Kritik of DA Impacts

8/12/2019 Kritik of DA Impacts

1/44

MGW 2010 K of DA impactsGT lab K lab

K of DA impacts

K of DA impacts.............................................................................................................................................................1Predictions Bad (1..........................................................................................................................................................2Predictions Bad (2..........................................................................................................................................................!

Predictions Bad (! ............. .............. .............. .............. ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ........... ."#is$ Assessment Bad (1................................................................................................................................................%#is$ Assessment Bad (2................................................................................................................................................&'o )tinction..................... .............. ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............... ............ ..... ...... ....*+onse,-entialism Bad.....................................................................................................................................................Kriti$ of Terror Tal$ (1................................................................................................................................................../Kriti$ of Terror Tal$ (2................................................................................................................................................10Kriti$ of Terror Tal$ (!................................................................................................................................................11Kriti$ of Terror Tal$ ("................................................................................................................................................12Kriti$ of eemon 3mpacts (1...................................................................................................................................1!Kriti$ of eemon 3mpacts (2...................................................................................................................................1"Kriti$ of eemon 3mpacts (!...................................................................................................................................1%Kriti$ of eemon 3mpacts ("...................................................................................................................................1&

Kriti$ of eemon 3mpacts (%...................................................................................................................................1*Kriti$ of conom 3mpacts (1.....................................................................................................................................1Kriti$ of conom 3mpacts (2.....................................................................................................................................1/Kriti$ of conom 3mpacts (!.....................................................................................................................................20Kriti$ of conom 3mpacts (".....................................................................................................................................21Kriti$ of '-clear War 3mpacts (1................. ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..... ......22Kriti$ of '-clear War 3mpacts (2................................................................................................................................2!Kriti$ of Proliferation 3mpacts .....................................................................................................................................2%Kriti$ of War 3mpacts (1..............................................................................................................................................2*Kriti$ of War 3mpacts (2..............................................................................................................................................2Kriti$ of Disease 3mpacts (1........................................................................................................................................2/Kriti$ of Disease 3mpacts (2........................................................................................................................................!0 Krit$ of Disease 3mpacts (!........................................................................................................................................!1Kriti$ of Disease 3mpacts ("........................................................................................................................................!2Kriti$ of Disease 3mpacts (%........................................................................................................................................!!Kriti$ of Disease 3mpacts (&........................................................................................................................................!"Kriti$ of Disease 3mpacts (*........................................................................................................................................!%Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (1................................................................................................................................!&Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (2................................................................................................................................!*Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (! ...............................................................................................................................!Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts ("................................................................................................................................!/Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (%................................................................................................................................"0Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (&................................................................................................................................"1Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (*................................................................................................................................"2Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (................................................................................................................................"!Kriti$ of n4ironment 3mpacts (/................................................................................................................................""

1


2/44


Predictions Bad (1)

The precautionary principle failsthere are always possibilities of impacts that we cannot know.

Dupuy 20045 (6ean7Pierre. cole Poltec8ni,-e5 Paris5 and 9tanford :ni4ersit ;+omple)it and :ncertaint< APr-dential Approac8 to 'anotec8nolo.=8ttp>???.-lb.ac.be>penser7la7science>imaes>conf2>d-p-@comple)it.pdf

W8en t8e preca-tionar principle states t8at t8e absence of certainties5 i4en t8e c-rrent state of scientific andtec8nical $no?lede5 m-st not dela t8e adoption of effecti4e and proportionate pre4enti4e meas-res aimed atforestallin a ris$ of ra4e and irre4ersible damae to t8e en4ironment at an economicall acceptable cost5it isclear t8at it places itself from t8e o-tset ?it8in t8e frame?or$ of epistemic -ncertaint. T8epres-pposition is t8at ?e $no? ?e are ina sit-ation of -ncertaint. 3t is an a)iom of epistemic loic t8at if 3 do not $no? p5 t8en 3 $no? t8at 3 do not $no? p. et5 as soon as ?edepart from t8is frame?or$5 ?e m-st entertain t8e possibilit t8at ?e do not $no? t8at ?e do not $no? somet8in. Ananaloo-s sit-ation obtains in t8e realm of perception ?it8 t8e blind spot5 t8at area of t8e retina -nser4ed b t8eoptic ner4e. At t8e 4er center of o-r field of 4ision5 ?e do not see5 b-t o-r brain be8a4es in s-c8 a ?a t8at ?e donot see t8at ?e do not see. 3n cases ?8ere t8e -ncertaint is s-c8 t8at it entails t8at t8e -ncertaint itself is-ncertain5 it is impossible to $no? ?8et8er or not t8e conditions for t8e application of t8e preca-tionar principle8a4e been met. 3f ?e appl t8e principle to itself5 it ?ill in4alidate itself before o-r ees.

Fatalist predictions are inherently flawedpredictions ignore contingent effects upon the world and ignore

the fact that the future is preventable.Dupuy 20045 (6ean7Pierre. cole Poltec8ni,-e5 Paris5 and 9tanford :ni4ersit ;+omple)it and :ncertaint< APr-dential Approac8 to 'anotec8nolo.=.

T8e temporal e)perience 3 am trin to describe and ?8ic85 aain5 3 call proCected time 75 is o-rs on a dail basis. 3t is facilitated5enco-raed5 oranied5 not to sa imposed b n-mero-s feat-res of o-r social instit-tions. All aro-nd -s5 more orless a-t8oritati4e 4oices are 8eard t8at proclaim ?8at t8e more or less near f-t-re ?ill be< t8e ne)t daEs traffic ont8e free?a5 t8e res-lt of t8e -pcomin elections5 t8e rates of inflation and ro?t8 for t8e comin ear5 t8ec8anin le4els of reen8o-se ases5 etc. T8e f-t-ristsand s-ndr ot8er pronosticators5 ?8ose appellation lac$s t8e rande-r oft8e prop8etEs5 $no? f-ll ?ell5 as do ?e5 t8at t8is f-t-re t8e anno-nce to -s as if it ?ere ?ritten in t8e stars is a f-t-reof o-r o?n ma$in.We do not rebel aainst ?8at co-ld pass for a metap8sical scandal (e)cept5 on occasion5 in t8e 4otin boot8. 3t is t8e co8erence of t8is mode ofcoordination ?it8 reard to t8e f-t-re t8at 3 8a4e endea4ored to brin o-t. A sine ,-a non m-st be respected for t8at co8erence to be t8e case< a clos-re condition5 as s8o?n in t8e follo?inrap8. ProCected time ta$es t8e form of a loop5 in ?8ic8 past and f-t-re reciprocall determine eac8 ot8er. To foretell t8e f-t-re in proCected time5 it is necessar to see$ t8e loopEs fi)ed point5

?8ere an e)pectation (on t8e part of t8e past ?it8 reard to t8e f-t-re and a ca-sal prod-ction (of t8e f-t-re b t8e past coincide. T8e predictor5 $no?in t8at 8isprediction is oin to prod-ce ca-sal effects in t8e ?orld5 m-st ta$e acco-nt of t8is fact if 8e ?ants t8e f-t-re to

confirm ?8at 8e foretold.Traditionall5 ?8ic8 is to sa in a ?orld dominated b reliion5 t8is is t8e role of t8e prop8et5 and especiall t8at of t8e biblical prop8et.!* e is ane)traordinar indi4id-al5 often e)centric5 ?8o does not o -nnoticed. is prop8ecies 8a4e an effect on t8e ?orld and t8e co- rse of e4ents for t8ese p-rel 8-man and social reasons5 b-t alsobeca-se t8ose ?8o listen to t8em belie4e t8at t8e ?ord of t8e prop8et is t8e ?ord of a84e8 and t8at t8is ?ord5 ?8ic8 cannot be 8eard directl5 8as t8e po?er of ma$in t8e 4er t8in it

anno-nces come to pass. We ?o-ld sa toda t8at theprop8etEs ?ord 8as a performati4e po?er< b sain t8ins5 it brins t8em intoe)istence. 'o?5 t8e prop8et $no?s t8at. Fne mi8t be tempted to concl-de t8at t8e prop8et 8as t8e po?er of are4ol-tionar< 8e spea$s so t8at t8ins ?ill c8ane in t8e direction 8e intends to i4e t8em. T8is ?o-ld be to forett8e fatalist aspect of prop8ec< it describes t8e e4ents to come as t8e are ?ritten on t8e reat scroll of 8istor5imm-table and inel-ctable.#e4ol-tionar prop8ec 8as preser4ed t8is 8i8l parado)ical mi) of fatalism and 4ol-ntarism t8at c8aracteries biblical prop8ec. Mar)ism ist8e most stri$in ill-stration of t8is. o?e4er5 3 am spea$in of prop8ec5 8ere5 in a p-rel sec-lar and tec8nical sense. T8e prop8et is t8e one ?8o5 more prosaicall5 see$s o-t t8e fi)ed pointof t8e problem5 t8e point ?8ere 4ol-ntarism ac8ie4es t8e 4er t8in t8at fatalit dictates. T8e prop8ec incl-des itself in its o?n disco-rse it sees itself realiin ?8at it anno-nces as destin.

3n t8is sense5 as 3 said before5 prop8ets are leion in o-r modern democratic societies5 fo-nded on science and tec8nolo.W8atis missin is t8e realiation t8at t8is ?a of relatin to t8e f-t-re5 ?8ic8 is neit8er b-ildin5 in4entin or creatin it5 nor abidin b its necessit5 re,-ires a special metap8sics. Per8aps t8ebest ?a to brin o-t t8e specificit of t8e metap8sics of proCected time is to ponder t8e fact t8at t8ere is no s-c8 clos-re or loopin condition as reards o-r ordinar metap8sics5 in ?8ic8time bif-rcates into a series of s-ccessi4e branc8es5 t8e act-al ?orld constit-tin one pat8 amon t8ese. 3 8a4e d-bbed t8is metap8sics of temporalit occ-rrin time it is str-ct-red li$e adecision tree< Fb4io-sl t8e scenario approac8 pres-pposes t8e metap8sics of occ-rrin time. B-t t8at is also t8e case of t8e metap8sical str-ct-re of pre4ention. Pre4ention consists inta$in action to ins-re t8at an -n?anted possibilit is releated to t8e ontoloical realm of non7act-alied possibilities. T8e catastrop8e5 e4en t8o-8 it does not ta$e place5 retains t8e stat-s of

a possibilit5 not in t8e sense t8at it ?o-ld still be possible for it to ta$e place5 b-t in t8e sense t8at it ?ill fore4er remain tr-e t8at it co-ld 8a4e ta$en place. W8en one

anno-nces5 in order to a4ert it5 t8at a catastrop8e is comin5 t8is anno-ncement does not possess t8e stat-s of aprediction5 in t8e strict sense of t8e term< it does not claim to sa ?8at t8e f-t-re ?ill be5 b-t onl ?8at it ?o-ld8a4e been 8ad one failed to ta$e 2/ pre4enti4e meas-res. T8ere is no need for an loop to close 8ere< t8eanno-nced f-t-re does not 8a4e to coincide ?it8 t8e act-al f-t-re5 t8e forecast does not 8a4e to come tr-e5 for t8eanno-nced or forecast f-t-re is not in fact t8e f-t-re at all5 b-t a possible ?orld t8at is and ?ill remain notact-al. B contrast5 in proCected time5 t8e f-t-re is 8eld to be fi)ed5 ?8ic8 means t8at an e4ent t8at is not part of t8e present or t8e f-t-re is an impossible e4ent. 3t immediatel follo?st8at in proCected time5 pr-dence can ne4er ta$e t8e form of pre4ention. Fnce aain5 pre4ention ass-mes t8at t8e -ndesirable e4ent t8at one pre4ents is an -nrealied possibilit. T8e e4ent m-st

be possible for -s to 8a4e a reason to act b-t if o-r action is effecti4e5 it ?ill not ta$e place. T8is is -nt8in$able ?it8in t8e frame?or$ of proCected time. 9-c8 notions asanticipator self7defense5 preempti4e attac$5 or pre4enti4e ?ar do not ma$e an sense in proCected time.T8e correspond to a parado) e)emplified b a classic fi-re from literat-re and p8ilosop85 t8e $iller C-de. T8e$iller C-de ne-tralies (m-rders t8e criminals of ?8om it is ?ritten t8at t8e ?ill commit a crime!b-t t8econse,-ence of t8e ne-traliation in ,-estion is precisel t8at t8e crime ?ill not be committedH!/ T8e parado) deri4es from t8e fail-re of t8e past prediction and t8e f-t-re e4ent to come

toet8er in a closed loop. B-t5 3 repeat5 t8e 4er idea of s-c8 a loop ma$es no sense in o-r ordinar metap8sics.

2
http://www.ulb.ac.be/penser-la-science/images/conf2/dupuy_complexity.pdfhttp://www.ulb.ac.be/penser-la-science/images/conf2/dupuy_complexity.pdfhttp://www.ulb.ac.be/penser-la-science/images/conf2/dupuy_complexity.pdfhttp://www.ulb.ac.be/penser-la-science/images/conf2/dupuy_complexity.pdfhttp://www.ulb.ac.be/penser-la-science/images/conf2/dupuy_complexity.pdf


3/44


Predictions Bad (2)

"#perts are no better predictors than dart throwing monkeysspecialist biases and market incentives for

punditry

$enand 200%(Io-is. ;4erbodJs An )pert.= The New Yorker. December %58ttp>???.ne?or$er.com>arc8i4e>200%>12>0%>0%120%crbo@boo$s1c-rrentPaeL1

3t is t8e some?8at ratifin lesson of P8ilip Tetloc$Js ne? boo$5 ;)pert Political 6-dment< o? Good 3s 3t o? +an We Kno?=(Princeton !%5 t8at people ?8o ma$e prediction t8eir b-sinessNpeople ?8o appear as e)perts on tele4ision5 et ,-oted inne?spaper articles5 ad4ise o4ernments and b-sinesses5 and participate in p-nditr ro-ndtablesNare no better t8ant8e rest of -s. W8en t8eJre ?ron5 t8eJre rarel 8eld acco-ntable5 and t8e rarel admit it5 eit8er. T8e insist t8at t8e?ere C-st off on timin5 or blindsided b an improbable e4ent5 or almost ri8t5 or ?ron for t8e ri8t reasons.T8e8a4e t8e same repertoire of self7C-stifications t8at e4erone 8as5 and are no more inclined t8an anone else to re4ise t8eir beliefs abo-t t8e ?at8e ?orld ?or$s5 or o-8t to ?or$5 C-st beca-se t8e made a mista$e. 'o one is pain o- for o-r rat-ito-s opinions abo-t ot8er people5 b-tt8e e)perts are bein paid5 and Tetloc$ claims t8at t8e better $no?n and more fre,-entl ,-oted t8e are5 t8e less reliable t8eir -esses abo-tt8e f-t-re are li$el to be. T8e acc-rac of an e)pertJs predictions act-all 8as an in4erse relations8ip to 8is or 8er self7confidence5 reno?n5 and5 beond a certain point5 dept8 of $no?lede. People ?8o follo? c-rrent e4ents breadin t8e papers and ne?smaaines re-larl can -ess ?8at is li$el to 8appen abo-t as acc-ratel as t8especialists ?8om t8e papers ,-ote. F-r sstem of e)pertise is completel inside o-t< it re?ards bad C-dmentso4er ood ones. ;)pert Political 6-dment= is not a ?or$ of media criticism. Tetloc$ is a psc8oloistN8e teac8es at Ber$eleNand 8isconcl-sions are based on a lon7term st-d t8at 8e bean t?ent ears ao. e pic$ed t?o 8-ndred and ei8t7

fo-r people ?8o made t8eir li4in ;commentin or offerin ad4ice on political and economic trends5= and 8estarted as$in t8em to assess t8e probabilit t8at 4ario-s t8ins ?o-ld or ?o-ld not come to pass5 bot8 in t8e areas oft8e ?orld in ?8ic8 t8e specialied and in areas abo-t ?8ic8 t8e ?ere not e)pert. Wo-ld t8ere be a non4iolent end to apart8eid in 9o-t8Africa Wo-ld Gorbac8e4 be o-sted in a co-p Wo-ld t8e :nited 9tates o to ?ar in t8e Persian G-lf Wo-ld +anada disinterate (Mane)perts belie4ed t8at it ?o-ld5 on t8e ro-nd t8at O-ebec ?o-ld s-cceed in secedin. And so on. B t8e end of t8e st-d5 in 200!5 t8e e)perts8ad made 25!&1 forecasts. Tetloc$ also as$ed ,-estions desined to determine 8o? t8e reac8ed t8eir C-dments5 8o? t8e reacted ?8en t8eir

predictions pro4ed to be ?ron5 8o? t8e e4al-ated ne? information t8at did not s-pport t8eir 4ie?s5 and 8o? t8e assessed t8e probabilitt8at ri4al t8eories and predictions ?ere acc-rate. Tetloc$ ot a statistical 8andle on 8is tas$ b p-ttin most of t8e forecastin ,-estions into a;t8ree possible f-t-res= form. T8e respondents ?ere as$ed to rate t8e probabilit of t8ree alternati4e o-tcomes< t8e persistence of t8e stat-s,-o5 more of somet8in (political freedom5 economic ro?t85 or less of somet8in (repression5 recession. And 8e meas-red 8is e)perts ont?o dimensions< 8o? ood t8e ?ere at -essin probabilities (did all t8e t8ins t8e said 8ad an ) per cent c8ance of 8appenin 8appen ) percent of t8e time5 and 8o? acc-rate t8e ?ere at predictin specific o-tcomes. T8e res-lts ?ere -nimpressi4e. Fn t8e first scale5 t8e e)pertsperformed ?orse t8an t8e ?o-ld 8a4e if t8e 8ad simpl assined an e,-al probabilit to all t8ree o-tcomesNift8e 8ad i4en eac8 possible f-t-re a t8irt7t8ree7per7cent c8ance of occ-rrin. -man beins ?8o spend t8eirli4es st-din t8e state of t8e ?orld5 in ot8er ?ords5 are poorer forecasters t8an dart7t8ro?in mon$es5 ?8o

?o-ld 8a4e distrib-ted t8eir pic$s e4enl o4er t8e t8ree c8oices. Tetloc$ also fo-nd t8at specialists are not sinificantlmore reliable t8an non7specialists in -essin ?8at is oin to 8appen in t8e reion t8e st-d .Kno?in a little mi8tma$e someone a more reliable forecaster5 b-t Tetloc$ fo-nd t8at $no?in a lot can act-all ma$e a person less reliable .;Wereac8 t8e point of diminis8in marinal predicti4e ret-rns for $no?lede disconcertinl ,-ic$l5= 8e reports. ;3n t8is ae of academic8perspecialiation5 t8ere is no reason for s-pposin t8at contrib-tors to top Co-rnalsNdistin-is8ed political scientists5 area st-dspecialists5 economists5 and so onNare an better t8an Co-rnalists or attenti4e readers of t8e 'e? or$ Times inreadinJ emerin sit-ations.= And t8e more famo-s t8e forecaster t8e more o4erblo?n t8e forecasts. ;)perts indemand5= Tetloc$ sas5 ;?ere more o4erconfidentt8an t8eir collea-es ?8o e$ed o-t e)istences far from t8e limeli8t.=

"#pert predictions have the lowest probabilitybias and grandstanding are inherent in their self&interested

politics

Menand5 Io-is. ;4erbodJs An )pert.= The New Yorker. December %5 200%.8ttp>???.ne?or$er.com>arc8i4e>200%>12>0%>0%120%crbo@boo$s1c-rrentPaeL1

T8e e)pert7prediction ame is not m-c8 different. W8en tele4ision p-ndits ma$e predictions5 t8e more inenio-s t8eirforecasts t8e reater t8eir cac8et. An arrestin ne? prediction means t8at t8e e)pert 8as disco4ered a set ofinterloc$in ca-ses t8at no one else 8as spotted5 and t8at co-ld lead to an o-tcome t8at t8e con4entional ?isdom isinorin.Fn s8o?s li$e ;T8e McIa-8lin Gro-p5= t8ese e)perts ne4er lose t8eir rep-tations5 or t8eir Cobs5 beca-se lons8ots are t8eir b-siness. More serio-s commentators differ from t8e p-ndits onl in t8e deree of s8o?mans8ip.T8ese serio-s e)pertsNt8e t8in$ tan$ers and area7st-dies professorsNare not entirel o-t to entertain5 b-t t8e area little o-t to entertain5 and bot8 t8eir stat-s as e)perts and t8eir appeal as performers re,-ire t8em to predictf-t-res t8at are not ob4io-s to t8e 4ie?er.T8e prod-cer of t8e s8o? does not ?ant o- and me to sit t8ere listenin to an e)pert andt8in$in5 3 co-ld 8a4e said t8at. T8e e)pert also s-ffers from $no?in too m-c8< t8e more facts an e)pert 8as5 t8e moreinformation is a4ailable to be enlisted in s-pport of 8is or 8er pet t8eories5 and t8e more c8ains of ca-sation 8e ors8e can find be-ilin. T8is 8elps e)plain ?8 specialists fail to o-t-ess non7specialists. T8e odds tend to be ?it8 t8e ob4io-s.

!
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1


4/44


Predictions Bad (3)

Don't grant their long internal link anything more than a low risk probabilitythe more variables! the less

likely something is likely to occur.

$enand 200%(Io-is. ;4erbodJs An )pert.= The New Yorker. December %5

8ttp>???.ne?or$er.com>arc8i4e>200%>12>0%>0%120%crbo@boo$s1c-rrentPaeL1And5 li$e most of -s5 e)perts 4iolate a f-ndamental r-le of probabilities b tendin to find scenarios ?it8 more4ariables more li$el. 3f a prediction needs t?o independent t8ins to 8appen in order for it to be tr-e5 itsprobabilit is t8e prod-ct of t8e probabilit of eac8 of t8e t8ins it depends on. 3f t8ere is a one7in7t8ree c8ance of) and a one7in7fo-r c8ance of 5 t8e probabilit of bot8 ) and occ-rrin is one in t?el4e. B-t ?e often feelinstincti4el t8at if t8e t?o e4ents ;fit toet8er= in some scenario t8e c8ance of bot8 is reater5 not less. T8e classic;Iinda problem= is an analoo-s case. 3n t8is e)periment5 s-bCects are told5 ;Iinda is t8irt7one ears old5 sinle5 o-tspo$en5 and 4er bri8t.98e maCored in p8ilosop8. As a st-dent5 s8e ?as deepl concerned ?it8 iss-es of discrimination and social C-stice and also participated inantin-clear demonstrations.= T8e are t8en as$ed to ran$ t8e probabilit of se4eral possible descriptions of Iinda toda. T?o of t8em are;ban$ teller= and ;ban$ teller and acti4e in t8e feminist mo4ement.= People ran$ t8e second description 8i8er t8an t8e first5 e4en t8o-85loicall5 its li$eli8ood is smaller5 beca-se it re,-ires t?o t8ins to be tr-eNt8at Iinda is a ban$ teller and t8at Iinda is an acti4e feministNrat8er t8an one.

(redictions failthere will never be complete disorder like the impacts! only the emergence of new patterns.

)tabili*ing the system by eliminating the difference between the rich and the poor is the best option+oung ,--,(T.#.5 #ed Qeat8er 3nstit-te for Ad4anced 9ociolo5 T8e 9ocial 9cience 6o-rnal5 ;+8aos and socialc8ane< Metap8sics of t8e postmodern5= 2

9ince ?e do not t8in$ in terms of bif-rcations in social c8ane t8eor it is necessar to i4e some t8o-8t to t8e epistemic correlates of s-c8bif-rcations no?. 3n ot8er ?or$5 3 8a4e s-ested t8at ?8en t8e forms of ?ealt85 stat-s and po?er bif-rcate beond a critical4al-e5 t8en far from e,-ilibri-m patterns of c8aos set in.(n!% 3n terms of ?ealt85 ?8en land 8oldins bif-rcate s-c8 t8at t8ea4erae 8oldins of one ro-p are do-bled fo-r times5 i.e.5 are 1& or more times as lare as t8e land 8oldins of a second ro-p5 one can e)pectdestabiliin c8aos. Fr5 in t8e case of demorap8ics5 if one ro-p 8as an infant mortalit rate t?o5 t8en fo-r5 t8en ei8t5 t8en 1& times as 8i8as a second5 more pri4ilied ro-p5 -nstable c8aotic sstems can be e)pected.(n!& Aain5 in t8e case of po?er5 W8en one ro-p do-bles andredo-bles its representation in a leislat-re ?8ile ot8er ro-ps of t8e same or larer sie lose 8alf and 8alf aain of t8eir representation5 t8en

political -nrest mi8t be e)pected. 3t is t8ese bif-rcations for ?8ic8 t8e c8ane researc8er mi8t ?ell loo$. 3n t8e case of economic be8a4ior5small marins of profit ma optimie t8e sstem ?8ile sli8tl larer marins of profit prod-ce bif-rcations in demand and s-ppl -ntil t8esstem oes into far from stable c8aotic be8a4ior.(n!* Fne m-st $eep in mind t8at c8aos t8eor ?o-ld not predict completedisorder an end to prod-ction and distrib-tion it ?o-ld predict t8e emerence of ne? patterns. A pattern ?e seeno? in s-c8 a sit-ation is a 4er comple) life stle for t8e ric8 and a 4er c8aotic life stle for t8e poor. 9ince

t8ere are linear social connections bet?een ric8 and poor in o-r societ5 s8o-ld life stles contin-e bif-rcatin5 t8e?8ole sstems ?ill transform to far7from7stable c8aotic dnamics. As ine,-alit ro?s ?it8in a social formation5t8e ccles of life of differin b-t interdependent sements of t8e pop-lation ma et so far o-t of p8ase t8at a ?ide4ariet of contradictor and pret8eoretical responses are adopted to meet t8e life crises of t8ose affected inflation5crime5 miration or totalitarian met8ods of social control .(n! 3n t8e case of crime5 bif-rcations bet?een desire andreso-rces ma be in4ol4ed in 8i8 crime societies. Wit8 t8e interaction of American 4al-es5 4iolent crime andpropert crime become attractors of be8a4ior.(n!/ 3t is not5 t8en5 po4ert ?8ic8 Eca-sesE crime b-t ccles of desirefor oods and ser4ices not matc8ed b t8e ccles of reso-rces ?it8 ?8ic8 to obtain t8em. 3n t8is perspecti4e5 t8eric8 are as li$el to commit crime as 4iolent as are t8e poor more li$el if t8eir le4els of desire reatl o-tr-n t8eirle4els of income.

"
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/05/051205crbo_books1?currentPage=1


5/44


Risk Assessment Bad (1)

s a /udge you must not base decisions on worst&case scenarios but rather balanced risk

assessment

escher 1R'ic8olas5 Professor of P8ilosop8 at :ni4ersit of Pittsb-r85 #is$< A P8ilosop8ical 3ntrod-ction to t8e T8eorof #is$ 4al-ation and Manaement5 P %0S

T8e ?orst possible case fi)ation is one of t8e most damain modes of -nrealism in deliberations abo-t ris$inreal7life sit-ations. Preocc-pation abo-t ?8at mi8t 8appen if ?orst comes to ?orst is co-nterprod-cti4e ?8ene4er?e proceed ?it8o-t reconiin t8at5 often as not5 t8ese ?orst possible o-tcomes are ?ildl improbable(andsometimes do not deser4e to be 4ie?ed as real possibilities at all. T8e cr-) in ris$ deliberations is not t8e iss-e of loss if?orst comes to ?orstEEb-t t8e potential ac7 ceptabilit of t8is prospect ?it8in t8e ?ider frame?or$ of t8e ris$ sit-ation5?8ere ?e ma ?ell be prepared to ta$e o-r c8ances5 considerin t8e possible ad4antaes t8at bec$on alon t8is ro-te.T8e ?orst t8reat is certainl somet8in to be borne in mind and ta$en into acco-nt5 b-t it is emp8aticall not a satisfactorinde) of t8e o4erall serio-sness or ra4it of a sit-ation of 8aard.

3ow probabilities should be dismissed as *ero risk.

escher ,-('ic8olas. :ni4ersit Professor of P8ilosop8 at t8e :ni4ersit of Pittsb-r. +8airman of t8e P8ilosop8Department. Director of t8e +enter for P8ilosop8 of 9cience. onorar derees from -ni4ersities on ! continents.Doctorate in P8ilosop8 from Princeton. ;#is$< A P8ilosop8ical 3ntrod-ction to t8e t8eor of #is$ 4al-ation andManaement=.. :ni4ersit Press of America. P !/7"0

B-t in decision t8eor t8ere are t?odifferent5 more pressin reasons for dismissin s-fficientl improbable possibilities.Fne is t8at t8ere are C-st too man of t8em. To be as$ed to rec$on ?it8 s-c8 remote possibilities is to baffle o-rt8o-8t b sendin it on a c8ase after endless alternati4es. Anot8er reason lies in o-r need and desire to a4oidst-ltifin action. 3tJs simpl ;8-man nat-re= to dismiss s-fficientl remote e4ent-alities in oneJs personalcalc-lations. T8e ;acationerJs Dilemma= of Qi-re 1 ill-strates t8is. Fnl b dismissin certain s-fficientl remotecatastrop8ic possibilities as o-tside t8e rane of real possibilities can ?e a4oid t8e st-ltification of action onant8in li$e standard decision7ma$in approac8 represented b e)pected74al-e calc-lations. T8e 4acationer ta$es t8e

pla-sible line of re4ie?in t8e c8ance of disaster as effecti4el ero5 t8ereb eliminatin t8at -nacceptable possible o-tcome from plain arole b ?a of intimidation. People enerall (and C-stifiedl proceed on t8e ass-mption t8at t8e probabilit of s-fficientl -nli$eldisasters can be set at ero t8at -npleasant e4ent-ations of ;s-bstantial improbabilit= can be dismissed and ta$en

to lie o-tside t8e realm of ;real= possibilities.

igh magnitude impacts like e#tinction must be avoided regardless of probability! some impacts should not

be suspect to risk evaluation5we /ust can't take the chance6

escher ,-('ic8olas. :ni4ersit Professor of P8ilosop8 at t8e :ni4ersit of Pittsb-r. +8airman of t8e P8ilosop8Department. Director of t8e +enter for P8ilosop8 of 9cience. onorar derees from -ni4ersities on ! continents.Doctorate in P8ilosop8 from Princeton. ;#is$< A P8ilosop8ical 3ntrod-ction to t8e t8eor of #is$ 4al-ation andManaement=.. :ni4ersit Press of America. P &"7&%

A disparit of ris$s arises ?8en t8ere is so serio-s an imbalance amon alternati4e e4ent-ations so reat adifference in t8e relati4e sie of t8e prospecti4e neati4ities at iss-e t8at one alternati4e can be 4ie?ed as simplineliible relati4e to anot8er5 ,-ite independentl of considerations of probabilistic detail. T8e prospect of s-c8 aneati4it is simpl -nacceptable relati4e to t8e ains or losses ot8er?ise operati4e in t8e sit-ation5 ?it8o-t

reference to an ;balance of probabilities.=T8-s no matter what the balance of probabilities, the reasonable man would not riskloss of life or limb to avert the prospect of some trivial inconvenience. 'or ?o-ld 8e e4er ris$ -tter impo4eris8ment to a4ert t8e possible loss ofa fe? cents at an rate as lon as ?e are not dealin ?it8 probabilities t8at are ;effecti4el ero.= T8e prospecti4e damae of t8e onealternati4e is too reat in relation to t8e potential loss of t8e ot8er5 reardless of t8e odds. Fne ;C-st canJt ta$e t8ec8ance.= 3n t8is li8t consider a c8oice7sit-ation of t8e form set o-t in Qi-re 1. 3n a sit-ation of t8is sort5 t8e possible losses at iss-e can

pro4e to be of altoet8er different orders. T8e neati4it of can be so lare relati4e to t8at of U t8at t8e are simpl not in t8e same lea-e one ?o-ld rationall opt for one and s8-n t8e ot8er reardless of 8o? t8e probabilities of xandy are adC-sted. 3n t8e conditions at iss-e5 t8e Yris$in 8aard is simpl -nacceptable. 3t is -nC-stified as ?ell as -nrealistic to ta$e t8e stance t8at all neati4ities areessentiall comparable and to 8old t8at one can al?as be balanced off aainst anot8er b s-c8 probabilisticmanip-lations.

%


6/44


7/44


No Extinction

)ingle impacts will not cause e#tinction& humans are resilent

Tonn 200%(Br-ce5 Q-t-res 9t-dies Department5 +or4in-s :ni4ersit of B-dapest5 ;-man )tinction9cenarios5= ???.b-dapestf-t-res.or>do?nloads>abstracts>Br-ceV20TonnV207V20Abstract.pdf

T8e 8-man species faces n-mero-s t8reats to its e)istence. T8ese incl-de lobal climate c8ane5 collisions ?it8 near7eart8obCects5 n-clear ?ar5 and pandemics. W8ile t8ese t8reats are indeed serio-s5 ta$en separatel t8e fail to describe e)actl 8o?8-mans co-ld become e)tinct. Qor e)ample5 n-clear ?ar b itself ?o-ld most li$el fail to $ill e4erone on t8eplanet5as stri$es ?o-ld probabl be concentrated in t8e nort8ern 8emisp8ere and t8e Middle ast5 lea4in pop-lations in 9o-t8 America59o-t8 Africa5 A-stralia and 'e? ealand some 8ope of s-r4i4al. 3t is 8i8l -nli$el t8at an -ncontrollable nanotec8noloco-ld e4er be prod-ced b-t e4en it if ?ere5 it is li$el t8at 8-mans co-ld de4elop effecti4e5if costl5co-ntermeas-res5 s-c8 as prod-cin t8e tec8noloies in space or destroin sites of r-na?a nanotec8noloies ?it8 n-clear ?eapons.ir-ses co-ld indeed $ill man people b-t effecti4e ,-arantine of a 8ealt8 people co-ld be accomplis8ed to sa4elare n-mbers of people. -mans appear to be resilient to e)tinction ?it8 respect to sinle e4ents.

*


8/44


Conseqentia!ism Bad

7sing the contemporary notions of conse8uentialism relies on the rationalist ontology of

strategy and security which only enframe the image of technology and being which results

in the reinforcement of war norms.

97:" 200;(Ant8on B-r$e. 9enior Iect-rer in Politics and 3nternational #elations at :'9W. ;Fntoloies ofWar< iolence5 )istence and #eason= Co8n op$ins :ni4ersit Press.8ttp>m-se.C8-.ed->Co-rnals>t8eor@and@e4ent>4010>10.2b-r$e.8tml

T8is essa describes firstl t8e ontolo of t8e national sec-rit state (b ?a of t8e political p8ilosop8 of T8omas obbes5 +arl9c8mitt and G. W. Q. eel andsecondl t8e rationalist ontolo of strate (b ?a of t8e eopolitical t8o-8t of enrKissiner5 s8o?in 8o? t8e crstalliseinto a m-t-all reinforcin sstem of s-pport and C-stification5especiall in t8et8o-8t of +la-se?it. T8is creates bot8 a profo-nd et8ical and pramatic problem. T8e et8ical problem arises beca-seof t8eir militaristic force 77 t8e embod and reinforce a norm of ?ar 77 and beca-se t8e enact ?8atMartineideer calls an EenframinE imae of tec8nolo and bein in ?8ic8 8-mans are merel -tilitarian instr-mentsfor -se5 control and destr-ction5 and force 77 in t8e ?ords of one famo-s +old War strateist 77 can be t8o-8t of as a Epo?erto 8-rtE.1/T8e pramatic problem arises beca-se force so often prod-ces neit8er t8e linear sstem of effectsimained in strateic t8eor nor ant8in ?e co-ld meaninf-ll call sec-rit5 b-t rat8er t-rns in -pon itself in ani8ilistic spiral of pain and destr-ction. 3n t8e era of a E?ar on terrorE dominantl concei4ed in 9c8mittian and +la-se?itianterms520t8e ar-ments of anna8 Arendt (t8at 4iolence collapses ends into means and mman-el Ie4inas (t8at Ee4er ?ar emplos arms

t8at t-rn aainst t8ose t8at ?ield t8emE ta$e on added sinificance. 'eit8er5 8o?e4er5 e)plored ?8at occ-rs ?8en ?ar and bein are made tocoincide5 ot8er t8an Ie4inasE intri-in comment t8at in ?ar persons Epla roles in ?8ic8 t8e no loner reconises t8emsel4es5 ma$in t8em

betra not onl commitments b-t t8eir o?n s-bstanceE.


9/44


Kritik of "error "a!k (1)

The idea of a threatening terrorist in academic discourse! such as debate! constructs the

terrorist as the se#ual! 8ueer! and racial 5monster6 that is defined in relation to a

heteronormative patriotism.

(uar and ai 02(6asbir K. P-ar5 assistant professor of ?omenEs st-dies and eorap8 at #-ters :ni4ersit.Amit 9. #ai teac8es c-lt-ral and literar st-dies at t8e 'e? 9c8ool :ni4ersit in 'e? or$ +it. ;Monster5Terrorist5 Qa< T8e War on Terrorism and t8e Prod-ction of Docile Patriots= 9ocial Te)t 20.! (20025 proCectm-se. DQ

o? are ender and se)-alit central to t8e c-rrent ?ar on terrorismT8is ,-estion opens on to ot8ers< o? are t8etec8noloies t8at are bein de4eloped to combat terrorismdepart-res from or transformations of older tec8noloies of8eteronormati4it5 ?8ite s-premac5 and nationalism3n ?8at ?a do contemporar co-nterterrorism practices deplo t8esetec8noloies5 and 8o? do t8ese practices and tec8noloies become t8e ,-otidian frame?or$ t8ro-8 ?8ic8 ?e areoblied to str-le5 s-r4i4e5 and resist 9e)-alit is central to t8e creation of a certain $no?lede of terrorism5specificall t8at branc8 ofstrateic analsis t8at 8as entered t8e academic mainstream as terrorism st-dies.T8is$no?lede 8as a 8istor t8at ties t8e imae of t8e modern terrorist to a m-c8 older fi-re5 t8e racial and se)-almonsters of t8e ei8teent8 and nineteent8 cent-ries. Q-rt8er5 t8e constr-ction of t8e pat8oloied psc8e of t8eterrorist7monster enables t8e practices of normaliation5 ?8ic8 in todaEs conte)t often means an aressi4e8eterose)-al patriotism. As opposed to initial post79eptember 11 reactions5 ?8ic8 foc-sed narro?l on t8e disappearance of ?omen5?e consider t8e ,-estion of ender C-stice and ,-eer politics t8ro-8 broader frames of reference5 all ?it8 m-ltiple enealoiesNindeed5 as ?e8ope to s8o?5 ender and se)-alit prod-ce bot8 8per4isible icons and t8e 8osts t8at 8a-nt t8e mac8ines of ?ar.T8-s5 ?e ma$e t?o related ar-ments< (1 t8at t8e constr-ct of t8e terrorist relies on a $no?lede of se)-al per4ersit(failed 8eterose)-alit5 Western notions of t8e psc8e5 and a certain ,-eer monstrosit and(2 t8at normaliationin4ites an aressi4e 8eterose)-al patriotism t8at ?e can see5 for e)ample5 in dominant media representations (fore)ample5 T8e West Win5 and int8e oraniin efforts of 9i$8 Americans in response to 9eptember 11 (t8e fetis8 of t8et-rbaned 9i$8 man is cr-cial 8ere. 1 T8e forms of po?er no? bein deploed in t8e ?ar on terrorism in fact dra?on processes of ,-arantinin a racialied and se)-alied ot8er5 e4en as Western norms of t8e ci4ilied s-bCectpro4ide t8e frame?or$ t8ro-8 ?8ic8 t8ese 4er same ot8ers become s-bCects to be corrected. F-r itinerar beins?it8an e)amination of Mic8el Qo-ca-ltEs fi-re of monstrosit as a member of t8e WestEs abnormals5follo?ed b aconsideration of t8e-ncann ret-rn of t8e monster in t8e disco-rses of terrorism st-dies.We t8enmo4e to t8e relations8ipRnd Pae 11*S bet?een t8ese monstro-s fi-res in contemporar forms of 8eteronormati4e patriotism.We concl-de bofferin readins of t8e terrorism episode of T8e West Win and an analsis of 9o-t8 Asian and 9i$8 American comm-nit7based oraniin

in response to 9eptember 11.

/


10/44


Kritik of "error "a!k (2)9y talking about the terrorist as irrational! dirty! and something to be feared you

transform the category into that of the 5monster6& a direct sight through which power

operates to create a hetero&se#ual! racial! and cultural norm at the e#pense of all others.


To bein5 let -s consider t8e monster. W85 in ?8at ?a5 8as monstrosit come to oranie t8e disco-rse on terrorismQirst5?e co-ld merel lance at t8e lan-ae -sed b t8e dominant mediain its interested depictions of 3slamic militanc. 9o5 as anarticle in t8e 'e? or$ Times points o-t5 Fsama bin Iaden5 accordin to Qo) 'e?s +8annel anc8ors5 analsts and correspondents5 is Eadirtba5E Ea monsterE o4erseein a E?eb of 8ate.E is follo?ers in Al Oaeda are =terror goons.=Taliban fi8ters are EdiabolicalE andE8enc8men.E 2 Fr5 in anot8er Web article5 ?e read< 3t is important to realie t8at t8e Taliban does not simpl tolerate t8e presence of binIaden and 8is terrorist trainin camps in Af8anistan. 3t is part and parcel of t8e same e4il alliance. Al7OaEida and t8e Taliban are t?odifferent 8eads of t8e same monster5 and t8e s8are t8e same fanatical obsession< imposin a strict and distorted brand of 3slam on all M-slimsand brinin deat8 to all ?8o oppose 8im. ! 3n t8ese in4ocations of terrorist7monsters an absol-te moralit separates oodfrom a s8ado? e4il." As if ca-8t -p in its o?n s8ado? dance ?it8 t8e anti7Western r8etoric of radical 3slam5 % t8is disco-rsemar$s off a fi-re5Fsama bin Iaden5 or a o4ernment5 t8e Taliban5 as t8e opposite of all t8at is C-st5 8-man5 and ood. T8e

terrorist7monster is p-re e4il and m-st be destroed5 accordin to t8is 4ie?.& B-t does t8e monster 8a4e a mind T8is besanot8er ,-estion< Do s-c8 fi-res and s-c8 representational strateies 8a4e a 8istor We s-est t8is lan-ae of terrorist7monsterss8o-ld be read b considerin 8o? t8e monster 8as been -sed t8ro-8o-t 8istor in Western disco-rses ofnormalit. We co-ld bein b rememberin5 for instance5 t8at t8e monster ?as one of t8ree elements t8at Qo-ca-lt lin$ed to t8e formation oft8e abnormals. T8e ro-p of abnormals ?as formed o-t of t8ree elements ?8ose o?n formation ?as not e)actl snc8ronic. 1. T8e 8-manmonster. An Ancient notion ?8ose frame of reference is la?. A C-ridical notion5 t8en5 b-t in t8e broad sense5 as it referred not onl to socialla?s b-t to nat-ral la?s as ?ell t8e monsterEs field of appearance is a C-ridico7bioloical domain. T8e fi-res of t8e 8alf78-man5 8alf7animal

bein . . .5 of do-ble indi4id-alities . . .5 of 8ermap8rodites . . . in t-rn represented t8at do-ble 4iolation ?8at ma$es a 8-man monster amonster is not C-st its e)ceptionalit relati4e to t8e species Rnd Pae 11S form it is t8e dist-rbance it brins to C-ridical re-larities (?8et8erit is a ,-estion of marriae la?s5 canons of baptism5 or r-les of in8eritance. T8e 8-man monster combines t8e impossible and t8e forbidden. . .. 2. T8e indi4id-al to be corrected. T8is is a more recent fi-re t8an t8e monster. 3t is t8e correlati4e not so m-c8 oft8e imperati4es of t8e la? as of trainin tec8ni,-es ?it8 t8eir o?n re,-irements. T8e emerence of t8eincorriibles is contemporaneo-s ?it8 t8e p-ttin into place of disciplinar tec8ni,-es d-rin t8e se4enteent8 andei8teent8 cent-ries5 in t8e arm5 t8e sc8ools5 t8e ?or$s8ops5 t8en5 a little later5 in families t8emsel4es. T8e ne? proced-res for trainin t8e

bod5 be8a4ior5 and aptit-des open -p t8e problem of t8ose ?8o escape t8at normati4it ?8ic8 is no loner t8e so4ereint of t8e la?. *

Accordin to Qo-ca-lt5 t8e monster can be bot8 8alf an animal and a 8brid ender(later in t8is te)t Qo-ca-lt ?ill o on toposition t8e onanist as t8e t8ird of t8e abnormals. B-t cr-ciall t8e monster is also to be differentiated from t8e indi4id-al tobe corrected on t8e basis of ?8et8er po?er operates on it or t8ro-8 it. 3n ot8er ?ords5 t8e absol-te po?er t8atprod-ces and ,-arantines t8e monster finds its dispersal in tec8ni,-es of normaliation and discipline.W8at Qo-ca-ltdoes5 ?e belie4e5 is enable an analsis of monstrosit ?it8in a broader 8istor of se)-alit. T8is enealo is cr-cial to-nderstandin t8e 8istorical and political relas5 rein4estments5 and resistances bet?een t8e monstro-s terroristand t8e disco-rse of 8eteronormati4it. And t8at is beca-se monsters and abnormals 8a4e al?as also been se)-alde4iants. Qo-ca-lt tied monstrosit to se)-alit t8ro-8 specific analses of t8e deploment of endered bodies5t8e re-lation of proper desires5 t8e manip-lation of domestic spaces5 and t8e ta)onom of se)-al acts s-c8 assodom. As s-c85 t8e se)-alied monster ?as t8at fi-re t8at called fort8 a form of C-ridical po?er b-t one t8at?as tied to m-ltiform apparat-ses of discipline as ?ell. We -seQo-ca-ltEs concept of monstrosit to elaborate ?8at?e consider to be central to t8e present ?ar on terrorism< monstrosit as a re-lator constr-ct of modernit t8atimbricates not onl se)-alit5 b-t also ,-estions of c-lt-re and race.Before ?e tie t8ese practices to contemporar politics5 let

-s note t?o t8ins< Qirst5 t8e monster is not merel an ot8er it is one cateor t8ro-8 ?8ic8 a m-ltiform po?eroperates.As s-c85 disco-rses t8at ?o-ld mobilie monstrosit as a screen for ot8erness are al?as also in4ol4ed incirc-its of normaliin po?er as ?ell


11/44


Kritik of "error "a!k (3)

>hen we view terrorists as irrational actors with psychological pathologies we reduce their

struggle to a reaction against heterose#ual impotence and deprive the entire struggle of

political significance. >e construct them as the 8ueer enemy of the heterose#ual norm.


As a leadin li8t in t8e constellation of terrorism e)perts5 6errold Post 8asproposed t8at terrorists s-ffer from pat8oloicalpersonalities t8at emere from neati4e c8ild8ood e)periences and a damaed sense of self.1% Post ar-es for t?oterrorist personalit tpes5 dependin on t8e specific ,-alit of t8ose c8ild8ood e)periences. Qirst5 Post s-ests5 t8ere is t8e anarc8ic7ideolo-e. T8is is t8e terrorist ?8o 8as e)perienced serio-s famil dsf-nction and maladC-stment5 ?8ic8 lead to rebellion aainst parents5especiall aainst t8e fat8er. Anarc8ic7ideolo-es fi8t aainst t8e societ of t8eir parents . . . an act of dissent aainst parents loal to t8ereime. 9econd5 t8ere is t8e terrorist personalit tpe $no?n as t8e nationalist7secessionistNapparentl t8e name indicates a sense ofloalt to a-t8orit and rebellion aainst e)ternal enemies. D-rin c8ild8ood5 a terrorist of t8is personalit tpe e)perienced a sense ofcompassion or loalt to?ard 8is or 8er parents. Accordin to Post5 nationalist7secessionists 8a4e pat8oloicall failed to differentiate bet?eent8emsel4es and t8e ot8er (parental obCect. +onse,-entl5 t8e rebel aainst societ for t8e 8-rt done to t8eir parents . . . an act of loalt to

parents damaed b t8e reime. Bot8 t8e anarc8ic7ideolo-e and nationalist7secessionist find comfort in Coinin a terrorist ro-p of rebels?it8 similar e)periences. 1& T8e personalit defect model 4ie?s terrorists as s-fferin from personalit defects t8at res-lt from e)cessi4elneati4e c8ild8ood e)periences5 i4in t8e indi4id-al a poor sense of self and a resentment of a-t8orit. As #-b notes5 3ts s-pporters differin ?8et8er t8e propose one (Kaplan5 t?o (Post and 6ones X Qon5 or t8ree (9trent personalit tpes. 1* W8at all t8ese models andt8eories aim to s8o? is 8o? an ot8er?ise normal indi4id-al becomes a m-rdero-s terrorist5 and t8at process timeand aain is tied to t8e fail-re of t8e normal(ied psc8e.3ndeed5 an implicit b-t fo-ndational s-pposition str-ct-rest8is entire disco-rse< t8e 4er notion of t8e normal psc8e5 ?8ic8 is in fact part of t8e WestEs o?n 8eterose)-alfamil romanceNa narrati4e space t8at relies on t8e normalied5 Rnd Pae 12!S e4en if per4erse5 domestic space ofdesire s-pposedl common in t8e West. Terrorism5 in t8is disco-rse5 is a smptom of t8e de4iant psc8e5 t8epsc8e one a?r5 or t8e failed psc8e t8e terrorist enters t8is disco-rse as an absol-te 4iolation. 9o ?8en Bill +ollins(t8e2001 poet la-reate asserted on'ational P-blic #adio immediatel after 9eptember 11< 'o? t8e :.9. 8as lost its 4irinit58e ?as -nderscorin t8is fra-8t relations8ip bet?een (8eterose)-alit5 normalit5 t8e nation5 and t8e 4iolationsof terrorism. 'ot s-rprisinl5 t8en5 comin o-t of t8is disco-rse5 ?e find t8at anot8er 4er common ?a of trin topsc8oloie t8e monster7terrorist is b positin a $ind of failed 8eterose)-alit. 9o ?e 8ear often t8e idea t8at se)-allfr-strated M-slim men are promised t8e 8ea4enl re?ard of si)t5 si)t7se4en5 or sometimes e4en se4ent 4irins if t8e are martred in Ci8ad.B-tAsEad Ab- K8alil 8as ar-ed5 3n realit5 politicalNnot se)-alNfr-stration constit-tes t8e most important factor in

moti4atin o-n men5 or ?omen5 to enae in s-icidal 4iolence. T8e tendenc to d?ell on t8e se)-al moti4es oft8e s-icide bombers belittles t8ese sociopolitical ca-ses. 1 'o? of co-rse5 t8at is precisel ?8at terrorism st-diesintends to do< to red-ce comple) social5 8istorical5 and political dnamics to 4ario-s psc8ic ca-ses rooted inc8ild8ood famil dnamics.As if t8e Palestinian 3ntifada or t8e lon5 br-tal ?ar in Af8anistan can be simpl boiled do?n to badmot8erin or se)-al fr-strationH 3n s8ort5 t8esee)planator models and frame?or$s f-nction to (1 red-ce comple) 8istories ofstr-le5 inter4ention5 and (nonde4elopment to Western psc8ic models rooted in t8e bo-reois 8eterose)-alfamil and its dnamics(2 sstematicall e)cl-de ,-estions of political econom and t8e problems of c-lt-raltranslation and (! attempt to master t8e fear5 an)iet5 and -ncertaint of a form of political dissent b resortin to t8e banalit of ata)onom. 1/ F-r contention is t8at toda t8e $no?lede and form of po?er t8at is mobilied to anale5 ta)onomie5 psc8oloie5 anddefeat terrorism 8as a enealoical connection to t8e WestEs abnormals5 and specificall t8ose premodern monsters t8at Western ci4iliation8ad seemed to b-r and la to rest lon ao. T8e monsters t8at 8a-nt t8e prose of contemporar co-nterterrorism emereo-t of fi-resin t8e ei8teent8 and nineteent8 cent-ries t8at 8a4e al?as been racialied5 classed5 and se)-alied. T8e-ndesirable5 t8e 4arant5 t8e Gps5 t8e sa4ae5 t8e ottentot en-s5 or t8e se)-al depra4it of t8e Friental torrid one s8ares a basic $ins8ip?it8 t8e terrorist7monster. As ?e $no?5 in t8e t?entiet8 cent-r t8ese disparate monsters became case st-dies5 obCects of et8norap8ies5 and

interestin psc8oloical cases of deenerac. T8e same Western5 colonial modernit t8at created t8e psc8e created t8eracial and se)-al monster. Rnd Pae 12"S 3n ot8er ?ords5 ?8at lin$s t8e monster7terrorist to t8e fi-re of t8e indi4id-alto be corrected is first and foremost t8e racialied and de4iant psc8e.3snEt t8at ?8 t8ere is somet8in terrifinl -ncannin t8e terrorist7monster As one specificall liberal article in t8e #and Co-rnal p-t it5 Members of s-c8 ro-ps are not infre,-entl prepared to$ill and die for t8eir str-les and5 as socioloists ?o-ld attest5 t8at pres-pposes a sort of con4iction and mindset t8at 8as become -ncommonin t8e modern ae. T8-s5 not onl t8e acts of EterrorismE b-t also t8e dri4in forces be8ind t8em often appearincompre8ensible and fri8tenin to o-tsiders.Terrorism st-dies emered as a s-bcateor ?it8in t8e social sciences in t8e earl1/*0s see$in to e)plain t8e res-rence of t8e seeminl ine)plicable. 20

11


12/44


Kritik of "error "a!k (#)

The construction of the terrorist as a 8ueer monster causes homophobic violence and

otheri*ation.


Posters t8at appeared in midto?n Man8attan onl das after t8e attac$s s8o? a t-rbaned caricat-re of bin Iaden bein anall penetrated b t8empire 9tate B-ildin. T8e leend beneat8 reads5 T8e mpire 9tri$es Bac$ or 9o o- li$e s$scrapers5 8-85 bitc8 Fr t8in$ of t8e Web site?8ere5 ?it8 a series of ?eapons at o-r disposal5 o- can tort-re Fsama bin Iaden to deat85 t8e last tort-re bein sodom or anot8er Web sitet8at s8o?s t?o pict-res5 one of bin Iaden ?it8 a beard5 and t8e ot8er ?it8o-tNand t8e p8oto of 8im s8a4en t-rns o-t to be F. 6. 9impson. 21W8at t8ese representations s8o?5?e belie4e5 is t8at ,-eerness as se)-al de4ianc is tied to t8e monstro-s fi-re oft8e terrorist as a ?a to ot8erie and ,-arantine s-bCects classified as terrorists5 b-t also to normalie anddiscipline a pop-lation t8ro-8 t8ese 4er monstro-s fi-res. T8o-8 m-c8 ender7dependent blac$ 8-mor describin t8eappropriate p-nis8ment for bin Iaden foc-ses on t8e liberation of Af8an ?omen (liberate Af8an ?omen andsend t8em to collee or ma$e bin Iaden 8a4e a se) c8ane operation and li4e in Af8anistan as a ?omanNdeeplracist5 se)ist5 and 8omop8obic s-estions5 t8is portraal s-ests somet8in f-rt8er still< American retaliationpromises to emasc-late bin Iaden and t-rn 8im into a fa. T8is promise not onl s-ests t8at if o-Ere not for t8e?ar5 o-Ere a fa5 it also incites 4iolence aainst ,-eers and specificall ,-eers of color. And indeed5 t8ere 8a4ebeen reports from comm-nit7based oraniations t8ro-8o-t 'e? or$ +it t8at 4iolent incidents aainst ,-eersof color 8a4e increased. 9o on t8e one 8and5 t8e :nited 9tates is bein depicted as feminist and a7safe b t8iscomparison ?it8 Af8anistan5 and on t8e ot8er 8and5 t8e :.9. state5 8a4in e)perienced a castration andpenetration of its capitalist masc-linit5 offers -p narrati4es of emasc-lation as appropriate p-nis8ment for binIaden5 bro?n7s$inned fol$s5 and men in t-rbans.

12


13/44


Kritik of $e%emon& 'mpacts (1)

7) hegemony policy is deeply rooted in patriarchal! racist! and militarist assumptions!

resulting in dehumani*ation! murder! and se#ual assault.

:irk 200G?n5 Women for Gen-ine 9ec-rit5 ;Gender and :.9. Bases in Asia7Pacific= Marc8 1"8ttp>???.fpif.or>articles>ender@and@-s@bases@in@asia7pacific 99

Militarism is a sstem of instit-tions5 in4estments5 and 4al-es5 ?8ic8 is m-c8 ?ider and more deepl entrenc8edt8an an specific ?ar. To create alternate definitions of en-ine peace and sec-rit5 it is important to -nderstandinstit-tionalied endered relations and ot8er -ne,-al po?er dnamics incl-din t8ose based on class5 colonialism5and racism in8erent in :.9. militar polic and practice.Demilitariation re,-ires a de7lin$in of masc-linit andmilitarism5 stoppin t8e lorification of ?ar and ?arriors5 and definin ad4ent-re and 8eroism in nonmilitarterms. 3t also re,-ires en-inel democratic processes and str-ct-res for political and economic decision7ma$in at comm-nit5 national andtransnational le4els. 3n addition5 t8e :nited 9tates m-st ta$e responsibilit for cleanin -p all militar contamination in t8e Asia7Pacificreion.3nstead of -nderminin indieno-s control of lands and reso-rces in G-am5 for e)ample5 t8e :nited 9tates and local o4ernmentaencies s8o-ld s-pport t8e self7determination of t8e +8amorro people. T8e proposed Marines base for eno$o (F$ina?a s8o-ld be scrappedand t8e 6apanese o4ernment s8o-ld redirect f-nds earmar$ed for it to economic de4elopment to benefit F$ina?an people.9ince militare)pansion is a partner in corporate capitalist e)pansion5 economic5 political5 and social de4elopment based on self7s-fficienc5 self7determination5 and ecoloical restoration of local reso-rces m-st be enco-raed. +omm-nities adCoinin :.9. bases in all parts of t8e reions-ffer from rossl distorted economies t8at are o4erl reliant on t8e ser4ices (leal and illeal t8at :.9. soldiers s-pport. T8is economicdependenc affects local men as ?ell as ?omen. Iocall directed proCects5 led b t8ose ?8o -nderstand comm-nit concerns5 s8o-ld bes-pported5 toet8er ?it8 o4ernment reforms to redistrib-te reso-rces for s-c8 initiati4es. 3n addition5 t8e :nited 9tates and Asian o4ernmentsneed to re4ise t8eir leal areements to protect local comm-nities. Iocal people need transparenc in t8e implementation of t8ese policies5 ininteraenc in4ol4ement (Pentaon5 9tate Department5 Department of t8e 3nterior5 n4ironmental Protection Aenc and in e)ec-ti4e orderst8at affect :.9. militar operations in t8e reion. 9-c8 re4isions s8o-ld incl-de t8e abilit for 8ost o4ernments to prosec-te perpetrators ofmilitar 4iolence so t8at t8e :.9. militar can be 8eld acco-ntable for t8e 8-man conse,-ences of its policies. :.9. militar e)pansionand restr-ct-rin in t8e Asia7Pacific reion ser4e patriarc8al :.9. oals of ;f-ll spectr-m dominance.=Alliedo4ernments are bribed5 flattered5 t8reatened5 or coerced into participatin in t8is proCect. 4en t8e apparentl?illin o4ernments are C-nior partners ?8o m-st5 in an -ne,-al relations8ip5 s8o-lder t8e costs of :.9. militarpolicies. Qor t8e :.9. militar5 land and bodies are so m-c8 ra? material to -se and discard ?it8o-t responsibilit or serio-s conse,-ences tot8ose in po?er. #eardless of ender5 soldiers are trained to de8-manie ot8ers so t8at5 if ordered5 t8e can $ill t8em.9e)-al ab-se and tort-re committed b :.9. militar personnel and contractors aainst 3ra,i prisoners in Ab-G8raib prison ill-strate a rim ne? t?ist on militaried 4iolence5 ?8ere race and nation ;tr-mped= ender. W8ite:.9. ?omen ?ere amon t8e perpetrators5 t8ereb appropriatin t8e masc-linied role. T8e 4iolated 3ra,i men5mean?8ile5 ?ere forced into t8e feminied role.

The constructed 8ualification of manliness for foreign policy backfires! generating conflictand reinforcing patriarchy

"nloe 0%(+nt8ia. Ieadin feminist sc8olar and a professor of o4ernment and ?omenJs st-dies at +lar$:ni4ersit. ;Masc-linit as Qorein Polic 3ss-e ; QP3Q8ttp>???.peace?or$maaine.or>p?or$>1100>112$10.8tm Fctober 11 99

Man obser4ers 8a4e remar$ed on t8e pec-liar American contemporar political c-lt-re t8at e,-ates militare)perience and>or militar e)pertise ?it8 political leaders8ip. 3t is t8is c-lt-ral inclination t8at 8as made it 4erris$ for an American p-blic fi-re to appear less ;manl= t8an a -niformed senior militar male officer. 3t is ac-lt-reNtoo often -nc8allened b ordinar 4otersNt8at 8as i4en indi4id-als ?it8 alleed militar $no?lede adisproportionate ad4antae in forein polic debates.9-c8 a masc-linied and militaried c-lt-re press-resner4o-s ci4ilian candidates into appearin ;to-8= on militar iss-es. T8e t8o-8t of not embracin a parade ofmilitaried polic positionsNt8at increase t8e defense b-det5 ma$e 'ATF t8e primar instit-tion for b-ildin a ne? -ropean

sec-rit5 e)pand 6-nior #FT+ prorams in 8i8 sc8ools5 ins-re American male soldiersJ access to prostit-tes o4erseas5 in4estin destabiliin antimissile tec8nolo5 maintain cripplin b-t politicall ineffect-al economic sanctions andbombin raids aainst 3ra,5 accept t8e PentaonJs fla?ed polic of ;donJt as$5 donJt tell5 donJt p-rs-e5= andfinance a militar7dri4en antidr- policN?o-ld lea4e most American p-blic officials (?omen and men feelin-ncomfortabl 4-lnerable in t8e political c-lt-re t8at assins 8i8 4al-e to masc-linied to-8ness. T8e res-lt< apolitical competition to appear ;to-8= 8as prod-ced :.9. forein policies t8at se4erel limit t8e Americancapacit to pla a -sef-l role in creatin a more en-inel sec-re international comm-nit. T8at is5 AmericaJscon4entional5 masc-linied political c-lt-re ma$es it -nli$el t8at Was8inton policma$ers ?ill eit8er come torips ?it8 a realistic analsis of potential lobal t8reats or act to strent8en t8ose m-ltilateral instit-tions mosteffecti4e in pre4entin and endin conflicts.

1!


14/44



The 7) uses hegemonic e#pansion as tool to ensure the e#tension of capitalism's tentacles

across the globe.

Foster 02(6o8n Bellam and t8e ditors. Professor of 9ociolo at :ni4ersit of Freon. ;:9 Militar Bases andmpire.= 8ttp>mont8lre4ie?.or>0!02editr.8tm 99

T8e :nited 9tates5 as ?e 8a4e seen5 8as b-ilt a c8ain of militar bases and stain areas aro-nd t8e lobe5 as ameans of deploin air and na4al forces to be -sed on a momentJs noticeNall in t8e interest of maintainin itspolitical and economic 8eemon. T8ese bases are not5 as ?as t8e case for Britain in t8e nineteent8 and earl t?entiet8 cent-ries5simpl interal parts of a colonialempire5 b-t rat8er ta$e on e4en reater importance5 ;in the absence of colonialism.=YT8e :nited 9tates5?8ic8 8as so-8t to maintain an imperial economic sstem ?it8o-t formal political controls o4er t8e territorialso4ereint of ot8er nations5 8as emploed t8ese bases to e)ert force aainst t8ose nations t8at 8a4e so-8t tobrea$ o-t of t8e imperial sstem altoet8er5 or t8at 8a4e attempted to c8art an independent co-rse t8at is percei4edas t8reatenin :.9. interests. Without the worldwide dispersion of U.S. military forces in these bases, andwithout the U.S. predisposition to employ them in its military interventions, it would be impossible to keepmany of the more dependent economic territories of the periphery from breaking away . :.9. lobal political5economic5 and financial po?er t8-s re,-ire t8e periodic e)ercise of militar po?er. T8e ot8er ad4anced capitalistco-ntries tied into t8is sstem 8a4e also become reliant on t8e :nited 9tates as t8e main enforcer of t8e r-les of

t8e ame. T8e positionin of :.9. militar bases s8o-ld t8erefore be C-ded not as a p-rel militar p8enomenon5b-t as a mappin o-t of t8e :.9.7dominated imperial sp8ere and of its spear8eads ?it8in t8e perip8er. W8at is clearat present and bears repeatin is t8at s-c8 bases are no? bein ac,-ired in areas ?8ere t8e :nited 9tates 8ad pre4io-sl lost m-c8 of its;for?ard presence5= s-c8 as in 9o-t8 Asia5 t8e Middle ast>Africa5 and Iatin America and t8e +aribbean5 or in reions ?8ere :.9. bases 8a4enot e)isted pre4io-sl5 s-c8 as t8e Bal$ans and +entral Asia. T8ere can be no do-bt5 t8erefore5 t8at t8e last remainins-perpo?er is presentl on a co-rse of imperial e)pansion5 as a means of promotin its political and economicinterests5 and t8at t8e present ?ar on terrorism5 ?8ic8 is in man ?as an indirect prod-ct of t8e proCection of :.9.po?er5 is no? bein -sed to C-stif t8e f-rt8er proCection of t8at po?er.Qor t8ose ?8o c8oose to oppose t8ese de4elopmentst8ere s8o-ld be no ill-sion. The global expansion of military power on the part of the hegemonic state of worldcapitalism is an integral part of economic globalization. To say no to this form of military expansionism is tosay no at the same time to capitalist globalization and imperialism and hence to capitalism itself.

American e%emon& is doomed to sccm to imperia!ist expansionism*

res!tin% in perpeta! and esca!atin% +ars,-a&ne* 2..3 (+8ristop8er5 Associate Professor in t8e B-s8 9c8ool of Go4ernment and P-blic 9er4ice at Te)asAXM :ni4ersit T8e +ost of mpire5 8ttp>???.amconma.com>article>200!>oct>0&>0000*> 99

Per8aps t8e proponents of AmericaJs imperial ambitions are ri8t and t8e :.9. ?ill not s-ffer t8e same fate aspre4io-s 8eemonic po?ers. DonJt bet on it. T8e 4er fact of AmericaJs o4er?8elmin po?er is bo-nd to prod-cea eopolitical bac$las8N?8ic8 is ?8 itJs onl a s8ort step from t8e celebration of imperial lor to t8e recessional of imperial po?er.3ndeed5 on its present co-rse5 t8e :nited 9tates seems fated to s-cc-mb to t8e ;8eemonJs temptation.= eemons 8a4elots of po?er and beca-se t8ere is no co-nter4ailin force to stop t8em5 t8e are tempted to -se it repeatedl5 andt8ereb o4erreac8 t8emsel4es. F4er time5 t8is 8eemonic m-scle7fle)in 8as a price. T8e c-m-lati4e costs offi8tinNor preparin to fi8tN-erilla ?ars in 3ra, and Af8anistan5 asmmetric conflicts aainst terrorists (in t8eP8ilippines5 possibl in a failed Pa$istan5 and else?8ere5 reional po?ers (3ran5 'ort8 Korea5 and risin reatpo?ers li$e +8ina co-ld erode AmericaJs relati4e po?erNespeciall if t8e :.9. s-ffers setbac$s in f-t-reconflicts5 for e)ample in a ?ar ?it8 +8ina o4er Tai?an.

1"


15/44



The support and scale of the wars on fghanistan and ?ra8 shows the imperial mindsets

entrenched in 7) hegemonic policy and their inherent failures.

Foster! olleman! $c


16/44


Kritik of $e%emon& 'mpacts (#)

Foreign military bases are empirically shown to be inherent to imperial control of the

world hegemonic powers.

Foster 2002 (6o8n Bellam and t8e ditors. Professor of 9ociolo at :ni4ersit of Freon. ;:9 Militar Basesand mpire.= 8ttp>mont8lre4ie?.or>0!02editr.8tm 99

mpires t8ro-8o-t 8-man 8istor 8a4e relied on forein militar bases to enforce t8eir r-le5 and in t8is respect atleast5 Pa) Americana is no different t8an Pa) #omana or Pa) Britannica.;T8e principal met8od b ?8ic8 #omeestablis8ed 8er political s-premac in 8er ?orld5= ?rote 8istorian Arnold Tonbee in 8is$merica and the %orld evolution(1/&25 ?as b ta$in 8er ?ea$er nei8bors -nder 8er ?in and protectin t8em aainst 8er and t8eir stronernei8bors. #omeJs relation ?it8 t8ese protZZes of 8ers ?as a treat relation. 6-ridicall t8e retained t8eirpre4io-s stat-s of so4erein independence. T8e most t8at #ome as$ed of t8em in terms of territor ?as t8ecessation5 8ere and t8ere5 of a patc8 of ro-nd for t8e plantation of a #oman fortress to pro4ide for t8e commonsec-rit of #omeJs allies and #ome 8erself. At least t8is is t8e ?a #ome started o-t. B-t as time passed5 ;t8e 4ast territories of#omeJs one7time allies5= oriinall sec-red b t8is sstem of #oman militar bases5 ;became C-st as m-c8 a part of t8e #oman mpire as t8eless e)tensi4e territories of #omeJs one time enemies ?8ic8 #ome 8ad deliberatel and o4ertl anne)ed= (pp. 10%710&.Britain5 in its8eda as t8e leadin capitalist po?er in t8e nineteent8 cent-r5 r-led o4er a 4ast colonial empire sec-red b alobal sstem of militar bases.As #obert ar$a4 8as e)plained in 8is important ?or$5 &reat !ower 'ompetition for (verseas )ases(1/25 t8ese ?ere deploed in fo-r net?or$s alon sea corridors dominated b Britis8 na4al po?er< (1 t8e Mediterranean t8ro-8 9-e to

3ndia (2 9o-t8 Asia5 t8e Qar ast5 and t8e Pacific (! 'ort8 America and t8e +aribbean and (" West Africa and t8e 9o-t8 Atlantic. At t8eBritis8 empireJs pea$ t8ese militar bases ?ere located in more t8an t8irt7fi4e separate co-ntries>colonies.Alt8o-8 Britis8 8eemon declined rapidl in t8e earl t?entiet8 cent-r5 its bases ?ere retained as lon as t8e empire itself contin-ed5 andits base sstem e4en e)panded briefl d-rin t8e 9econd World War. 3n t8e immediate aftermat8 of t8e ?ar5 8o?e4er5 t8e Britis8 mpirecr-mbled5 and t8e reat maCorit of bases 8ad to be relin,-is8ed. T8e fall of t8e Britis8 empire ?as accompanied b t8e rise ofanot8er5 as t8e :nited 9tates too$ BritainJs place as t8e 8eemonic po?er of t8e capitalist ?orld econom. T8e:nited 9tates emered from t8e 9econd World War ?it8 t8e most e)tensi4e sstem of militar bases t8at t8e?orld 8ad e4er seen. Accordin to 6ames Bla$er5 former 9enior Ad4isor to t8e ice +8airman of t8e 6oint +8iefsof 9taff5 t8is o4erseas basin sstem at t8e end of t8e 9econd World War consisted of o4er t8irt t8o-sandinstallations located at t?o t8o-sand base sites residin in aro-nd one 8-ndred co-ntriesand areas5 and stretc8in fromt8e Arctic +ircle to Antarctica. :.9. militar bases ?ere spread o4er all t8e continents and t8e islands in bet?een. ;'e)t to t8e :.9.n-clear monopol5= Bla$er ?rites5 ;t8ere ?as no more -ni4ersall reconied smbol of t8e nationJs s-perpo?erstat-s t8an its o4erseas basin sstem.=

7nited )tates hegemony is rooted in white solipsism resulting in racist disregard for deathsof foreigners.

:inane 20,0(d5 ?riter for oices in t8e Wilderness and Peace +o-ncil staff member5 ;M 'ameJs d. 3 am a#acist= 8ttp>dissident4oice.or>2010>0!>m7name7is7ed7im7a7racist> 99

Basic to t8ese sereated societies and to o-r militarism is ?8at poet Adrienne #ic8 callssolipsism. 3n p8ilosop8solipsism is t8e t8eor t8at t8e self is t8e onl realit< o- e)ist onl as a fiment of m imaination. #ic8 spea$s5 in partic-lar5 of?8ite solipsism< a c-lt-ral eoism5 ?8ic8 ass-mes N ,-ite -nconscio-sl N t8at onl ?8ite 8istor or disco4eror s-fferin or interests 8a4e merit and standin. Most ?8ite fol$s N ?8et8er in 9o-t8 Africa or 3srael or 8ere N ro? -p in ?8ite nei8bor8oods oin to?8ite sc8ools and cons-min ?8ite7controlled media. T8is is 8o? ?e internalie ?8ite ;realit.= Qor man of -s t8e solipsism t8at denies or demeans or destros did not oriinate ?it8 racism.3t bean5 8istoricall and personall5 before ?e ?ere e)posed to et8nic di4ersit. W8ile bein molded for roles defined b ender5 bos ac,-ire t8e parallel male solipsism of a patriarc8alc-lt-re. 9e)ism precedes racism5 rindin t8e lens t8at ma$es o-r racist o-tloo$ second nat-re. 9e)ist be8a4ior pro4ides an onoin re8earsal for o-r racist performance. W8en ?e ?ere o-n?e 8ad little control o4er o-r enc-lt-ration and so ?erenJt to blame for s-c8 t-nnel 4ision. B-t no? t8at ?eJre ro?n5 ?e are responsible for t8e $inds of callo-sness and e)cl-si4it ?ec8oose to 8onor. Man of -s eaerl N or obli4io-sl N float alon t8e mainstream t8at in4alidates t8e li4es of people of color. T8eir labor and t8eir li4in conditions5 t8eir needs and t8eir

pain5 t8eir ifts and t8eir ri8ts5 are sstematicall neated5 rendered in4isible5 rendered m-te. W8ite solipsism 8elps e)plain t8e forein polic do-ble

standard ?8ic8 reards onl political 4iolence aimed at ?8ites as ;terrorism.=9ince World War 33 fe? ?8ites 8a4ebeen 4ictims of aerial ?arfare+linton>B-s8>Fbama terrorist ?8en t8e s,-anderbillions in4adin 3slamic oil lands or ?8en (sa :.9. drone aircraft assassinate t8ose resistin t8e in4asion andocc-pation. Fr ?8en t8ose -nmanned drones $ill ci4ilians?ill7nill. 3n t8e moral calc-l-s of ?8ite America t8etens N mabe 8-ndreds N of t8o-sands of slain 3ra,is or Af8ans barel e)ist.4en ?e ?8o acti4el oppose :.9.militarism in West Asia and t8e Mid ast often inore t8e racism at its 8eart.To o4ercome o-r ;isms5= ?e co-ldc-rb o-r o4er7cons-mption and o-r o4er7eaer embrace of pri4ilee. We co-ld s8ed o-r patterns of e)cl-si4it5 b-rstin t8e

b-bble of self7reinforced sereation. We co-ld ?it88old and re7direct o-r federal ta)es ?it8o-t ?8ic8 :.9. militarism ?o-ld soon e)8a-stitself. T8ro-8 cross7c-lt-ral st-d and solidarit ?or$ ?e co-ld better -nderstand t8e 8-man condition especiall t8at of t8e 8-e maCorit of o-r species ?8o arenJt ?8ite5 ?8o arenJt affl-ent5 ?8o donJt blac$mail t8elobe?it8 aerial ?arfare and n-clear terror.

1&


17/44


Kritik of $e%emon& 'mpacts (/)

Their hegemonic imposition of an merican global system culminates in threat

construction! generating enemies and ensuring endless conflicts and war where none

e#isted previously

3ipschut* -%(#onnie5 Professor of Politics at :+ 9anta +r-5 Fn 9ec-rit5 1%71&+onsider5 t8en5 t8e conse,-ences of t8e intersection of sec-rit polic and economics d-rin and after t8e +old War. 3n order to establis8a ;sec-re= lobal sstem5 t8e :nited 9tates ad4ocated5 and p-t into place5 a lobal sstem of economic liberalism.3t t8en-nder?rote5 ?it8 dollars and ot8er aid5 t8e ro?t8 of t8is sstem."!Fne conse,-ence5 of t8is proCect ?as t8e lobaliations of a partic-larmode of prod-ction and acc-m-lation5 ?8ic8 relied on t8e re7creation5 t8ro-8o-t t8e ?orld5 of t8e domestic political and economicen4ironment and preferences of t8e :nited 9tates. T8at s-c8 a proCect cannot be accomplis8ed -nder conditions of reall7e)istin capitalism isnot important< t8e idea ?as t8ateconomic and political liberalism ?o-ld reprod-ce t8e American self aro-nd t8e ?orld.""T8is ?o-ld ma$e t8e ?orld safe and sec-re for t8e :ntited 9tates inasm-c8 as it ?o-ld all be t8e self5 so to spea$. T8e Co$er in t8ispartic-lar dec$ ?as t8at efforts to reprod-ce some 4ersion of American societ abroad5 in order to ma$e t8e ?orldmore sec-re for Americans5 came to t8reaten t8e c-lt-res and societies of t8e co-ntries bein transformed5 ma$int8eir citiens less sec-re. T8e process t8ereb transformed t8em into t8e 4er enemies ?e feared so reatl.3n 3ran5for e)ample5 t8e 98a8Js efforts to create a Westernied societ enendered so m-c8 domestic resistance t8at not onl did it brin do?n 8isempire b-t so5 for a time5 seemed to pose a mortal t8reat to t8e American mpire based on Persian G-lf oil. 3slamic ;f-ndamentalism5= no?c8aracteried b some as t8e enem t8at ?ill replace +omm-nism5 seems to be :.9. policma$ersJ ?orst ni8tmares made real5"%alt8o-8?it8o-t t8e :nited 9tates to interfere in t8e Middle ast and else?8ere5 t8e 3slamic mo4ements mi8t ne4er 8a4e ac,-ired t8e domestic po?er

t8e no? 8a4e in t8ose co-ntries and reions t8at seem so essential to American ;sec-rit.= T8e ?as in ?8ic8 t8e framin oft8reats is infl-enced b a c8anin lobal econom is seen no?8ere more clearl t8an in recent debates o4ercompetiti4eness and ;economic sec-rit.= W8at does it mean to be competiti4e 3s a national ind-strial polic consistent ?it8 lobaleconomic liberaliation o? is t8e sec-rit compenent of t8is iss-e sociall constr-cted Be4erl +ra?ford (+8apter &< ;a?$s5 Do4es5 b-tno F?ls< T8e 'e? 9ec-rit Dilemma :nder 3nternational conomic 3nterdependence= s8o?s 8o? strateic economic interdependence aconse,-ence of t8e ro?in liberaliation of t8e lobal economic stem5 t8e increasin a4ailabilit of ad4anced tec8noloies t8ro-8commercial mar$ets5 and t8e e4er7increasin 4elocit of t8e prod-ct ccle -ndermines t8e abilit.

1*


18/44


Kritik of Econom& 'mpacts (1)

7sing economics to e#plain interstate actions presupposes economics as a neutral reflection

of reality! rather than a historical construct. The affirmatives predictions rely upon a

flawed understanding of interpersonal interactions! dooming them to failure.

@oede 200(Marie$e De5 P8D 3nternational 9t-dies5 R#e4ie? of 3nternational 9t-dies5 ol. 2/5 'o. 1 (Tan.5200!5 pp. */7/* +ambride :ni4ersit Press 8ttp>???.Cstor.or>stab1e>2FF/*!%Qirst5 t8e epistemic comm-nities approac8 8as been offered as a ?ain ?8ic8 st-dents of ?orld politics canempiricall st-d t8e role of ideas in international relationsJ.!/ 3t prioritises ?it8in 3P and 6# an in4estiation into t8e manner in ?8ic8people and instit-tions interpret and represent p8enomena and str-ct-resJ5 ?8ic8 ma$es a difference for t8e o-tcomes ?e can e)pect in international relationsJ."[T8e literat-re on epistemic comm-nities seems to offer a ?a to interate ,-estions of 4al-ation and meanin7ma$in into t8e st-d of 3P. 6o8n #-ie ar-est8at members of epistemic comm-nities s8are a dominant ?a of loo$in at social realit5 a set of s8ared smbols and references5 m-t-al e)pectations5 and am-t-al predictabilit of intentionJ."J Wit8 respect to financial politics5 #-ie 8as considered t8e post?ar Bretton Woods order as an inters-bCecti4e frame?or$ of

meanin t8at incl-ded a s8ared narrati4e abo-t t8e conditions t8at 8ad made t8ese reimes necessar and ?8at t8e intended to accomplis8J."2 A financialepistemic comm-nit5 elleiner ar-es5 in4ol4es state aencies as ?ell as pri4ate actors."! #-ie and elleiner problematiset8e imae of finance as an a-tonomo-s and predator aenc b ar-in t8at o4ernments ?ere an acti4e force in dere-lation and liberalisation of f inance capital.

et ?8en t8e concept of epistemic comm-nities is translated into a researc8 aenda5 t8e approac8 is red-ced toconsiderin t8e traditional concerns of international relations5 s-c8 as state interaction and internationalneotiation. As t8e 1//2 special iss-e of*nternational (r"ani+ation demonstrates5 t8e epistemic comm-nities aenda is limited to t8e st-d of internationalneotiations in specialist iss-e7areas5 s-c8 as n-clear arms control and en4ironmental re-lation5 ?8ere scientists are seen to pla a pri4ileed role. 3deas are

concei4ed of as self7contained entities5 ?8ic8 circ-late from societies to o4ernments5 as ?ell as from co-ntr to co-ntrJ and inform policma$in. T8eoperationalisation of ideas as independent 4ariables(as aas p-ts it allo?s t8is literat-re to ass-me a s8arp dic8otombet?een ideas and a prior -nproblematic material realit ?8ic8 s8apes and informs scientific researc8. 3deas5 in t8isar-ment5 are fi-red as no more t8an t8at ?8ic8 is not material . . . ?8ic8 can be isolated as 4ariables possessin at least some ca-sal a-tonomJ . 9imilarl to

IaffeJs ar-ments5 t8en5 t8e epistemic comm-nities approac8 maintains a dic8otom bet?een ideas and realit5 andar-es t8at a preocc-pation ?it8 t8e former forecloses a consideration of t8e latter. T8-s5 in Katenstein5 Keo8ane and KrasnerJsinterpretation5 t8e (so7called postmodern researc8 aenda5 ?8ic8 see$s to RdecentreS establis8ed disco-rse . . b pain attention to ?8at is marinal or silent..5falls clearl o-tside of t8e social science enterprise5 and in international relations researc8 it ris$s becomin self7referential and disenaed from t8e ?orld5 proteststo t8e contrar not?it8standinJ."& A similar point is made b #-ie5 ?8o ma$es a distinction bet?een meanins and br-te factsJ5 in ?8ic8 t8e latter e)ist in t8efamiliar ?orld of material capabilities and similar palpable properties5 of prei4en and fi)ed preferences5 of increases in trade restraints and depreciations of

c-rrencies and so onJ."* T8ese ar-ments o4erloo$ a bod of literat-re in t8e 8istor of science ?8ic8 in4estiates t8e?as in ?8ic8 scientific facts are c-lt-rall5 sociall and 8istoricall artic-lated and contested." T8ealso forecloset8e possibilit of considerin t8e political processes of 4al-ation t8at -nderpin t8e f-nctionin of mone andcapital5e)emplified b #-ieJs ass-mption t8at c-rrencies e)ist independentl of mental states5 beliefs5 desires5 8opes and fears."/ 3n concl-sion5 t8en5 t8eepistemic comm-nities approac8 operates ?it8 a 8i8 deree of economism5 ?8ic8 ta$es t8e economic sp8ere to

be a distinct5 independentl e)istin sp8ere of life ?8ose elements 8a4e no intrinsic political aspect and5 as s-c85can be definitel separated from t8e social5 political and leal aspects of lifeJ.%0

1


19/44



eliance on rational economic enframings of reality destroy the environment! entire

populations! and 8uality of life culminating in e#tinction.

Ahanenge B R6tte Masters \ : 9o-t8 Africa5 paper s-bmitted in part f-lfilment of t8e re,-irements for t8ederee of master of arts in t8e s-bCect De4elopment 9t-dies5 ;+FQM3'9M< TFWA#D9 3'TG#AT3'G T+F'+#'9 FQ WFM'5 PFF# PFPI A'D 'AT:# 3'TF DIFPM'TS

Generation of ?ealt8 ?as an important part of t8e 9cientific #e4ol-tion and its modem societ. T8e scientific discipline of economics t8ereforebecame a sinificant means for ?ealt8 creation. o?e4er5 since it is fo-nded on similar d-alised premises as science5 also economicsbecame a sstem of domination and e)ploitation of ?omen5 Ft8ers and nat-re. T8e follo?in disc-ssion is intended tos8o? t8at. T8e ?a in ?8ic8 economics5 ?it8 its priorit on masc-line forces5 becomes dominant relates to ?eb7li$e5 inter7connected and comple) processes5 ?8ic8 are not al?as clearl percei4ed. T8e belo? disc-ssions tr to s8o?8o? t8e d-alised priorit of t8e indi4id-al o4er societ5 reason o4er emotion5 self7interest o4er comm-nit7interest5competition o4er cooperation5 and more pairs5 enerate domination t8at leads to t8e fo-r crises of 4iolence and?ar5 po4ert5 8-man oppression and en4ironmental deradation. T8e aim in s-m is to s8o? 8o? t8e c-rrent perspecti4eof economics is destroin societ (?omen and Ft8ers and nat-re. T8e follo?in disc-ssion is conse,-entl a criti,-e ofeconomics. 3t is meant to 8i8li8t some elements t8at ma$e economics a dominant ideolo5 rat8er t8an a sstemof $no?lede. 3t adopts a feministic 4ie? and it is t8erefore seen from t8e side of ?omen5 poor people and nat-re. T8e criti,-e is e)tensi4e5

b-t not e)8a-sti4e. 3t is e)tensi4e beca-se economics is t8e sinle most important tool -sed b mainstream instit-tions for de4elopment in t8e

9o-t8. T8-s if ?e ?ant to -nderstand ?8 de4elopment does not alle4iate po4ert5 t8en ?e first need to compre8end ?8 its main instr-ment5economics5 cannot alle4iate po4ert. A critical analsis of economics and its infl-ence in de4elopment is t8erefore important as an introd-ctionto ne)t c8apter5 ?8ic8 disc-sses ecofeminism and de4elopment. o?e4er5 t8e criti,-e is not e)8a-sti4e beca-se it foc-ses onl on t8e d-alisedelements in economics. 3t is 8i8l li$el t8at t8ere are man more critical iss-es in economics5 ?8ic8 s8o-ld be analed in addition to t8e

belo? mentioned. o?e4er5 it ?o-ld e)ceed t8is scope. ac8 of t8e follo?in 10 sections disc-sses a specific iss-e in economics t8at relatesto its d-alised nat-re. T8-s5 eac8 can as s-c8 be read on its o?n. o?e4er5 all sections are sstemicall interconnected. T8erefore eac8 re7enforces t8e ot8ers and interated5 t8e are meant to s8o? t8e ?eb of masc-line forces t8at ma$e economics dominant to?ards ?omen5 Ft8ersand nat-re. T8e first t8ree sections intend to s8o? t8at economics sees itself as a ne-tral5 obCecti4e5 ,-antitati4e and -ni4ersalscience5 ?8ic8 does not need to be interated in social and nat-ral realit. T8e o-tcome of t8is is5 8o?e4er5 t8ateconomics cannot 4al-e social and en4ironmental needs. ence5 a fe? indi4id-als become 4er ric8 fromcapitalisin on free social and nat-ral reso-rces5 ?8ile t8e 8ealt8 of t8e p-blic and t8e en4ironment is deraded.3talso is s8o?n t8at t8e e)aerated foc-s on monetar ?ealt8does not increase 8-man 8appiness. 3t rat8er leads to adeterioratin ,-alit of life.T8-s5 t8e false belief in eternal economic ro?t8 ma e4ent-all destro life on planetart8.T8e ne)t section s8o?s t8at economics is based on d-alism5 ?it8 a foc-s solel on an forces. T8is 8as serio-s conse,-ences for all

in iss-es< Qor e)ample5 t8epriorit on indi4id-alism o4er comm-nit ma in its e)treme form lead to self7destr-ction.9imilarl5 t8e priorit on rationalit ?8ile e)cl-din 8-man emotions ma end in reed5 domination5 po4ert54iolence and ?ar.T8e ne)t section is important as a means to -nderstandin ;rational= economics. 3ts aim is to clarif t8e psc8oloicalmeanin of mone. 3n realit5 reason and emotion are interrelated parts of t8e 8-man mind t8e cannot be separated. T8-s5 economic;rationalit= and its foc-s on eternal ?ealt8 eneration are based on personal emotions li$e fears and inade,-acies5rat8er t8an reason . T8e false belief in d-alism means t8at 8-man beins are lin to t8emsel4es5 ?8ic8 res-lts indist-rbed minds5 st-pid actions ?it8 disastro-s conse,-ences.T8e foc-s on masc-line forces is conse,-entl psc8oloicall-n8ealt8 it leads to domination of societ and nat-re5 and ?ill e4ent-all destro t8e ?orld.

1/


20/44



7nrestrained capitalism leads to e#tinction

arman! ,--B(+8ris5 ditor of t8e 9ocialst Wor$er5 conomics of t8e mad8o-se5 P /071T8e sstem ma 8a4e entered a ne? p8ase. B-t t8e ?a it operates is not ne?. 3t is5 in its essentials e)actl t8e ?a described b Mar) T8eonl sense in ?8ic8 Mar) is ;o-tdated= is not t8at t8e sstem is more rational t8an 8e t8o-8t b-t rat8er 8is pict-re -nderstates t8e

destr-cti4eness of t8e sstem. +apitalists do not merel battle aainst eac8 ot8er on t8e mar$ets. T8e also -se t8e stateto force ri4al capitalists to accept t8eir dictates5 s-pplementin economic competition ?it8 displas of militarpro?ess. American capitalism see$s to pers-ade -ropean and 6apanese capitalism to accept its dictates b pro4in t8at it alone 8as t8epo?er to ?ae ?ar in t8e 4ital oil ric8 reions of t8e middle east 3ranian and T-r$is8 capitalists rel on t8e 8elp of t8eir states as t8e compete?it8 eac8 ot8er for infl-ence and contracts in t8e so-t8ern belt of t8e former :99# T-r$is8 and Gree$ capitalists enco-rae a mini7arms raceas eac8 see$s to establis8 a dominate role in t8e Bal$an co-ntries once controlled b #-ssia German bac$s +roatia5 t8e :9 bac$s BosnianM-slims5 and Greece bac$s t8e 9erbs to t8e 8orrific ?ars in t8e former -osla4ia t8e #-ssian militar ?ae 4icio-s ?ars to 8an onto 4italoil pipelines t8ro-8 +8ec8na and in t8e TadCi$ rep-blic borderin Af8anistan +8ina t8e P8ilippines5 Malasia and ietnam clas8 o4ercontrol of t8e oil reser4es t8o-8t to lie close to t8e -nin8abited islands in t8e +8ina 9ea 3srael tries to car4e pt o-t from economicinfl-ence in t8e Arabian penins-la. T8e res-lt is t8at at an point in time t8ere are 8alf a doen ?ars or ci4il ?ars -sint8e most 8orrendo-s forms for ;con4entional= ?eaponr in one part of t8e ?orld or anot8er. Alonside t8esla-8ter and de4astation afflictin e4er ?ider sections of 8-manit is anot8er t8reat to -s all ?8ic8 is 8ardl 4isible inMar)Js time7 t8e t8reat of destr-ction of t8e en4ironment ?e depend on to s-r4i4e. Mar) and nels ?ere f-ll a?are t8at t8emad dri4e to capital acc-m-lation led to poll-tion5 t8e poisonin of t8e ro-nd and air5 t8e ad-lteration of foodst-ffs and t8e spread of 8orrificepidemics. nels ?rote 4i4idl of t8ese t8ins in 8is boo$ Anti7d-8rin. B-t t8e li4ed in a time ?8en capitalist ind-str ?as confined to

relati4el small areas of t8e lobe and t8e de4astation ?as local de4astation5 affectin c8iefl t8e ?or$ers emploed in a partic-lar factor5 millor minin 4illae. Toda capitalist ind-str operates on a lobal scale and its impact is on t8e lobal en4ironment7 as is s8o?n b t8e ?a in?8ic8 radioacti4e clo-ds o4er +8ernobl spread across t8e ?8ole of -rope5 b t8e ?a in ?8ic8 t8e seas are bein fis8ed clean of fis85 b t8edamae to t8e oone laer b t8e ases -sed in aerosols and refrierators. Abo4e all t8ere is t8e t8reat of t8e reen8o-seJ ases destabiliint8e ?8ole ?orldJs climate5 floodin lo? lin co-ntries t-rnin fertile reions into desert

nd! capitalism destroys the environment and is the root cause of oppression

3atin merica )olidarity ???.lasolidarit.or>papers>en4iro.8tm

T8e lobaliation of capital and t8e inter?ea4in of financial and o4ernmental instit-tions 8a4e opened t8e floodates for e4en reater destr-ction of ecosstems (ecocide and t8e anni8ilation of traditional peoples5 c-lt-res and 4al-es(enocide ?8ile ?ain a ?ar on t8e poor5 ?oman and ?or$ers. 3n t8is position paper ?e belie4e t8at t8ose ?8o read t8is are disill-sioned?it8 t8e c-rrent condition of life on eart8< lobal forest destr-ction5 increased mono7c-lt-re timber plantations5 oone laerdepletion5 militarism5 cons-merism5 e)tinction of species5 -tter collapse of life s-pport sstems5 racism5 air5 ?ater and

food poll-tion5 c8emical ?arfare5 enetic enineerin5 s?eats8ops5 se)ism5 fascism and nationalism5 ab8orrentcorporate m-ltinationalism5 ind-strialism and brea$do?n of comm-nit. All of t8ese are e)acerbated b t8e ne?estideolo of capitalism< neoliberalism. T8e neoliberalist ideolo leitimates corporate control5 proposin a freelobal mar$et5 ?8ose sole concern is profit and ?8ose primar 8indrances are social desires and en4ironmentalconser4ation. 4ident in t8e socio7ecoloical conse,-ences are areements li$e t8e 'ort8 American Qree Trade Areement ('AQTA5 t8eGeneral Areement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT5 t8e World Ban$ (WB5 t8e c-rrent proposed Qree Trade Area of t8e Americas (QTAA5 and

bodies s-c8 as t8e World Trade Franiation (WTF5 t8e 3nternational Monetar Q-nd (3MQ5 and t8e 3nter7American De4elopment Ban$(3DB. 'eoliberalism f-rt8er f-els an elite to control t8e eart8 and all of its in8abitants5 leadin to desperation5 deradation and s-fferin.

20


21/44


Kritik of Econom& 'mpacts (#)

postcolonial.or>inde).p8p>pct>article>4ie?Article>"/1>1*"

Qor GedalofJs st-d5 t8e material coordinates of oppression are secondar to t8e ;concept-al space ?8ere t8e social and t8e self meet ] ?it8inpartic-lar disco-rses of ender5 race5 national and class identities= (2. er foc-s is on ;narrati4es= and ;disco-rses= and s8es-bscribes to a Qo-ca-ldian -nderstandin of po?er as ;not C-st a pri4ilee possessed b a dominant ro-p it is rat8er e)ercised b andt8ro-8 -s all5 sit-ated as ?e are in m-ltiple net?or$s of nonealitarian and mobile relationsJ= (1/. T8is form-lation effecti4el Cettisonst8e primac of social str-ct-res and class antaonism and instead eneralies po?er as somet8in omnipresent5e,-atin t8e e)pression of a sstem of ideas ?it8 t8e e)ercise of social domination.R&S 3t t8-s 8as m-c8 in common ?it8t8e post7Alt8-sserian ;reCection of economism and ] reprioritiation of ideolo= and disposal of ;Alt8-sserJs rat8er neb-lo-s b-t necessaraffirmation of t8e primac of t8e material in t8e last instanceJ in fa4or of a conception of ideolo as absol-tel a-tonomo-s= (Brenner 1271!. T8e problem

Kritik of DA Impacts

Documents

Transcript of Kritik of DA Impacts