Korean War. Overview Background Events in Asia Before the Korean War Military Technology and...
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Transcript of Korean War. Overview Background Events in Asia Before the Korean War Military Technology and...
OverviewOverview
• Background• Events in Asia Before the
Korean War• Military Technology and
Technique • Military Conduct• Lessons Learned • Korea Today
• Background• Events in Asia Before the
Korean War• Military Technology and
Technique • Military Conduct• Lessons Learned • Korea Today
• After World War II– The United States was busy with international affairs,
mainly helping to rebuild economies and provide strong governments in the occupied nations
– Soviets and Western Allies discussed plan for 4-power trusteeship to govern Korea
– No action taken because they could not agree– Stalin determined to create buffer countries around
USSR so no one could invade USSR again– Only limited war in 20th century?– No declaration of war by Congress
• After World War II– The United States was busy with international affairs,
mainly helping to rebuild economies and provide strong governments in the occupied nations
– Soviets and Western Allies discussed plan for 4-power trusteeship to govern Korea
– No action taken because they could not agree– Stalin determined to create buffer countries around
USSR so no one could invade USSR again– Only limited war in 20th century?– No declaration of war by Congress
BackgroundBackground
• Causes– Both sides claim all of Korea and seem determined to
destroy the other– North Korea attacks South Korea
• Participants– North Korea, later China, Soviet Union (mostly
equipment)– United Nations, South Korea
• Causes– Both sides claim all of Korea and seem determined to
destroy the other– North Korea attacks South Korea
• Participants– North Korea, later China, Soviet Union (mostly
equipment)– United Nations, South Korea
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
• Korea was historic invasion route for China and Japan against each other
• At end of WWII, there were no U.S. troops in Korea
• Because it took some time to move U.S. troops into Korea, U.S. asked Russia to accept Japan’s surrender of all troops north of 38th parallel
• Korea was historic invasion route for China and Japan against each other
• At end of WWII, there were no U.S. troops in Korea
• Because it took some time to move U.S. troops into Korea, U.S. asked Russia to accept Japan’s surrender of all troops north of 38th parallel
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
• Division of Korea was to be temporary, but like in Eastern Europe, Russia took control
• Kim Il-Sung, Russian university, Russian officer in WWII fighting Japanese– Organized and trained large, highly disciplined army
with Russian weapons/training
• Division of Korea was to be temporary, but like in Eastern Europe, Russia took control
• Kim Il-Sung, Russian university, Russian officer in WWII fighting Japanese– Organized and trained large, highly disciplined army
with Russian weapons/training
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
• Syngman Rhee, Harvard/Princeton– U.S. forces tried to bring order and rebuild, no plans for
permanent government– Expected unified independent nation– UN established commission to supervise elections, but
Russia refused
• Soviets and U.S. withdraw most troops, 1949
• Syngman Rhee, Harvard/Princeton– U.S. forces tried to bring order and rebuild, no plans for
permanent government– Expected unified independent nation– UN established commission to supervise elections, but
Russia refused
• Soviets and U.S. withdraw most troops, 1949
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
• 1949-1950, NK tries to take over SK by insurgency
• 25 June 1950, NK army invades SK• SK troops are poorly trained and short of
personnel and supplies; almost no tanks or artillery
• UN demands NK leave SK, NK ignores• UN reacts to attack with decision to use armed
force
Russia and China have been members of the U.N. Security Council from the beginnings of the U.N. It only takes 1 veto to stop any U.N. action. Why didn’t either of them veto the U.N. action in Korea? (Worth 10 point bonus on next test)
• 1949-1950, NK tries to take over SK by insurgency
• 25 June 1950, NK army invades SK• SK troops are poorly trained and short of
personnel and supplies; almost no tanks or artillery
• UN demands NK leave SK, NK ignores• UN reacts to attack with decision to use armed
force
Russia and China have been members of the U.N. Security Council from the beginnings of the U.N. It only takes 1 veto to stop any U.N. action. Why didn’t either of them veto the U.N. action in Korea? (Worth 10 point bonus on next test)
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
• 20 countries send assistance– As major contributor, U.S. asked to take unified
command– Gen Douglas MacArthur
– Was General in charge of war in Pacific against Japanese, then “Governor” of Japan after war
– 30 June, UN is fully committed– Basically a ground war for first 2 years
• 20 countries send assistance– As major contributor, U.S. asked to take unified
command– Gen Douglas MacArthur
– Was General in charge of war in Pacific against Japanese, then “Governor” of Japan after war
– 30 June, UN is fully committed– Basically a ground war for first 2 years
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
Events In Asia Before The Korean War
• Old aircraft– To accomplish their missions, the Air
Force used the F-80 Shooting Star, the World War II P-51, and the F-84 Thunderjet
• Old aircraft– To accomplish their missions, the Air
Force used the F-80 Shooting Star, the World War II P-51, and the F-84 Thunderjet
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
• Old aircraft– The Navy carriers used the F-9F
Panther jet fighter and the AD Skyraider propeller-driven attack aircraft
• Old aircraft– The Navy carriers used the F-9F
Panther jet fighter and the AD Skyraider propeller-driven attack aircraft
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
– Napalm, 110 gallon tanks, jellied gasoline, 250x80 ft
– Napalm, 110 gallon tanks, jellied gasoline, 250x80 ft
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
War• Surprise beginning and quick success by NK• NK drives SK down to Pusan• No logistics capability, could not supply troops• UN enters war and drives NK almost to China
– Airpower, naval gunfire limit resupply movement– Amphibious landing at Inchon
• Harry Truman, President at end of WWII, decides on police action because declaration of war too lengthy and alarmist
• China enters war and drives UN back to 38th parallel, more than 1M
• Back and forth several times• China always sanctuary, afraid of nuclear escalation by
USSR
• Surprise beginning and quick success by NK• NK drives SK down to Pusan• No logistics capability, could not supply troops• UN enters war and drives NK almost to China
– Airpower, naval gunfire limit resupply movement– Amphibious landing at Inchon
• Harry Truman, President at end of WWII, decides on police action because declaration of war too lengthy and alarmist
• China enters war and drives UN back to 38th parallel, more than 1M
• Back and forth several times• China always sanctuary, afraid of nuclear escalation by
USSR
North Korea vs South Korea
then
North Korea vs United Nations and South Korea
then
China and North Korea vs United Nations and South Korea
War• Truce talks last 2 years and 17 days
– 575 meetings
• No peace treaty between the Koreas– U.S. 54,246 dead– Total 2.4M killed or wounded
• Truce talks last 2 years and 17 days– 575 meetings
• No peace treaty between the Koreas– U.S. 54,246 dead– Total 2.4M killed or wounded
War• Gen MacArthur requests approval to take war into
China and attack Chinese industrial targets, blockade of coast and attack by friendly Chinese forces on mainland
• UN and President Truman fear Soviet military retaliation (nuclear weapons)
• MacArthur pursues own agenda• Fired by Truman
• Gen MacArthur requests approval to take war into China and attack Chinese industrial targets, blockade of coast and attack by friendly Chinese forces on mainland
• UN and President Truman fear Soviet military retaliation (nuclear weapons)
• MacArthur pursues own agenda• Fired by Truman
• Nuclear Weapons– Major cause for confusion, then and now– How should we use them?– What would happen if we used them?– FEAR of WWIII and letting nuclear genie out of bottle!– About the only thing we can do with them is keep the
Soviets from using theirs– Is this bluff effective against 3rd world actors?
• Nuclear Weapons– Major cause for confusion, then and now– How should we use them?– What would happen if we used them?– FEAR of WWIII and letting nuclear genie out of bottle!– About the only thing we can do with them is keep the
Soviets from using theirs– Is this bluff effective against 3rd world actors?
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
• Weapons– Air power enthusiasts rule– Limited developmental money went to Air Force– Army and navy enter Korea with WWII weapons– Cease-fire agreement reached, 6 months after
Eisenhower takes office
• Weapons– Air power enthusiasts rule– Limited developmental money went to Air Force– Army and navy enter Korea with WWII weapons– Cease-fire agreement reached, 6 months after
Eisenhower takes office
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
• Helicopters– Although helicopters were used late in World War II, it
was during the Korean War that helicopters saw the first large-scale use and proved their effectiveness
• Helicopters– Although helicopters were used late in World War II, it
was during the Korean War that helicopters saw the first large-scale use and proved their effectiveness
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
• Lessons Learned– Military
• Appeared Soviets were beginning a campaign to use limited wars to achieve political goals
• Increased U.S. emphasis on air power• U.S. significantly increased nuclear weapons• New bombers greatly extend reach• But, nuclear weapons were not enough to prevent
involvement in (limited) wars• U.S. needed military strength and flexibility to
participate a various levels of conflict– Provide weapons/supplies to troops
• Lessons Learned– Military
• Appeared Soviets were beginning a campaign to use limited wars to achieve political goals
• Increased U.S. emphasis on air power• U.S. significantly increased nuclear weapons• New bombers greatly extend reach• But, nuclear weapons were not enough to prevent
involvement in (limited) wars• U.S. needed military strength and flexibility to
participate a various levels of conflict– Provide weapons/supplies to troops
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
– Political• U.S. served notice that hostile acts would not go
unchallenged• China is faithful ally to Soviets• Eisenhower left world guessing as to what level of
conflict justified use of nuclear weapons• What do we think about nuclear weapons
• Nuclear superiority could win a war• As Soviet nuclear weapons increase, view changed• Even today, a safe second strike is an effective
deterrent
– Political• U.S. served notice that hostile acts would not go
unchallenged• China is faithful ally to Soviets• Eisenhower left world guessing as to what level of
conflict justified use of nuclear weapons• What do we think about nuclear weapons
• Nuclear superiority could win a war• As Soviet nuclear weapons increase, view changed• Even today, a safe second strike is an effective
deterrent
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
• Steps to Prevent Future Conflict– Defense Structure
• Command and Control of nuclear weapons
– Air Force Structure Strengthened• Secretary of Defense strengthened• Chain of Command, President, Secretary of Defense,
to Unified and Specified Commands
• Steps to Prevent Future Conflict– Defense Structure
• Command and Control of nuclear weapons
– Air Force Structure Strengthened• Secretary of Defense strengthened• Chain of Command, President, Secretary of Defense,
to Unified and Specified Commands
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
• South Korea– South Korea – Economy– GDP is 7 times India, 16 times North Korea, comparable
to lesser economies of Europe
• North Korea– North Korea – Economy– One of most centrally planned and isolated economies,
desperate conditions– Food shortages and chronic shortages of fertilizer and
fuel– Most resources diverted to military– Still a puzzle to China, closest friend
• South Korea– South Korea – Economy– GDP is 7 times India, 16 times North Korea, comparable
to lesser economies of Europe
• North Korea– North Korea – Economy– One of most centrally planned and isolated economies,
desperate conditions– Food shortages and chronic shortages of fertilizer and
fuel– Most resources diverted to military– Still a puzzle to China, closest friend
Korea TodayKorea Today
• Jet Aircraft– F-86– F-100 Super Saber– F-101 Voodoo
• Jet Aircraft– F-86– F-100 Super Saber– F-101 Voodoo
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
• Jet Aircraft– F-102 Delta Dagger– F-104 Starfighter– F-105 Thunderchief
• Jet Aircraft– F-102 Delta Dagger– F-104 Starfighter– F-105 Thunderchief
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique
• Jet Aircraft– F-106 Delta Dart– F-111 Aardvark– F-4 Phantom
• Jet Aircraft– F-106 Delta Dart– F-111 Aardvark– F-4 Phantom
Military Technology And Technique
Military Technology And Technique