted a new

legislation for land acquisition. In this proposed legislation lands for industrial

projects have to be acquired by private companies themselves and states

cannot acquire such lands in the name of public interest6.

13. These three recent cases in Indian contexts provide good examples of how

inadequate attention to human security perspectives in economic development

projects can bedevil such projects to the detriment of all. They also demonstrate how

democratic institutions such as courts of law, civil societies, international

organizations, and Parliament can come into act to protect the core or vital security

need of the vulnerable.

14. Can we abstract some generalised principles of public policy response in such

situations? The problem is that such policy responses may not be appropriate in all

contexts. Yet it may be useful to extract some general normative principles of

development policy that may come handy for policy makers while handling such

development projects in future.

6 A.V.Banerjee et.al (2007) discuss

why government should be involved in acquisition of lands for industrial purposes.


41

First, human Development in general and economic development projects in

particular do not by themselves guarantee protection of vital human security needs

of the most vulnerable.

The normative policy prescription that follows from this axiom is that human

security threats of development projects should to be assessed through human

security audit among the most vulnerable section of the population.

Second, in the case of conflict of human security interests between two

groups arising out of a development project, the public policy should be more

sensitive towards the security needs of the more vulnerable group much on the lines

of the Rawlsian paradigm.

Third, democratic resistance even by a minority segment of the most

affected population should be respected and given due cognizance at the time of

developing project plans.

Fourth, democratization of social, political, and economic institutions

empower people to defend against threats to their human security needs. The

normative policy prescription arising out of this generalization is that democratic

institutions such as free press, independent judiciary and civil societies have to be

promoted, developed, and strengthened in all societies.

15. To conclude, human security paradigm because of its inter-disciplinary

approach throws open enormous opportunities to address real life problems of

people and those concerning public policy issues. It highlights the need for policy

makers to be sensitive to the core or vital needs of our peoples, and to the need for

empowering them to defend against adverse structural economic, social and

political forces on which they have no control. Ultimately, peace rests on justice. The

call for justice in human security paradigm is its strength.

16. Survival and flourishing of democratic institutions and fall of despotic and

totalitarian regimes across the world have also created tremendous opportunities to

promote human security. Most importantly, to address human security concerns we

now have a set of powerful instruments at our command: growing knowledge capital,

newer technology, and transnational institutions and regional fora which can provide


42

institutional support to transmit such knowledge and technology to those who need

them most.

17. An important question is how these powerful aids and instruments can be

brought to bear upon human agency to help them empower people who are

vulnerable to chronic threats such as hunger, debilitating diseases, unemployment or

unproductive employment and structural violence in a given socio-political-economic

milieu. This is the core issue confronting and challenging human security discourses

today.

References

Bajpai, K. (2000) Human Security: Concepts and Measurement, Occasional paper 19, The Joan B.Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, August.

Banerjee, A.V.,Bardhan, P., Basu, K.,Datta Chaudhury, M.,Ghatak, M.,Guha A.S.,Majumdar, M., Mookherjee, D., and Ray, D.(2007) ‘ Beyond Nandigram: Industrialisation in West Bengal’ Economic and Political weekly, April 28. Available in

http://econ.nyu.edu/user/debraj/Papers/Nandigram.pdf (accessed on March 1,2010)

Commission on Human Security (2003) Human Security Now, Final Report of the Commission on Human Security, New York: United Nations Publishing

Human Security Report Project at the Human Security Centre, Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia. (2005). Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century New York: Oxford University Press

Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2000) ‘ Section 2, Human Security and ODA” in ODA Annual Report,

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, February.

Sen, A. 2000 ‘Why Human Security? Keynote address at the International symposium on Human Security, Tokyo. July.

Tadjbaksh, S., and Chenoy, A. M. (2007) Human Security: Concepts and Implications Abingdon,Oxon:Routledge

United nation Development Program(UNDP, 1994) Human Development Report, 1995-‐ New Dimensions of Human Security,New York: Oxford University Press.


43

Traffic Safety Issues in Asian Megacities –Conflict Analysis for Motorcycle–

Nobuhiro Uno

Kyoto University


44


45


46


47


48


49


50


51


52


53


54


55

Activities of AIT-KU Joint Research Center for Human Security Engineering Bangkok, Thailand

Noppadol Phienwej

Asian Institute of Technology


56


57


58


59


60


61


62


63


64


65


66


67


68


69


70


71


72


73


74


75

Introduction of Geotechnical Infrastructure Asset Management in Thailand

Hiroyasu Ohtsu

Kyoto University


76


77


78


79


80


81


82


83


84


85


86


87


88


89

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Yoshinobu Oshima

Kyoto University


92

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Kyoto University


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115

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Kiyoshi Kobayashi

Kyoto University


116

1

Res

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4

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st

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ems

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ater

sca

rcity

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imita

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of W

ater

Acc

ess:

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o ag

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iver

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Org

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e A

sia-

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ific

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s to

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ater

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117

5

Res

earc

h Q

uest

ion

• H

ow d

o w

e en

sure

the

sust

aina

bilit

y of

bot

h ec

osys

tem

and

reso

urce

s w

hich

peo

ple

take

out

for

thei

r life

?

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ow d

o w

e sh

are

the

cost

an

d be

nefit

upo

n th

e pr

oces

ses

to p

rodu

ce a

nd

sust

ain

good

s an

d se

rvic

e?

6

Col

lect

ive

Act

ion

upon

Soc

ial C

apita

l an

d W

ater

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion

• S

ocia

l cap

ital p

lays

a ro

le in

reso

urce

al

loca

tion

for p

eopl

e w

ho d

onÕt

have

re

sour

ce a

s th

e ne

ed a

rises

. • 

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com

mon

reso

urce

man

agem

ent i

s th

at Òw

hat a

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ow e

ntru

st to

go

vern

men

tÓ, n

ot th

at Òw

heth

er e

ntru

st to

go

vern

men

t or n

otÓ.

7

Res

earc

h O

rgan

izat

ion

• C

olla

bora

tion

with

Ð K

yoto

Uni

vers

ity (K

U)

Ð In

stitu

te T

echn

olog

y B

andu

ng (I

TB)

Ð U

nive

rsity

of B

raw

ijaya

Ð 

Inst

itute

Tec

hnol

ogy

of 1

0th

Nov

embe

r (IT

S)

Ð U

nive

rsiti

Tek

nolo

gi M

alay

sia

(UTM

) Ð 

Roy

al In

stitu

te o

f Tec

hnol

ogy

(KTH

, S

wed

en)

Ð Jš

nkšp

ing

Inte

rnat

iona

l Bus

ines

s S

choo

l (J

IBS

, Sw

eden

) Ð 

Lond

on S

choo

l of E

cono

mic

s Ð 

Uni

vers

ity o

f Slo

vaki

a

8

Res

earc

h A

ctiv

ities

in In

done

sia

Mal

ang

Reg

ency


118

9

Cha

ract

eris

tic

PDA

M

HIP

PAM

S

tart

oper

atio

n 19

84

1999

Fund

ing

Nat

iona

l Bud

get

Reg

iona

l Bud

get,

WS

LIC

(US

AID

)

Inst

itutio

n B

ranc

h O

ffice

of P

DA

M o

f M

alan

g R

egen

cy

Loca

l com

mun

ity

1 le

ader

, 1 tr

easu

ry, 2

tech

nica

l st

affs

Tr

ansm

issi

on

syst

em

Gra

vita

tion,

Pum

p; o

pen

wat

er s

tora

ge -

iron

pipe

lined

G

ravi

tatio

n, P

ump;

gro

up w

ater

st

orag

e(2x

2.5x

1.7

m3)

- pl

astic

pi

pelin

ed

Dis

tribu

tion

syst

em

Wat

er m

eter

ed in

eve

ry

hous

e P

last

ic u

pper

wat

er ta

nk o

r dire

ct

wat

er ta

p fro

m g

roup

wat

er ta

nk;

wat

er m

eter

ed (s

ome

grou

ps)

Cap

acity

1

Ð 17

lite

r/sec

ond

2 Ð

15 li

ter/s

econ

d

Tota

l cov

erag

e 33

.260

inha

bita

nts

(24%

) 5.

575

inha

bita

nts

(4%

)

Pric

e/m

onth

1s

t 10

m3 =

IDR

11.

500;

11

-20m

3 = ID

R 1

.500

/m3

(200

9) fo

r hou

seho

ld

IDR

2.0

00 Ð

30.

000/

mon

th; b

ased

on

com

mun

ity a

gree

men

t

1st I

nsta

llatio

n ID

R. 1

.500

.000

ID

R. 5

00.0

00

Wat

er S

uppl

y S

yste

ms

10

Fiel

d W

ork

• D

rinki

ng W

ater

Fac

ility

• A

gric

ultu

re W

ater

11

Sur

vey

(21t

h D

ec 2

008

Ð 9t

h Ja

n 20

09)

• S

urve

y fo

r ass

essm

ent o

f soc

ial

capi

tal i

n co

mm

unity

man

aged

w

ater

sup

ply

man

agem

ent a

t M

alan

g A

genc

y, In

done

sia

in

colla

bora

tion

with

Bra

wija

ya u

ni.

• To

test

the

hypo

thes

is, f

ollo

win

g ite

ms

are

aske

d Ð 

Wat

er u

sage

Ð 

Sat

isfa

ctio

n to

the

wat

er s

uppl

y Ð 

Leve

l of s

ocia

l cap

ital,

com

mun

icat

ion

netw

ork

• 50

0 ho

useh

olds

in S

ingo

sari

dist

rict,

Eas

t Jav

a pr

ovin

ce

• 1s

t sur

vey:

Dec

embe

r 200

8 • 

2nd

surv

ey: F

ebru

ary

2010

12

Inte

rvie

ws


119

13

1st W

orks

hop

: Mar

ch 2

0, 2

009

at IT

B (B

andu

ng)

10 p

rese

ntat

ions

from

3 c

ount

ries

14

Joni

Her

man

a, P

rofe

ssor

E

nviro

nmen

tal E

ngin

eerin

g D

epar

tmen

t, IT

S

15

Pro

-poo

r Wat

er M

anag

emen

t

Ibnu

Sya

bri,

Ass

ocia

te P

rofe

ssor

S

choo

l of A

rchi

tect

ure,

Pla

nnin

g an

d P

olic

y D

evel

opm

ent,

ITB

16

ISM

U R

ini D

wi A

ri (P

hD s

tude

nts

at

the

labo

rato

ry o

f Hum

an S

ecur

ity E

ngin

eerin

g, K

U)


120

17

Dev

elop

a C

olle

ctiv

e A

ctio

n M

odel

• u:

end

ogen

ous

varia

ble

• X

: hou

seho

ldsÕ

attr

ibut

e • ρ:

deg

ree

of d

epen

dent

on

soci

al c

apita

l • 

W: c

orre

latio

n m

atrix

abo

ut h

ouse

hold

sÕ n

etw

ork

Hay

eong

JE

ON

G, G

CO

E R

esea

rche

r D

epar

tmen

t of U

rban

Man

agem

ent,

KU

Gen

eral

The

ory

of H

uman

Lov

e

U =

α V

+ x

α

-,1

)

V

= β

U +

y

β

-,1

)

U=

x +

α y

/(1

- αβ

V

= +

β y

/(1

- αβ

19

Est

imat

ion

Res

ults

pr

obit

mod

el

colle

ctiv

e ac

tion

mod

el

varia

bles

cons

tant

para

met

ers

stan

dard

er

ror

90%

Con

fiden

ce

inte

rval

G

ewek

e st

atis

tic

para

met

ers

stan

dard

er

ror

90%

Con

fiden

ce

inte

rval

G

ewek

e st

atis

tic

20

Futu

re P

ersp

ectiv

es

• 2n

d Wor

ksho

p on

wat

er

supp

ly m

anag

emen

t sy

stem

and

soc

ial c

apita

l Ð 

Mar

ch 1

5-16

, 201

0 at

ITS

(S

urab

aya)

Ð 

Mor

e th

an 3

0 pr

esen

tatio

ns

(pla

nned

) fro

m 4

cou

ntrie

s Ð 

http

://ps

a2.k

uciv

.kyo

to-u

.ac.

jp/

joom

laJP

/con

tent

/vie

w/3

86/8

4/la

ng,ja

/


121

21

Futu

re P

ersp

ectiv

es

• B

ook

publ

ishi

ng

Ð Te

ntat

ive

title

: ÒC

olle

ctiv

e ac

tions

, com

mun

ity n

etw

ork,

and

vo

lunt

ary

prov

isio

n of

infra

stru

ctur

e sy

stem

sÓ

by

Kiy

oshi

Kob

ayas

hi (K

U) a

nd Ib

nu S

yabr

i (IT

B)

Ð P

art 1

: Why

peo

ple

colla

bora

te?

• 

pris

oner

dile

mm

a, s

ocia

l cap

ital.

assu

ranc

e ga

me,

par

ticip

ator

y ap

proa

ch, v

olun

tary

pro

visi

on o

f pub

lic g

oods

Ð 

Par

t 2: H

ow th

e co

llabo

ratio

n is

legi

timat

ed?

-par

ticip

ator

y ap

proa

ches

- • 

legi

timac

y, a

ccou

ntab

ility

, res

pons

ibili

ty, i

nteg

rity,

iden

tity,

en

title

men

t, go

vern

ance

Ð 

Par

t 3: H

ow th

ey o

rgan

ize?

How

to fi

nanc

e? (S

ocia

l Ins

titut

ions

/E

ngin

eerin

g V

iew

s)

• so

cial

ben

efit,

ow

ners

hip

and

man

agem

ent s

truct

ure,

tra

nsac

tion

cost

Ð 

Par

t 4: C

ase

Stu

dies


122


123

Closing Remarks

Kiyoshi Kobayashi

Kyoto University


124


125

Kyoto University Global COE Program

Global Center for Education and Research on

Human Security Engineering for Asian Megacities

京都大学グローバル COE プログラムアジア・メガシティの人間安全保障工学拠点

C1-3-182, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyoku, Kyoto 615-8540 Japan

Email: [email protected]: +81-75-383-3412/3413Fax: +81-75-383-3418Web: http://hse.gcoe.kyoto-u.ac.jp

〒615-8540 京都市西京区京都大学桂 C1-3-182

Email: [email protected]: 075-383-3412/3413Fax: 075-383-3418Web: http://hse.gcoe.kyoto-u.ac.jp

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