KrosFlo Hollow Fibers Ultra/Filtration Modules Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) with hollow fiber modules facilitate the direct scalability of ultrafiltration and microfiltration applications

(desalting, concentration, filtration, clarifications) for R&D to productions with volumes ranging from a few milliliters to thousands of liters.

high quality hollow fiber membranes encased in a symmetrical polysulfone housing designed to tangential flow filtration

available in a variety for size, for scaling for R&D to Pilot and Production levels

operated by hand or a peristaltic pump for small units, or by larger systems (KrosFlo Research to Pilot and Pharma)

Here is a selection guide by applications, and an overview of hollow fiber modules series, followed by Basics of Filtration/UltraFiltration, Advantages of our Fiber technology, versus Others, hollow microfiber material information and Chemical Compatibility.

Selection guide

Application Membrane MWCO Membrane Material

Concentrate proteins, peptides, enzymes, recombinant

proteins, and/or diafiltration (Buffer Exchange) of

these products

1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 50,

70,100kD

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

or (PS) Polysulfone

Depyrogenation Water / Buffers 3, 10kD (mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

or (PS) Polysulfone

Nano-Particle Coating, Buffer Exchange, Fractionating

and/or Dewatering 70,100,300,500,750kD,

0.2µm

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

or (PS) Polysulfone

Concentrate and diafilter albumin (nominal MW 67kd) 10kD (mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

Concentration of monoclonal antibodies (155kd) and

Buffer Exchange 30kD (mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

Envelope and Non-Envelope Virus Concentration and

Diafiltration 50, 70, 100, 300, 500,

750kD, 0.05µm

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

or (PS) Polysulfone

Clarification of cell lysates, viral expressed cultures to

recover product in permeate 500, 750kD, 0.05,

0.1µm

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone,

(PS) Polysulfone,

or (ME) Mixed Ester

Concentration and washing of Insect, Bacterial and/or

mammalian cells 750kD, 0.1, 0.2,

0.65µm

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

or (ME) Mixed Ester

Continuous Bioreactor Perfusion of cell culture 30, 50, 70, 100, 300,

500, 750kD, 0.2,

0.65µm

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

or (PS) Polysulfone

SS (single stranded) or DS (double stranded) Nucleic

Acids 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 50,

70,100kD

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone

Washing Latex, Polystyrene and other diagnostic

particles to remove un-reactives / unbound drug subst. 500, 750kD, 0.05, 0.1,

0.2, 0.65µm

(mPES) Modified Polyethersulfone,

(PS) Polysulfone,

or (ME) Mixed Ester

Watch a video

Overview of KrosFlow modules series

Hollow Fiber modules Process scale

Volumes

Surface area

Lenght of use

MWCO Membrane type

Fiber ID

Packaginf

Inlet/outlet

Connection

Systems (overview)

MicroKros

R&D

2ml - 50ml

8 - 20 cm2

Disposable

10kD, 50kD,

100kD,

400kD, 500kD*,

0.05µm*,

0.1µm, 0.2µm,

0.5µm

PS, PES, ME

1,0mm, 0.6mm, 0.5mm

Dry, Irradiated, Pre-wetted

More information

MLL

FLL

Research II System

MidiKros

R&D

20ml - 200ml

25 - 145 cm2

Disposable

10kD,

50kD,

100kD,

400kD,

500kD*,

0.05µm*, 0.1µm,

0.2µm,

0.5µm

PS, PES, ME

1,0mm, 0.6mm, 0.5mm

Dry, Irradiated, Pre-wetted

More information

1/4" HB

FLL

Research II System

MiniKros Sampler

R&D

50ml - 3L

95 - 615 cm2

Disposable

10kD, 50kD,

100kD,

400kD, 500kD*,

0.05µm*,

0.1µm, 0.2µm,

0.5µm

PS, PES, ME

1,0mm, 0.6mm, 0.5mm

Dry, Irradiated, Pre-wetted

More information

1/4" HB

FLL

Research II System

MiniKros Sampler Plus " " " 1,5" TC, 3/4 TC, 3/8" HB

3/8" HB

Research II System

MiniKros

Laboratory

300ml - 100L

165 – 6 600 cm2

Disposable

10kD,

50kD, 100kD,

400kD,

500kD*, 0.05µm*,

0.1µm,

0.2µm, 0.5µm

PS, PES, ME

0.6mm, 0.5mm

Dry, Irradiated, Pre-wetted

More information

1/2" HB

FLL

Research II System, MiniKros Plus

System, MiniKros Pilot System

MiniKros Plus 600 - 9900 cm2 " " 1,5" TC, ¾" TC, 1/2" HB, 3/8" HB

3/8" HB

Research II System, MiniKros Plus

System, MiniKros Pilot System

KrosFlo

Pilot

3L – 3 000L

0.32 - 5,1 m2

Disposable

10kD,

50kD, 100kD,

400kD,

500kD*, 0.05µm*,

0.1µm, 0.2µm,

0.5µm

PS, PES, ME

0.6mm, 0.5mm

Dry, Irradiated, Pre-wetted

Operating manual

3" TC

1.5" TC

MiniKros Pilot System, KrosFlo Pilot

System, KrosFlo Pharma System,

Production Skid

KrosFlo Plus

" " " 1,5" TC, 1/2" HB, 1/4" HB

1,5" TC, 1/2 STR, 3/8" HB

KrosFlo Max Production

1 000L-50 000L

6.3 - 22 m2

10kD,

50kD,

100kD, 400kD,

500kD*,

0.05µm*, 0.1µm,

0.2µm,

0.5µm

PS, PES, ME

0.6mm, 0.5mm

Dry, Irradiated, Pre-wetted

More information

2" TC

1,5" TC

KrosFlo® Pharma System (50-5 000L)

& custom designed skids (>50 000L)

KrosFlo Steam In Place

Production

1 000L-50 000L

0.98 - 9,2 m2

Disposable &

Re-usable

10kD,

50kD, 100kD,

400kD,

500kD*, 0.05µm*,

0.2µm,

0.5µm

PS, PES

1,0mm, 0.5mm

Dry

More information

N/A

KrosFlo Pharma System, Production

Skid

CellFlo

Laboratory &

Pilot

300ml – 3 000L

500cm2 – 4.1m2

Disposable

500kD*,

0.2µm,

0.5µm

PS, PES, ME

PS, PES, ME

Dry, Irradiated, Pre-wetted

More information

3" TC, 1/2" HB, 1/4" HB

1,5" TC, FLL

MiniKros Plus System, MiniKros

Pilot System, KrosFlo Pilot System,

KrosFlo Pharma System, Production

Skid

CellFlo Plus Labscale: 500ml-100L

500cm2 - 6,2m2

Pilotscale: 3L-1 000L

0.31m2 - 4,1m2

same same 1,5" TC, ¾" TC, 1/2" HB, 3/8" HB,

1/4" HB

1,5" TC, ½" STR, 3/8" HB

Same above (but MiniKros Pilot )

CellFlo MAX 50L-50 000L

& +

More information KrosFlo® Pharma System (50-5 000L)

& custom designed skids (>50 000L)

*500kD (20nm), 0.05µm (50nm)

Reference nomenclature See KrosFlo modules list[]

Basics of Filtration/UltraFiltration

Filtration is a technique that utilizes a porous barrier to separate suspended or dissolved materials in

solution based on size or molecular weight, eliminating the need for centrifugation, solvent phase changes

or other product damaging methods. Application of positive or negative pressure differential across the

selectively permeable barrier drives the separation in a sieve-like manner. Smaller constituents pass

through the barrier with the solvent as filtrate while the larger solutes are retained. The type of filtration is

based on the retentate and pore size.

Macrofiltration & Microfiltration Being the simplest and least expensive, macrofiltration is conventionally defined as the filtration of

particles that are 1-5 µm or greater

> KrosFlow Hollow Fiber Modules allow 0.1 to 5µm filtrations for clarification of cell cultures or lysates,

virus or particules suspensions.

See also Spectra Mesh® screens (SS, Nylon, PS)

Originally described as the separation of particles or microbes that could be seen with the aid of a

microscope (cells, macrophage, large virus particles, cellular debris), microfiltration (MF) pertains to

separations with the membrane pore size ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 µm in diameter.

> KrosFlow Hollow Fiber Modules allow microfiltration from 20 nm to 0.5 µm and surface areas ranging

from 6 sq. cm to 13.9 sq. m.

See also Dynaguard (hollow fiber containing tips for pipette) and MediaKap filters (hollow fiber filters

for cell culture media).

Ultrafiltration & Dialysis Ultrafiltration is defined to molecular level filtration, hence with MW below0.1µm (100nm) that

correspond to 1-10 millions of Dalton (1 000-10 000kDa) . Since the "molecular shape" of dissolved

solutes ranging from 1 to 1 000 kD significantly affects the retention characteristics, the pore rating for

ultrafiltration (UF) membranes is indirectly determined as the nominal molecular weight cut off

(MWCO) that is retained by approximately 95%.

An ultrafiltration is typicall yperforme by applied a pressure to allow the solution to cross the filtration

membrane. An ultrafiltration process that is "passive", driven (by the newtonian motion of molecules), is

generally refered as dialysis, and is operated for the lower molecular range, e.g. < 500 kDa.

> KrosFlow Hollow Fiber Modules allow ultrafiltration with low protein binding polysulfone hollow

fiber membranes with 10 kD, 50 kD, 400 kD, 500 kD (20 nm) and 1 000 kD (eq.0.05 µm) and surface

areas ranging from 8 sq. cm to 5.1 sq. m. Cellulose Ester (CE/ME) membrane fibers are also available.

The Fiber with the Competitive Edge!

Spectrum combines the advantages of a hollow fiber membrane geometry with the greater efficiency of

Tangential Flow Filtration to offer the best disposable microfiltration and ultrafiltration products on the

market. Much like the human circulatory system, our Hollow Fiber Tangential Flow Filtration (HF TFF)

membranes and systems quickly and efficiently separate R & D to production scale volumes of valuable

product with higher yields. Only Spectrum provides all this at such low pricing that disposability is not

only possible, it's preferable.

Tangential Flow vs. Dead-End Filtration ... for less Fouling Dead-end filtration results in a build up of product on the membrane surface that may damage product, lower recovery and

"foul" the membrane. Fouling impedes the filtration rate until it eventually stops. Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) involves the

recirculation of the retentate across the surface of the membrane. This gentle "cross flow" feed acts to minimize membrane

fouling, maintains a high filtration rate and provides higher product recovery since the sample remains safely in solution.

Spectrum has taken microfiltration and ultrafiltration to a much more efficient level by offering a full line of disposable hollow

fiber tangential flow filtration (TFF) membranes.

Hollow Fiber vs. Flat Sheet ... for higher yield, direct scalability & greater SA Whether stacked or spiral wound, flat sheet membranes require the product stream to spread across the entire surface of the

individual sheets prior to recirculation. This non-uniform flow path causes build up and loss of product in "membrane corners"

that see slower flow rates. Consequently flat sheet TFF is not directly scalable. Hollow Fiber (HF) membranes offer the

efficiency of uniform flow through the lumen without product loss and build up because there are no "corners". Furthermore,

this flow path uniformity within the fiber lumen as well as amongst all the fibers in the filter module allows TFF to be directly

scalable from R & D to Production.

> KrosFlo microfiltration and ultrafiltration modules offer direct scalability and provide a higher flowthough, higher filtration

yield, higher filtrated product recovey.

Our Hollow Fiber Membranes vs. Others...

Better Fiber and Filter Quality Spectrum's hollow fiber membranes are anisotropic in structure. UF membranes have a high density skin

layer for less fouling and a fairly open outer support structure for increased filtration rates. MF

membranes have a retention defining microporous outer skin and a more open inner layer for increased

filtration with higher recoveries. Furthermore, the filter housings are engineered to handle higher

pressures and autoclaving. Unlike our competitors, Spectrum boasts 100% filter integrity testing!

Spectrum Hollow Fiber Membrane Filters

Manufactured under GMP in a Class 10 000 Clean room

Low Bioburden

Meet USP Class VI Standards for Biocompatibility

Surfactant Free

100% Integrity Tested

Easier FDA Validation

ISO 9001:2008 Certified

True MWCO and Higher Yields All ultrafiltration membranes demonstrate a characteristic sigmoid-shaped % retention curve that starts to

descend at about 95%. Other companies randomly classify their membrane MWCO's based on test

molecular weights that are significantly higher or lower than the "descending point" and have %

retentions ranging from 30 to 90%. Although a competitor may claim a particular MWCO, they may not

have tested that molecular weight and do not "disclose" the significant % loss associated. Spectrum

classifies the membrane MWCO's based on the 90 to 99% retention of test markers with molecular

weights at or near the "descending point". This assures an accurate and higher expected product recovery

without the "undisclosed" % losses.

Disposable Filters and FDA Validation Spectrum is the only company that prices hollow fiber filtration membranes so low that disposability is

not just an option... it's preferable. Disposability also saves process costs and time associated with

flushing, cleaning, storing and testing required of filters that are re-used. Disposable filters eliminate any

possibility of sample and lot contamination making FDA validation much easier than ever before. Only

Spectrum allows you to Experience Disposable filters and FDA validation!

MicroFiber material information

● Modified Polyethersulfone (mPES) is an advanced hydrophilic membrane filtration chemistry that provides higher

flux rates for faster processing times, excellent selectivity for separation applications, and low protein binding for higher

product yields than other membrane chemistries. Our new modified Polyethersulfone hollow fibers provide all the benefits of

modified PES chemistry in fully encapsulated filter modules that are priced for Single-Use. With our Single-Use mPES hollow

fiber filters, total development and production costs are decreased through the combination of faster processing times,

decreased labor costs associated with filter cleaning for re-use and a reduction in the use of costly WFI water. Low protein

binding increases the product yield of each processing run. Single-Use eliminates the need for costly stainless steel systems

and increases manufacturing flexibility.

Our mPES filters are available in 1kD, 5kD, 10kD, 30kD, 70kD, 100kD, 300kD, 500kD and 750kD MWCOs and 0.2 µm and

0.65 µm pore sizes. All are available with 0.5mm fiber ID except .65µm. 0.65 µm is available with 0.75mm fiber ID. 3kD,

30kD, 10kD, 50kD, 100kD, 300kD, 500kD and 750kD are also available with 1.0mm fiber ID. A full range of size/filtration

surface is available to fit very large sample volumes range from R&D to process and pilot scale.

Chemistry Fiber ID MWCOs and Pore Sizes

Modified Polyethersulfone (mPES) 0.5 mm 1kD, 3kD, 5kD, 10kD, 30kD, 50kD, 70kD, 100kD,

300kD, 500kD, 750kD, and 0.2µm

0.75 mm 0.65µm

1.0 mm 3kD, 5kD, 10kD 30kD, 50kD, 70kD, 100kD,

300kD, 500kD and 750kD

0.5 mm ID mPES filters are available in 7 filter module configurations with 3 effective lengths and 13 MWCOs and 1 pore

sizes, 0.75mm ID mPES filters are available in 7 filter module configurations with 3 effective length and 1 pore size, and 1.0

mm ID mPES filters are available in 7 filter module configurations with 3 effective lengths and 10 MWCOs: see series

● Mixed Cellulose Ester (ME) is a hydrophilic membrane filtration chemistry that provides higher flux rates for faster

processing times and low protein binding for higher product yields. ME filter chemistry is also highly biocompatible making it

useful for filtration applications with cells and cell and virus lysates. All our ME filters are microfiltration filters, available in

0.1um and 0.2um pore sizes. 0.1um is available with 0.63mm fiber ID and 7 filter module configuration. 0.2 um is available

with 0.63 mm or 1.0mm fiber ID and 7 filter module configurations:

Chemistry Fiber ID Pore Sizes

Mixed Cellulose Ester (ME) 0.63mm 1.0mm

0.1µm and 0.2µm 0.2µm

0.63 mm ID ME filters are available in 7 filter module configurations with 3 effective lengths and 2 pore size. 1.0mm ID ME

filters are available in 7 filter module configurations with 3 effective lengths and 1 pore sizes: see series

● Polysulfone (PS) is hydrophilic membrane chemistry with low protein binding properties. It is more resistant to acids,

bases and surfactants than other membrane chemistries. PS filters are used in applications like nanoparticle processing and

diafiltration. Spectrum's PS membranes come in 10kD, 50kD and 500kD Molecular Weight Cut-offs and 0.05µm pore size. All

are 0.5mm fiber ID and are available in 7 filter module configurations with 3 effective lengths, three MWCOs and 1 pore size:

see series.

Chemistry Fiber ID MWCOs and Pore Sizes

Polysulfone (PS) 0.5 mm 10kD, 50kD, 500kD and 0.05µm

● Polyethersulfone (PES) Hollow Fiber Filter Modules Single-Use Filters for Micro Tangential Flow Filtration

Polyethersulfone (PES) is hydrophilic membrane chemistry with low protein binding properties. It is more resistant to acids,

bases and surfactants than other membrane chemistries. Spectrum's PES membranes come in 0.2µm pore size. The 0.2µm pore

size is available with 0.5mm and 1.0mm ID. Both the 0.2µm 0.5mm and 1.0mm fibers are available in 7 filter module

configurations.

Chemistry Fiber ID Pore Sizes

Polyethersulfone (PES) 0.5mm 0.2µm

1.0mm 0.2µm

0.5mm ID PES filters are available in 7 filter module configuration with 3 effective lengths and 1 pore size. 1.0mm ID PES

filters are available in 7 filter module configurations with 3 effective lengths and 1 pore sizes: see series.

Chemical Compatibility

This chemical resistance chart is intended for use as a guide, not as a guarantee of chemical compatibility. Variations in temperature, concentrations,

durations of exposure and other factors may affect the performance of the product. It is recommended to test under your own conditions.

The following codes are used to rate chemical resistance:

R = Recommended L = Limited Exposure NR = Not Recommended U = Unknown

Fluorocarbon (F)

Polyester (P)

F

Stainless Steel (SS)

P

Nylon (N)

SS

Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)

Nylon

Polypropylene (PP)

PVDF

Polysulfone (PS) / Polyethersulfone (PES) / Modified PES (mPES)

PP

Regenerated Cellulose (RC)

mPES

Cellulose Ester (CE) / Mixed Cellulose (ME)

RC Membrane type CE/ME

Acetic acid (diluted-5%) L R R R R NR L L R

Acetic acid (med conc-25%) NR R L R R NR L NR R

Acetic acid (glacial) NR R NR R R L L NR R

Acetone NR R NR R L R R R R

Acetonitrile NR R NR R L U U U U

Alconox (1%) U U R U U U U U U

Ammonium hydroxide (diluted) NR R R R R R R U R

Ammonium hydroxide (med conc) NR L R R R R R U R

Amyl acetate NR R NR R R L R L R

Amyl alcohol L R L R R R R R R

Aniline NR R NR R R R R U R

Benzene NR R NR R R R L R R

Benzyl alcohol NR R NR R L U L NR R

Boric acid R R R R R L L R R

Brine R R R R R R R R R

Bromoform NR R NR R R U U U U

Butyl acetate NR R NR R R R L R R

Butyl alcohol L R R R R L R R U

Butyl cellosolve NR L NR U R U U U U

Butylaldehyde NR R NR R R U U U R

Carbon tetrachloride NR R NR R R NR L R U

Cellosolve NR L R R R U U U R

Chloroacetic acid NR R NR R R NR L U R

Chloroform L R NR R R R R R R

Chromic acid NR NR NR L R NR L U U

Citric acid (2%) U U R U U U U U U

Cresol NR R NR R NR NR R U R

Cyclohexane L R L R R R R U R

Cyclohexanone NR R NR R L R R R R

Diacetone alcohol NR R NR R R R L U R

Dichloromethane L R L R R L L NR R

Dimethyl formamide NR L NR R NR R R NR U

Dimethylsulfoxide (50%) U U L U U U U U U

1,4 Dioxane NR L L R R U U R R

Ethers NR R NR L L R R NR R

Ethyl acetate NR R NR R R R L U R

Ethyl Alcohol L R R R R R R R R

Ethyl alcohol (15%) R R R R R R R R R

Ethyl alcohol (95%) L R L R R R R R R

Ethylene dichloride NR R NR L R R L U R

Ethylene glycol L R R R R R L R R

Ethylene oxide NR L R R R R L U R

Formaldehyde (2%) L R R R R R R R R

Formaldehyde (30%) L R R R R R R R R

Formic acid (25%) NR R R R R NR L NR R

Formic Acid (50%) NR R R R R NR L NR R

Freon® R R R R R NR R R R

Gasoline R R L R R R R R R

Glycerine / Glycerol R R R R R R R R R

Hexane R R R R R L R R R

Hexanol L R R R R R R R R

Hydrochloric acid (diluted-5%) R R R R R L NR R R

Hydrochloric acid (conc-25%) NR NR R R R NR NR R R

Hydrochloric acid (conc-37%) NR NR R L R NR NR R R

Hydrofluoric acid (25%) NR L L NR R L NR NR R

Hydrogen peroxide (30%) R R L R R NR L R R

Iodine solutions NR NR NR R R L NR U R

Isobutyl alcohol R R R R R NR R U R

Isopropanol L R R R R NR L R R

Isopropyl acetate NR R NR R R L L R R

Isopropyl alcohol / Isopropanol L R R R R NR L R R

Isopropyl ether L R R L R R R U R

Jet Fuel 640A R R R R R L R U R

Kerosene R R R R R R R L R

Lactic acid R R R R R L L R R

Methyl acetate NR R NR R R R R L R

Methyl alcohol L R R R R L R U R

Methyl alcohol (98%) L R L R R L R U R

Methyl cellosolve L L R R R L L U R

Methyl chloride NR R NR R L L R U R

Methyl ethyl ketone NR R NR R L R R U R

Methyl formate NR L NR R R U U U U

Methyl isobutyl ketone NR R NR R L L L R R

Methylene chloride L R NR R R L L NR R

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone NR R NR R R U L U U

Mineral spirits R R R R R R R U R

Monochlorobenzene L R NR L R U U U U

NALCON 7647 (<1%) U U R U U U U U U

NALCON 7678 (<1%) U U R U U U U U U

NALCON 7330 (<1%) U U R U U U U U U

Nitric acid (diluted-5%) L R R R NR NR R R R

Nitric acid (med conc-25%) NR NR R R NR NR R L R

Nitric acid (6N) NR NR L L R NR R R R

Nitric acid (conc-70%) NR NR NR NR NR NR R NR R

Nitric acid (concentrated) NR NR L NR L NR R NR R

Nitrobenzene NR L NR NR R L L NR R

Nitropropane NR L NR L R U U U U

Oils, mineral R R R R R R R U R

Pentane R R R R R R L R R

Peracetic acid (0.1N) U U R U U U U U U

Perchloric acid (25%) NR L NR NR R NR L U R

Perchloroethylene NR R NR L R L L U R

Petroleum based oils R R R R R R R R R

Petroleum ether R R R R R U U R U

Phenol (0.5%) R R R R R NR L L R

Phenol (10%) NR R L R R NR L NR R

Phosphoric acid (25%) NR L L R R L NR U R

Potassium hydroxide (1N) L R R R R L L R R

Potassium hydroxide (25%) NR R R R R L L R R

Potassium hydroxide (50%) NR NR R R R L L L R

Propanol R R R R R NR R R R

Pyridine NR R NR R L L R NR R

Silicone oil R R R R R R R U R

Sodium hydroxide (0.1N) L R R R R R L R R

Sodium hydroxide (diluted-5%) NR L R R R R L L R

Sodium hydroxide (25%) NR L R R R R L NR R

Sodium hydroxide (conc-50%) NR NR R R R R L NR R

Sodium Hydroxide (conc) NR NR R R R L L NR R

Sodium hypochlorite R R R L R NR NR U R

Sulfuric acid (diluted-5%) L R R R R L NR NR R

Sulfuric acid (med conc-25%) NR L R R R NR NR NR R

Sulfuric acid (6N) NR L R R R NR NR NR R

Sulfuric Acid (conc) NR NR L NR L NR NR NR R

Tetrahydrofuran NR R NR R R R R R R

Toluene R R NR R R R R U R

Trichloroacetic acid (25%) NR NR R R R L NR NR R

Trichlorobenzene NR R NR R R U U U U

Trichloroethane L R L R R L L L R

Trichloroethylene R R R R NR L L R R

Triethylamine NR R NR L R R R U R

Turpentine NR R NR R R L R U R

Urea R R R R R R L R R

Urea (6N) NR R NR R R R L R R

Water R R R R R R R R R

Xylene NR R NR R R R L NR R

Membrane type CE/ME RC PS/PES/

mPES

PP PVDF Nylon SS P F

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