krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebi da pirovnuli ... xechuashvili.pdf(emociebis gamoxatva,...
Transcript of krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebi da pirovnuli ... xechuashvili.pdf(emociebis gamoxatva,...
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Tbilisi, 2008
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxemwifo unviersitetis
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
lili xeCuaSvili
krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebi
da pirovnuli profili qarTvel
samxedroebSi
fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad warsadgeni
disertacia
naSromi Sesrulebulia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: marine CitaSvili, Tsu sruli
profesori, fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 2
sarCevi
cxrilebisa da suraTebis CamonaTvali __________________ 3
abstraqti ____________________________________________ 7
Sesavali _____________________________________________ 9
Tavi 1. daZleva _______________________________________ 21
Tavi 2. pirovnuli profili ____________________________ 36
Tavi 3. warmatebuli profesiuli kariera: samxedroebi ____ 64
Tavi 4. kvlevis sakiTxis gansazRvra ____________________ 67
Tavi 5. meTodi_________________________________________ 69
Tavi 6. Sedegebis aRwera _______________________________ 79
Tavi 7. Sedegebis ganxilva _____________________________ 107
Tavi 8. daskvnebi_______________________________________ 119
gamoyenebuli literatura _____________________________ 123
danarTi _____________________________________________ 129
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 3
cxrilebisa da suraTebis CamonaTvali
cxrilebi
cxrili 1. amirxanis, lazarusi-folkmanisa da qarveri-Seieris mier
SemoTavazebuli daZlevis strategiebis mimarTeba
lazarusi-folkmanis mier SemoTavazebul or modusTan ______33
cxrili 2. xuTfaqtoriani modeli ___________________________________56
cxrili 3. warmatebuli samxedro mosamsaxuris maxasiaTeblebi__________ 65
cxrili 4. daZlevis skalis 15 skala _________________________________70
cxrili 5. MMPI-is ZiriTadi skalebi _________________________________73
cxrili 6. PDQ-4-is klinikuri skalebi________________________________75
cxrili 7. agresiulobis sakvlevi kiTxvaris skalebi __________________ 76
cxrili 8. wodebebi da Tanamdebobebi ________________________________78
cxrili 9. wodebis matebis sixSiris ganawileba Tanamdebobis
matebasTan mimarTebaSi ___________________________________98
cxrili 10. daZlevis zogierTi strategiis prediqtori_________________106
suraTebi
suraTi 1. banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli ________________________52
suraTi 2. pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT ____55
suraTi 3. samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis daZlevis strategiebi _______79
suraTi 4. samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis mier dasaxelebuli
daZlevis pirveli Svidi strategia ________________________80
suraTi 5. fsiqikuri CaurTvelobis skalis mniSvneloba
samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi __________________81
suraTi 6. emociebis gamoxatvis skalis mniSvneloba samxedroebisa
da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi _______________________________82
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 4
suraTi 7. iumoris skalis mniSvneloba samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebi __________________________________82
suraTi 8. qceviTi CaurTvelobis skalis mniSvneloba samxedroebisa
da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi _______________________________83
suraTi 9. alkoholisa da narkotikebis gamoyenebis skalis
mniSvneloba samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi _______83
suraTi 10. samxedroebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis MMPI-is
gasaSualoebuli profilebi_______________________________84
suraTi 11. sicruis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________84
suraTi 12. sandoobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________85
suraTi 13. ipoqondriis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________85
suraTi 14. depresiulobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________________________86
suraTi 15. isteriis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________86
suraTi 16. feminuroba-maskulinobis skalis maCvenebeli
samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________87
suraTi 17. paranoiis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________87
suraTi 18. fsiqasTeniis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________________________88
suraTi 19. Sizofreniis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________88
suraTi 20. socialuri introversiis skalis maCvenebeli
samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________89
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 5
suraTi 21. koreqciis, fsiqopaTiisa da hipomaniis skalebis
maCveneblebi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis
jgufebisTvis ___________________________________________89
suraTi 22. pirovnebis sadiagnostiko kiTxvaris jamuri maCvenebeli
samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________90
suraTi 23. antisocialurobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________________________90
suraTi 24. obsesiuroba-kompulsurobis skalis maCvenebeli
samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________91
suraTi 25. damokidebulebis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________________________91
suraTi 26. pirovnebis sadiagnostiko kiTxvaris danarCeni skalebis
maCveneblebi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis
jgufebisTvis ___________________________________________92
suraTi 27. iribi agresiis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________92
suraTi 28. gaRizianebadobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________93
suraTi 29. negativizmis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________________________93
suraTi 30. wyenis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________94
suraTi 31. agresiulobis indeqsi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis
jgufebisTvis ___________________________________________94
suraTi 32. danarCeni skalebisa da mtruli damokidebulebis indeqsis
maCvenebelebi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis
jgufebisTvis ____________________________________________95
suraTi 33. 2002 wels kvlevaSi monawileb 110 samxedro mosamsaxuris
samsaxureobrivi mdgomareoba 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis _________95
suraTi 34. 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis cdis pirTa mdgomareoba wodebis
mixedviT (2002 welTan SedarebiT) _________________________96
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 6
suraTi 35. 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis cdis pirTa mdgomareoba
Tanamebobis mixedviT (2002 welTan SedarebiT) ______________97
suraTi 36. jarSi darCenili da jaridan wasuli cdis pirebis MMPI-
is gasaSualoebuli profilebi ___________________________98
suraTi 37. dawinaurebuli da igive Tanamdebobaze darCenili cdis
pirebis MMPI-is gasaSualoebuli profilebi _______________99
suraTi 38. 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis erTi da ori widebiT meti Cinis
mqone cdis pirebis MMPI-is gasaSualoebuli profilebi __99
suraTi 39. dawinaurebuli da igive Tanamdebobaze darCenili
samxedro mosamsaxureebis prioritetuli daZlevis
strategiebi __________________________________________100
suraTi 40. dawinaurebuli da igive Tanamdebobaze darCenili
samxedro mosamsaxureebis uaryofis skalis maCveneblebi ___100
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 7
abstraqti
samxedro mosamsaxureTa daniSnuleba erovnuli usafrTxoebis,
teritoriuli mTlianobis, saxelmwifos infrastruqturebisa da
instituciebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. samxedro profesia
gansakuTrebiT didi risk-faqtorebis Semcvel saqmianobaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba, sadac gansakuTrebuli roli rTuli amocanebis
Semsrulebel konkretul samxedro mosamsaxureTa pirovnebebs unda
eniWebodes. amocanebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxiT
ganpirobebuli riskis minimumamde dasayvanad gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuria am adamianebis fsiqologiuri profilis dadgena.
kvlevis mizania, erTi mxriv, pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisa da
krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis pirovnebis mier arCeuli
strategiebisa da, meore mxriv, samxedro mosamsaxureTa profesiul
saqmianobaSi miRweul warmatebas Soris kavSiris gamovlena.
naSromSi ganxilulia samxedro mosamsaxureebis pirovnuli
profilis, krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis prioritetuli
strategiebis, maTi urTierTmimarTebisa da warmatebul profesiul
saqmianobaze gavlenis sakiTxebi. samxedroTa saqmianobaSi
gardauvali samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli stresi gavlenas axdens maT
pirovnebaze da maTTvis tipuri pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
arsebobas ganapirobebs; amasTan, Tu daZlevis strategia ganixileba,
rogorc ufro pirovnuli faqtori, vidre _ garemos cvladi, maSin
SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom samxedro samsaxurTan asocirebul
pirovnul Taviseburebebs garkveuli tipis daZlevis strategiebi
unda ukavSirdebodes. daZlevis prioritetuli strategiis arCevaze
SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes arsebuli samuSaos pirobebic. am
SemTxvevaSic, SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom samxedroTa profesiuli
saqmianobis Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdens stresul situaciebTan
gamklavebis strategiebis arCevaze. samuSao hipoTeza iyo: Tu
pirovnuli profili (an misi calkeuli mdgenelebi) da stresis
daZlevis prioritetuli strategiebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan
kavSirSi imyofebian, gansxvavebulia samxedroebTan da samoqalaqo
pirebTan, maSin isini gavlenas unda axdendnen samxedroTa
profesiul saqmianobaSi warmatebaze, kerZod, problemis gadaWraze
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 8
mimarTuli daZlevis strategiebi xels unda uwyobdes samxedroTa
ufro warmatebul profesiul saqmianobas. kvlevis amocana iyo
samxedroebis warmatebulobis formaluri indikatorebis
identificireba da samxedroebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebisa da prioritetuli daZlevis strategiebis dadgena.
gamokvleul iqna 25-35 wlis 260 mamakaci (200 profesionali samxedro
da 60 samoqalaqo piri, romelTa profesiuli saqmianoba ar
ukavSirdeboda jars an romelime sxva samxedro struqturas).
Seswavlil iqna iseTi parametrebi (sul 51), rogoricaa daZlevis
strategiebi (qarverisa da Seieris daZlevis skala), pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi (MMPI, PDQ-4, basisa da darkis agresiulobis
sakvlevi kiTxvari) da warmatebuli samxedro karieris formaluri
indikatorebi (Cini da Tanamdeboba). miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT,
hipoTeza nawilobriv dadasturda: (a) samxedroebi da samoqalaqoebi
ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan krizisuli situaciis daZlevis
prioritetuli strategiebiT; orive jgufi, upiratesad, problemaze
orientirebul daZlevas irCevs (dagegmva, aqtiuri gamklaveba,) da
misdami emociuri damokidebulebis Secvlasac cdilobs (miReba da
pozitiuri reinterpretacia); (b) gansxvavebulia samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqoebis pirovnuli profili: _ 49 Seswavlili parametridan
23 statistikurad sandod gansxvavdeba; (g) samxedroebisa (daZlevis 8
strategia da 26 pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) da samoqalaqoebis
(daZlevis 8 strategia da 18 pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) daZlevis
strategiebi da pirovnuli profilis calkeuli mdgenelebi
erTmaneTTan aris kavSirSi, Tumca mxolod 4 pirovnuli
maxasiaTebeli (ganridebadoba, iribi agresia, fsiqasTenia da
koreqciis skala) warmoadgens daZlevis 3 sxvadasxva strategiis
(emociebis gamoxatva, qceviTi CaurTveloba da alkoholisa da
narkotikebis miReba) prediqtors; (d) formaluri maxasiaTeblebiT _
wodebisa da Tanamdebobis matebiT _ gazomili profesiuli
warmatebuloba Tanamedrove qarTul jarSi ar aris kavSirSi
oficerTa pirovnul profilTan da stresis daZlevis strategiebTan.
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 9
krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebisa da
pirovnuli profilis urTierTmimarTeba samxedroebTan
samxedro mosamsaxureTa daniSnulebaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis,
teritoriuli mTlianobis, saxelmwifos infrastruqturebisa da
instituciebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. es, TavisTavad,
gulisxmobs samxedro profesiis mqone adamianTa mudmiv fizikur
wvrTnasa da fsiqologiur momzadebas1 sxvadasxva saxis operaciebSi
monawileobisaTvis, iqneba es calkeuli sabrZolo davaleba,
samSvidobo misia, sabrZolo Tu saomari moqmedebebi. amas yovelTvis
axlavs Tan dainvalidebis, dasaxiCrebisa Tu daRupvis riski da
aramarto omSi, sabrZolo moqmedebebisas, aramed varjiSisa da
wvrTnis drosac ki (Driskell, J. E. and Salas, E., 1991). riski izrdeba
specifikur SemTxvevebSi, rodesac rogorc qveynis SigniT (samxreT
oseTi, afxazeTi), ise _ mis gareT (erayi da kosovo) aris e.w. cxeli
wertilebi, sadac qarTvel samxedroebs TavianTi profesiuli valis
moxda uwevT da sadac ar arsebobs uvneblad gadarCenis 100%-iani
garantia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am konkretuli kvlevis ramdenime
monawile dRes ukve invalidia.2
1 samxedroebi kargi fizikuri momzadebis garda, Zlieri motivaciiTa da
qvedanayofebSi SeWidulobiT (сплаченность) unda xasiaTdebodnen. maTi
fsiqologiuri momzadeba strestgamZleobis, gambedaobis,
samarTlianobis, mizanswrafulobis, simtkicis, sakuTari Rirsebis,
Zalebisa da iaraRis rwmenis ganmtkicebas gulisxmobs (Driskell, J. E. and
Salas, E. (1991).
2 ase magaliTad, kojris specialuri daniSnulebis brigadaSi Cvens mier
moZiebuli informaciiT, winamdebare kvlevaSi monawile ori oficeri
afxazeTSi dazvervis operaciis dros naRmze afeTqda (da dainvalidda;
orivem dakarga cali fexi) 2002 wlis agvistoSi, xolo erTi oficeri
samxreT oseTSi samSvidobo misiis Sesrulebis dros daiRupa 2004 wlis
zafxulSi. aseve, cnobilia qarTvel samxedroTa afeTqebis gaxmaurebuli
faqti eraySi 2005 wels. es, TavisTavad, konkretuli magaliTebia da ar
arsebobs garantia, rom analogiur situaciaSi sxvebsac igive ar
daemarTebaT.
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 10
amrigad, samxedro profesia gansakuTrebiT didi risk-
faqtorebis Semcvel saqmianobaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac
gansakuTrebuli roli adamianur faqtors, im konkretul samxedro
mosamsaxureTa pirovnebebs unda eniWebodes, romelTac rTuli
(rogorc fizikuri, ise _ fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT) amocanebis
Sesruleba uwevT. swored imisaTvis, rom amocanebis Sesrulebisas
minimumamde iqnas dayvanili dasaxuli amocanis SesrulebasTan
dakavSirebuli safrTxiT ganpirobebuli riski, gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuri da saWiro xdeba am adamianebis fsiqologiuri profilis
dadgena.
cnobilia, rom fsiqologiuri profili farTo cnebaa da mraval
komponents gulisxmobs. masSi SeiZleba individis Tandayolili Tu
SeZenili kognituri, emociuri da pirovnuli Taviseburebebi
moiazrebodes, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mravali maxasiaTeblis
erTobliobas an/da rTul kombinacias warmoadgens. amitom nebismieri
konkretuli individisa Tu individTa nebismieri tipis SerCevis
fsiqologiuri profilis kvleva, cxadia, am komponentTa
Tanmimdevrul da SeZlebisdagvarad srul Seswavlas gulisxmobs,
rac xangrZliv da skuprulozur muSaobas saWiroebs.
analogiur viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme samxedro mosamsaxureebis
SemTxvevaSi. maTi fsiqologiuri profilis kvleva ramdenime ZiriTad
komponents moiazrebs. es komponentebia:
(a) pirovnuli profili anu SedarebiT mdgradi pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis kombinacia (rogoricaa, magaliTad, agresiuloba,
komunikabeluroba, mowesrigebuloba da a.S.). aq igulisxmeba
samxedro samsaxurSi myof individTa pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi,
romelTa kombinaciac gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebs da, amasTan,
savaraudod, ganasxvavebs maT samoqalaqo pirebisgan;
(b) daZlevis strategiebi, romlebsac samxedro mosamsaxure
iseTi krizisuli, stresuli situaciebis dasaZlevad irCevs,
rogoricaa drois deficitis pirobebSi swrafi da adekvaturi
gadawyvetilebis miReba, Zlieri fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri
datvirTvisas masze dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesruleba da
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 11
pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aReba, samxedro danayofSi Seqmnili
nebismieri konfliqturi situaciis mogvareba Tu ganusazRvrelobis
pirobebSi maqsimalurad adekvaturad da efeqturad moqmedebis
saWiroeba.
(g) motivaciuri komponenti. ra motivaciuri faqtorebi
zemoqmedeben an/da gansazRvraven profesiuli samxedro ganaTlebis
miRebisa da samxedro samsaxurSi wasvlis survils, warmatebuli
profesiuli samxedro karieris gakeTebisa da maRali profesiuli
statusis (Cini, Tanamdeboba) miRwevis moTxovnilebas3.
(d) komponenti, romelsac SeiZleba samxedro mosamsaxuris me-
koncefcia ewodos. aq igulisxmeba samxedro mosamsaxuris mier
sakuTari realuri da idealuri me-s aRqma, sakuTari Tavisadmi
damokidebuleba da TviTSefaseba.
sakuTari realuri me-s aRqmaSi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iseTi
mdgeneli, rogoricaa sxeulis xati, vinaidan samxedroebis profesiis
specifikasTan SeWiduli da misi Tanmdevi iseTi elementi, rogoricaa
samxedro forma, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba individis mier
sakuTari identobis aRqmisas. forma is TvalsaCino atributia4,
3 faqtia, rom yvela adamiani ar midis samxedro samxaxurSi; metic, xSiria
yvelasTvis kargad cnobili SemTxvevebi, rodesac axalgazrdebi araTu
profesiuli samxedro ganaTlebisken iltvian, aramed nebismieri gziT
cdiloben savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisTvis Tavis aridebas; Tumca,
iseTi axalgazrdebic arseboben, romlebic sakuTar momavals mxolod
samxedro samsaxurs ukavSireben da arian iseTebic, romlebic
savaldebulo samsaxuris gavlis periodSi cvlis gadawyvetilebas da
jarSi darCenasa da profesiuli samxedro ganaTlebis miRebis
gadawyvetilebas iRebs. amitom saintereso da sakadro politikis
dagegmvisTvis gamosadegi iqneboda am mimarTulebiT kvlevis warmoeba.
4 oficris forma (rogorc saaRlumo, ise _ yoveldRiuri da savele)
yovelTvis miuTiTebs misi mflobelis vinaobaze, samxedro Cinze, jarebis
saxeobaze, romelSic oficeri msaxurobs, mis kvalifikaciaze, profesiul
miRwevebsa da miRebul jildoebze. amitom forma oficris profesiuli
warmatebulobis indikatorsac SeiZleba warmoadgendes. samxedro
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 12
romelic samxedro mosamsaxuris statussa da profesiul
warmatebulobaze miuTiTebs da romelic samxedroTa cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis erT-erT arsebiT da ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens5.
aseve, migvaCnia, rom samxedroebSi sakuTari identobis
formirebisas aranakleb mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba iaraRs6 da
misdami damokidebulebas, rac, aseve, damoukidebeli kvlevis sagani
SeiZleba iyos. aq, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom iaraRi, romelic,
TavisTavad, ZalasTan, daculobasTan, usafrTxoebasTan asocirdeba
da romlis tarebac oficrebs (Tumca, ara yvelas) sakuTar sxeulze
uwevT, garkveulwilad, unda moqmedebdes da koreqtivebi Seqondes
samxedro mosamsaxuris mier sakuTari sxeulis xatis da, Sesabamisad,
me-s xatis aRqmaze.
zemoT dasaxelebuli mdgenelebi, romlebic sxva komponentebTan
erTad samxedro mosamsaxuris me-s xats qmnian, cxadia, gavlenas unda
unda axdendnen mis TviTSefasebaze. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
TvalsaCinod mocemuli socialuri da profesiuli statusi, iaraRis
flobasTan asocirebuli usafrTxoebisa da siZlieris gancda,
SesaZloa, samxedro mosamsaxureTa Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul
formisadmi damokidebuleba da misi mniSvnelovneba samxedro
mosamsaxuris fsiqologiuri profilis formirebisas calke kvlevis
sagania.
5 gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gvesaxeba samxedro mosamsaxureebis sxeulis
xatis (da, Sesabamisad, misi realuri me-s xatis) mdgradobis sakiTxis
kvleva im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac samxedro mosamsaxureebs droebiT,
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi an (jaridan wasvlis SemTxvevaSi)
samudamod uwevT formis gareSe cxovreba.
6 ganurCevlad imisa, es iaraRi tabeluria (anu samsaxureobrivi
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare ekuTvnis oficers misi tareba) Tu
saxelobiTi (anu iaraRi misi piradi sakuTrebaa _ saxelmwifo jildos an
saCuqris saxiT miRebuli).
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 13
(samoqalaqo pirebisgan) TviTSefasebasa7 da met TviTdajerebulobas
ganapirobebdes.
(e) emociuri mdgomareobebi da emociuri reaqciebis
Taviseburebebi, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresiuloba, emociuri
stabiloba, emociebis gamoxatvis intensioba, sixSire da
kontrolis/marTvis unari, emociebze fokusirebis pirovnuli
mniSvnelovneba. samxedro mosamsaxureTa emociuri Taviseburebebis
Seswavla (pirovnuli profilis sxva mdgenelebTan erTad)
aqtualuri xdeba profesiuli gadarCevisa da dasaxuli amocanebis
SesrulebisTvis konkretuli samxedro mosamsaxuris vargisianobis
gansazRvrisas.
(v) kognituri unarebi. aq moiazreba umaRlesi fsiqikuri
procesebis mimdinareobis Taviseburebebi, inteleqtualuri
ganviTarebis done da problemebis sworad/adekvaturad danaxvisa da
gadawyvetis unarebi. samxedro mosamsaxuris kognituri unarebis
kvleva da Sefaseba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens profesiuli
SerCevis zogierT specifikur SemTxvevaSi; ase, magaliTad,
profesionali snaiperebisTvis (an snaiperis kursantobis
kandidatebisTvis), sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, aucilebelia
kargad ganviTarebuli cnobis mexsiereba, monotonuri samuSaos
pirobebSi kargad koncentrirebadi yuradReba da praqtikuli
azrovnebis Cvevebi8.
7 saTanado kvlevis gareSe, ver vamtkicebT, rom CamoTvlili faqtorebi
aucileblobiT maRali TviTSefasebis winapiroba SeiZleba gaxdes. aq
mxolod varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba, rom samxedroTa TviTSefaseba
samxedro samsaxurSi yofnis periodSi, SesaZloa, ufro mdgradi iyos da
naklebad eqvemdebarebodes cvlilebas, Tumca, es sakiTxic sxva,
damoukidebeli kvlevis sagania.
8 amis Tqmis uflebas Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevisa da oTxi wlis
manZilze samxedro nawilSi diagnostikasa da profSerCevaSi muSaobisas
warmoebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebi iZleva, romlebic ar Sevida winamdebare
naSromSi.
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 14
amrigad, met-naklebad srulad mimovixileT samxedro
mosamsaxureebis fsiqologiuri profilis mdgenelebi da vaCveneT am
mimarTulebiT kvlevis warmoebis sirTule, rac Sesaswavl
parametrTa mravalferovnebasa da kvlevis procesis xangrZliobas
ukavSirdeba.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, samxedro mosamsaxureTa
fsiqologiuri profilis dadgenis procesi ramdenime etapad daiyo:
_ (1) samxedro mosamsaxureTa pirovnuli profilisa da daZlevis
strategiebis Taviseburebebis dadgena, (2) samxedroTa warmatebuli
profesiuli saqmianobisa da am Taviseburebebis urTierTmimarTebis
garkveva, (3) samxedro profesiis arCevisa da warmatebuli
profesiuli karieris Seqmnisken swrafvis mamotivirebeli
faqtorebis, (4) samxedro mosamsaxureTa me-koncefciis (realuri me-s
xatis, sxeulis xatis) da (5) samxedro mosamsaxureTa emociuri
sferosa da kognituri unarebis kvleva, (6) samxedro mosamsaxureTa
sruli fsiqologiuri profilis, fsiqogramis dadgena da qarTul
Tanamedrove jarSi maqsimalurad efeqturi sakadro politikis
warmoebisTvis rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
kvlevis masStaburobidan gamomdinare, winamdebare naSromSi
samxedro mosamsaxureTa fsiqologiuri profilis kvlevis pirveli
ori etapia warmodgenili; Sesabamisad, mocemuli kvlevis mizania,
dadgindes, Tu ra gavlenas axdens pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da
krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis pirovnebis mier arCeuli
strategiebi samxedro mosamsaxureTa profesiul saqmianobaSi
warmatebaze. naSromSi ganxilulia samxedro mosamsaxureebis
pirovnuli profilis, krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis
prioritetuli strategiebis, maTi urTierTmimarTebisa da
warmatebul profesiul saqmianobaze gavlenis sakiTxebi.
samxedro saqmis specifikidan da miznebidan gamomdinare, mkacri
da ukiduresad mowesrigebulia samxedro nawilebis struqturuli
organizacia, sadac samxedroebi msaxuroben. faqtobrivad, yvela
formaluri urTierToba samxedro struqturis sxvadasxva instancias
Soris wesdebiT regulirdeba da praqtikulad ar rCeba sfero
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 15
(profesiis farglebSi), sadac minimumamde araa dayvanili
samxedroTa qcevis Tavisuflebis xarisxi.
samxedroTa saqmianobaSi gardauvalia samuSaosTan
dakavSirebuli stresi (Levi L., 1990), romlis gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos
muSaobis aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi, konkurencia, Sidajgufuri
Ria Tu faruli konfliqtebi, formaluri lideris mier koleqtivis
marTvis arcodna da samsaxuris dakargvis SiSi. profesiul
saqmianobas ukavSirdeba samuSaoTi gadatvirTviT gamowveuli
stresic. aq igulisxmeba samsaxursa da ojaxs Soris
daubalansirebeli Tanafardoba9 da araformaluri urTierTobebis
deficiti10.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gavlenas axdens samxedroTa pirovnebaze
da maTTvis tipuri pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas
ganapirobebs (Dillinger, T. G., Weigemann D. A. and Taneja N, 2003). magaliTad,
rigi kvlevebisa aCvenebs, rom samxedro pilotebi ufro miRwevaze
orientirebulebi, komunikabelurebi, konkurentunariani,
dominanturebi, naklebad introspeqciulebi, emociurebi da
senzitiurebi arian, vidre arasamxedroebi (Ashman A. and Telfer R., 1983;
Fine P. M. and Hartman B. O., 1968). amasTan, gansakuTrebiT warmatebulad
iTvlebian is samxedro pilotebi, romlebic dasaxelebul pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebTan erTad ufro meti agresiulobiT, dominanturobiTa
9 es aris saxlSi ar yofna, gvian misvla da adre wamosvla, mudmivi
morigeobebi samsaxurSi da ojaxis monatreba, ojaxTan yofnisTvis
moucleloba; es aris mudmivi arCevani _ ojaxi Tu samsaxuri da
samsaxuris sasargeblod gakeTebuli arCevani TiToeul konkretul
situaciaSi.
10 profesiis Taviseburebidan da am profesiiT ganpirobebuli cxovrebis
wesidan gamomdinare, es adamianebi praqtikulad ar/ver (an iSviaTad)
ekontaqtebian im adamianebs, romelTac araferi aqvT saerTo samxedro
saqmesTan da struqturebTan; maTi megobrebis wre, ZiriTadad, isev maTive
TanamSromlebiT _ samxedroebiTve Semoifargleba. isini, faqtobrivad,
mTlianad „komuflirebul“ garemoSi cxovroben.
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 16
da sakuTari TaviT siamayisken midrekilebiT gamoirCevian (Retzlaff R.
D., and Gibertini M., 1987).
Tu daZlevis strategias ganvixilavT, rogorc ufro pirovnul
faqtors, vidre _ garemos cvlads (Нартова-Бочавер С.К., 1997), maSin
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom samxedro samsaxurTan asocirebul
pirovnul Taviseburebebs garkveuli tipis daZlevis strategiebi
unda ukavSirdebodes. msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqmulia Cvens mier
moZiebul literaturaSic; kerZod, arsebobs mosazreba, rom
garkveuli mimarTebaa samxedroTa pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da maT
mier arCeul prioritetul daZlevis strategiebis Soris. magaliTad,
dilingeris, uaiegmanisa da taneias kvleva aCvenebs, rom samxedro
pilotTa stresis daZlevis strategiebi sxvadasxva pirovnul
aspeqtebs ukavSirdeba; ase magaliTad, eqstraversia dadebiTad
korelirebs „socialuri instrumentuli mxardaWeris ZiebasTan“
(r=0.305, p
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 17
strategiebis gamoyenebisken ufro arian midrekilni, stresul
situaciebSi informaciis moZiebis Zlieri tendenciiT xasiaTdebian,
naklebad elian emociur mxardaWeras da naklebad iyeneben daZlevis
iseT strategiebs, rogoricaa uaryofa, arideba da qceviTi Tu
fsiqikuri CaurTveloba (Picano J. J., 1990).
literaturaSi vxvdebiT miniSnebas imis Taobazec, rom daZlevis
prioritetuli strategiis arCevaze SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes
rogorc pirovnuli faqtorebi, ise _ arsebuli samuSaos
konteqsti/garemo pirobebi (Moos, R. H. and Swindle, R. W. Jr., 2002). am
SemTxvevaSic, literaturaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom
samxedroTa profesiuli saqmianobis Taviseburebebi (magaliTad,
specifikuri profesiuli miznebi, samuSao garemo, samxedro
struqturisTvis tipuri mkacri subordinacia da formaluri Tu
araformaluri urTierTobebi) gavlenas axdens stresul
situaciebTan gamklavebis strategiebis arCevaze.
Tu daZlevis lazarusisa da folkmanis SedarebiT axal da
gavrcelebul kognitur Teorias daveyrdnobiT (Lazarus R., S., Folkman S,
1984), sadac aRqmul stresorze individis mier ganxorcielebuli
daZlevis reaqcia ganixileba, rogorc pirovnebisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis dinamikuri procesi da sadac individi daZlevisken
bunebrivi midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba, misi reaqcia ki nebismier
konkretul stresul situaciaze am midrekilebisa da situaciuri
faqtorebis interaqciul funqcias warmoadgens (Duhachek A., Iacobucci
D., 2004), SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom samxedroebisa da maTi samuSaos
specifikuri garemos urTierTqmedeba SeiZleba moiazrebdes daZlevis
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel, maTi pirovnuli TaviseburebebiTa da
samuSao garemos specifikiT ganpirobebul strategiebs.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, profesiuli karieris Seqmnis,
SenarCunebisa Tu winsvlisTvis samxedroebs maqsimalurad
adekvaturi pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da stresis daZlevisÓefeqturi
strategiebis SemuSaveba uwevT. aqedan gamomdinare, ismis kiTxva:
ramdenad ganapirobebs samxedro mosamsaxureTa pirovnuli
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 18
maxasiTeblebi da stresuli situaciebis daZlevis prioritetuli
strategiebi maT profesiul winsvlas da warmatebul karieras.11
am sakiTxis kvleva sainteresod da aqtualurad gvesaxeba
mosalodneli Sedegebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli Rirebulebis gamo.
kvlevis Teoriuli Rirebuleba Seexeba daZlevis, rogorc ufro
pirovnuli faqtoris Tu situaciuri cvladis, sakiTxis kvlevas.
kerZod, miRebuli Sedegebi saSualebas mogvcems, ufro
dasabuTebulad vimsjeloT individis daZlevis strategiebisa da
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis praqtikul RirebulebaSi moiazreba miRebuli Sedegebis
praqtikuli miznebisTvis gamoyeneba; kerZod:
(1) daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
urTierTmimarTebis Taviseburebebis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba:
am informaciis gamoyeneba samxedro struqturebSi kadrebis
adekvaturi SerCevisaTvis. magaliTad, konkretuli mocemuli
kadris pirovnuli profilis codnis SemTxvevaSi darwmunebiT
SegviZlia prognostuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba misi
prioritetuli daZlevis strategiebisTvis, rac am kadris
maqsimalurad adekvaturad dasaqmebis saSualebas mogvcems. ase
magaliTad, konkretuli pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisa (vTqvaT,
gamokveTili gaRizianebadobis, garSemomyofebisadmi mtruli
damokidebulebis, feTqebadobis an momatebuli depresiuli
fonis) da maTTan dakavSirebul emociebze fokusirebuli
strategiis mqone piri ver SeZlebs kosovoSi an eraySi
wargzavnil samSvidobo batalionSi samsaxurs, vinaidan aseTi
samSvidobo misia saqarTvelosgan Sors, sruliad gansxvavebul
kulturul garemoSi monotonuri (yazarmuli reJimi,
11 unda aRiniSnos, rom samxedroTa profesiul warmatebaSi pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebisa da daZlevis strategiebis rolis kvleva jer kidev XX
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi daiwyo aSS-Si (Ramachandran, N., Wadhawan, J., M., Kumar,
V., Chandramohan, V, & Rao, P.L.N., 1983), Tumca, Cvens qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli
verc erTi kvleva ver vnaxeT.
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 19
teritoriis dacva da perimetris patrulireba, mgzavrebis
Semowmeba da a.S.) samuSaos Sesrulebas gulisxmobs, rac
aucileblobiT saWiroebs gawonasworebulobas, garSemomyofTa
mimarT momTmenobasa da karg TviTkontrols.
stresul, krizisul situaciebSi samxedro mosamsaxureTa
qcevis prognozireba;
konsultirebisa da reabilitaciis ufro adekvaturi programis
dagegmva da ganxorcieleba;
(2) erTi mxriv, pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da stresis daZlevis
strategiebs da, meore mxriv, profesiul warmatebas Soris
urTierTmimarTebis dadgena samxedro mosamsaxureTaTvis yvelaze
adapturi daZlevis strategiebisa da warmatebuli karierisTvis
gamosadegi pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenis saSualebas
mogvcems. vinaidan samxedro mosamsaxureTa araadapturi daZlevis
strategiebi SeiZleba maT profesiul saqmianobaSi Secdomebisa da
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi gaxdes (Нартова-Бочавер С.К., 1997),
mizanSewonili iqneba daZlevis optimaluri strategiebis
gamomuSavebaze mimarTuli trening-programebis dagegmva-
ganxorcieleba12, ris safuZvelic SeiZleba Cveni kvlevis Sedegad
miRebuli monacemebi gaxdes.
amrigad, Cveni samuSao hipoTeza ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: Tu
pirovnuli profili (an misi calkeuli mdgenelebi) da stresis
daZlevis prioritetuli strategiebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan
kavSirSi imyofebian, gansxvavebulia samxedroebTan da samoqalaqo
pirebTan, maSin isini gavlenas unda axdendnen samxedroTa
profesiul saqmianobaSi warmatebaze, kerZod, problemis gadaWraze
mimarTuli daZlevis strategiebi xels unda uwyobdes samxedroTa
ufro warmatebul profesiul saqmianobas.
12 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi trening-programebi aSS-Si warmatebiT
xorcieldeba, romlebic msgavsi tipis kvlevebiT mopovebuli
informaciis safuZvelze igegmeba (Dillinger, T. G., Weigemann D. A. and Taneja N.,
2003).
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 20
winamdebare kvlevis miznidan da Sesamowmebeli hipoTezidan
gamomdinare, Cvens amocanas warmoadgenda samxedroebisa da
samoqalaqo pirebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisa da prioritetuli
daZlevis strategiebis dadgena.
wamodgenili naSromi Sedgeba abstraqtisgan, Sesavlisagan, rva
Tavisgan, literaturis CamonaTvalisa da danarTisagan.
pirvel TavSi ganxilulia daZlevis cnebisadmi sami ZiriTadi
midgoma, daZlevis funqciebi, daZlevis strategiebis klasificirebis
principebi da daZlevis strategiebis zogierTi arsebuli (sul
cxra) klasifikacia.
meore Tavi pirovnul profils eZRvneba; kerZod, masSi
mocemulia pirovnebis cnebis etimologia da zogierTi arsebuli
gansazRvreba (sul rva), aRwerilia pirovnebis ZiriTadi Teoriebi
(sul eqvsi Teoria da aTi avtori) da warmodgenilia Cvens mier
nakvlevi pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis (sul ocdaTeqvsmeti
maxasiaTeblis) mimoxilva.
mesame TavSi ganxilulia warmatebuli samxedro karieris
formaluri da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.
meoTxe TavSi kvlevis sakiTxia gansazRvruli da
Camoyalibebulia kvlevis miznebi, hipoTezebi da amocanebi.
mexuTe Tavi kvlevis meTodis aRweras eTmoba. masSi mocemulia
kvlevis meTodika, cdis pirebi da procesi.
meeqvse, meSvide da merve Tavebi kvlevis Sedegebis aRweras (sul
38 suraTi da 2 cxrili), maT ganxilvasa da daskvnebs eTmoba.
naSromis bolos mocemulia gamoyenebuli literatura (sul 75
wyaro) da danarTi.
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 21
Tavi 1. daZleva
1.1. daZlevis cneba da ZiriTadi midgomebi
stresis gancda da misi daZleva mravali adamianis ZiriTad
problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. fsiqikuri stresi aris datvirTvisa
da xelT arsebuli resursebis urTierTSeusabamoba, rasac Tan
axlavs iseTi emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi, risxva, daTrgunuloba da
a.S. im garemo pirobebs, romelic individis mier fasdeba, rogorc
momTxovni da mis kargad yofnaze gavlenis mqone, stresors, xolo am
pirobebze individis reaqcias, an maT gancdas, distress uwodeben.
stresis13 gavleniT inicirebuli an daTrgunuli reaqciebi SeiZleba
met-naklebad adapturi/Sesabamisi iyos wonasworobis aRdgenisaTvis
anu stresis daZlevisaTvis (Moos, R. H. and Swindle, R. W. Jr., 2002).
cneba „daZleva“ (coping) sxvadasxva situaciebSi adamianis mier
ganxorcielebuli qcevis tipuri paternebis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba.
Tavdapirvelad is lazarusisa da folkmanis (Lazarus R., S., Folkman S.,
1984) stresis fsiqologiaSi gamoiyeneboda da ganisazRvreboda,
rogorc im kognituri da qceviTi Zalisxmevis erToblioba, romelic
ixarjeba individis mier stresis zegavlenis Sesasusteblad.
daZleva adamianis aqtivobis farTo speqtrs moicavs _
aracnobieri fsiqologiuri dacvebidan stresuli situaciebis
mizanmimarTul daZlevamde (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991).
daZleva aris situaciasTan14 urTierTqmedebis individualuri
saSualeba, meTodi am situaciis sakuTari logikis, adamianis
13 arsebobs stresis tipebis sxvadasxva klasifikacia, misi xangrZliobisa
(mwvave, qronikuli) da stresorebis (danakargi, miwisZvra, omi) mixedviT.
calke kategoriad gamoyofen stresis e.w. „Tanamedrove“ tipebs, sadac
Sedis samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli stresi (job stress, stress in the work place)
(Levi L., 1990).14 fsiqologiuri situacia warmoadgens garegani pirobebisa da maTi
subieqturi interpretaciebis erTobliobas, romelic SemosaZRvrulia
droSi da adamians SerCeviTi aqtivobisken ubiZgebs. situacia Sinagani
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 22
cxovrebaSi misi mniSvnelobisa da fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebis
Sesabamisad. daZlevis fsiqologiuri daniSnulebaa: _ rac SeiZleba
ukeTesad adaptirdes adamiani situaciis moTxovnebisadmi. amitom
daZlevis ZiriTadi amocanaa adamianis keTildReobis, fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri janmrTelobisa da urTierTobebiT
dakmayofilebulobis uzrunvelyofa da SenarCuneba (Нартова-Бочавер
С.К., 1997).
farTo mniSvnelobiT, cneba „daZleva“ Sinagani da garegani
zomebis, RonisZiebebis kompleqss gulisxmobs, romelic tkivilisa
da fsiqikaze Tu sxeulze moqmed stresul movlenaTa mtkivneuli,
saziano gavlenis minimizaciazea mimarTuli (Шавердян Г. М., 1998). is
moicavs Sinagani Tu garegani xasiaTis amocanebTan subieqtis
urTierTqmedebis yvela saxeobas: _ problemuri situaciis flobis
an Serbilebis, miCvevis/Seguebis, an misi moTxovnebisTvis Tavis
aridebis mcdelobebs. damatebiTi pirobebi, rogorc garegani, Tavad
dasmuli amocanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, ise Sinagani, romelic
subieqtis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen,
amZafreben/amkveTreben daZlevis Sinaarss (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991).
Tavdapirvelad iTvleboda, rom daZleva maSin iwyebs
amoqmedebas, rodesac amocanis sirTule aRemateba Cveuli reaqciebis
simZlavres, arasakmarisia rutinuli Segueba da saWiro xdeba axali
Zalisxmeva da resursebi. am mosazrebas dResac iziareben
cxovrebiseuli stresis paradigmis (Life Stress Paradigm) momxreebi (Ensel
W. M., Lin N., 1991). magaliTad, enseli da lini (1991) amtkiceben, rom
daZlevaSi usiamovnebebisTvis Tavis arideba, stresul situaciebSi
moxvedrisgan gaqcevac moiazreba.
samyaros movlenis „midamoa“, romelsac SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvneloba
hqondes subieqtis cxovrebis gzis masStabiT (mniSvnelobani
cxovrebiseuli movlenidan yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cvevebis CaTvliT).
situacia moicavs subieqtis ganzraxvebisa da moTxovnilebebis rTul
narevs; is determinirebulia misi wina qceviT da mimarTulia momavalze
subieqtisadmi da situaciisadmi axali moTxovnebis wayenebis
saSualebiT (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991).
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 23
droTa ganmavlobaSi daZlevis cneba CamoSorda eqstremaluri
pirobebis problematikas da warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda mniSvnelovan
cxovrebiseul momentebSi (Life Events), Semdeg ki _ qronikuli
stresorebisa da yoveldRiuri realobis pirobebSi adamianebis
qcevis aRsawerad (Рейноутер дж., 1993). magaliTad, reinouteri miiCnevs
(1993), rom adamianebisTvis bednieri, didi xnis molodinis Semdeg
ganxorcielebuli movlenebic SeiZleba stresuli iyos.
dResdReobiT daZlevis cnebis gagebisadmi sami ZiriTadi
Teoriuli midgoma arsebobs (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991): fsiqoanalituri,
pirovnuli da daZlevisadmi, rogorc procesisadmi midgoma.
TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebulad xsnis daZlevis cnebas.
fsiqoanalituri midgoma haanis SromebSi iRebs saTaves (Haan N.,
1997), sadac daZleva egos terminebiTaa aRwerili, rogorc
daZabulobis SemcirebisTvis mowodebuli fsiqologiuri dacvis
erT-erTi meTodi/saSualeba.
adreuli fsiqoanalitikuri Sromebidan dacvis meqanizmebis
Sesaxeb saTaves iRebs kvlevebi, Tu rogor axdens individi
garemosTan adaptacias. am SromebSi dacvis meqanizmebi ganixileba,
rogorc SfoTvis Tavidan acilebis aracnobieri gza (Martskvishvili Kh.,
2006). klasikuri ganmartebis Tanaxmad, dacvis meqanizmebi iTvleba
SfoTvis daZlevis imTaviTve araadaptur gzad da isini ar aris
cnobierad arCeuli; Tumca, DSM-IV15-is (DSM-IV™, 1994) mixedviT,
ganasxvaveben dacvis meqanizmebis Svid saxes, romelTa ierarqiuli
ganlageba naklebad adaptaciuridan metad adaptaciuris
mimarTulebiT xdeba. yvelaze ,,mwvavea“ dacviTi disregulacia an
aSkara fsiqoturi procesebi, romlebic iseT procesebs gulisxmobs,
rogoricaa proeqcia, uaryofa da halucinacia. amis sapirispirod,
arsebobs iseTi adaptaciuri da ,,momwifebuli“ dacvis meqanizmebi,
rogoricaa altruizmi, iumori da sublimacia.
krameri (Crammer, P., 2000) dacvis meqanizmebsa da daZlevis
process Soris arsebul msgavsebasa da gansxvavebaze saubrobs.
15 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 24
dacvis meqanizmebi aracnobieri, araintenciuri, dispoziciuri da
ierarqiulia da mxolod maSin ukavSirdeba paTologias, roca
daZlevis procesi cnobieria, mizanmimarTulad gamoiyeneba,
situaciuradaa determinirebuli, araierarqiulia da normalur
mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba. dacvis meqanizmebSi, gansakuTrebiT
klasikuri gagebiT, imTaviTve araadaptaciuri da aracnobierad
arCeuli strategia moiazreba. individi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
dacvis prioritetuli stilis mixedviT, romelsac is sxvadasxva
garemo pirobebSi gamoavlens. daZlevis procesi ki, piriqiT,
ganixileba, rogorc cnobierad arCeuli gza da garemos moTxovnebze
reaqcia.
fsiqoanalituri midgoma ar iTvleba daZlevis strategiebisadmi
gavrcelebul midgomad, vinaidan misi momxreebi daZlevis qcevas
daZlevis SedegebTan aigiveben (Нартова-Бочавер С.К.1997).
pirovnuli (niSnebis) midgoma asaxulia musis naSromebSi
(Billings A. G., Moos R. H., 1984), sadac daZleva pirovnuli niSnebis
terminebiT ganisazRvreba, rogorc SedarebiT mdgradi midrekileba,
predispozicia stresul movlenebze garkveuli saxiT reagirebisken.
daZlevis stilis cneba, termonologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
garkveulwilad, fsiqoanalizidan momdinareobs, magram es midgoma
aqcents akeTebs imaze, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebs individi
informacias. yvelaze adreul tipologias warmodgens damTrgunvel-
mgrZnobiare (repression-sensitization) tipi (Burne, D., 1964). damTrgunveli
Tavs aridebs an gandevnis informacias, mgrZnobiare tipi ki, piriqiT,
eZebs, moipovebs mas. es diqotomia kvlav iCens Tavs am ukanasneli 30
wlis manZilze: _ makontrolebeli-pirdapiri (monitoring-blunting) (Miller,
S. M., 1987) da miaxloeba-ganridebis (26:813-819) tipi swored am
diqotomiis manifestacias warmoadgens.
vinaidan strategiaTa stabiloba iSviaTad dasturdeba
empiriuli monacemebiT (Lazarus, R., 2000), am midgomamac ver moipova
mkvlevarTa Soris popularoba.
daZlevisadmi, rogorc procesisadmi midgomis warmomadgenlebi
(Lazarus R., S., Folkman S., 1984) miiCneven, rom daZleva aris dinamikuri
procesi, romlis specifikas ganapirobebs ara marto situacia,
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 25
aramed subieqtis garesamyarosTan Sejaxebis Sedegad warmoqmnili
konfliqtis ganviTarebis stadiac.
Teoria, romelSic daZleva ganixileba, rogorc procesi,
kognituri Teoriis saxeliTaa cnobili da lazarusisa16 da misi
kolegebis saxels ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is SedarebiT
axali Teoriaa stresisa da daZlevis Sesaxeb arsebul
literaturaSi. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, stresi ganisazRvreba, rogorc
adamianisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba, sadac garemo adamianis mier
aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis momtani misi (adamianis) kargad
yofnisaTvis (well-being). am urTierTqmedebis CamoyalibebaSi
centraluri adgili daZlevas ukavia. kognitur TeoriaSi saubaria
or procesze, esenia: kognituri Sefaseba da daZleva, rogorc
pirovneba-garemos stresuli urTierTqmedebisa da maTi uSualo,
xangrZlivi Sedegis kritikuli mediatori.
kognituri Sefaseba aris procesi, romliTac individi garemos
stresul movlenas afasebs: ras matebs an aklebs es
movlena/vaTareba mas (Swanson K. M..2000), mis kargad yofnas da rogor.
ganasxvaveben pirvelad da meorad kognitur Sefasebas.
pirveladi Sefasebis etapze individi afasebs, movlena,
problemuri situacia dadebiTia (kargia), neitraluri
(irelevanturi) Tu uaryofiTi (stresuli); aris Tu ara potenciuri
safrTxe. Tu uaryofiTia, ramdenad cudia is: _ emuqreba Tu ara
raimes (vTqvaT, mis janmrTelobasa da kargad yofnas) safrTxe am
konkretuli problemuri situaciis gamo; magaliTad, garemosTan es
Sejaxeba gulisxmobs Tu ara potenciur zians an sargebels
pasuxismgeblobebis, Rirebulebis, TviTSefasebisa Tu miznebisTvis?
meoradi Sefasebis etapze individi afasebs, aqvs Tu ara
sakmarisi resursi am movlenasTan gasamklaveblad an gamklavebaze
uaris saTqmelad; SeuZlia Tu ara stresisgan miyenebuli zianis
Tavidan asacileblad da dasaZlevad, stresis Sedegebis
gasaumjobeseblad raimes gakeTeba.
16 fsiqologiaSi daZlevis terminis Semotana lazarusisa da folkmanis
saxels ukavSirdeba (Нартова-Бочавер С.К., 1997).
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 26
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveladi SefasebiT individi svams
SekiTxvas: _ ,,ra aris es? aris es problema?“ meoradi SefasebiT ki
igi kiTxulobs: _ ,,Tu aris problema, me ra SemiZlia gavakeTo
amisaTvis? rogor movuaro situacias?“ swored am momentSi iCens
Tavs daZleva.
kognituri Teoriis Tanaxmad, daZleva aris individis mier
gaweuli ,,kognituri da bihevioraluri Zalisxmeva, romelic
mimarTulia im specifikuri Sinagani Tu garegani moTxovnebis (da,
maT Soris, konfliqtis) marTvaze/maTTan gamklavebaze, romelic,
pirovnebis TvalsazrisiT, aRemateba mis resursebs“ (Lazarus R., S.,
Folkman S., 1984; Lazarus, R.S., 1991).
am gansazRvrebaSi gamoiyofa sami mniSvnelovani momenti.
pirveli: procesze orientacia, rac gulisxmobs, rom ganmarteba
fokusirebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqrobs da rogor iqceva individi
specifikur krizisul situaciaSi da rogor icvleba misi kognicia
da qceva situciis Secvlisas. daZlevis procesisadmi aseTi midgoma
niSnebis midgomas upirispirdeba, romelic iTvaliswinebs, Tu rogor
iqceva individi Cveulebrivad da aqcents stabilobaze (da ara _
cvlilebebze) akeTebs.
meore: daZleva konteqstualuria, masze gavlenas axdens
stresul situaciaSi pirovnebis aqtualuri moTxovnebis da maTi
marTvis resursebis Sefaseba. xazgasma konteqstze niSnavs imas, rom
pirovnebisa da garemos garkveuli cvladebi erTad ayalibebs
daZlevis mcdelobas.
mesame: ganmartebaSi imTaviTve ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra
aris ,,kargi“ an ,,cudi“ daZleva; daZleva ganmartebulia, rogorc
mcdeloba, Zalisxmeva, romelsac individi mimarTavs moTxovnebis
marTvisaTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, aris Tu ara es mcdeloba
warmatebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, daZlevis es modeli upirispirdeba
im Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac daZleva ganimarteba, rogorc
instrumentuli qmedeba, romelic akontrolebs aversiur garemos da
amiT amcirebs agznebas (arousal) (Ursin, H., 1980). es Tvalsazrisi
egofsiqologiur konceptualizaciasac upirispirdeba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, garkveuli strategiebi Tandayolili da naklebad
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 27
sasurvelia (Menninger, K., 1963) da romelic strategias daZlevas (da
ara dacvis meqanizms) uwodebs, Tu is erTaderT kriteriums
akmayofilebs: _ ar amaxinjebs realobas (Haan N., 1977).
amrigad, fsiqoanalituri midgoma aqcents dacvis meqanizmebze
akeTebs, pirovnuli midgoma ki – daZlevis stabilur stilze. orive
midgomis Tanaxmad, daZleva umTavresad pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
funqciaa. amis sapirispirod, daZlevis, rogorc procesisadmi
midgoma kognitur-bihevioralur models eyrdnoba da pirovnebas da
garemos ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur, uwyvetad reciprokul,
ormimarTulebian kavSirSi myof cvladebs. am midgomis mixedviT,
daZleva transaqciuli cvladia, rac gulisxmobs, rom masSi
moiazreba ara mxolod pirovneba, an ara mxolod garemo, aramed
maTi integracia mocemul transaqciaSi.
1.2. daZlevis strategiebis klasifikaciis principebi
daZlevis TiToeuli forma specifikuria, gancdili situaciis
subieqturi mniSvnelovnebiT ganisazRvreba da, ZiriTadad, emsaxureba
erT-erT amocanas: _ problemis realurad gadawyvetas an mis
emociur gancdas, TviTSefasebis koregirebas an adamianebTan
urTierTobebis regulirebas. gansxvavebuli Teoriuli da
meTodologiuri midgomebis arsebobis gamo ar arsebobs daZlevis
strategiebis erTi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli klasifikacia (Нартова-
Бочавер С.К, 1997).
daZlevis strategiebis klasifikacia or ZiriTad princips
eyrdnoba: _ (1) aqcentirebulia problemis daZlevis meTodi; ras
aniWebs individi upiratesobas _ qceviT Tu kognitur daZlevas. (2)
aqcenti keTdeba daZlevis fokusze; ra orientacia aqvs da ra
aqtiobebs axorcielebs pirovneba stresoris sapasuxod.
mkvlevarTa nawili (Martskvishvili Kh., 2006; Holanan, C.J., Moos, R.H., and
Schaefer, J.A., 1996) am ori midgomis kombinirebiT daZlevis ufro metad
integrirebuli klasifikaciis Seqmnas Seecada. maT stresoris
mimarT individis orientacia gaiTvaliswines da daZlevis ori
mimarTuleba gamoyves: miaxloeba da Tavis arideba. garda amisa,
TiToeuli maTgani dayves kategoriebad, romlebic kognitur da
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 28
bihevioralur daZlevas Seesabameba. Sedegad, gamoiyo oTxi ZiriTadi
kategoria: (1) kognituri miaxloeba; (2) kognituri Tavis arideba; (3)
bihevioraluri miaxloeba; (4) bihevioraluri Tavis arideba.
Tumca, daZlevis strategiebis klasificirebisas mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba lazarusisa da folkmanis SemoTavazebul or moduss _
problemebis gadaWrasa da situaciisadmi sakuTari
damokidebulebebis Secvlas _ eyrdnoba (Lazarus R., S., Folkman S., 1984).
r. lazarusisa da s. folkmanis mixedviT (1984; Lazarus, R.S., 1991),
daZlevas ori mTavari funqcia aqvs; Sesabamisad, daZlevis
strategiebi or kategoriaSi SeiZleba dajgufdes:
(1) problemaze fokusirebuli daZleva, romlis funqciaa
stresis wyarod aRqmuli pirobebis, problemuri pirovneba-garemo
urTierTobis pirdapiri, uSualo Secvla.
(2) emociebze fokusirebuli daZleva, romelic emociebis
regulaciisTvisaa mowodebuli da romelSic garegani stresoris
mniSvnelovnebis rekonstruqcia anu stresis wyaros gansxvavebulad,
naklebi fsiqologiuri distresis gamomwvev movlenad aRqma da
Sefaseba moiazreba. am dros stresis gamomwvevi pirobebis Secvlis
mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri, uSualo mcdelobis
nacvlad aqcenti subieqturi mniSvnelobisa da stresuli garemos
pirobebis gancdis cvlilebaze keTdeba.
kvlevebma daadastura (Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S., 1980; Folkman, S., &
Lazarus, R. S., 1985), rom daZleva moicavs orive funqcias. adamianebi
daZlevis orive tipis strategias TiTqmis yvela saxis stresul
situaciaSi iyeneben. problemaze fokusirebuli daZlevis funqciaa
raimes gakeTeba distresis gamomwvevi problemis Sesacvlelad da
xSirad gamoiyeneba im siZneleTa dasaZlevad, romelic pirovnebis
mier fasdeba, rogorc cvalebadi. emociaze fokusirebuli daZlevis
funqcia ki arasasiamovno emociebis regulirebaa da xSirad im
situaciebis dasaZlevad gamoiyeneba, romlebic pirovnebis mier
fasdeba, rogorc ucvleli.
1.3. daZlevis strategiebis klasifikaciebi
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 29
qvemoT ganxilulia krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis
strategiebis sxvadasxva klasifikaciebi. daZlevis strategiaTa
mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, TiToeuli klasifikacia lazarusisa
da folkmanis mier gamoyofili ori modusis (problemaze
orientacia da misdami emociuri damokidebulebis cvlileba)
Sesabamisad lagdeba.
lazarusi da folkmani (1984) daZlevis Semdeg strategiebs
gamoyofen:
konfrontaciuli daZleva: situaciis Secvlis agresiuli
mcdeloba, romelSic, garkveulwilad, riskianoba da mtruli
damokidebulebac moiazreba;
distancireba: meore adamianisgan gamocalkevebis, gamoyofis
mcdeloba da situaciis mniSvnelovnebis minimizacia;
TviTkontroli: grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis regulirebis
mcdeloba;
socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba: informaciuli, emociuri da
qmediTi mxardaWeris moZiebis mcdeloba;
gaqceva-acileba: natvra, ocneba, gaazrebis gareSe situaciis
interpretacia da qcevis doneze problemisgan gaqcevis,
misTvis Tavis aridebis mcdeloba;
problemis gadaWris dagegmva: situaciis Secvlis winaswar
ganzraxuli, problemaze orientirebuli mcdeloba,
Sewyvilebuli problemis gadaWris analizur midgomasTan;
dadebiTi gadafaseba: situaciisTvis dadebiTi mniSvnelobis
miniWebis mcdeloba, koncentracia pirovnul zrdaze.
j. amirxani (Amirkhan, J. H., 1990; , K, K., Bormann, C, A., Cropanzani R, S
and James K., 1995) sami saxis daZlevas ganixilavs:
problemis pirdapiri gadaWra;
arideba;
socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba.
e. kopliki (Koplik et al., 1992) wmindad kognituri daZlevis
strategiebze saubrobs da daZlevis stilis mixedviT gamoyofs:
informaciis maZieblebs _ monitoros;
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 30
informaciis mimarT „daxurulebs“ _ blunters.
k. parkesi (1984, 1986) daZlevas kognituri da bihevioraluri
strategiebis mravalferovanebaze daubrobs da yuradRebas
amaxvilebs daZlevis or konkretul strategiaze:
pirdapiri daZleva (direct coping);
mafrustrirebeli faqtorebis fsiqologiuri daTrgunva,
gandevna (suppression).
a. bilingsi da r. musi (1984) gansaxilvelad fsiqologiuri
daZlevis sam meTods gvTavazoben:
situaciis Sefaseba _ aqtiuri kognituri daZleva;
situaciaSi Careva _ aqtiuri bihevioraluri daZleva;
gaqceva _ situaciisTvis Tavis arideba (magaliTad,
TviTmotyueba).
f. vitaliano (Vitaliano P. P et al., 1990; Conway V. J., Terry D. J., 1992)
msgavs klasifikacias iZleva, romelic problemaze orientirebul
daZlevasTan erTad gamoyofs emociaze orientirebuli daZlevis sam
xerxs:
TviTdadanaSauleba (Blamed self), rac sakuTari Tavisadmi
kritikiT, sinanuliTa da damrigebluri toniT gamoixateba;
Tavis arideba, rodesac adamiani agrZelebs ise moqcevas,
TiTqos araferi momxdara;
sasurveli interpretacia (wishful thinking) _ moCvenebiTi
imedebi, rodesac adamians saswaulis imedi aqvs.
h. veberi (1992) Tvlis, rom daZlevis ZiriTad repertuarSi
Semdegi formebi Sedis:
problemis realuri (qceviTi an kognituri) gadaWra;
socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba;
situaciis reinterpretacia sakuTari Tavis sasargeblod;
dacva da problemebis uaryofa;
Tavis arideba da gaqceva;
sakuTari Tavis Secodeba;
TviTSefasebis daweva;
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 31
emociebis gamoxatva.
a. sTouni da j. nili (1984) gamoyofen daZlevis Semdeg
kategoriebs:
yuradRebis gadatana _ fiqrisa da sxva aqtivobebis
saSualebiT problemidan sxva sakiTxebze yuradRebis
gadatana;
situaciis reinterpretacia _ problemis sxva kuTxiT danaxva,
raTa is ufro atanadi gaxdes;
pirdapiri moqmedeba _ fiqri problemis gadaWraze,
informaciis mogroveba masze da realuri qmedebebis
ganxorcieleba mis gadasaWrelad;
kaTarzisi _ daZabulobis, SfoTvisa da frustraciis
Semcirebis mizniT problemis sapasuxod emociebis gamoxatva;
miReba _ miReba im faqtisa, rom problema ukve arsebobs da
amis Secvla SeuZlebelia;
socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba _ partnioris, megobris an
kolegisagan emociuri mxardaWeris miReba;
relaqsacia _ raimes gakeTeba relaqsaciis mizniT;
religia _ sulieri mxardaWerisa da Svebis povna sakuTar
aRmsareblobaSi.
C. qarveri da m. Seieri (Carver, C. S., Sheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K., 1989;
Sharon Gil, 2005) Tvlian, rom daZlevis strategiebis martivad dayofa
problemaze da emociebze orientirebulad arasakmarisia. amitom
isini TiToeul maTgans qvekategoriebad yofen da kidev amateben
ramdenime kategorias. sabolood, isini aRweren daZlevis 15
strategias:
aqtiuri daZleva;
dagegmva;
problemasTan kavSiris ar mqone sxva saqmianobebis
gamoricxva;
Sekaveba;
instrumentuli socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba;
emociuri socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba;
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 32
dadebiTi reinterpretacia da pirovnuli zrda;
miReba;
uaryofa;
religiasTan mibruneba;
yuradRebis gamaxvileba emociebze, emociebis gamoxatva;
iumori;
qceviTi CaurTveloba;
fsiqikuri CaurTveloba;
narkotikebisa da alkoholis gamoyeneba.
daZlevis zemoT ganxilul klasifikaciebSi aRewerili
strategiebidan winamdebare kvlevaSi sayrdenad aRebulia qarverisa
da Seieris klasifikacia (da nakvlevia masSi warmodgenili
strategiebi), romelic, Tavis mxriv, lazarusisa da folkmanis
klasifikacias exmaureba da, amasTan, TanxmobaSi modis amirxanis
mier SemoTavazebul klasifikaciasTan. 1 cxrilSi mocemulia (a)
amirxanis, (b) lazarusisa da folkmanis da (g) qarverisa da Seieris
mier SemoTavazebuli daZlevis strategiebis klasifikacia daZlevis
strategiebis lazarusisa da folkmanis mier SemoTavazebul or
modusTan _ problemebis gadaWrasa da situaciisadmi sakuTari
damokidebulebebis SecvlasTan _ mimarTebaSi. cxrilSi
warmodgenilia mesame _ aridebis _ mimarTulebac.
cxrili 1. amirxanis, lazarusi-folkmanisa da qarveri-Seieris mier
SemoTavazebuli daZlevis strategiebis mimarTeba
lazarusi-folkmanis daZlevis modusebTan
modusi amirxani lazarusi, folkmani qarveri, Seieri
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 33
problemis
gad
aWraz
e orient
acia
pirdapiri
gadaWra
socialuri
mxardaWeri
s Zieba
konfrontaciuli
daZleva: situaciis
Secvlis agresiuli
mcdeloba, romelSic,
garkveulwilad,
riskianoba da mtruli
damokidebulebac
moiazreba;
problemis gadaWris
dagegmva: situaciis
Secvlis winaswar
ganzraxuli,
problemaze
orientirebuli
mcdeloba,
Sewyvilebuli
problemis gadaWris
analizur midgomasTan;
socialuri
mxardaWeris Zieba:
informaciuli,
emociuri da qmediTi
mxardaWeris moZiebis
mcdeloba.
aqtiuri daZleva;
dagegmva;
problemasTan
kavSiris ar mqone
sxva saqmianobebis
gamoricxva;
Sekaveba;
instrumentuli
socialuri
mxardaWeris Zieba;
emociuri
socialuri
mxardaWeris Zieba;
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 34
sit
uac
iisad
mi emo
ciu
ri
damokideb
uleb
ebis
Sec
vlaz
e orient
acia
TviTkontroli:
grZnobebisa da
moqmedebebis
regulirebis
mcdeloba.
dadebiTi gadafaseba:
situaciisTvis
dadebiTi
mniSvnelobis
miniWebis mcdeloba,
koncentracia
pirovnul zrdaze.
dadebiTi
reinterpretacia
da pirovnuli
zrda;
miReba;
uaryofa;
yuradRebis
gamaxvileba
emociebze,
emociebis
gamoxatva;
arideba distancireba: meore
adamianisgan
gamocalkevebis,
gamoyofis mcdeloba
da situaciis
mniSvnelovnebis
minimizacia.
gaqceva-acileba:
natvra, ocneba,
gaazrebis gareSe
situaciis
interpretacia da
qcevis doneze
problemisgan
gaqcevis, misTvis
Tavis aridebis
mcdeloba.
qceviTi
CaurTveloba;
fsiqikuri
CaurTveloba;
narkotikebisa da
alkoholis
gamoyeneba.
rac Seexeba qarverisa da Seieris klasifikaciaSi warmodgenil
or strategias _ religiasTan mibrunebasa da iumors maT ver
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 35
mivakuTvnebT romelime erT-erT kategorias. orive strategia
SeiZleba samive kategoriaSi moxvdes, rac konkretuli SemTxvevis
maxasiaTeblebiT iqneba ganpirobebuli. ase magaliTad, religiasTan
mibruneba problemisadmi emociuri damokidebulebis Secvlis da ara
_ aridebis kateoriaSi moxvdeba iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme
mniSvnelovani adamianis gardacvalebas exeba. xSirad adamianebi aseT
viTarebaSi ufro religiurebi xdebian, rac maT problemisadmi
damokidebulebis SecvlaSi, misi kuTxiT danaxvasa da danakargTan
erTad cxovrebis swavlaSi exmareba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi
religiaSi wasvla, SesaZloa, problemisTvis Tavis arideba anda,
piriqiT, qmediTi saSualeba iyos da realurad wyvetdes arsebul
problemas.
amrigad, dResdReobiT daZlevis strategiebis mravali
klasifikacia arsebobs, magram daZlevis strategiebis klasifikacia
or ZiriTad princips _ daZlevis meTodsa da daZlevis fokuss _
eyrdnoba; Tumca, daZlevis strategiebis klasificirebisas
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba lazarusisa da folkmanis mier
SemoTavazebul or moduss _ problemebis gadaWrasa (problemaze
orientirebuli daZleva) da situaciisadmi sakuTari
damokidebulebebis Secvlas (emociebis marTva, emociebze
orientirebuli daZleva) _ mimarTavs.
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 36
Tavi 2. pirovnuli profili
2.1. pirovnebis cneba
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi pirovnebis mravali gansazRvreba
arsebobs da TiToeuli maTganis ukan Sesabamisi Teoria dgas (Первин
Л., Джон О., 2002).
ukanaskneli ori aTaswleulis manZilze termins mravali
deskriptuli gamoyeneba hqonda, Tumca, etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
sityva „pirovneba“ yvelaze adreuli mniSvnelobiT niRabs niSnavs,
romelsac ZvelberZnul dramaSi msaxiobebi Teatraluri
warmodgenisas iyenebdnen17 (Allport Gordon W., 1937).
jer kidev ciceroni (106-43 Cv. w. aR-mde) (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997)
gamoyofda personis oTx mniSvnelobas: _ (a) rogor Cans adamiani
sxvebis TvalSi (Tumca, sinamdvileSi aseTi araa), (b) roli,
romelsac adamiani TamaSobs (magaliTad, filosofosi), (g) pirovnul
niSanTa erToblioba, romelic adamianis saqmianobas gansazRvravs,
(d) individualuroba, pirovnuli Tavisebureba, unikaloba, sxvebisgan
gamorCeuli Rirseba.
pirovnebis cnebis SinaarsSi (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997)
Tavdapirvelad moiazreboda pirovnebis garegani, zedapiruli
socialuri xati, romelsac individi iRebs garkveuli
cxovrebiseuli rolis TamaSis dros. esaa garSemo myofebisken
mimarTuli erTgvari sazogadoebrivi saxe. es mosazreba emTxveva
Tanamedrove araprofesionalis mosazrebas, romelic, Cveulebriv,
pirovnebas afasebs momxibvlelobis, sazogadoebaSi qcevis unaris
17 “persu” _ modis Zveli etruskulidan da niSnavs SeniRbul figuras,
niRabs. legendis Tanaxmad, es niRabi anu persu pirvelad Zvel romSi
gamoiyena msaxiobma Tavisi elami Tvalebis dasafarad. “persu”
laTinurSi transformirda “personad”, rac, aseve, niRabs niSnavs,
ZvelberZnul dramaSi. Tavisi arsiT, es termini Tavdapirvelad
miuTiTebda komikur an tragikul figuraze Teatralur moqmedebaSi
(Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997).
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 37
qonis, popularobis, fizikuri mimzidvelobisa da sxva socialurad
sasurveli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. aseTi midgoma badebs iseT
komentarebs, rogoricaa “X sasurveli pirovnebaa”, “Y arasasiamovno
pirovnebaa”. es koncefcia mTlianad mecnieruli fsiqologiis
farglebs gareT mdebareobs, radganac yuradRebis miRma tovebs
qcevis mraval Taviseburebas, romelic aucileblad pirovnebis
konteqstSi unda iqnas Seswavlili.
pirovneba, aseve, ganixileboda, rogorc individis yvelaze
mkafio da SesamCnevi maxasiaTeblebis kombinacia. amgvarad, adamianze
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „is morcxvi pirovnebaa“ an „is megobruli
pirovnebaa“ da igulisxmeba, rom morcxvoba an megobruloba misi
yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Strixia. msgavs magaliTebSi saqme gvaqvs
pirovnebis gaigivebasTan im garegan socialur STabeWdilebasTan,
romelsac mocemuli individi garSemomyofebze axdens maTTan
urTierTobis procesSi; anu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven vxedavT, Tu
ramdenad axdens zegavlenas urTierTobis situaciebSi pirovnebis
qcevaTa umravlesobaze misi yvelaze gamorCeuli, aSkara Tvisebebi.
terminis aseTi, faqtiurad, popularuli gamoyenebisas xelidan
sxlteba imis SesaZlebloba, rom adamiani SeiZleba konkretuli
situaciisda mixedviT iyos megobruli an morcxvi. amasTan, termini
„pirovneba“ personologTa umravlesobisTvis ar gulisxmobs
adamianis xasiaTis an misi socialuri unarebis Sefasebas.
magaliTad, roca vambobT, rom „X araCveulebrivi pirovnebaa“, albaT,
vgulisxmobT mis keTilganwyobas, uSualobas an sxvebisaTvis
daxmarebisadmi mzaobas. Tumca, pirovnebis sakiTxebze momuSave
fsiqologebi ar iyeneben maxasiaTeblebs erTeuli mniSvnelobiT anu
ar yofen pirovnebebs kargebad da cudebad.
kaprara da servoni (Капрара Дж., Сервон Д., 2003) pirovnebis cnebaSi
fsiqikuri sistemebis mTel simravles gulisxmoben, romlebic
adamianis qcevisa da gancdebis uwyvetobas ganapirobeben im saxiT, ra
saxiTac es mravalricxovani sistemebi vlindeba da, rogoradac is
aRiqmeba Tavad adamianisa da sxva adamianebis mier.
am ganmartebidan Cans, rom pirovnebis cneba ramdenime rakursiT
unda ganvixiloT. adamianis TvalsazrisiT, misi sakuTari pirovneba
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 38
aris TvisebaTa da midrekilebaTa erToblioba. es mdgradi
pirovnuli Tvisebebi identobis („Cemi“), erTianobis („azrebi,
grZnobebi da moqmedebebi _ es yvelaferi Cemi nawilebia“) da
unikalurobis („me“) grZnobas qmnian. damkvirveblis TvalsazrisiT,
pirovneba fsiqikuri maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobaa, romliTac
adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian. adamianebi akvirdebian sxva
adamianebis qcevas, sakuTari dakvirvebebis gamoyenebiT iqmnian maTze
warmodgenas da pirovnebis Sesaxeb sakuTar warmodgenebs
SeTanxmebuli sistemebis saxiT alageben. am TvalsazrisiT, pirovneba
socialuri konqtruqtia, romelic adamianebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb
warmodgenebis sistemebs ukavSirdeba. da bolos, mecnieris
TvalsazrisiT, pirovneba individisa da garemos urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad warmoqmnili fsiqikuri sistemaa, romelic erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs intrafsiqikur funqcionirebasa da garemosTan adamianis
urTierTqmedebas.
p. kostasa da r. makkreis mixedviT (1996), pirovnebis cnebaSi
pironuli niSnebiTa da im dinamikuri procesebiT gansazRvruli
sistema igulisxmeba, romliTac es niSnebi zemoqmedeben individis
fsiqologiur funqcionirebaze.
r. gerigi da f. zimbardo (2002) pirovnebas gansazRvraven,
rogorc unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas,
romelic gansxvavebul situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros gavlenas
axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel paternebze.
amerikis fsiqiatrTa asociaciis (1980) mixedviT (Dillinger, T. G.,
Weigemann D. A. and Taneja N., 2003), pirovneba ganisazRreba, rogorc
damaxasiaTebeli, tipuri gza imisa, Tu rogor fiqrobs, grZnobs da
iqceva adamiani; qcevis Rrmad gamjdari paterni, romelic TiToeul
adamianSia mocemuli cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, rogorc
cxovrebis stili an garemosTan adaptaciis gza.
pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi arsebuli pirovnebis cnebis 50-mde
gansazRvreba literaturaSi moiZia da gaaanaliza gordon olportma
(Allport Gordon W., 1937). manve moaxdina maTi klasifikacia. kriteriumad
aiRo is aspeqti, rasac exeboda es ganmartebebi. olportma gamoiyo
sul Svidi kategoria; es iyo gansazRvrebebi, romlebic exeboda: (a)
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 39
terminis etimologias an adreul istorias, (b) Teologiur
mniSvnelobas, (g) filosofiur mniSvnelobas, (d) iuridiul
mniSvnelobas, (e) socialur mniSvnelobas, (v) fsiqologiur
mniSvnelobas da (z) garegan gamovlinebebs.
olportma mogvca Tavisi ganmartebac. olportis mixedviT,
pirovneba aris individis im fsiqofizikuri sistemis dinamikuri
organizacia, romelic gansazRvravs mis universalur Seguebas
garemosTan. is Seecada, rom Tavis ganmartebaSi Seetana ukve
arsebul ganmartebebSi mocemuli dadebiTi elementebi da gverdi
aevlo naklovanebebisaTvis. am ganmartebaSi termini „fsiqofizikuri“
migvaniSnebs, rom is ar aris arc mxolod fsiqikuri da arc mxolod
fiziologiuri; rom organizacia iwvevs orives, rogorc fsiqikis,
ise _ sxeulis operaciebs, romelTa erTmaneTisgan daSoreba
SeuZlebelia. termini „dinamikuri organizacia“ xazs usvams im
faqts, rom pirovneba aris mudmivad ganviTarebadi da cvalebadi,
Tumca, radgan igi organizacia da sistemaa, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs
mis gansxvavebul komponentebs da amyarebs maT Soris urTierTobas.
termini „gansazRvravs“ naTels xdis, rom pirovneba Sefasebulia
madeterminirebeli tendenciebis terminebiT, is aqtiur rols
asrulebs individis qcevaSi. olporti aRniSnavs, rom „pirovneba
aris raRaca da akeTebs raRacas... esaa is, rac arsebobs individSi
specifikuri aqtebis miRma“, anu pirovneba ar aris ubralod
damkvirveblis konstruqti, an is, rac mxolod meore, masze
moreagire personis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs. pirovnebas aqvs
realuri arseboba. termini „unikaluri“ niSnavs, rom ori individi
arasodes reagirebs garemoze zustad erTnairad, amitom maT ar aqvT
(da verc eqnebaT) erTnairi pirovneba. da bolos, fraza „Seguebas
garemosTan“ gamoxatavs, rom pirovneba asrulebs mediatorul rols
individsa da mis fizikur da fsiqologiur garemos Soris; amasTan,
pirovneba kritikul-funqcionaluri anu adapturi mniSvnelobis
mqonea.
amrigad, pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs pirovnebis
cnebis erTaderTi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ganmarteba da yoveli
avtori misTvis misaRebi Teoriis safuZvelze ganmartavs mas; Tumca,
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 40
TiTqmis yvela arsebuli Teoriuli ganmartebisTvis saerToa, rom
(Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997):
gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi xazgasmulia individualurobis an
individualur gansxvavebaTa mniSvneloba. pirovnebaSi
warmodgenilia iseTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac mocemuli adamiani gansxvavdeba danarCenebisgan.
garda amisa, imis gageba, Tu romeli specifikuri Tvisebebi Tu
maTi kombinaciebi gamoadiferencireben erT pirovnebas meorisgan,
mxolod individualur gansxvavebaTa SeswavliTaa SesaZlebeli.
gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi pirovneba warmodgenilia
garkveuli hipoTeturi struqturis an organizaciis saxiT.
individis uSualo dakvirvebisTvis xelmisawvdomi (nawilobriv
mainc) qceva ganixileba, rogorc pirovnebis mier organizebuli,
an masTan integrirebuli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirovneba
aris adamianis qcevaze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebze
agebuli abstraqcia.
gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi xazgasmulia imis mniSvnelovneba,
rom pirovneba ganxilul unda iqnas individumis cxovrebiseul
istoriasTan an ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan SesabamisobaSi.
pirovneba evoluciur procesSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Sinagan da
garegan faqtorTa (maT Soris, genetikuri da biologiuri
winaswari mzaoba, socialuri gamocdileba da garemos cvalebadi
pirobebi) zegavlenis subieqti.
gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi pirovneba warmodgenilia im
maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic “pasuxs agebs” qcevis mdgrad
formebze. pirovneba, rogorc aseTi, SedarebiT ucvlelia da
mudmivia drosa da cvalebad situaciebSi; is uzrunvelyofs
uwyvetobis gancdas drosa da garemos pirobebSi.
qvemoT ganxilulia is ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgomebi, romelsac
efuZneba pirovnebis cnebis ganmartebebi.
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 41
2.2. pirovnebis Teoriebi
pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen hipoTetur debulebebs
individualuri pirovnebebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis
Sesaxeb. winamdebare naSromSi mxolod ramdenime aseTi ZiriTadi
Teoriaa ganxiluli.
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis amosavali mosazrebaa, rom
pirovneba mudmivad konfliqtSi myofi procesebis dinamikur
konfiguracias warmoadgens. pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi dinamikis
cnebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom adamianis qceva ufro
determinirebulia, vidre _ nebismieri an SemTxveviTi (Хьелл Л., Зиглер
Д., 1997).
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis ZiriTadi principebi zigmund
froidis mier SemoTavazebul pirovnebis fsiqoanalitur TeoriaSia
asaxuli. man pirovnebis organizaciis samkomponentiani modeli
SemogvTavaza.
froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis struqtura sami ZiriTadi
komponentisagan, sistemisgan Sedgeba, esenia: idi, ego da superego18.
pirovnebis aseTi samnawiliani dayofa cnobilia, rogorc fsiqikuri
cxovrebis struqturuli modeli, Tumca, froidi varaudobda, rom es
mdgenelebi procesebad ufro unda miviCnioT, vidre pirovnebis
gansakuTrebul „struqturebad“. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis am
TiToeul nawils Tavisi funqciebi, Tvisebebi, komponentebi,
moqmedebis principebi, dinamika da meqanizmebi aqvs, isini imdenad
mWidrod urTierTqmedeben, rom rTulia, Tu SeuZlebeli ara, maTi
urTierTzegavlenis danawevreba da TiToeulis xvedriTi wilis
gansazRvra adamianis qcevis formirebaSi. qceva TiTqmis yovelTvis
am sami sistemis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia; Zalze iSviaTad moqmedebs
18 ego, super-ego _ Id, Ego, Super-Ego _ es aris dResdReobiT sayovelTaod
miRebuli inglisuri terminebi, Tumca, froidi am komponentebs
sxvagvarad aRniSnavda: Das es (Id) _ igi, Das Ich (Ego) _ me, Das uber-Ich (Super-
Ego) _ ze-me (Р. Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен., 2001).
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 42
erT-erTi maTgani danarCeni oris gareSe (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997; З.
Фрейд., 1995).
idi pirovnebis pirvelsawyisi sistemaa: es aris matrica,
romelSic SemdgomSi diferencirdeba ego da super-ego. idi moicavs
yvelafers imas, rac Tandayolilia da mocemulia dabadebisas,
instinqtebis CaTvliT. idi mTlianad aracnobierSi funqcionirebs da
mWidrod ukavSirdeba instinqtur biologiur miswrafebebs (SimSili,
Zili, gamoyofa). igi Tavisi bunebiT biologiuria, mWidrod
ukavSirdeba sxeulebriv procesebs, saidanac iRebs energias. idi
warmoadgens am energiis erTgvar rezervuars, saidanac energiiT
maragdeba pirovnebis struqturis yvela instancia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis danarCeni instanciebi idisgan
viTardeba, is TavisTavad primitiuli da araorganizebulia. idSi ar
arsebobs azrovnebis logikuri kanonebi, pirvel rigSi,
winaaRmdegobis Tezisi. urTierTgamomricxavi impulsebi gverdigverd
Tanaarseboben da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ekonomiuri iZulebis gavleniT
kompromisul warmonaqmnebSi erTiandebian energiis ganmuxtvis
mizniT. idSi ar arsebobs uaryofa da dro: drois msvleloba ar
cvlis fsiqikur procesebs. idis moqmedebis erTaderTi principi
siamovnebis principia: nebismieri seqsualuri, fizikuri da emociuri
siamovneba gancdili unda iyos aq da amJamad, Semdgom Sedegebze
fiqris gareSe. idis gankargulebaSia ori meqanizmi, romliTac xdeba
daZabulobis gantvirTva. esaa refleqtoruli moqmedeba
(Tandayolili avtomaturi reaqciebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, xvela,
cemineba, cremldena) da pirveladi procesebi (magaliTad, sizmari)
(Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997; Gerrig R. J., Zimbardo P. 2002; З. Фрейд. 1995;
Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен. 2001; К. С. Холл, Г. Линдсей. 1995; i. imedaZe, 2004).
ego pirovnebis struqturuli komponentia, romelic gare
samyaros realobasTan imyofeba kontaqtSi. ego idisgan iRebs Tavis
struqturas, funqciasa da energias da misgan viTardeba imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom organizmis moTxovnilebebi saWiroeben Sesatyvis
urTierTqmedebebs obieqturi realobis samyarosTan. es xdeba maSin,
rodesac bavSvi sakuTari individualurobis gacnobierebas, idis
ganmeorebadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebasa da daSoSminebas iwyebs.
-
krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 43
ego idis organizebuli nawilia da imisaTvis Cndeba, rom emsaxuros
idis miznebs da ar dauSvas maTi frustrireba. mTeli misi energia
idisgan modis. froidis mixedviT, egos ar gaaCnia idisgan
damoukidebeli arseboba da, am sityvis absoluturi mniSvnelobiT,
yovelTvis maszea damokidebuli. egos mTavari mizania organizmis
instinqtur moTxovnebsa da garemos pirobebs Soris Suamavloba.
egos funqciaa pirovnebis sicocxlis unarianobis,
usafrTxoebisa da janmrTeli fsiqikis uzrunvelyofa. froidi
miiCnevda, rom egos gansakuTrebuli funqciebi aqvs rogorc gare
samyaros, ise _ Sinagani samyaros mimarT, romlis ltolvebis
dakmayofilebasac eswrafvis. ego cdilobs idis survilebis
gamoxatvasa da dakmayofilebas im SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelTac gare samyaro awesebs. idsa da egos Soris ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba isaa, rom idma mxolod subieqturi realoba icis, xolo
ego arCevs Sinagansa da garegans; arCevs fantaziasa da realobas.
egos moqmedebis ZiriTad repertuarSi Sedis uneblie moZraobebis
kontroli da TviTSenaxvaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi. adarebs ra
warsul movlenebs, is acnobierebs gare samyaros movlenebs. amis
Semdeg aqtivobis saSualebiT an Tavs aridebs garkveul garemoebebs
da adaptirdeba maT Sesatyvisad, an ise cvlis gare samyaros
realobas, rom is metad usafrTxo an komfortuli gaxdes. egos
moqmedeba mdomareobs Sinagani an garegani gamRizianeblebis mier
Seqmnili daZabulobis donis regulirebaSi. daZabulobis zrda
ganicdeba, rogorc diskomfortis mdgomareoba, xolo misi Semcireba
_ rogorc siamovnebis mdgomareoba. amitom ego eswrafvis siamovnebas
da eZebs tkivilis Semcirebisa da misgan Tavis daRwevis gzebs.
idisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis mTavari mizania siamovnebis Zieba,
ego eqvemdebareba realobis princips da moqmedebs meoradi procesis
meSveobiT. realobis principis mizania organizmis mTlianobis
SenarCuneba da daZabulobis ganmuxtvis Sekaveba manamde, sanam ar
iqneba napovni dakmayofilebisTvis Sesatyvisi obieqti anu
daZabulobis ganmuxtvis adekvaturi saSualeba da/an Sesabamisi
pirobebi gare samyaroSi. realobis principi droebiT aCerebs
siamovnebis principis moqmedebas, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, saWiro
obieqtis aRmoCenisas da daZabulobis Semcirebisas swored
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 44
siamovnebis principis „momsaxureba“ xdeba (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997;
Gerrig R. J., Zimbardo P., 2002; З. Фрейд. 1995; Р. Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен, 2001;
К. С. Холл, Г. Линдсей, 1997; i. imedaZe, 2004; З. Фрейд, 1990).
superego ganviTarebadi pirovnebis bolo komponentia da
warmoadgens qcevis standartebisa da sazogadoebrivi normebis
internalizirebul versias. superego pirovnebis moraluri Zalaa; is
ideali ufroa, vidre realoba da srulyofilebis miRwevas ufro
emsaxureba, vidre siamovnebas. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa raimes
siswore-mcdarobis Sefaseba, sazogadoebis mier sanqcirebuli
moraluri standartebidan gamomdinare.
froidis azriT, adamiani ar ibadeba superegoTi. bavSvebi iZenen
mas mSoblebTan, maswavleblebTan da sxva „maformirebel“
figurebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. warmoadgens ra pirovnebis
moralur-eTikur Zalas, superego bavSvis mSoblebze xangrZlivi
damokidebulebis Sedegia. formalurad is maSin Cndeba, rodesac
bavSvi „sworisa“ da „arasworis“ garCevas iwyebs; igebs, ra aris
kargi da cudi, zneobrivi da arazneobrivi.
froidi superegos or qvesistemad yofs: esaa sindisi da ego-
ideali. sindisi SeiZineba mSoblebiseuli sasjelis meSveobiT. is
ukavSirdeba iseT qcevebs, romelTac mSoblebi „urC qcevas“ uwodeben
da romlis gamoc bavSvi sasjels iRebs. sindisi moicavs kritikuli
TviTSefasebis unars, moralur akrZalvebsa da danaSaulis grZnobis
warmoqmnas bavSvSi, rodesac man is ar gaakeTa, rac unda gaekeTebina.
superegos wamaxalisebel aspeqts ego-ideali warmoadgens. is
formirdeba imisgan, rasac mSoblebi aqeben an maRal Sefasebas
aZleven; mas individumi sakuTari TavisTvis maRali standartebis
wayenebisken mihyavs. miznis miRweva TviTpativiscemisa da siamayis
grZnobas badebs. magaliTad, bavSvi, romelsac axaliseben skolaSi
miRweuli warmatebebisaTvis, yovelTvis iamayebs Tavisi akademiuri
moRwevebiT.
superego mTlianad Camoyalibebulad iTvleba, rodesac
mSoblebis kontrols TviTkontroli cvlis. Tumca, TviTkontrolis
es principi ar emsaxureba realobis princips. eswrafvis ra idisgan
momdinare sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli nebismieri impulsis
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 45
mTlianad damuxruWebas, superego cdilobs adamianis warmarTvas
azrebis, sityvebisa da qcevebis absoluturi srulyofilebisaken.
mokled rom vTqvaT, is cdilobs egos darwmunebas idelisturi
miznebis upiratesobaSi realisturTan SedarebiT.
TviTkontrolis ZiriTadi funqciebia: (1) idis impulsebis,
kerZod, seqsualuri da agresiuli xasiaTis impulsebis Sekaveba,
vinaidan maT gamovlenas kicxavs sazogadoeba; (2) egos „dayolieba“
imaze, rom realisturi miznebi idealuriT Secvalos; (3) brZola
srulyofilebisaTvis. amgvarad, superego opoziciaSia idTan da
egosTan da samyaros Senebas Tavisi warmodgenebiTa da xatebiT
cdilobs. aRsaniSnavia, rom superego gavs ids Tavisi
iracionalurobiT da gavs egos ltolvebis19 kontrolisken
swrafviT. egosgan gansxvavebiT, superego ubralod droSi ki ar
swevs instinqturi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, aramed mudmivad
axdens maT blokirebas (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997; Gerrig R. J., Zimbardo P.,
2002; З. Фрейд. 1995; Р. Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен, 2001; К. С. Холл, Г. Линдсей,
1997; i. imedaZe, 2004; З. Фрейд, 1990).
unda aRiniSnos, rom idi, ego da superego ar ganixileba,
rogorc cal-calke arsebobuli patara kacunebi, romlebic marTaven
pirovnebas. es sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis dasaxelebebia,
romlebic sistemurobis principebs eqvemdebareba. Cveulebriv
pirobebSi es principebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba da ar gamoricxavs
erTmaneTs. piriqiT, isini egos xelmZRvanelobiT muSaoben, rogorc
erTiani gundi. normaSi pirovneba funqcionirebs, rogorc erTi
mTliani da ara rogorc sam nawilad danawevrebuli raRac. Zalze
zogadad, idi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc pirovnebis biologiuri
mdgeneli, ego _ rogorc fsiqologiuri mdgeneli da super-ego ki _
rogorc socialuri mdgeneli.
19 ltolva _ Trieb _ es aris froidis originaluri termini, romelsac
xSirad froidis Sromebis inglisur TargmanebSi arasworad Targmnian,
rogorc “instinqts”. Sesabamisad, aq termini “instinqti” da termini
“ltolva” sinonimebia.
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krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 46
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT, fsiqikuri
aqtivobis umTavresi mizania dinamikuri wonasworobis im misaRebi
donis SenarCuneba, romelic ukiduresad zrdis siamovnebas
daZabulobis Semcirebis Sedegad. gamoyenebul energias qm