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Krisztinaváros

ContentsArticles

Krisztina Téri Iskola 1Krisztinaváros 6Tabán 9Naphegy 11Gellérthegy 15Buda Castle 17

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 25Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 26

Article LicensesLicense 28

Krisztina Téri Iskola 1

Krisztina Téri IskolaKrisztina Téri Iskola a 220 years old historic school in the I. district of Budapest, Krisztinaváros, Hungary (in2007).

School building in 1883 to the right from the church

"The school started after vintage in 1787".(historic document [1] Hofecker, Ferencz 1887)

History

Krisztina tér around 1872. First school buildingfrom 1772 on the right side of the church

1783 Krisztinaváros quarter had 730 inhabitants. By such a number ofinhabitants the authority of Buda city found it necessary to provide fora school, in 1787 "after the vintage it started tbe norma1 education".(Quotation by Ferencz Hofecker 1887).

The first school bui1ding was a pub building on the site of present 1–3Gellérthegy Street. The first teacher of Krisztinaváros was FerencZonner. The school had been running in this building until l810.

1810 The school was moved into a new building built in 1772 on thesite of the present 63. Krisztina Boulevard.

1883 The present building was built on the ground enlarged towardsthe church. In 1883 education started in the school building which is still existing.

1887 The one hundredth anniversary of the school. Ferencz Hofecker 1887, Budapest Hundred-year-old History ofthe school of Krisztinaváros.1945 In January 1945 the Tabán school in the Czakó Street was destroyed by a bomb. The inhabitants of Naphegyattended the school on Krisztina Square."… we placed our cannons in firing position on the highest part of Tabán, the Czakó Street was right behind us . … The troops took cover in the uninhabited villas in Czakó Street and" put our unlucky, exhausted horses into the garden. … We placed our observation post a little bit lower, into the school Tabán. … my commander told me he would replace the observation post to the house number 2 in Hegyalja Street because the school was striking too much, it could be bombed. He told us we would shoot the northern corner of the Margaret island over the castle area during the crossing trial of the Soviets. … In the meantime we learned that the school of Tabán, where we had our previous observation post, was hit by a chain-bomb, everybody died in the cellar. The Russians haven't got such large bombs, so it was clear tc that the attack was executed by the Eng1ish." (history, see also Naphegy, Taban,

Krisztina Téri Iskola 2

Krisztinaváros)Between 1945 and 1958 instead of the demolished Tabán school, the inhabitants of Naphegy attended the school onKrisztina Square. In August 1958 the school in Lisznyai Street was completed on Naphegy, right near the formerTabán school.1955 The outside renovation of the main facade of the building on Krisztina Square, the remains of the war, 1945disappear.

Soccer team Krisztina Téri Iskola on MargaretIsland 1955

1958 Larger modifications inside the building on Krisztina Square.1958 In August 1958 the construction of the school in Lisznyai Streetwas completed. The inhabitants of Naphegy got an own school. [2]

The education in Lisznyai began in September 1958 with 7 c1asses ofelementary school and c1asses of secondary school.1970 – Central heating was laid into the school on Krisztina Square.The laboratories of Biology, Geology and practical teaching wereformed.

1987 – The two hundredth anniversary of the school. The album of thetwo hundredth anniversary 1787–1987, Mária Ákosné Jobbheadmaster.

1993 – Szent Gellért school, founded by the perish of Krisztinavárosi Havasboldogasszony.1997 – The elementary school of eight c1asses was enlarged with a secondary school of four c1asses.2007 – The 220th anniversary of the school. The beginning of the Wikipédia website of the school on 2 January2007.

1887–1987

100 yearsanniversary 1887(Hungarian)[1]

around 1958 200 yearsanniversary 1987(Hungarian) [3]

Alumni• Széchényi prize March 15. 2007 hungarian [4] and Wikipedia .hu• 2 fellows of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and professors on Budapest University of Technology and

Economics• Professor at Eötvös Loránd University• Director of German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg• 2 directors on research institutes of Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Krisztina Téri Iskola 3

In the middle of the last century (1950)

1950/51 I. a / Dr. KoczabFrigyesné

1951/52 II. a 1952/53 III. a / Kocsis Editmore than 30 years in this

school

1953/54 IV. a

On the picture 1951/52 the traces of World War II, 1945. Renew first in 1955, 10 years after war.

1954/55 V. a 1955/56 VI. a 1956/57 VII. a - NagyLajosné, around 1960 to

the school Naphegy,Lisznyai utca

1957/58 VIII. a -Schoolboys started

exactly in the middle ofthe last century, in 1950

classmates in Hungary 1955; living in threedifferent countries in 2007 (from the left): 1.

Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center, 2.Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 3.

Sao-Paulo, Brasil, 4. Munich, Germany

Krisztina Téri Iskola 4

Photographs today

Szent Gellért Katolikus Általános Iskola ésGimnázium

Front side with 200 years memorial

200 years history

200 years of history (1787–1987).

Staircase chapell school room today, 2007

Krisztina Téri Iskola 5

Literature• Hofecker Ferencz 1887, Budapest Krisztinavárosi Iskola Százéves Története (120 years old book, Hungarian)[1]• Emlékkönyv a 200. éves èvfordulóra 1787 - 1987, Ákosné Jobb Mária igazgató (Hungarian) [3]

External links• Meyers Lexikon — Krisztinaváros 1905 [5]

• A Krisztinaváros és a Philadelphia, SALY NOÉMI [6]

• Digitális képarchívum [7]

• Szent Gellért Katolikus Általános Iskola és Gimnázium [8]

Location on Google Maps• Krisztina tér, near to Krisztina Church [9]

• Near View [10]

References[1] http:/ / picasaweb. google. com/ dbforum01/ KrisztinavarosIskola100Eves[2] http:/ / www. lisznyai. hu/[3] http:/ / picasaweb. google. com/ dbforum01/ KrisztinavarosiIskola200Eves[4] http:/ / www. sztaki. hu/ hir/ ket_ujabb_szechenyi_dij_a_sztaki_ban/ ?no_cache=1& cHash=d1551acd93[5] http:/ / www. flickr. com/ photos/ dbforum/ 310883508/[6] http:/ / www. bparchiv. hu/ magyar/ kiadvany/ bpn/ 12_13/ phila. html[7] http:/ / database. fszek. hu:2006/ ftopt/ ft0301. htm?v=fototar& a=start& a1=[8] http:/ / sztg. info/ suli/ index. htm[9] http:/ / maps. google. de/ maps?ie=UTF8& om=1& z=17& ll=47. 496328,19. 033256& spn=0. 004617,0. 010042& t=h[10] http:/ / maps. google. de/ maps?ie=UTF8& om=1& z=18& ll=47. 496952,19. 031754& spn=0. 002309,0. 005021& t=h

Krisztinaváros 6

Krisztinaváros

Church and School building around 1883

Church around 2000, view from Castle Hill

Krisztinaváros (German: Christinenstadt) is a neighbourhood incentral Budapest, situated just west of Castle Hill, north of Tabán. It isnamed after Archduchess Maria Christina, daughter of Maria Theresa,who interceded for buildings to be erected in this area. The history ofKrisztinaváros is inseparable from that of the neighboring old Tabán,Naphegy and Gellérthegy.

The central features are Krisztina tér and the entrance to the Castle Hilltunnel. It is also home to the Tabán Cinema [1], a small cinema thatpresents art films and documentaries. (Despite its name, this cinemabelongs to Krisztinaváros, not Tabán.)

Maps

• Neighbourhood on Google Map (streets): [2] The center ofKrisztinaváros is Krisztina Tér, Krisztina Körút

• near view, Krisztina Téri Church with old, 220 years school: [10]

historic map, Krisztinaváros 1905, old Krisztinaváros Cemetery, today an oldchesnut-park (Gesztenyés), hotel and modern technology center (Mom park)

• historic Map 1905• old Krisztinaváros Cemetery, today an old

chesnut-park (Gesztenyés), hotel and moderntechnology center (Mom park)

History

1787 Krisztina Téri Iskola a 220 years oldhistoric school in the I. district of Budapest,Krisztinaváros, Hungary (in 2007). "The schoolstarted after vintage in 1787". (historic document[1] Hofecker, Ferencz 1887)

historic Coffeehouses and Restaurants

• Philadelphia Kávéház• Source: [6]Text to translate: historic coffeehouses on Talk:Krisztinaváros

Krisztinaváros 7

People

Vilmos Aba Novák painter-s home Budapest, Zsoltutca 7

Géza Ottlik Ottlik Géza, Attila út 45.

Szabó Dezsõ, Horvátkert, A Krisztinaváros és aPhiladelphia, SALY NOÉMI [6].

Sándor Márai in Budapest, Krisztinaváros

• Sándor Márai (originally Sándor Károly Henrik Grosschmiedde Mára) (April 11, 1900 – February 22, 1989) was aHungarian writer and journalist.

Krisztinaváros 8

Statue of Sándor Máraiin Budapest Mikó utca,

Krisztinaváros

Márai‘s memorial on his former home in Krisztinaváros

Sources• historic document 1887 [1] Hofecker, Ferencz• A Krisztinaváros és a Philadelphia, SALY NOÉMI [6]Geographical coordinates: 47°29′48″N 19°1′55″E

References[1] http:/ / www. artmozi. hu/[2] http:/ / maps. google. de/ maps?ie=UTF8& om=1& z=16& ll=47. 496198,19. 03317& spn=0. 009235,0. 020084& t=h

Tabán 9

TabánTabán usually refers to an area within the 11th district (Újbuda) of Budapest, the capital of Hungary. It lies on theBuda (i.e. Western) side of the Danube, to the south of György Dózsa Square, on the northern side of ElisabethBridge and to the east of Naphegy. Outside of Budapest, several other Hungarian cities and towns also have districtscalled Tabán.

Maps

Naphegy and Tabán in Budapest. MeyersLexikon (1905)

• Meyers Lexikon (1905) on the right:• Google-Maps Satellite [1] - streets on the Map:

• Kereszt Street was the center of old Tabán.• near Naphegy Street and Kereszt Street Memorial 1956

Hungarian Revolution• near Hadnagy Street Rácz fürdő.• near Apród Street museum: Semmelweiss Orvostöténeti

Múzeum.

History

Tabán after its demolition in the 1930s

Tabán mid 1800s

The Tabán has been inhabited sinceNeolithic times, due to its location in aprotected valley, the thermal waters atthe bottom of the Gellért Hill and theford over the Danube. In the Iron Age,it was inhabited by a tribe of Celts,who were replaced by the Romans inthe 1st Century BC.

In the Middle Ages, the Tabán was avillage right under the Buda Castle.The Turks developed the thermalmedicinal baths in the area and broughtimmigrants from the Balkans. Thepopulation increased after theliberation of Hungary from the Turksas refugees came from Greece, Bosniaand Serbia. The Franciscans fromBosnia established the parish church inthe 17th Century which still existstoday and the Orthodox inhabitantsestablished their own parish. In the 18th Century, the town was inhabited by Serbs, Greeks, Vlachs, Germans,Croats, Slovaks and Gypsies.

Tabán 10

In the 19th Century, the Tabán became known as a Bohemian quarter of Budapest with many restaurants, bars andbordellos. Its narrow streets on the hillsides echoed a Mediterranean atmosphere.In the 1930s, the Tabán was demolished in order to facilitate urban planning in Budapest. Today, it is a park verypopular with the population of the capital.The history of Tabán is inseparable from that of the neighboring Naphegy and Gellérthegy districts. After the 1930urban planning in Budapest, only a few old Tabán houses were left in the Naphegy district; one of them was theTabán school, which was destroyed in January 1945, during the battle of Budapest. Today a sports field can be foundwhere the school once stood. The only original streets remaining are Orom Street in Gellérthegy and Tabán CzakóStreet in Naphegy.

Tabán-s historic places 1945 - 2003

The old Tabán school was here, today sports field Naphegy near CzakóStreet

The last Tabán house; Czakó Street–Aladár Street in 2003

Tabán in literatureThe poet Dezső Kosztolányi wrote:"Köröttem - esõs akvarell - Tabán.Nyugodt lennék itt s boldog is talán..."

"I crossed Tabán - a rainy watercolour.I would be at peace here and maybe happy too..."

Tabán park today

2003 - 2004

Tabán Springtime 2003 May 1. 2003 Memorial 1956 - 1956Hungarian Revolution

Playground, Naphegyutca - Hadnagy utca

Tabán 11

SightsIts major sights include• Rác Thermal Baths (opening 2010)• Rudas Medicinal Baths

Sources• Budapest Lexikon (Second edition, revised and expanded). 2 volumes. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1993.• Narodni Kalendar 1990, Aqua Kiadó és Nyomda, Budapest, 1990.• Antal Szerb: Budapesti kalauz Marslakók számára (A Guide to Budapest for Martians)

See alsoThe following are near Tabán:• Gellert Hill• Naphegy• Krisztinaváros• Buda CastleGeographical coordinates: 47°29′30″N 19°2′19″E

References[1] http:/ / maps. google. de/ maps?ie=UTF8& om=1& z=17& ll=47. 491667,19. 040766& spn=0. 004821,0. 009559& t=h

Naphegy

Panorama of Naphegy and Buda Castle from Gellért Hill.

Naphegy (German: Sonnenberg,meaning "Sun Hill") is a hill andneighbourhood in Budapest, Hungary.It is part of Krisztinaváros andadministratively belongs to the 1stDistrict.

Naphegy 12

LocationNaphegy is rising south of the center of Krisztinaváros, between Gellérthegy and Tabán. Its boundaries are Hegyaljaút, Naphegy utca, Gellérthegy utca and Mészáros utca.The highest point (154 m) is on Naphegy tér (Naphegy Circus).

Naphegy and Tabán in 1905.

History

The history of Naphegy is inseparable from that of the neighboringTabán and Gellérthegy. In the Middle Ages the hill was calledNyárshegy ("Stake Hill"), probably referring to its function as ascaffold. (The name is preserved in the name of today's Nyárs Street,where the traitor Lieutenant Conrad Fink – who, during the 1686 siegeof Buda, planned to surrender the Castle of Buda to the Pasha ofFehérvár – was executed in 1687.)

In 1686 Buda was freed from the Turks. Naphegy played a vital role inthis: from the hill the castle walls could be kept under incessant

cannonfire. In the 17th–18th centuries newly settled Serbs resurrected viticulture in the area. (The fyloxera epidemicof the 1880s brought vinegrowing to the end.) The slopes of the hill remained unbuilt for centuries. A map byBenedict J. from 1896 shows the hill still unbuilt at that time.

On a map from 1885 five streets of Naphegy are mentioned: Mészáros (Butcher), Gellérthegy ("Gellért Hill"),Naphegy, Lisznyai and Czakó Streets. The area bordered by these streets was still unbuilt. The immediatesurroundings of today's Naphegy tér were still empty according to the Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, published in1905, but the Révai Lexicon published between 1910–1914 shows the whole area built up. Most of the buildings onNaphegy today were built between 1910–1939.The history of Naphegy is inseparable from that of the neighboring Tabán district. After the 1930 urban planning inBudapest, only a few old Tabán houses were left in the Naphegy area; one of them was the Tabán school, destroyedduring the battle of Budapest, January 1945. Today a sports field is found where once the school had been.The events of World War II in this area can be followed from the diaries and memoirs of its inhabitants. LászlóDeseő, who was 15 years old in 1944, lived in 32 Mészáros Street with his family. This was one of the most heavilyattacked areas because of its proximity to the Southern Railway Station and the strategical importance of the hill.Deseő kept a diary throughout the siege.[1] The memoirs of András Németh also describe the siege and the bombingof the empty school building which he and his fellow soldiers used as an observation post shortly before.[2]

After 1945 the pupils from Naphegy attended the Krisztina Téri Iskola (Christina Square Grade School), while thenew school in Lisznyai Street was under construction. In 1953 the MTI (Hungarian News Agency) moved to its newheadquarters atop Naphegy.One of the houses typical of old Tabán can be seen on the corner of Czakó and Aladár Streets. Before 1953 there wasa similar house in place of today's Lisznyai Street School.Duna TV, the first satellite TV channel of Hungary began broadcasting on December 24, 1992. Originally based inthe Róna Street building of Mafilm, the staff moved to the Mészáros Street of Naphegy in 1994.

Naphegy 13

Plaque to Margit Kaffka, Naphegy street 15.

Famous people

See also the related Category:People from Buda.• János Fadrusz, sculptor (built his villa and study on the south slopes of

the hill)• Péter Gárdos, journalist (a memorial plaque of him is placed on the wall

of the Naphegy Square building of MTI Hungarian News Agency)• Margit Kaffka, writer (lived in 15 Naphegy Street from July 1915 to her

death in December 1918)• Józsi Jenő Tersánszky (lived in 9 Avar Street)• Endre Vészi (lived in Angelikaváros)

Vilmos Aba Novák painter-s home Budapest,Zsolt utca 7.

Institutions

• Magyar Távirati Iroda (Hungarian News Agency, MTI)• Duna Televízió• Lisznyai Street School

List of streets and squares in Naphegy

• Aladár Street • Naphegy Square 47°29′35″N 19°01′57″E• Ág Street • Naphegy Street• Czakó Street • Nyárs Street• Derék Street • Orvos Street• Dezső Street • Párduc Street• Fenyő Street • Piroska Street• Fém Street • Róka Street• Galeotti Street • Tibor Street• Gellérthegy Street • Tigris Street• Lisznyai Street • Zsolt Street

Naphegy 14

Sources[1] Deseő László naplója (http:/ / www. rev. hu/ html/ hu/ tanulmanyok/ 1945elott/ bpostroma. htm) (Hungarian)[2] Németh András – Mostohafiak (http:/ / mek. oszk. hu/ 02800/ 02801/ 02801. htm#7) (Hungarian)

• Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1905(http:/ / lexikon. meyers. de/ index. php/ Meyers-Meyers_Lexikon_online)• Révai Lexicon 1910• Élet és Tudomány – Szablyár Péter: A Nap-hegy (http:/ / www. eletestudomany. hu/ hirek/ 622. html) text in

Hungarian, with rare old maps of Naphegy

External links• Tabáni Hírmondó – news in Hungarian (http:/ / taban. sda. bme. hu/ tabanihirmondo/ )• Tabán homepage (http:/ / taban. sda. bme. hu/ )

Pictures and maps• Photo archive (http:/ / database. fszek. hu:2006/ ftopt/ ft0301. htm?v=fototar& a=start& a1=)

Institutions• museum, Tabán Museum (http:/ / taban. sda. bme. hu/ tabanimuzeum/ index. htm)• museum, Semmelweis Museum of Medicine (http:/ / www. semmelweis. museum. hu/ index. html)• Lisznyai Street Grade School (http:/ / wcs. oisz. hu/ ?p1166/ lhu)• Lisznyai Street Grade School (http:/ / www. lisznyai. hu/ )Geographical coordinates: 47°29′35″N 19°01′55″E

Gellérthegy 15

Gellérthegy

View from the Gellért Hill.

The Citadel.

Gellért Hill (Hungarian: Gellért-hegy; German:Blocksberg; Latin: Mons Sancti Gerhardi; Turkish:Gürz Elyas bayiri) is a 235 m (771 ft) high hilloverlooking the Danube in Budapest, Hungary. It ispart of the 1st and 11th Districts. Gellért Hill wasnamed after Saint Gerard who was thrown to deathfrom the hill. The famous Hotel Gellért and the GellértBaths can be found in Gellért Square at the foot of thehill, next to Liberty Bridge. The Gellért Hill Cave islocated within the hill, facing toward Hotel Gellért andthe Danube River.

At the top of the hill is the Citadella (Citadel), fromwhich a view is available down both directions of theDanube.

Name

The first recorded names of the hill in the Middle Ageswere Kelen-hegy, Pesti-hegy and Blocksberg. It wascalled Szent Gellért hegye (lit. the hill of St. Gerard)from the 15th century onwards, referring to the legendabout the death of St. Gerard. The saintly bishop waskilled by the pagans during the great pagan rebellion in1046. He was put in a barrel and rolled down into thedeep from the top of the hill.

The former name, Pesti-hegy (Latin: Mons Pestiensis)referred the large cave (now Gellért Hill Cave) in the hillside. The word is of Slavic origin and means oven orcave.[1]

The Ottoman Turks called the hill Gürz Elyas bayiri.[2] Gürz Elyas was a holy man from the Bektashi order whoseshrine and grave on top of the hill was a place of pilgrimage in the 17th century.[3]

Naphegy and Tabán in Budapest 1905 MeyersLexikon

History

In the 18th century the hillsides of Gellért Hill were covered withvineyards. The Tabán district at the foot of the hill was an importantcentre of wine-making in Buda. According to the 1789 land registervineyards covered 128 hectares (316 ac) on the hill (only 7.62 hectaresor 18.8 ac were used as pastures). [4]

In the 18th century a small calvary was built on the top of the hillwhich was rebuilt around 1820. On Easter Mondays a processionclimbed the steep road leading to the calvary to celebrate the

Gellérthegy 16

resurrection of Christ. Many tents and vendors were erected on the nearby meadow. The emmausjárás(Emmaus-walk) or tojásbúcsú (egg feast) was one of the most popular Catholic holidays of the year during the18th–19th centuries.[5]

The Citadel was built after the 1848–49 Hungarian uprising by the ruling Habsburg Austrians, as it was a prime,strategic site for shelling both Buda and Pest in the event of a future revolt.Gellért Hill also saw action in the Second World War and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, when Soviet tanks fireddown into the city from the hill. Indeed, battle scars still pockmark some buildings in Budapest. There is a smallmilitary museum in the Citadel’s grounds. At the end of Citadella is the Liberty Statue (Szabadság Szobor inHungarian), a large monument erected by the Soviet Red Army to commemorate their victory in World War II.

TodayNow an affluent residential area, a number of embassies and ambassadorial residences line the streets which wind upthe hill. Since 1987, the area is listed as a world heritage site as part of "the Banks of the Danube".A large proportion of the hill consists of parkland. Bats and hedgehogs are commonly observed on summer nights.In January 2007 a new cave was discovered under Gellért Hill during a private construction. The cave is 60 m longand 18 m deep with 3 rooms. The interior is covered with dazzling white crystals composed of gypsum, calcite andaragonite. The cave was created 300,000–500,000 years ago by a now disappeared thermal spring. The crystal cavewas immediately placed under legal protection.[6]

See also• Naphegy• Tabán• Gellért Hill Calvary

Notes[1] A Rend külföldön (http:/ / www. palosrend. hu/ szikla/ szikla. htm)[2] http:/ / geo. organic. hu/ index. php?option=com_docman& task=doc_view& gid=37[3] MN Magyar Nemzet (http:/ / www. mno. hu/ portal/ 81309)[4] Eltűnt budai szőlők nyomában, in: Borbarát, 2007/3, p. 52[5] Népszabadság Online: A vén Gellért-hegy oldalán… (http:/ / nol. hu/ cikk/ 79615/ )[6] Index - Új barlangot találtak a Gellért-hegy alatt (http:/ / index. hu/ tech/ tudomany/ ujbarl0214/ )

External links• Gellérthegy a Vendégvárón (http:/ / www. vendegvaro. hu/ 6-3133)• www.Gellerthegy.hu (Budapesti XI district homepage) (http:/ / www. gellerthegy. hu/ )• Map (http:/ / korlat. bmknet. hu/ vakbarat/ gellerthegy/ terkep_nagy. gif)• Google (http:/ / maps. google. com/ maps?ll=47. 486644,19. 046742& spn=0. 007907,0. 010664& t=k& hl=en)• Panoramic Virtual Tour (http:/ / www. 360travelguide. com/ 360VirtualTour. asp?iCode=bud06)Geographical coordinates: 47°29′11″N 19°02′45″E

Buda Castle 17

Buda Castle

Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda CastleQuarter and Andrássy Avenue*

UNESCO World Heritage Site

State Party  Hungary

Type Cultural

Criteria ii, iv

Reference 400 [1]

Region** Europe and North America

Inscription historyInscription 1987  (11th Session)

Extensions 2002

* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. [2]

** Region as classified by UNESCO. [3]

Buda Castle (Hungarian: Budai Vár, Turkish: Budin Kalesi, Slovak: Budínsky hrad) is the historical castle complexof the Hungarian kings in Budapest, Hungary, first completed in 1265. In the past, it was also called Royal Palace(Hungarian: Királyi-palota) and Royal Castle (Hungarian: Királyi Vár).Buda Castle was built on the southern tip of Castle Hill, surrounded by what is known as the Castle District (Hun:Várnegyed), famous for its Medieval, Baroque and 19th century living quarters and public buildings. It is linked toAdam Clark Square and the Széchenyi Chain Bridge by the Castle Hill Funicular.Buda Castle is part of the Budapest World Heritage Site[4] , declared in 1987.

Buda Castle 18

Maps• near view Castle: [5]

HistoryThe first royal residence on the Castle Hill was built by King Béla IV between 1247 and 1265[6] .

Buda Castle during the Middle Ages. From the Chronicles of Hartmann Schedel

The oldest part of the present-daypalace was built in the 14th century byPrince Stephen, Duke of Slavonia[7] ,the younger brother of King Louis I ofHungary. The Gothic palace of KingLouis I was arranged around a narrowcourtyard next to Stephen's Tower.

King Sigismund of Hungary greatlyenlarged the palace. During his longreign it became probably the largestGothic palace of the late Middle Ages.

Buda was also an important artistic centre of the International Gothic style.

The last phase of grand-scale building activity happened under King Matthias Corvinus, when Italian humanists,artists and craftsmen arrived at Buda. The Hungarian capital became the first centre of Renaissance north of theAlps.

After the Battle of Mohács the medieval Kingdom of Hungary collapsed. On 29 August 1541 Buda was occupiedagain by the Ottomans without any resistance. The Hungarian capital became part of the Ottoman Empire as the seatof the Eyalet of Budin.The new Ottoman government left the palace decaying. It was partially used as barracks, a storage place and stables,otherwise it stood empty.The medieval palace was destroyed in the great siege of 1686 when Buda was captured by the allied Christian forces.In the heavy artillery bombardment many buildings collapsed and burned out.In 1715 King Charles III ordered the demolition of the ruins. Luckily the southern fortifications, zwingers and roomswere only buried under tons of rubbish and earth.In 1715 a small Baroque palace was built which is identical with the core of the present-day palace.

Buda Castle 19

The Hillebrandt-façade of the cour d'honneur

In 1748 Count Antal Grassalkovich, President of the HungarianChamber appealed to the public to finish the derelict palace by meansof public subscription. The new Royal Palace became the symbol ofpeace and friendship between the Habsburg dynasty and the nation.

The plans of the splendid, U-shaped Baroque palace with a courd'honneur were drawn by Jean Nicolas Jadot, chief architect of theViennese court. They were later modified by his successor, NicolausPacassi. The foundation stone of the palace was laid on 13 May 1749.In 1769 the palace was finished.

In 1791 the palace became the residence of the Habsburg Palatines ofthe Kingdom of Hungary. The palatinal court in Buda Castle was thecentre of fashionable life and high society in the Hungarian capital.

On 4 May 1849 the Hungarian revolutionary army of Artúr Görgeylaid siege on Buda Castle. The Hungarians captured Buda with a greatassault, but the palace completely burned out.

The palace was soon rebuilt between 1850 and 1856. Later in 1867after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Franz Joseph was crowned to the king of Hungary. The palaceplayed an important part in the lavish ceremony, symbolizing peace between the dynasty and the nation.

In the last decades of the 19th century the autonomous Hungarian government intended to create a royal palace thatmatches any famous European royal residence. The process of rebuilding lasted about forty years between 1875 and1912, and caused sweeping changes in topography of the whole area.The new Royal Palace, designed by Alajos Hauszmann, was officially inaugurated in 1912. Contemporary criticspraised it as the most outstanding Hungarian building of the turn of the century. Indeed it was a magnificentGesamtkunstwerk of architecture, sculpture, applied arts and gardening.After the 1918 revolution and the dethronization of the Habsburg dynasty the Royal Palace became the seat of thenew regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, Miklós HorthyBuda Castle was the last major strongpoint of Budapest held by Axis forces during the siege of Budapest between 29December 1944 and 13 February 1945. Heavy fights and artillery fire rendered the palace once again into a heap ofruins.

Aerial view of the Castle

Immediately after the war archeologicalresearch was begun to unearth the remainsof the medieval castle. It came out thatimportant parts of the former Sigismund andMatthias palace survived under the thicklevel of earth fill.The grand-scale reconstruction of themedieval fortifications substantiallychanged the cityscape of Budapest. It isconsidered a highly successful project whichmanaged to reconcile historical authenticitywith urban planning demands.

Buda Castle 20

Buda Castle by night

The fate of the ruined Neo-Baroque palacewas different. The new Communistgovernment of Hungary considered theRoyal Palace a symbol of the former regime.During the 1950s the palace was gutted andall the interiors were destroyed. Importantexterior details were also demolished. BudaCastle became a cultural centre with threemuseums and the home of the NationalSzéchényi Library.

The modernist dome was designed by LajosHidasi in 1961. The palace was rebuilt by1966 but the interior spaces were completedonly in the 1980s.

West side of the Castle

In March 2006 the National Office ofCultural Heritage finalized the long termdevelopment plan of Buda Castle. Assertingthat the modernization in 1952-66 causedirreversible damage they proposed thepartial reconstruction of the outer façadesincluding the dome and the Habsburg Steps.[8] There is no decision about the realizationof the management plan.

In 2008 the building of an undergroundgarage for 700 cars was began by aninternational consortium under the formerCsikós Court. The developer was grantedpermission to demolish a 4,5 m long sectionof the 15th century castle wall. The

agreement was criticized by archeologists and the public alike but the demolition was carried out. [9] Previously thewhole area was excavated by archeologists. The garage project was suspended at the end of 2008 due to financialdifficulties leaving a big hole on the side of Castle Hill.

Buda Castle 21

Interiors

Church

Garden

The lavishly decorated interiors of the palace were all destroyedduring WW2 and the post-war reconstruction (except the PalatinalCrypt). There is very little data about the interiors of the medievaland Baroque era. The Hauszmann palace was meticulouslyrecorded with detailed descriptions, photographic documentationand groundplans. Hauszmann himself said about the royalapartments: "I created a 200 m long series of rooms, longer thanany similar royal apartments in continental Europe exceptVersailles." The most important rooms were as follows:

Ballroom (ca. 1894)

• Ballroom (Nagyterem) - The Ballroom on the first floor of theBaroque wing had several layers of Baroque decoration fromthe second half of the 18th and the 19th century. InHauszmann's time the room had a Rococo white-golden stuccodecoration with three huge chandeliers. During the post-warreconstruction Vinzenz Fischer's original Baroque frescoeswere re-discovered in 1953. In spite of this all the decorationlayers were destroyed. Today it houses the Gothic altarcollection of the Hungarian National Gallery.

• St. Sigismund Chapel or Castle Church (SzentZsigmond-kápolna, Vártemplom) - The palace chapel in thewestern end of this wing had no façades, only a door opening onto Lions Court. The church was consecrated in1769. The ground plan was drawn by Nicolaus Pacassi but the interior was designed by his follower, Franz AntonHillebrandt. The groundplan followed a typical "violin" form, favoured in the Baroque church architecture ofCentral Europe that time. In 1957 the ruined church was totally destroyed and converted to exhibition spaces.

• Palatinal Crypt (Nádori kripta) - The Palatinal Crypt under the former palace chapel is now the only survivingroom of the whole Royal Castle. The crypt was continuously used by the Hungarian branch of the Habsburgfamily from 1820 until 1927. It was repeatedly restored and enriched with new works of art, frescoes, statues andornate stone sarcophagi, made by the best artists of the 19th century.

• Great Ballroom (Nagy bálterem) - The Great Ballroom in the middle part of the Northern Wing took over the function of the smaller old Ballroom. It was the most splendid room of the palace, designed by Hauszmann. The two-storeys high, airy room was lavishly decorated with stuccoes, half columns, trabeation, balconies and six

Buda Castle 22

huge crystal chandeliers in Neo-Baroque style. Photos made after the war show the room with its vaulted ceilingcollapsed. In the course of the reconstruction the ballroom was totally destroyed.

• Main staircase (Főlépcsőház) - The monumental main staircase of the Krisztinaváros Wing with three flightswas leading up from to the first floor in an airy, glass-roofed hall. The side walls of the hall were decorated inItalian Renaissance style. At the ground-floor colossal Atlas statues stood beside the side pillars. The marblestatues were the works of János Fadrusz from 1897. During the post-war reconstruction the main staircase wasradically modernized. Only the two colossal Atlas statues survived.

• Habsburg Room (Habsburg terem) - The Habsburg Room was situated right in the middle of the long palacecomplex, under Hauszmann's (false) dome. The room had a lavish Baroque decoration with half-pillars and gildedstuccoes. The vaulted ceiling was decorated with Károly Lotz's huge fresco: Apotheosis of the Habsburg Dynasty.Károly Senyei's four Carrara marble busts stood in front of the sidewalls representing Habsburg kings and queens.The Habsburg Room survived WW2 unscathed but in the 1950s it was deliberately destroyed for politicalreasons.

Medieval palaceA series of rooms from the medieval palace of the Hungarian kings were unearthed and reconstructed during thepostwar rebuilding of Buda Castle in 1958-62. They are now part of the permanent exhibition of the BudapestHistory Museum in "Building E" of Buda Castle.Only a fragment of the medieval palace survived the destruction of 1686-1715 and the surviving rooms were not themost important ones of the original building. They were only saved by the chances of destruction and theirgeographical position, situated on a lower level then the newly created Baroque terrace.The rib vaulted Gothic Hall is one of the most important surviving example of secular Gothic architecture in CentralEurope. It was built by King Sigismund Luxemburg of Hungary in the early 15th century. The three interconnected,barrel-vaulted rooms belong to the oldest part of the palace, the Stephen's Castle. A great underground cistern underthe - now disappeared - northern zwinger (giardino segreto), the Cisterna Regia, survived the centuries of destructionas a cellar. The 7 m high basement section of the eastern façade with the lower part of a fine Gothic balcony survivedinside the later King's Cellar.

Works of art

Matthias Fountain decorating the westernforecourt of the palace

The Royal Palace and its gardens were decorated with statues, many ofwhich survived:• Matthias Fountain (Mátyás-kút) - The spectacular fountain is

decorating the western forecourt of the palace. It shows a group ofhunters lead by King Matthias Corvinus together with hounds, akilled deer, Galeotto Marzio with a hawk and Szép Ilonka with adoe. The fountain was made by sculptor Alajos Stróbl. Nowadays itis probably the most photographed object in the palace.

• Monument of Prince Eugene of Savoy - The equestrian statue ofPrince Eugene of Savoy is standing on the Danube terrace, in aprominent position, high above Budapest. The Neo-Baroque statuewas made by sculptor József Róna for the town of Zenta. Themonument was bought in 1900 as a temporary solution until the planned equestrian statue of King Franz Josephwill be completed. This never happened so Prince Eugen remained on his plinth.

Buda Castle 23

• Horse Wrangler - The statue of the Hortobágy horse wrangler taming a wild horse originally stood in front of theRiding School in the former Újvilág terrace. It is the work of György Vastagh from 1901. The damaged statuewas removed during the 1960s but it was later re-erected in the western forecourt of the palace in 1983.

• Turulbird - The mythological Turul, high above the Danube, was made by Gyula Donáth in 1905. The plinth andthe ornate Neo-Baroque rail (Gyula Jungfer's work) was damaged during the siege of Buda but they were restoredin 1981.

MuseumsThe Budapest History Museum is located in the southern wing of Buda Castle, in "Building E", boasting over 4floors. This museum presents the history of Budapest from the beginnings until the end of the Communist era. Thereis also the restored part of the Medieval Royal Palace including the Royal Chapel and vaulted Gothic Hall. Outsideone can see the small gardens in the medieval "zwingers" (walled enclosures). There is also a closed-off well, and amagnificent view of the surrounding area, the Castle District. There is a tower which can easily be accessed in theoutdoor area, and a walkway on the same level. Both the tower and the walkway boast shocking panoramas ofBudapest, especially the Parliament building, the Danube, the nearby streets, and, on a clear day, the FreedomStatue.The castle also houses the Hungarian National Gallery. As part of the castle, there are excavations and smaller ruins.Many of these can be walked in.

See also• Tabán historic Neighbourhood• Naphegy best near, panoramic view to Buda Castle west side• Krisztinaváros historic Neighbourhood

References[1] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 400[2] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list[3] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ ?search=& search_by_country=& type=& media=& region=& order=region[4] Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue - UNESCO World Heritage Centre (http:/ /

whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 400)[5] http:/ / maps. google. de/ maps?ie=UTF8& om=1& z=18& ll=47. 495908,19. 039789& spn=0. 002309,0. 005021& t=h[6] Bela IV: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (http:/ / www. questia. com/ library/ encyclopedia/ 101232058)[7] Knight Kings (http:/ / mek. oszk. hu/ 01900/ 01949/ html/ index6. html)[8] http:/ / www. nol. hu/ cikk/ 390037/[9] Védett falat bont a beruházó a budai Várban — KÖH: elfogadható a fal bontása | építészfórum | építészet . város . vizuális kultúra (http:/ /

epiteszforum. hu/ node/ 9068)

• History section: Miklós Horler: Budapest műemlékei I, Bp: 1955, pp. 259—307• Baroque palace: György Kelényi: A királyi udvar építkezései Pest-Budán a XVIII. században, Bp: Akadémiai

Kiadó, 2005, pp. 27—34• Nuns and scholars: György Kelényi: A királyi udvar építkezései Pest-Budán a XVIII. században, Bp: Akadémiai

Kiadó, 2005, pp. 34-38• Post-war reconstruction: László Gerő: A helyreállított budai vár, Bp, 1980, pp. 11—60.• Interiors: Architectura Hungariae 8(2006), 1 (http:/ / arch. eptort. bme. hu/ 29/ 29fekete. html) – with groundplans

and photos.• Works of art: László Prohászka: Szoborhistóriák, Bp, 2004, pp. 145-150.

Buda Castle 24

External links• Media related to Buda Castle at Wikimedia CommonsGeographical coordinates: 47°29′46″N 19°02′23″E

Article Sources and Contributors 25

Article Sources and ContributorsKrisztina Téri Iskola  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=349151758  Contributors: Gaius Cornelius, Intgr, Jason Quinn, Jpbowen, Kuteni, MECU, Mild Bill Hiccup, Tabletop,Tamas Szabo, Themightyquill, Woohookitty, Zello, 7 anonymous edits

Krisztinaváros  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=387093696  Contributors: Adam78, Alai, Belovedfreak, Bender235, Eugene van der Pijll, Gvarady, Justin Custer, Kiwikibble,Rhollenton, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Tamas Szabo, X42bn6, Yupik, Zello, 2 anonymous edits

Tabán  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=388266035  Contributors: Adam300, Adam78, BokicaK, Cbdorsett, CommonsDelinker, D6, Dcalvelo, Deville, Emika22, Eugene vander Pijll, Fiet Nam, Folantin, Gvarady, Gyurika, IeieieieFrenchenenenene, J04n, Jeepday, Jpbowen, Lumendelumine, Mmounties, N-true, Power.corrupts, Rhollenton, Rosh2610, Slon02, TamasSzabo, Themightyquill, TimBentley, Xlien, 12 anonymous edits

Naphegy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=387086926  Contributors: Alensha, Attilios, Dimitrii, Downwards, MECU, Oftess, Poisonborz, Rich Farmbrough, ST47, Sfan00IMG, Tamas Szabo, The Anome, Thiseye, Torzsmokus, Zello, 1 anonymous edits

Gellérthegy  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=25004320  Contributors: Adam78, Aetil, Alan.ca, Attilios, Axeman89, Bronks, Civertan, Dimitrii, Eugene van der Pijll,Explendido Rocha, Gene Nygaard, Grutness, Kerowyn, Linathrash, Mapmap, Math2000, Matt91486, Pearle, Rhollenton, Tamas Szabo, Tanár, Thadius856, Thisisbossi, Woohookitty, Yerpo,Zello, 17 anonymous edits

Buda Castle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=400744908  Contributors: 1111tomica, AVM, Adam78, Alensha, Algebraist, Biruitorul, D6, Dina, Dr. Blofeld, Egrian, Eleassar,Everyking, Evrik, GTBacchus, Galactygon, Gregorik, Gryffindor, Irate velociraptor, Jalo, Joey80, Jorunn, KIDB, Kummi, Like tears in rain, LilHelpa, Mapmap, Mattisse, Neurolysis-Auto,PhilBroadway, Prof saxx, Qorilla, RexNL, Rhollenton, Rjwilmsi, Robby, SDC, SchuminWeb, Siggiboy81, Skapur, Squash Racket, Surtsicna, T-1, Tamas Szabo, Thiseye, TimBentley, Túrelio,Uzo20, V79benno, Vegaswikian, Wai Hong, Waterstones, WereSpielChequers, WurmWoode, YeSioTR, Zello, 41 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 26

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Krisztinater-1883-utan-ismeretlen.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Krisztinater-1883-utan-ismeretlen.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.5  Contributors: Tamas SzaboImage:Krisztinater-Zograf és Zinsler 1872 elott.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Krisztinater-Zograf_és_Zinsler_1872_elott.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Tamas SzaboImage:Krisztina-iskola-Margitsziget.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Krisztina-iskola-Margitsziget.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Tamas SzaboImage:Krisztina-Iskola-100eves.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Krisztina-Iskola-100eves.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:Tamas SzaboImage:Krisztina-1958.jpg  Source: 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 Contributors:User:Tamas SzaboImage:Czako-utca-Aladar-utca.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Czako-utca-Aladar-utca.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:Tamas SzaboImage:Taban-2003-tavasz-aprilis-16.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taban-2003-tavasz-aprilis-16.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Tamas SzaboImage:Taban-2003-Majus-1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taban-2003-Majus-1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:Tamas SzaboImage:Taban-1956-emlekmu.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taban-1956-emlekmu.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:Tamas SzaboImage:Tabán-Jatszoter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tabán-Jatszoter.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:TamasSzaboImage:Panorama-Czako-u-Sportpalya.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panorama-Czako-u-Sportpalya.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Tamas SzaboImage:Kaffka-Margit-Naphegy-u-15.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kaffka-Margit-Naphegy-u-15.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Tamas SzaboImage:Budapest from Gellert Hill.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_from_Gellert_Hill.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:User:UED77Image:Citadella - Budapest.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citadella_-_Budapest.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Anniolek, Civertan, CsanádyImage:Buda_castle_budapest.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buda_castle_budapest.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 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Image:Budacastle.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budacastle.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: uzo19Image:Buda--Castles01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buda--Castles01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Adam78,Civertan, Csanády, 1 anonymous editsImage:Buda castle interior church.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buda_castle_interior_church.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: C1815Image:Buda castle garden.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buda_castle_garden.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: C1815Image:Buda Castle nagyterem.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buda_Castle_nagyterem.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ChristophT, Gryffindor,V79bennoFile:Lovski_vodnjak1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lovski_vodnjak1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Ines ZgoncImage:commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: User:3247, User:Grunt

License 28

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/