Krasnoperova M.A.

The cognitive aspects of probabilistic-statistical analysis in reconstructive simulation of versification

Saint-Petersburg State Universityhttp://fpkfl.pu.ru/personalia.php

The author thanks the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research for financial support of the current stage of this work (Grant 06-06-80423)

General structure of the theory of RS Diagram 1

VERSEPROBABILISTIC-

STATISTICAL MODELS

COGNITIVE

MODELS

MGPRMODELS OF LINE

FORMATION

The model of generation and perception of the rhythmical structure of verse text

Mechanism of reception

Mechanism of generation

Operative memory

Mechanism of realization of rhythmical structures

Language system of meter

Upper layer

Lower layer

External meter

Mechanism ofrhythmical

modulations

Operators of rhythmical effects

Managing program

Diagram 2

1.The state of an undeveloped mechanism of rhythmical modulations. It may correspond, for instance, to the period of formation of the given meter in the

national poetry. In this case, at the generation of the preliminary rhythm, the external meter plays the main role. The formation of verse rhythmics takes place mainly on the basis of the interaction of meter and language.

2.The state of a normally developed mechanism of rhythmical modulations. The preliminary rhythm plays a leading role in forming the text rhythmical structure and the

mechanism of rhythmical modulations, being the main means of its creation, does not fall into states described in items 3 and 4.

3. The state of fatigue of often practiced rhythmical effects and of need in rarely practiced ones. In this case a high activity can be acquired by philters, stimulators, and transformers of

rhythmical effects, the first of which causes the screening of what is drafted by the mechanism of rhythmical modulations, and the second and the third of them advance an appropriate substitute.

4.The state of “degeneration” of the mechanism of rhythmical modulations. “Degeneration” takes place at the expense of a union of operators between them and their

solution in ready speech forms and clichés. The corresponding area essentially widens and imposes its patterns to the preliminary rhythm as well as to the text itself. The activity of the mechanism of rhythmical modulations is being reduced.

Main types of used probabilistic-statistical models and their cognitive analogues

Language models Verse models

Language system of meter

Preliminary rhythm

(States 2,3 or 4 of MGPR)

Meter Language

Language modelof dependence

Language model of independence

Unnormed efforts Normed

efforts

Symmetric

(state 1 of MGPR)

Asymmetric

middle endbeginning end,

middle

beginning endbeginning end,middle

beginningbeginning end;middleend beginning middle

Diagram 3

Rhythmical forms of Russian and German tetrameter

FormNo. Form types Russian examples German examples

I U-‘U-‘U-‘U-‘ (U) Восторг внезапный ум пленил

Die Vorsicht, die die Zukunft sieht

II U-U-‘U-‘U-‘ (U) Что протекала между ними Und Catharinens hoechste Gunst

III U-‘U-U-‘U-‘ (U) В долине тишина глубокой Elisabethens langes Leben

IV U-‘U-‘U-U-‘ (U) То род отверженной рабы So jauchzt auch Wissenschaft und Kunst

VI U-U-‘U-U-‘ (U) Елисавету возглашали Aus dem besiegten Orient

VII U-U-U-‘U-‘ (U) Се царствует Елисавета Ganz Bosnien, SeraglioIX U-‘U-‘U-‘U- (U) Impossible Verlaesst Petrownens Grossmuth nicht

X U-‘U-U-‘U- (U) Impossible Der gnaedigste Elisabeth

Note: «U» indicates a weak position, «-» indicates a strong position, «’» is the stress mark, «(U)» is the optional ninth syllable.

Table 1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

I III the rest

The Khotin Ode

SymmetricGerman LMD

Fig. 1

Distribution of main rhythmical forms in Lomonosov's “Ode on the Capture of Khotin” and in the symmetric German

LMD (results obtained together with E.V.Kazartsev) ( Fig 1, Table 2)

Rhythmicalforms The Khotin Ode Symmetric German

LMD

I 0,6964 0,6942

III 0,1571 0,1525

the rest 0,1464 0,1533

Table 2

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

TEXTLMD 2/3

Profiles of word boundaries in Lomonosov’s odes of 1741 and in the symmetric LMD

(Fig. 2, Table 3 )

A B A B A B

word 1 word 2 word 3

Fig. 2

WORD NUMBER

ENDING TEXT LMD 2/3

1 A B

0,434 0,566

0,455 0,545

2 A B

0,484 0,516

0,493 0,507

3 A B

0,599 0,401

0,620 0,380

Note: A is the case of word boundaries after stressed syllables, В is the case of word boundaries after unstressed syllables

Table 3

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.20.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

1 2 3 4 6 7

TEXTSHYPOTHESIS

Distribution of rhythmical forms in Lomonosov’s iambic tetrameter of 1745-1764 and in the modified LM (Fig. 3, Table 4)

Fig. 3

Forms Texts Hypothesis1 0,273 0,296

2 0,030 0,028

3 0,222 0,208

4 0,426 0,404

6 0,031 0,034

7 0,018 0,031

Table 4

Profiles of stressness of the 17th century German iambic tetrameter and the symmetric LMD

(according to E.V.Kazartsev’s data) (Fig. 4, Table 5 )

0.820.840.860.88

0.90.920.940.960.98

1

I II III IV

German verse(Gryphius)SymmetricLMD

Fig. 4

I II III IV

German verse (Gryphius) 0,9075 0,9125 0,8875 0,9775

Symmetric LMD 0,9206 0,9129 0,8795 0,9732

Table 5

Profiles of stressness of the 17th century Dutch iambic tetrameter and the asymmetric LMD

(according to E.V.Kazartsev’s data) (Fig. 5, Table 6)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

I II III IV

Dutch verse (Vondel)Asymmetric LMD

Fig. 5

I II III IV

Dutch verse (Vondel) O,9459 0,8279 0,8344 0,9869

Asymmetric LMD 0,9233 0,8182 0,8386 0,9827

Table 6

Evolution of ratios between profiles of stressness of iambic tetrameter in Russian poetry and the recalculated LM (Fig. 6, Table 7)

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

2 4 6

1745-17601760-17751775-17901790-18051805-18151820- appr. 1880

Fig. 6

SYLLABLES 2 4 6

1745-1760

In textsModelRatio

0,926 0,952 0,970

0,773 0,741 1,040

0,538 0,543 0,990

1760- 1775

In textsModelRatio

0,910 0,965 0,940

0,821 0,751 1,090

0,534 0,5500,970

1775-1790

In textsModelRatio

0,933 0,983 0,950

0,823 0,765 1,080

0,553 0,560 0,990

1790-1805

In textsModelRatio

0,931 0,990 0,940

0,847 0,770 1,100

0,5430,564 0,960

1805-1815

In textsModelRatio

0,885 0,938 0,940

0,8740,7301,200

0,4440,5350,830

1820 - appr. 1880

In textsModelRatio

0,835 0,932 0,896

0,9400,7281,295

0,4170,5350,786

Note: at making this table we have used text’s data obtained by A.Beliy, M.L.Gasparov, V.A.Zapadov, K.F.Taranovsky, and united by M.L.Gasparov.

Table 7

Distribution of rhythmical forms in the Russian verse of the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XX century

and verse models (Fig. 7 – 10, Table 8 )

00.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.350.4

0.450.5

1 2 3 4 6 7

TEXTVM

The iambic tetrameter of the end of the XVII - beginning of the XIX century

Fig. 7

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1 2 3 4 6 7

TEXTVM

The iambic tetrameter of the XIX century

Fig. 8

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

1 2 3 4 6 7

TEXTVM

The iambic tetrameter of “Ashes” by A.Beliy

Fig. 9

00.05

0.10.15

0.20.25

0.30.35

0.4

1 2 3 4 6 7

TEXTVM

The trochaic tetrameter of fairy tales by A.Pushkin

Fig. 10

FORMS

GROUPS 1 2 3 4 6 7

XVII-XIX Text VM

0.2600.277

0.0620.059

0.119 0.105

0.4640.446

0.0900.093

0.0050.020

XIXText VM

0.2380.251

0.0740.068

0.0690.062

0.4960.482

0.1210.127

0.0020.009

“Ashes”Text VM

0.1260.178

0.0940.093

0.3190.268

0.3190.267

0.1180.119

0.0240.076

Trochaic tetrameter

Text VM

0.1880.203

0.1980.187

0.0150.010

0.3610.347

0.2380.249

0.0000.004

Note: at making this table there were used G.A.Shengeli’s text data united by periods by M.L.Gasparov

Table 8

Frequencies of stresses in Russian folk octameter and in the two-complex modified language model of trochaic tetrameter

(Fig. 11, Table 9)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TEXT

2CLM4T

Fig. 11

Syllable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

TEXT 0,383 0,076 1 0,269 0,074 1 0,00 0,067 0,0

2CLM4T 0,363 0,019 1,00 0,284 0,075 1,00 0,00 0,00 0,0

Note: in this table there were used text data obtained by J.Bailey

Table 9

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

2 4 6

TEXT

SLMD

The first hemistich and the symmetric LMD

Profiles of stressness calculated for hemistichs of Lomonosov’s iambic hexameter on the background of iambic trimeter models

(“Letter Concerning the Usefulness of Glass”)

(data obtained together with E.V.Kazartsev) (Fig. 12,13; Tables 10,11)

Fig. 12

Syllable 2 4 6

Text 0,948 0,663 0,750

SLMD 0,943 0,668 1,000

Note. The disagreement of data in the sixth syllable is caused by structural reasons: by the obligatoriness of stress on the last syllable of the verse and its optionality on the last syllable of a hemistich. It turns out that the poet is oriented towards iambic trimeter, but sometimes in the process of versification he substitutes the stressed sixth syllable by an unstressed one.

Table 10

The second hemistich and the recalculated LM

Syllable 2 4 6

Text 0,936 0,423 1,000

RLM 0,939 0,420 1,000

0

0.5

1

1.5

2 4 6

TextRLM

Fig. 13

Table 11

1. К вопросу о законе регрессивной акцентной диссимиляции и его причинах (To the question of the law of regressive accentual dissimilation and its reasons). Russian Literature. 1982. XII. N 2.. С.

217-225.

2. К вопросу о становлении анапестического ритма в русском народном восьмисложном стихе. (To the question of the formation of anapest rhythm in Russian folk octameter). Русский фольклор. Том XXXII.Материалы и исследования.СПб, Наука, 2004. С.108-129.

3. Концепция реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения в контексте европейских и американских теорий метрики и ритмики стиха (The conception of reconstructive simulation

of versification in the context of European and American theories of metrics and rhythmics of verse). VIII Международная конференция. Когнитивное моделирование в лингвистике. Труды. Т.1.

The VIII International Conference "Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics". Proceedings, V.1. September 4-

2005. Moscow-Varna,2005. Казань, 2006. Февраль. С.62-66.

4. Модели лингвистической поэтики (Models of linguistic poetics). Л., 1989. 87с. С. 55-70.

5. Моделирование процесса стихосложения по вероятностным параметрам (Simulation of the versification process on the basis of probabilistic parameters). Russian Verse Theory: Proceedings of the 1987 Conference at UCLA. UCLA Slavic Studies. Vol. 18. 1988. С. 183-192.

Main publications of the author on the theme of the present report

6. Модель восприятия и порождения ритма. (The model of perception and generation of rhythm). Вопросы кибернетики. Общение с ЭВМ на естественном языке.. Вып. 80.-1982. С. 124-140;

7. Новые модели и новая ориентация в изучении ритмики стиха.(New models and new orientation in the study of verse rhythmics). Славянский стих. Стиховедение, лингвистика и

поэтика. М., 1996. С. 246-252.

8. О глубинных единицах стиховой ритмики (On deep-seated units of verse rhythmics). Сборник научных трудов. МГИИЯ им. Мориса Тореза. Вып. 352. Единицы поэтической речи. М.,

1990. С. 13-26.

9. «Ода… на взятие Хотина» 1739 года М. В.Ломоносова на фоне языковых моделей ритмики русского и немецкого стиха (“Ode…on the Taking of Khotin”of 1739 by M.V.Lomonosov on the background of language models of rhythmics of Russian and German verse). Славянский стих: VII. Лингвистика и структура стиха. Языки славянской культуры. - М., 2004. С. 33-46

(Together with E.V. Kazartsev).

10. Основы реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения.(Fundamentals of the reconstructive simulation of versification). СПб., 2000, 237 с.

11. Основы сравнительного статистического анализа ритмики прозы и стиха (Fundamentals of the comparative statistical analysis of verse and prose rhythmics). СПб, 2004, 131 с.

12. Evolution of the Rhythmics of Russian Verse and a Semiotic Model: On the Material of Russian Iambic Tetrameter.Meter, Rhythm, and Performance ¦ Metrum, Rhythmus, Performanz. Frankfurt

am Main 2002. P 425 – 438.

13. More about the Early Iambic Tetrameter in M.V. Lomonosov’s Poetry. Elementa. Vol.2. 1996. P. 233-256;

Materials of other authors used in the present report

Publications

1. Гаспаров М.Л. (Gasparov M.L.). Современный русский стих. Метрика и ритмика (Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythmics). М.: Наука, 1974. 487 с. Табл. 26, 26а, с.207-211.

2. Казарцев. Е. В. (Kazartsev E.V.). К вопросу о типологии становления силлабо-тоники в немецком и русском cтихосложении (To the question of the typology of the formation of syllabo-tonic system in German and Russian versification). Фонетические чтения в честь 100-летия со дня рождения Л.Р.Зиндера.СПб,2004.С.142–149.

3. Казарцев. Е.В. (Kazartsev E.V.). К вопросу о становлении силлабо-тонического стихосложения в Нидерландах: Некоторые особенности ритмики 4-стопного ямба на фоне языковых моделей размера (To the question of the formation of syllabo-tonic versification in Netherlands:

Some particularities of rhythmics of the iambic tetrameter on the background of language models of meter). Формальные методы в лингвистической поэтике, II. СПб, 2007. С. 103-119.

4. Bailey, James. Three Russian Lyric Folk Songs. – Ohio, 1993. – 432 p.

Reviews Златоустова Л.В. (Zlatoustova L.V.) О новом направлении в стиховедении: Теория

реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения (On a new direction in the theory of verse/Theory of Reconstructive Simulation of Versification). Вестник Московского

университета. Сер. 9, Филология. 2004. №5. 122-125.

Thank you for your attention