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FRUITFRUIT

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The life cycle of a plantThe life cycle of a plant

Roots grow from a seed.

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The life cycle of a plantThe life cycle of a plantRoots grow from a seed.

Leaves start to grow.

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The life cycle of a plantThe life cycle of a plantRoots grow from a seed.

Leaves start to grow.

More leaves grow. Flower buds appear.

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The life cycle of a plantThe life cycle of a plant

Roots grow from a seed.

Leaves start to grow.

More leaves grow. Flower buds appear.

The flowers open.

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The life cycle of a plantThe life cycle of a plantThe petals die. The flowers make a fruit with seeds inside.

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The life cycle of a plantThe life cycle of a plantThe petals die. The flowers make a fruit with seeds inside.

The fruit dries and falls.

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Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction

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FruitFruitIn flowering plants In flowering plants FruitFruit is a mature, ripened ovary that is a mature, ripened ovary that

contains the seedscontains the seeds Pericarp Pericarp – the ovary wall– the ovary wall

ovary

Fruit typesFruit types A. SimpleA. Simple B. AggregateB. Aggregate C. MultipleC. Multiple

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Ovary develops into a Ovary develops into a fruitfruit

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Fruiting Bodies and FruitsFruiting Bodies and Fruits

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  Developmental origin of Developmental origin of fruitsfruits

Simple fruit. A simple fruit develops from a single carpel (or several fused carpels) of one flower (examples: pea, lemon, peanut).

(a) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit develops from many separate carpels of one flower (examples: raspberry, blackberry, strawberry).

(b) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit develops from many carpels of many flowers (examples: pineapple, fig).

(c)

Pineapple fruitRaspberry fruitPea fruit

Stamen

Carpel(fruitlet) Stigma

Ovary

Raspberry flower

Eachsegmentdevelopsfrom thecarpel ofone flower

Pineapple inflorescence

Stamen

CarpelsFlower

OvaryStigma

Stamen

Ovule

Pea flower

Seed

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SIMPLE FRUITSIMPLE FRUIT The mayority of flowering plant have fruit The mayority of flowering plant have fruit

composed of a single ovary. These referred to composed of a single ovary. These referred to as simple fruits.as simple fruits.

When the entire When the entire pericarppericarp (the ovary wall) of (the ovary wall) of simple fruits is fleshy, the fruit is refer to berry.simple fruits is fleshy, the fruit is refer to berry.

Simple fleshy fruits having a stony endocarp Simple fleshy fruits having a stony endocarp (such as peach, plum, olive) are known as (such as peach, plum, olive) are known as drupesdrupes (or (or stone fruitsstone fruits).).

Simple fleshy fruits in which the inner portion of Simple fleshy fruits in which the inner portion of the pericarp forms a dry paperlike “core” are the pericarp forms a dry paperlike “core” are known as pomes (apple, pear, for example).known as pomes (apple, pear, for example).

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FruitsFruits

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Simple fruitSimple fruit•Simple fruit – develops from a single ovary of a single flower.•Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when mature

Simple fleshy fruit1. Berry2. Hesperidium3. Drupe4. Pepo5. Pome

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Aggregate FruitAggregate Fruit Aggregate FruitAggregate Fruit develops from one flower develops from one flower

with many separate pistils/carpels, all with many separate pistils/carpels, all ripening simultaneouslyripening simultaneously

Examples: strawberry, raspberries, Examples: strawberry, raspberries, blackberriesblackberries

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C. Multiple fruitC. Multiple fruit Multiple fruitMultiple fruit develops from ovaries of develops from ovaries of

several flowers borne/fused together on several flowers borne/fused together on the same stalkthe same stalk

For example: pineappleFor example: pineapple

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How Fruits FormHow Fruits Form Fruits are mature ovaries.Fruits are mature ovaries.

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Plant Parts – FruitPlant Parts – Fruit

Cones

Acorns

Pomes

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Plant Parts – FruitPlant Parts – Fruit

Drupes

Brambles

CapsulesSamara

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Simple fleshy fruitSimple fleshy fruit

1. Berry1. Berry 2. Hesperidium2. Hesperidium 3. Drupe3. Drupe 4. Pepo4. Pepo 5. Pome5. Pome

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Simple fleshy fruitSimple fleshy fruit 1. Berry1. Berry – entire fruit wall is – entire fruit wall is

soft and fleshy at maturity. soft and fleshy at maturity. Inside is slimy.Inside is slimy.

For example, grapes, tomato, For example, grapes, tomato, etc.etc.

2. Hesperidium 2. Hesperidium is a berry is a berry with tough, leathery rind (peel) with tough, leathery rind (peel)

Examples: oranges, lemons, Examples: oranges, lemons, other citrus.other citrus.

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Simple fleshy fruit: Simple fleshy fruit: drupedrupe

3. Drupe type3. Drupe type – outer part of fruit wall is – outer part of fruit wall is soft and fleshy, inner part is hard and soft and fleshy, inner part is hard and stonystony

For example: cherry, plum, peach, and For example: cherry, plum, peach, and apricotapricot

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Simple fleshy fruit: Simple fleshy fruit: pepopepo

4. Pepo 4. Pepo – also a fleshy fruit with a tougher – also a fleshy fruit with a tougher outer rindouter rind

All member of the squash family: pumpkin, All member of the squash family: pumpkin, melons, cucumbersmelons, cucumbers

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Simple fleshy fruit: Simple fleshy fruit: pomepome

5. Pomes5. Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes : most of the fleshy part of pomes develops from the enlarged base of the develops from the enlarged base of the perianth (corolla and calyx) that has fused perianth (corolla and calyx) that has fused with the ovary wallwith the ovary wall

Pomes include apple, and pearPomes include apple, and pear

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Simple dry fruit: Simple dry fruit: capsulecapsule

Simple dry fruits Simple dry fruits are dry (not fleshy) at are dry (not fleshy) at maturity. Simple dry fruits that open at maturity. Simple dry fruits that open at maturity include:maturity include: capsules and legumescapsules and legumes

CapsuleCapsule – fruit is dry at maturity and splits – fruit is dry at maturity and splits open along several seamsopen along several seams

Example: CottonExample: Cotton

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Simple dry fruit: Simple dry fruit: LegumesLegumes

Legumes Legumes are dry at maturity and split open are dry at maturity and split open along two seamsalong two seams

Examples: pea pods, bean pods, peanutExamples: pea pods, bean pods, peanut

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Simple dry fruitsSimple dry fruits Simple dry fruits that do NOT open at Simple dry fruits that do NOT open at

maturity includematurity include CaryopsisCaryopsis: seed coat is fused : seed coat is fused

to the ovary wall (cereal grains to the ovary wall (cereal grains like wheat, corn, barley, rice)like wheat, corn, barley, rice)

NutsNuts: single-ovary wall and : single-ovary wall and seed coat remain separate, seed coat remain separate, ovary wall is very hardovary wall is very hard(chestnut, walnut, acorns)(chestnut, walnut, acorns)

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Dry Fruit Types

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Fleshy fruit types

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Dry Fruit Types

Name Characteristics Examples

Follicle Dehiscent; from single carpel that splits down one side at maturity.

Columbine, milkweed

Legume Dehiscent; like follicles, but split down both sides. Pea family (Fabaceae)

Silique Dehiscent; from two fused carpels; at maturity the sides split off, leaving seeds attached to persistent central portion.

Mustard family (Brassicaceae)

Capsule Dehiscent; from compound ovary with either superior or inferior ovary

Poppy family (Papaveraceae)

Achene Indehiscent; small single-seeded fruit, seed lies free in the cavity except for attachment by funiculus (stalk of the ovule).

Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)

Samara Indehiscent; winged achenes. Elm, ash

Caryopsis Indehiscent; achene-like fruit of grasses; seed coat firmly united to fruit wall.

Grass family (Poaceae)

Cypsela Indehiscent; achene-like, complex; derived from inferior ovary.

Sunflower family (Asteraceae)

Nut Indehiscent; achene-like, with stony fruit wall and derived from compound ovary.

Acorn, hazelnut, pecan

Schizocarp Indehiscent; splits at maturity into two or more one-seeded portions.

Parsely family (Apiaceae), maples (Aceraceae), some others.

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SEEDSEED A A seedseed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a

covering called the seed coat, usually with some covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. stored food.

It is the product of the ripened ovule of It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnospermgymnosperm and and angiosperm plantsangiosperm plants which which occurs after fertilization. occurs after fertilization.

The formation of the seed completes the process The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flower and pollination), with the development of flower and pollination), with the embryo developed from theembryo developed from the zygote zygote and the seed and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.coat from the integuments of the ovule.

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SeedSeed completes the prosess of reproduction completes the prosess of reproduction initiated in the flower, and it always consists of initiated in the flower, and it always consists of an embryo surrounded by seed coats.an embryo surrounded by seed coats.

Double fertilizationDouble fertilization involves involves

a. fusion of egg and sperm nuclei to form a. fusion of egg and sperm nuclei to form

a zigote nucleus, anda zigote nucleus, and

b. fusion of polar nuclei with second b. fusion of polar nuclei with second

sperm nucleus to form a primary sperm nucleus to form a primary

endosperm nucleusendosperm nucleus

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Ovule Ovule develops develops into into seedseed

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Seed includes three basic Seed includes three basic parts:parts:

(1) an embryo, (1) an embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, (3) a seed coat.(3) a seed coat.

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

The stamen inside the flower makes pollen.

stamen

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

The stamen inside the flower makes pollen. Plants need pollen from a different flower to make seeds. stamen

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

The stamen inside the flower makes pollen. Plants need pollen from a different flower to make seeds. When the flower is pollinated the seeds start to grow.

stamen

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

Some flowers need insects to pollinate them.

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects.

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects. The pollen is taken to other flowers.

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects. The pollen is taken to other flowers.

Plants like grass and trees do not have bright petals.

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How are seeds made?How are seeds made?

Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects. The pollen is taken to other flowers.

Plants like grass and trees do not have bright petals. Their pollen is blown by the wind.

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Parthenocarpy

Parthenocarpy: production of fruit without fertilization i.e. pineapple, navel orange, seedless grape.

Auxins, a plant hormone, or synthetically derived growth substances can be applied to encourage parthenocarpy. From the first page, we saw how genetic manipulation can be used to also produce such fruit.

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Angiosperm Embryo Angiosperm Embryo DevelopmentDevelopment

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EpigeousIn epigeous (or epigeal) germination, the hypocotyl elongates and forms a hook, pulling rather than pushing the cotyledons and apical meristem through the soil. Once it reaches the surface, it straightens and pulls the cotyledons and shoot tip of the growing seedlings into the air. Beans and papaya are examples of plant that germinate this way

HypogeousAnother way of germination is hypogeous (or hypogeal) where the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook. In this type of germination, the cotyledons stay underground where they eventually decompose. Peas, for example, germinate this way

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DormancyDormancy Many live seeds have dormancy, meaning they will not Many live seeds have dormancy, meaning they will not

germinate even if they have water and it is warm enough germinate even if they have water and it is warm enough for the seedling to grow. for the seedling to grow.

Dormancy is broken or ended by a number of different Dormancy is broken or ended by a number of different conditions. Environmental factors like light, temperature, conditions. Environmental factors like light, temperature, fire, ingestion by animals and others are conditions that fire, ingestion by animals and others are conditions that can end seed dormancy. can end seed dormancy.

Internally seeds can be dormant because of plant Internally seeds can be dormant because of plant hormones such as absciscic acid, which affects seed hormones such as absciscic acid, which affects seed dormancy and prevents germination, while the dormancy and prevents germination, while the production and application of the hormone gibberellin production and application of the hormone gibberellin can break dormancy and induces seed germinationcan break dormancy and induces seed germination

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Seed DispersalSeed Dispersal WindWind

The plant itself - TumbleweedThe plant itself - Tumbleweed

WaterWater AnimalsAnimals

StorageStorage Ingestion, external transport (hooks - barbs)Ingestion, external transport (hooks - barbs)

Explosions (dehiscence)Explosions (dehiscence)

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Seed Dispersal

• The wind blows the plant and the seeds fall out.

• The fruit breaks open. The seeds fall.

• Some seeds have parachutes. The wind blows the seeds away.

• Some seeds have wings. They fly through the air for a long way.

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Seed Dispersal Animals help disperse

some seeds.

Fleshy fruits eaten and dispersed with feces

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Seed DispersalSeed Dispersal Importance of:Importance of:

ColonizationColonization Survival of speciesSurvival of species Wildlife preservationWildlife preservation Community structure (assemblages of Community structure (assemblages of

plants and animals)plants and animals) Global climateGlobal climate Environmental qualityEnvironmental quality