Krzysztof Krajewski Jagiellonian University Department of Criminology Krakow - Poland Gaps in the...

Krzysztof KrajewskiJagiellonian UniversityDepartment of CriminologyKrakow - Poland

Gaps in the knowledge base – evidence in the criminal justice

system and its implementation in practice

ConferenceIdentifying Europe’s information needs for effective drug

policyLisbon, 6 – 8 May, 2009

2

Basic question

To evaluate drug policies in any country, it is important to have information on three aspects of these policies:

1) to what extent criminal law and criminal justice interventions are directed towards supply of drugs and to what extent towards demand for drugs;

2) to what extent criminal law and criminal justice interventions regarding demand constitute either purely repressive interventions, or involve also alternative measures intended to divert offending drug users to the treatment system;

3) what are the reasons for eventual different patterns;

3

Indexed trends in reports for drug-related offences by broad type of offence in the EU Member States 2002–07

Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-1

114

129132

60

100

140

180

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

All reports (976999)

Use-related reports (703309)

Supply-related reports (184841)

4

Offences type in reports for drug law offences in EuropeSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Figure DLO-2

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

2005 - Norway (n=9707)

2005 - Turkey (n=13229)

2007 - Croatia (n=7952)

2006 - United Kingdom (n=123967)

2007 - Sweden (n=21752)

2007 - Finland (n=16314)

2007 - Slov akia (n=644)

2007 - Slov enia(n=3720)

2007 - Romania(n=2749)

2007 - Portugal(n=11946)

2007 - Poland(n=63007)

2007 - Austria(n=24166)

2007 - Netherlands(n=19269)

2007 - Malta(n=630)

2006 - Luxembourg(n=282)

2007 - Lithuania(n=1734)

2007 - Latv ia(n=3966)

2007 - Cy prus(n=878)

2006 - Italy (n=68370)

2007 - France(n=134320)

2007 - Spain(n=278797)

2007 - Greece(n=15247)

2006 - Ireland(n=14830)

2007 - Estonia(n=7039)

2007 - Germany (n=248355)

2005 - Denmark(n=19526)

2007 - Czech Republic(n=2031)

2007 - Bulgaria(n=3947)

2007 - Belgium(n=37867)

Use-related offences Supply-related offences Use and supply-related offences Other type of offences

5

Proportion of cannabis related offences in reports for drug law offencesSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, Table DLO-3

65,2

52,2

66,4

77,3

28,5

82,8

60

49,2 49,6

56,6

21 21,4

33

47,6

56,1 55,459

70,573,4

36,1

80,4

51,9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Bel

gium

Bul

garia

Cro

atia

Cyp

rus

Cze

ch R

ep.

Den

mar

k

Est

onia

Fin

land

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Hun

gary

Irel

and

Ital

y

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Mal

ta

Net

herla

nds

Nor

way

Pol

and

Por

tuga

l

Rom

ania

Slo

vaki

a

Slo

veni

a

Spa

in

Sw

eden

Tur

key

UK

6

Indexed trends in reports for drug law offences by type of drug in the EU Member States 2002–07


123

107

159

0

50

100

150

200

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Cannabis (566945)

Heroin (85296)

Cocaine (104801)

Amphetamine (42302)

7

Indexed trends in reports for drug law offences related to drug use or possession for use in the EU Member States 2002–07


124

160

117

0

50

100

150

200

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Cannabis use (466626)

Heroin use (49185)

Cocaine use (69558)

8

Selection mechanisms in the criminal justice system:„funnel model”

Output:number of reported (registered) offences

Output: number of prosecutions

Output: number of convictions

Output: number of people serving prison term

Input: number of really committed offences

9

Tasks for the future

• it may be worth effort to learn more about and to attempt to explain significant differences in outcomes of the selection mechanism and criminal justice interventions between European countries;

• however, this may be difficult without certain data being available throughout Europe on the national level;

• targeted data collection and specific research projects may be necessary here;

10

Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)Rates per 100 th. inhabitants

Source: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations

627

524

358339 333

309 301 291 288

239212 207 204

185 179 174 165136

118 116 113 113

51 51

18 15 13 12

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Spa

in

Est

onia

Bel

gium

Den

mar

k

Irel

and

Fin

land

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

Luxe

mbo

urg

Sw

eden

Fra

nce

Nor

way UK

Slo

veni

a

Cro

atia

Latv

ia

Pol

and

Gre

ece

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Cyp

rus

Por

tuga

l

Bul

garia

Lith

uani

a

Cze

ch R

ep.

Tur

key

Rom

ania

Slo

vaki

a

11

Drug use related offences rates in European countries (2007)Rates per 100 th. inhabitants


570

446

307

252 251226

210 208 197178

150 142 130 124108

89 7864 63 62

36 34 2914 9 7 7 2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Spa

in

Est

onia

Den

mar

k

Irel

and

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Sw

eden

Ger

man

y

Fin

land

Fra

nce

Slo

veni

a

UK

Latv

ia

Cro

atia

Pol

and

Cyp

rus

Nor

way

Por

tuga

l

Gre

ece

Italy

Net

herla

nds

Bul

garia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Tur

key

Rom

ania

Slo

vaki

a

Cze

ch R

ep.

12

Drug supply related offences rates in European countries (2007)Rates per 100 th. inhabitants


129

122

111

8178 78

70

57 55 55 5451

35 34 3328

25 23 23 22 2218 17 16

10 85 5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Nor

way

Bel

gium

Fin

land

Net

herla

nds

Ger

man

y

Est

onia

Irel

and

Spa

in

Pol

and

Cro

atia

Italy

Den

mar

k

Slo

veni

a

UK

Gre

ece

Sw

eden

Aus

tria

Cyp

rus

Por

tuga

l

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Latv

ia

Cze

ch R

ep.

Fra

nce

Tur

key

Bul

garia

Rom

ania

Slo

vaki

a

13

Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)- ranking according to the overall rate

Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin 2009, author’s own calculations

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Spa

in

Est

onia

Bel

gium

Den

mar

k

Irel

and

Fin

land

Ger

man

y

Aus

tria

Sw

eden

Fra

nce

Nor

way UK

Slo

veni

a

Cro

atia

Latv

ia

Pol

and

Gre

ece

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Cyp

rus

Por

tuga

l

Luxe

mbo

urg

Bul

garia

Lith

uani

a

Cze

ch R

ep.

Tur

key

Rom

ania

Slo

vaki

a

Overall drug offences Use related offences Supply related offences

14

Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)- ranking according to the use related offences rate


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Spa

in

Est

onia

Den

mar

k

Irel

and

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Sw

eden

Ger

man

y

Fin

land

Fra

nce

Slo

veni

a

UK

Latv

ia

Cro

atia

Pol

and

Cyp

rus

Nor

way

Por

tuga

l

Gre

ece

Italy

Net

herla

nds

Bul

garia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Tur

key

Rom

ania

Slo

vaki

a

Cze

ch R

ep.


15

Drug offences rates in European countries (2007)- ranking according to the supply related offences rates


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Nor

way

Bel

gium

Finl

and

Net

herla

nds

Est

onia

Ger

man

y

Irela

nd

Spa

in

Cro

atia

Pol

and

Italy

Den

mar

k

Slo

veni

a

UK

Gre

ece

Sw

eden

Aus

tria

Cyp

rus

Por

tuga

l

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Latv

ia

Cze

ch R

ep.

Fran

ce

Turk

ey

Bul

garia

Rom

ania

Slo

vaki

a


16

Preliminary conclusions

• law enforcement effort in most countries seems to concentrate on the use related offences;

• this is especially visible in some countries ranked quite low on supply related offences, but being champions in use related offences rates, and because of this also champions in general drug offences rates;

• more precise knowledge is highly desirable about reasons for this pattern;

• this may be of great importance for evaluating impact of the law enforcement effort on various aspects of the drug problem;

17

Drug offences rates and conviction rates for drug offencesin European countries (2003)

Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Third Edition

610

288

172

561

78

197

123

258

78

128

262

139

207

87

44 5433

143

5529 16 22 22 26 27

8 70

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Sw

itzer

land

Finl

and

Sw

eden

Icel

and

Irela

nd UK

Cro

atia

Ger

man

y

Ukr

aine

Net

herla

nds

Aus

tria

Mea

n

Fran

ce Italy

Pol

and

Por

tuga

l

Mol

dova

Gre

ece

Slo

veni

a

Hun

gary

Lith

uani

a

Cze

ch R

ep.

Slo

vaki

a

Geo

rgia

Bul

garia

Alb

ania

Rom

ania

Offences Convictions

18

Drug offences rates and convictions rates for drug trafficking offencesin European countries (2003)

Rates per 100 th. inhabitantsSource: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Third Edition

67

103

3127

17

29

50

42

1814

9

3 2 10

20

40

60

80

100

120

Irela

nd

Sw

itzer

land U

K

Mea

n

Fran

ce

Aus

tria

Por

tuga

l

Slo

veni

a

Cze

ch R

ep.

Slo

vaki

a

Ger

man

y

Pol

and

Alb

ania

Cro

atia

Offences Convictions

19

Preliminary conclusions

• attrition rate (difference between registered offences rate and convictions rate) seems to be huge in case of some countries;

• this suggests that many registered drug offences are never prosecuted, and it never comes to conviction for them;

• as this rate seems to be generally lower in case of supply related offences, it may mean that use related cases are mostly responsible for that phenomenon;

• it is highly desirable to know why is it so: are these cases just dropped off for some reasons, or are they diverted to be dealt with in other way?

20

Conclusion

• gaps in the knowledge about criminal justice interventions in case of drug offences seem to be quite substantial throughout Europe;

• because of this the need to collect more data and to conduct research in this area seems to be especially acute!

Thank you for your attention!

Krzysztof Krajewski Jagiellonian University Department of Criminology Krakow - Poland Gaps in the...

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